A usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. It is generally found in the mediastinum or lung and is usually asymptomatic unless it becomes infected.
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.
Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac (CYSTS) that is lined by an EPITHELIUM and found in the ESOPHAGUS region.
A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.
Saccular protrusion beyond the wall of the ESOPHAGUS.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart.
Surgery performed on the lung.
Surgical incision into the chest wall.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of disease or dysfunction by examination of the pathological site or operative field during surgical intervention.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.
The upper or most anterior segment of the STERNUM which articulates with the CLAVICLE and first two pairs of RIBS.
Tracheal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, and integrity of the trachea, including inflammation, infection, trauma, tumors, and congenital abnormalities, which can lead to symptoms such as cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and stridor.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Retroperitoneal multilocular bronchogenic cyst adjacent to adrenal gland. (1/82)

Bronchogenic cysts are generally found in the mediastinum, particularly posterior to the carina, but they rarely occur in such unusual sites as the skin, subcutaneous tissue, pericardium, and even the retroperitoneum. A 30-year-old Korean man underwent surgery to remove a cystic adrenal mass incidentally discovered during routine physical checkup. At surgery, it proved to be a multilocular cyst located in the retroperitoneum adjacent to the left adrenal gland. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by respiratory epithelium over connective tissue with submucous glands, cartilage and smooth muscle, thereby histologically confirming bronchogenic cyst. This is the first reported case of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst in an adult without other congenital anomalies in Korea.  (+info)

Prenatal diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst in an unusual site. (2/82)

We report a rare case of a subdiaphragmatic cyst, diagnosed prenatally during routine ultrasound screening at 25 weeks' gestation. Serial ultrasonographic evaluation demonstrated a slight increase in the size of the cyst during pregnancy. On the basis of the anatomic site and the sonographic features of the lesion, four diagnostic hypotheses were postulated: cystic neuroblastoma, adrenal hemorrhage, duplication of the inferior third of the esophagus and retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma. A healthy baby, weighing 3300 g and with Apgar scores of 8 and 9, was delivered vaginally at term. He underwent successful surgery at the age of 3 months. The post-operative course was uneventful and the baby is currently doing well. Histology revealed a bronchogenic cyst.  (+info)

[Bronchogenic cyst of the right hemidiaphragm mimicking a hydatic cyst of the liver]. (3/82)

Ectopic subdiaphragmatic development of a bronchogenic cyst is rare. We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with a symptomatic bronchogenic cyst of the right hemidiaphragm simulating a hydatic cyst of the liver on ultrasonography and CT scan. Diagnosis of a diaphragmatic lesion was made during laparotomy, and complete resection was successful. Final diagnosis was done on pathology.  (+info)

A retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: a rare cause of a mass in the adrenal region. (4/82)

This report documents a bronchogenic cyst presenting as an adrenal tumour in a 51 year old man with persistent epigastric pain. The cyst is regarded as a developmental abnormality of the primitive foregut, which typically occurs in the chest. Subdiaphragmatic, and retroperitoneal locations in particular, are unusual. The differential diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst in the retroperitoneum includes cystic teratoma, bronchopulmonary sequestration, cysts of urothelial and mullerian origin, and other foregut cysts.  (+info)

Radiologic-pathologic correlation of unusual lingual masses: Part I: congenital lesions. (5/82)

Because the tongue is superficially located and the initial manifestation of most diseases occurring there is mucosal change, lingual these lesions can be easily accessed and diagnosed without imaging analysis. Most congenital lesions of the tongue, however, can manifest as a submucosal bulge and be located in a deep portion of that organ such as its base; their true characteristics and extent may be recognized only on cross-sectional images such as those obtained by CT or MRI. In addition, because it is usually difficult to differentiate congenital lesions from other submucosal neoplasms on the basis of imaging findings alone, clinical history and physical examination should always be taken into consideration when interpreting CT and MR images of the tongue. Although the radiologic findings for congenital lesions are nonspecific, CT and MR imaging can play an important role in the diagnostic work-up of these unusual lesions. Delineation of the extent of the tumor, and recognition and understanding of the spectrum of imaging and the pathologic features of these lesions, often help narrow the differential diagnosis.  (+info)

Right ventricular bronchogenic cyst. (6/82)

We report an exceedingly rare case of primary bronchogenic cyst in the outflow tract of the right ventricle in a 48-year-old woman. In our review of the world literature, we found only 1 other report of an intracardiac bronchogenic cyst. Our patient's only symptom was mild dyspnea not associated with physical exertion, and the cyst was resected successfully. We report clinical aspects of the case, diagnostic methods, surgical management, and histopathologic findings.  (+info)

Pathological analysis of congenital cervical cysts in children: 20 years of experience at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. (7/82)

BACKGROUND: Congenital cervical cysts are frequently encountered in pediatric populations, and constitute one of the most intriguing areas of pediatric pathology. This report analyzes cervical cysts in Taiwanese children diagnosed at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) over the past 20 years. The pathologic and clinical findings are reviewed. METHODS: Files on 331 patients under the age of 18 years, with a diagnosis of congenital cervical cyst at CGMH from January 1, 1983 to June 30, 2002, were retrieved from the Department of Pathology. There were 204 boys and 127 girls. We reviewed the histology of all cases and correlated it with clinical information in the medical records. RESULTS: Thyroglossal duct cysts, the most common congenital neck cyst, accounted for 54.68% of all cases, followed by cystic hygromas (25.08%), branchial cleft cysts (16.31%), bronchogenic cysts (0.91%), and thymic cysts (0.30%). Nine cases (2.72%) remained unclassified. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest series regarding pediatric cervical cysts in the literature to date. Thyroglossal duct cysts were the most common congenital cervical cyst encountered. Our experience indicates that each type of cyst has its unique location in the neck and is highly associated with its embryonic origin. Complete and precise clinical information is a prerequisite in order for pathologists to make accurate diagnoses of congenital cervical cysts.  (+info)

Bronchogenic cyst. (8/82)

The clinical presentation of the bronchogenic cyst is variable, from respiratory distress at birth to late appearance of symptoms. In order to determine clinical features and treatments, we retrospectively studied the medical records and pathology reports of all patients with bronchogenic cysts (n = 22) referred to our surgical department from February 1985 through January 2002. They included 18 male and 4 female patients with an age range of 1 to 38 years (average, 16.4 years). There were 14 mediastinal, 2 hilar, and 6 intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts. Symptoms were present in 18 of the 22 patients. Cough was the most common symptom (45%). Ten patients (45%) presented with complications: severe hemoptysis, pneumothorax and pleuritis, esophageal compression, infected cyst, and postobstructive pneumonia. In all patients, complete resection of the bronchogenic cyst was performed by thoracotomy A postoperative sequela occurred in only 1 patient, who had a persistent air leak. There were no late sequelae, nor was there a recurrence of the cyst. The follow-up period ranged from 8 months to 12 years (mean, 5.2 years). Because a confident preoperative diagnosis is not always possible and because complications are common, we recommend surgical resection of all suspected bronchogenic cysts in operable candidates.  (+info)

A bronchogenic cyst is a type of congenital cyst that develops from abnormal budding or development of the bronchial tree during fetal growth. These cysts are typically filled with mucus or fluid and can be found in the mediastinum (the area between the lungs) or within the lung tissue itself.

Bronchogenic cysts are usually asymptomatic, but they can cause symptoms if they become infected, rupture, or compress nearby structures such as airways or blood vessels. Symptoms may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and recurrent respiratory infections.

Diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts is typically made through imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the cyst to prevent complications.

Carcinoma, bronchogenic is a medical term that refers to a type of lung cancer that originates in the bronchi, which are the branching tubes that carry air into the lungs. It is the most common form of lung cancer and can be further classified into different types based on the specific cell type involved, such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or large cell carcinoma.

Bronchogenic carcinomas are often associated with smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants, although they can also occur in non-smokers. Symptoms may include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, hoarseness, or unexplained weight loss. Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A mediastinal cyst is a rare, abnormal fluid-filled sac located in the mediastinum, which is the central part of the chest cavity that separates the lungs and contains various organs such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and lymph nodes. Mediastinal cysts can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). They are usually asymptomatic but can cause symptoms depending on their size and location. Symptoms may include chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, or swallowing. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cyst to prevent complications such as infection, bleeding, or pressure on surrounding structures.

An esophageal cyst is a rare, abnormal growth that forms in the wall of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. These cysts are typically filled with fluid and can vary in size. They are usually congenital, meaning they are present at birth and develop as a result of abnormal embryonic development.

Esophageal cysts are typically asymptomatic and may not cause any problems until they become large enough to compress nearby structures, such as the trachea or other parts of the digestive system. In some cases, esophageal cysts may cause difficulty swallowing, coughing, or breathing.

Diagnosis of an esophageal cyst is typically made through imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, which can help to visualize the cyst and determine its size and location. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the cyst, which is typically performed using minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopy or thoracoscopy.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, my responses should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you have any concerns about your health, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider.

Bronchopulmonary sequestration is a rare birth defect of the lungs, in which a mass of abnormal lung tissue develops that doesn't function and isn't connected to the tracheobronchial tree (the airways that lead to the lungs). This means that the abnormal tissue receives its blood supply from an anomalous systemic artery instead of the normal pulmonary circulation. The mass may be located within the lung (intralobar sequestration) or outside the lung (extralobar sequestration), and it can occur on either side of the chest.

Intralobar sequestrations are more common than extralobar sequestrations, accounting for about 75% of cases. They are usually found in adults and are located within a normal lung tissue. Extralobar sequestrations, on the other hand, are typically detected earlier in life (often as an incidental finding during prenatal ultrasound) and are surrounded by their own pleural lining, which can make them appear separate from the normal lung tissue.

Symptoms of bronchopulmonary sequestration may include recurrent respiratory infections, coughing up blood (hemoptysis), shortness of breath, or chest pain. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the abnormal tissue to prevent complications such as infection, bleeding, or the development of malignancy.

An esophageal diverticulum is a small pouch or sac that forms as a result of a protrusion or herniation of the inner lining (mucosa) of the esophagus through the outer layer of muscle in the wall of the esophagus. Esophageal diverticula can occur in any part of the esophagus, but they are most commonly found in the lower third of the esophagus, near the junction with the stomach.

Esophageal diverticula may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired esophageal diverticula are often associated with underlying conditions such as esophageal motility disorders, strictures, or tumors that increase the pressure inside the esophagus and cause the mucosa to bulge out through weakened areas of the esophageal wall.

Symptoms of esophageal diverticula may include difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain, heartburn, and recurrent respiratory infections due to aspiration of food or saliva into the lungs. Treatment options for esophageal diverticula depend on the size and location of the diverticulum, as well as the presence of any underlying conditions. Small asymptomatic diverticula may not require treatment, while larger symptomatic diverticula may be treated with surgical removal or endoscopic repair.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

The atrial septum is the wall of tissue that divides the right and left atria, which are the upper chambers of the heart. This septum ensures that oxygen-rich blood in the left atrium is kept separate from oxygen-poor blood in the right atrium. Defects or abnormalities in the atrial septum, such as a hole or a gap, can result in various heart conditions, including septal defects and congenital heart diseases.

Pulmonary surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the lungs and the surrounding structures, typically to treat or diagnose various respiratory conditions. These procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to more complex surgeries, depending on the nature and severity of the condition. Here are some examples of pulmonary surgical procedures:

1. Thoracotomy: This is an open surgical procedure where a surgeon makes a large incision in the chest wall to access the lungs. It's typically used to remove lung tumors, repair damaged lung tissue, or perform a lobectomy (removal of a lobe of the lung).
2. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS): This is a minimally invasive procedure where a surgeon makes several small incisions in the chest wall and uses a camera and special instruments to perform the operation. VATS can be used for lung biopsies, lobectomies, and other procedures.
3. Lung biopsy: This is a procedure where a small piece of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to diagnose various conditions such as infections, interstitial lung diseases, or cancer. A biopsy can be performed through a thoracotomy, VATS, or bronchoscopy (a procedure that involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the airways).
4. Bullectomy: This is a procedure where a surgeon removes large air-filled sacs in the lungs called bullae, which can cause shortness of breath and other symptoms.
5. Lung transplant: This is a complex surgical procedure where a diseased lung is removed and replaced with a healthy one from a donor. It's typically performed on patients with end-stage lung disease such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
6. Pleurodesis: This is a procedure where the space between the lungs and chest wall is irritated to prevent fluid from accumulating in that space, which can cause shortness of breath and other symptoms. It's typically performed on patients with recurrent pleural effusions (fluid buildup in the pleural space).

These are just a few examples of the many procedures that can be performed to treat various lung conditions.

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.

Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.

After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.

Thoracoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a thoracoscope, a type of endoscope, is inserted through a small incision between the ribs to examine the lungs and pleural space (the space surrounding the lungs). It allows the surgeon to directly view the chest cavity, take biopsies, and perform various operations. This procedure is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusions, lung cancer, and other chest conditions.

Diagnostic techniques, surgical refers to the use of surgical procedures or methods to diagnose and evaluate various medical conditions. These techniques are often used when non-invasive tests are inconclusive or when more detailed information is required. Here are some examples:

1. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. This can help to confirm a diagnosis of cancer, infection, or other diseases.
2. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a light and camera on the end is inserted into the body through a natural opening (such as the mouth or anus) or a small incision. This allows the doctor to visualize internal organs and tissues, and may also involve taking biopsy samples.
3. Imaging studies: Various imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound can be used to produce detailed images of internal structures. These can help to diagnose a wide range of medical conditions, from broken bones to tumors.
4. Exploratory surgery: In some cases, a surgical incision may be made to directly visualize and examine an organ or tissue. This can help to diagnose conditions that are difficult to detect with non-invasive tests.
5. Functional testing: Some surgical techniques involve stimulating or measuring the function of an organ or system. For example, a cardiac stress test may be performed during surgery to assess heart function.

Overall, diagnostic techniques, surgical play an important role in the diagnosis and management of many medical conditions. They can provide valuable information that helps doctors to make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

The retroperitoneal space refers to the area within the abdominal cavity that is located behind (retro) the peritoneum, which is the smooth serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. This space is divided into several compartments and contains vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, and vena cava.

The retroperitoneal space can be further categorized into two regions:

1. The posterior pararenal space, which is lateral to the psoas muscle and contains fat tissue.
2. The perirenal space, which surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and is filled with fatty connective tissue.

Disorders or conditions affecting the retroperitoneal space may include infections, tumors, hematomas, or inflammation, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the specific structures involved. Imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI are commonly used to diagnose and assess retroperitoneal pathologies.

The manubrium is the upper and expanded part of the sternum (breastbone). It has a shape similar to a spoon or a shield, and it articulates with the clavicles (collarbones) and the first pair of ribs. The manubrium plays an essential role in protecting underlying organs such as the heart and major blood vessels.

Tracheal diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the trachea, also known as the windpipe. The trachea is a tube-like structure made up of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle, which extends from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (airways leading to the lungs). Its primary function is to allow the passage of air to and from the lungs.

Tracheal diseases can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, often caused by viral or bacterial infections.
2. Tracheal stenosis: Narrowing of the trachea due to scarring, inflammation, or compression from nearby structures such as tumors or goiters.
3. Tracheomalacia: Weakening and collapse of the tracheal walls, often seen in newborns and young children but can also occur in adults due to factors like chronic cough, aging, or connective tissue disorders.
4. Tracheoesophageal fistula: An abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus, which can lead to respiratory complications and difficulty swallowing.
5. Tracheal tumors: Benign or malignant growths that develop within the trachea, obstructing airflow and potentially leading to more severe respiratory issues.
6. Tracheobronchial injury: Damage to the trachea and bronchi, often caused by trauma such as blunt force or penetrating injuries.
7. Congenital tracheal abnormalities: Structural defects present at birth, including complete tracheal rings, which can cause narrowing or collapse of the airway.

Symptoms of tracheal diseases may include cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and its severity but may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve respiratory function.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

... the air-fluid level may be seen within the cyst. CT scanning is useful in localizing these cysts. Bronchogenic cysts are formed ... Bronchogenic cysts are small, solitary cysts or sinuses, most typically located in the region of the suprasternal notch or ... Very high magnification light micrograph showing the cilia of a bronchogenic cyst. H&E stain. Cutaneous columnar cyst List of ... Malignant degeneration has been reported in these cysts on rare occasions. Bronchogenic cysts are usually found in the middle ...
2010). "Iniencephaly with Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst: A Case Report". Journal of Prenatal Medicine. 4 (4): 74-76. PMC ...
Secondary bronchomalacia may occur by extrinsic compression from an enlarged vessel, a vascular ring or a bronchogenic cyst. ... Secondary Bronchomalacia may occur by extrinsic compression from an enlarged vessel, a vascular ring or a bronchogenic cyst. ...
... bronchogenic cysts, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot and anomalies of the great vessels. Although pulmonary ...
682-3 Bronchogenic cyst Branchial cyst Thyroglossal duct cyst Cutaneous ciliated cyst Median raphe cyst Pseudocyst of the ... Cutaneous columnar cysts are a cutaneous condition, a group of different cysts lined by columnar epithelium.: 682 Types of ... and cysts, All stub articles, Epidermal nevi, neoplasm, cyst stubs). ...
Arteriovenous fistula Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis Branchial cyst (branchial cleft cyst) Bronchogenic cyst Capillary ... Eccrine nevus Epidermal cyst (epidermal inclusion cyst, epidermoid cyst, infundibular cyst, keratin cyst) Epidermal nevus ... Ciliated cyst of the vulva (cutaneous Müllerian cyst, paramesonephric mucinous cyst of the vulva) Clear cell acanthoma ( ... Localized lichen myxedematosus Myxoid cyst (digital mucous cyst, mucous cyst) Myxoid lipoblastoma Neuropathia mucinosa cutanea ...
... bronchogenic cyst MeSH C16.131.740.214 - bronchopulmonary sequestration MeSH C16.131.740.271 - choanal atresia MeSH C16.131. ... central nervous system cyst MeSH C16.131.666.142.100 - arachnoid cyst MeSH C16.131.666.190 - central nervous system vascular ... choledochal cyst MeSH C16.131.314.184.500 - Caroli disease MeSH C16.131.314.244 - diaphragmatic eventration MeSH C16.131. ...
Chronic Bronchogenic cyst Bronchopulmonary amyloidosis Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Brown syndrome Brown-Séquard syndrome ...
Subcutaneous bronchogenic cysts and sinuses, Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surg (Volume 112,issue 6, 1995) Prevalence and ...
... bronchogenic MeSH C08.381.540.145 - carcinoma, non-small-cell lung MeSH C08.381.540.147 - carcinoma, small cell MeSH C08.381. ... mediastinal cyst MeSH C08.846.187.290 - mediastinal emphysema MeSH C08.846.187.580 - mediastinal neoplasms MeSH C08.846.187.790 ... bronchogenic MeSH C08.785.520.145 - carcinoma, non-small-cell lung MeSH C08.785.520.147 - carcinoma, small cell MeSH C08.785. ...
MeSH C04.182.089.265 - bone cysts, aneurysmal MeSH C04.182.089.530 - jaw cysts MeSH C04.182.089.530.660 - nonodontogenic cysts ... bronchogenic MeSH C04.588.894.797.520.230 - carcinoma, non-small-cell lung MeSH C04.588.894.797.520.235 - carcinoma, small cell ... odontogenic cyst, calcifying MeSH C04.182.089.530.690.790 - periodontal cyst MeSH C04.182.089.530.690.790.820 - radicular cyst ... central nervous system cysts MeSH C04.588.614.250.387.100 - arachnoid cysts MeSH C04.588.614.250.580 - meningeal neoplasms MeSH ...
... hydatid cyst) Toxocariasis (toxocara) Trichinosis (trichinella) Onchocerciasis Loiasis (loa loa) Cri-du chat syndrome Schmid- ... deformity syndromes Muscular dystrophy disorders Myasthenia gravis Osteogenesis imperfecta Paget's disease Asthma Bronchogenic ...
... bronchogenic cancer) Syndromal DIMES & 3Ps: Drugs (or withdrawal) Infection (PUS = Pneumonia, UTI, Skin) Metabolic (e.g. Na, Ca ... Loss of joint space Osteopyhtes Subcondral sclerosis Subchondral cysts "WW 2" (World War II): Water is white in a T2 scan. ... Developmental cysts (sequestration) Histiocytosis Oncological Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Environmental, occupational Sarcoid ...
However, CT allows sharper delineation of thin-walled cysts and emphysematous changes than MRI. Usually the sequestration is ... the aorta Chronic infection with diseases such as Bronchiectasis Tuberculosis Aspergillosis Bronchial carcinoid Bronchogenic ...
Some solid malignant tumors, ( colonic, uterine and bronchogenic, and head and neck necrotic tumors, are more likely to become ... Brook I.The role of anaerobic bacteria in cutaneous and soft tissue abscesses and infected cysts. Anaerobe. 2007; 13:171-7 ... infected pilonidal cyst or sinus, Meleney's ulcer infected diabetic (vascular or trophic) ulcers, bite wound, anaerobic ... infected subcutaneous sebaceous or inclusion cysts, and postsurgical wound infection. Skin involvement in subcutaneous tissue ...
... the air-fluid level may be seen within the cyst. CT scanning is useful in localizing these cysts. Bronchogenic cysts are formed ... Bronchogenic cysts are small, solitary cysts or sinuses, most typically located in the region of the suprasternal notch or ... Very high magnification light micrograph showing the cilia of a bronchogenic cyst. H&E stain. Cutaneous columnar cyst List of ... Malignant degeneration has been reported in these cysts on rare occasions. Bronchogenic cysts are usually found in the middle ...
Bronchogenic cysts, although relatively rare, represent the most common cystic lesion of the mediastinum. Shanti and Klein ( ... Enterogenous cysts are the most common subtype of foregut cysts, representing as much as 70%; bronchogenic cysts represent 7-15 ... encoded search term (Pediatric Bronchogenic Cyst) and Pediatric Bronchogenic Cyst What to Read Next on Medscape ... Bronchogenic cysts occur within the spectrum of foregut duplication cysts and arise from abnormal ventral budding of the ...
Congenital bronchial cyst pathology. Authoritative facts from DermNet New Zealand. ... Histology of bronchogenic cyst. Bronchogenic cysts may be unilocular (figure 1) or multilocular. They may be located in the ... Differential diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst pathology. Cutaneous ciliated cyst: Smooth muscle, mucous glands and cartilage are ... Bronchogenic cysts originate from the ventral foregut that forms the respiratory system. They are located close to the trachea ...
Retroperitoneal Bronchogenic Cyst: case report and review of literature. Ashish Padnani, MD, Rashmi Bawa, MD, Darshak Shah, MD ... Background: Bronchogenic cysts (BC) are developmental anomalies derived from foregut, most commonly found in mediastinum but ... Conclusion: Bronchogenic cysts are extremely uncommon anomalies that are mostly asymptomatic and diagnosed on imaging studies ... Case Presentation: We present a case of 73 year old female patient who was found to have left retroperitoneal cyst on MRI ...
Download the citation for this article by clicking on one of the following citation managers:. ...
"Bronchogenic Cyst" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bronchogenic Cyst" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Bronchogenic Cyst" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Bronchogenic Cyst" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Bronchogenic Cyst". ...
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Symptomatic Bronchogenic Cyst in a Lipomatous Interatrial Septum ... Bronchogenic cyst of the interatrial septum rarely occurs and ... Bronchogenic cysts are benign tumors that rarely cause symptoms [9]. Bronchogenic cysts of intracardiac origin are rare and ... Symptomatic Bronchogenic Cyst in a Lipomatous Interatrial Septum. Alexander T. Phana, d, Janie Hua, Buzand Oganesiana, Shammah ... Jiang H, Wang H, Wu H, Li X. Bronchogenic cyst of the interatrial septum. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;8:171.. doi pubmed pmc ...
A case of bronchogenic cyst occuring in an unusual site is described. Macroscopic features of the lesion at operation were ... The diagnosis of a bronchogenic (bronchial) cyst was made solely by histological examination. A search of the available ...
Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst originating from diaphragmatic crura. Indian J Surg 2015;77(Suppl 3):1397-1398.. ... Keywords: Bronchogenic cyst; Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration; Endoscopic ultrasound-guided through-the- ... Abdominal bronchogenic cysts are extremely uncommon, and a definitive diagnosis is commonly obtained after the examination of ... Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are rare foregut congenital malformations that occur due to abnormal budding of the primitive ...
Bronchogenic cyst is a rare clinical; entity that occurs due to an anomalous development of the ventral foregut; they are ... Bronchogenic cyst and pharyngeal fistula in an 81 year old female: a case report. ... Bronchogenic cysts have also been described in more remote locations, including neck, interatrial septum, abdomen, and ... The actual natural history and percentage of asymptomatic bronchogenic cyst in adults are not known because of the absence of ...
title = "Prenatal diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst",. abstract = "We report the incidental discovery of a bronchogenic cyst in ... N2 - We report the incidental discovery of a bronchogenic cyst in utero. Bronchogenic cysts generally present in childhood or ... AB - We report the incidental discovery of a bronchogenic cyst in utero. Bronchogenic cysts generally present in childhood or ... We report the incidental discovery of a bronchogenic cyst in utero. Bronchogenic cysts generally present in childhood or ...
The cyst was removed laparoscopically. Pathologic examination confirmed it as a bronchogenic cyst. Therefore, bronchogenic ... Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst clinically presenting as adrenal cyst. Mahmut BaÅŸoÄŸlu1. , KaÄŸan ... Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal cysts results in favorable outcome.. Keywords: Adrenal, bronchogenic cyst, ... Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst clinically presenting as adrenal cyst. Turk J Surg 2018; 10.5152/ ...
Intramedullary bronchogenic cysts on the dorsal side of the thoracic spine are extremely uncommon. Diagnosis requires ... After the cyst ruptured during surgery, gel liquid was seen, and the majority of the cyst walls were removed. One week after ... Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic le ... Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia. ...
Bronchogenic cyst and pulmonary tuberculosis]. El Fekih L, Boussoffara L, Hassene H, Fenniche S, Belhabib D, Ben Miled K, ...
45 León-Rivero F I, Cox R A, Cunningham E. et al . Bronchogenic cyst mimicking pulmonary varix. Chest. 1978; 73 545-546 ...
Bronchogenic cyst. *Cardiac masses and tumors. *Cardiomyopathy (enlarged or thickened heart). *Cervical teratoma ...
Ovarian cyst. Persistent urogenital sinus. Respiratory system. - Reviews & Chapters - Lungs. Bronchogenic cyst. ...
Ovarian cyst. Persistent urogenital sinus. Respiratory system. - Reviews & Chapters - Lungs. Bronchogenic cyst. ...
Bronchogenic cyst. What causes naevi?. Naevi are caused by visible clusters of cells in the skin. Vascular naevi are due to ...
Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst: *No systemic feeding vessel or aberrant hilum *Gross: single, thick walled cyst *May also ... Congenital pulmonary airway malformations and intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts do not have a systemic feeding vessel. Comment ... Bronchogenic cyst *Extralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration *Intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration *Type 2 congenital ... Gross: may have cysts measuring up to 2.5 cm *Spectrum of histologic changes from mild parenchymal maldevelopment to simple ...
Enteric Adenocarcinoma Arising From a Bronchogenic Cyst. Mª Teresa Gómez-Hernández, Nuria Novoa, José Luis Aranda, Marcelo F. ...
... bronchogenic cysts, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot and anomalies of the great vessels. Although pulmonary ...
Differential diagnoses include congenital lobar emphysema, pulmonary and bronchogenic cysts, pulmonary blebs, and emphysematous ...
These include the typically large thymus of a child, substernal thyroid glands, bronchogenic cysts, and abnormalities of the ... Consider the possibility that palpable "lymph nodes" may in fact be other masses; for example, branchial cysts and other benign ... More than 95% of mediastinal masses are caused by tumors or cysts. Lymphomas and acute lymphoblastic leukemia are the most ...
The differential diagnosis for a fungal ball in the lung is limited: echinoccocal cyst, necrotizing bronchogenic carcinoma, or ... bullae or lung cysts, lung abscess, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary fibrosis, healed abscess cavities, cavitary bronchogenic ... Cavitating bronchogenic carcinoma may invade the chest wall causing bone destruction or may cause diffuse pleural involvement; ... Cavitary bronchogenic carcinoma is usually associated with adenopathy and often pleural effusion. ...
"Cardiac Tamponade as a complication of bronchogenic cyst", Noman Lateef, Jason Kuniyoshi, Azka Latif, Muhamed Junaid Ahsan, ...
There are also bronchogenic cysts, bronchial atresia, and congenital lobar emphysema. No matter the type, most are evaluated ... These lesions can consist of many tiny cysts (microcystic), or fewer large cysts (macrocystic), or a combination of both. ... Thoracoamniotic shunts: A CPAM that has a main large cyst causing fetal hydrops can be treated with a shunt. A shunt is a tiny ... The shunt is placed under ultrasound guidance and stays in place to drain the cyst thereby decreasing the size of the mass. ...
... pericardial cyst, bronchogenic cyst, lymphoma * Posterior mediastinum: dorsal to large conducting airways - neurogenic tumors: ... Superior mediastinum: thymomas, thymic cyst, lymphoma, thyroid lesions, parathyroid adenoma * Anterior mediastinum: ventral to ... schwannoma, neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma, MPNST, neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, gastroenteric cysts * ... anterior cardiac border and aortic root - thymic epithelial tumors and cysts, germ cell neoplasms, lymphoproliferative lesions ...
  • The diagnosis of a bronchogenic (bronchial) cyst was made solely by histological examination. (lml.com.ly)
  • The presented case report describes an incredibly rare instance of an intramedullary bronchial cyst located in the thoracic spinal canal on the dorsal side of the spinal cord , which was observed in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia . (bvsalud.org)
  • There are also bronchogenic cysts, bronchial atresia, and congenital lobar emphysema. (mottchildren.org)
  • While only 14 cases of mediastinal cysts with Mullerian differentiation have been described in the literature, it is likely that they are much more common than presumed in older females and often misdiagnosed as either bronchial or oesophagal cysts. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • Frequently associated congenital anomalies include tracheal stenosis, esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, bronchogenic cysts, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot and anomalies of the great vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type 1 BEFs consist of an esophageal diverticulum forming the fistula, type 2 consist of an extension of the esophagus into a lobar or segmental bronchus (most common), type 3 result from an extending bronchogenic cyst, and type 4 results from a pulmonary sequestration. (appliedradiology.com)
  • Cystic lesions found in the mediastinum are typically included bronchogenic cysts, esophageal duplication cysts and Neuroenteric cysts. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • These cysts originate from the ventral foregut that forms the respiratory system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts occur within the spectrum of foregut duplication cysts and arise from abnormal ventral budding of the tracheobronchial tree. (medscape.com)
  • Cysts are believed to result from abnormal development of the ventral foregut and lung budding during the first 4-6 weeks of gestation. (medscape.com)
  • Although rare, bronchogenic cysts are the second most common subtype of foregut cysts found in the middle mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • bronchogenic cysts represent 7-15% of the cystic lesions of the foregut. (medscape.com)
  • Bronchogenic cysts (BC) are developmental anomalies derived from foregut, most commonly found in mediastinum but rarely in retroperitoneum. (sages.org)
  • A usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Intracardiac bronchogenic cysts are extremely rare congenital anomalies that arise during foregut development when the embryologic heart tube and ventral foregut are in close proximity to one another. (cardiologyres.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts are a subset of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations of the lower airways that arise from anomalous budding of the foregut during embryologic development [ 2 ]. (cardiologyres.org)
  • Cardiac origins of bronchogenic cysts are explained by the proximity of the developing heart and the ventral aspect of the foregut and primitive tracheobronchial tree [ 3 - 5 ]. (cardiologyres.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are rare foregut congenital malformations that occur due to abnormal budding of the primitive tracheobronchial tube [ 1 ]. (e-ce.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts are usually found in the middle mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the adults identified with congenital pulmonary malformations, bronchogenic cysts were most frequently associated with malignant lung tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Bronchogenic cysts should be included in the differential diagnosis of intracardiac tumors. (cardiologyres.org)
  • for example, branchial cysts and other benign tumors can mimic cervical adenopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Bronchogenic cysts may be unilocular (figure 1) or multilocular. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) demonstrated a unilocular cyst located between the pancreas, gastric wall, and left adrenal gland, with a regular wall filled with dense fluid with multiple hyperechoic floating spots. (e-ce.org)
  • We report the case of a retroperitoneal cyst presenting as left adrenal cyst. (turkjsurg.com)
  • BaÅŸoÄŸlu M, Karabulut K, Özbalcı GS, Aykun N, ÇamlıdaÄŸ Ä°, Güngör BB, Kefeli M. Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst clinically presenting as adrenal cyst. (turkjsurg.com)
  • Bronchogenic cysts, although relatively rare, represent the most common cystic lesion of the mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • Preoperative diagnosis of the cyst hystotype is rarely established via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration, and resection is usually performed due to uncertainty about the origin of the lesion (the pancreas or stomach). (e-ce.org)
  • The lesion is not close to trachea or oesophagus to suggest duplication cyst. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • When the cyst communicates with the tracheobronchial tree, the air-fluid level may be seen within the cyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rarely there is communication of the cyst with the tracheobronchial tree. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the abnormal budding occurs during the early development, the cyst tends to be located along the tracheobronchial tree. (ids.ac.uk)
  • Of these 47 cases, 20 involved a lobar location, which required lobectomy, and 27 cases were extralobar and were treated with resection of the cyst. (medscape.com)
  • In general, postoperative outcomes after resection of bronchogenic cysts are excellent. (medscape.com)
  • Very few cases of laparoscopic resection of the cyst have been reported. (sages.org)
  • Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal cysts results in favorable outcome. (turkjsurg.com)
  • Laparoscopic fenestration of the cyst was performed. (sages.org)
  • Therefore, bronchogenic cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal cysts. (turkjsurg.com)
  • Histology results showed inadequate samples in six and Bronchogenic carcinoma in four patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • This case highlights a rare case of a symptomatic bronchogenic cyst arising in the interatrial septum diagnosed by imaging modalities. (cardiologyres.org)
  • Past reports emphasised that a bronchogenic cyst is usually asymptomatic and presents as an incidental finding, but more recent reports suggest that the majority of adults with bronchogenic cysts ultimately become symptomatic. (ids.ac.uk)
  • Symptomatic patients usually present with symptomatic related to cyst infection or compression of adjacent structures. (ids.ac.uk)
  • We present a case of 73 year old female patient who was found to have left retroperitoneal cyst on MRI during workup for chronic flank pain. (sages.org)
  • Smooth muscle, mucous glands and cartilage are not seen in the walls of cutaneous ciliated cysts. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts are extremely uncommon anomalies that are mostly asymptomatic and diagnosed on imaging studies done for unrelated reasons. (sages.org)
  • Abdominal bronchogenic cysts are extremely uncommon, and a definitive diagnosis is commonly obtained after the examination of surgical specimens due to the lack of pathognomonic findings on cross-sectional imaging and poor cellularity on EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. (e-ce.org)
  • Intramedullary bronchogenic cysts on the dorsal side of the thoracic spine are extremely uncommon. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts are formed in the 6th week of gestation from an abnormal budding of the tracheal diverticulum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracardiac bronchogenic cysts are a rare anomaly and their presence in the setting of a lipomatous interatrial septum is even rarer [ 5 ]. (cardiologyres.org)
  • The location of the cyst depends on the embryonic stage of development at which the anomaly occurs. (ids.ac.uk)
  • No associated vertebral anomaly to suggest Neuroenteric cyst. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • In infants and small children, bronchogenic cysts, especially those that compress vital structures, can present with respiratory distress. (medscape.com)
  • Histological analysis of the retrieved fragments revealed a fibrous wall lined by "respiratory-type" epithelium with ciliated columnar cells, consistent with the diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst. (e-ce.org)
  • The fourteen definitive mediastinal cysts with Mullerian differentiation have been identified, have occurred in females 40-60 years old. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • The usual symptoms are the result of compression by the cyst, e.g., difficulty breathing or swallowing, cough, and chest pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • See chest radiograph below illustrating a bronchogenic cyst. (medscape.com)
  • We report a case of an interatrial septal bronchogenic cyst found on non-contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) in a 66-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with chest pain. (cardiologyres.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts generally present in childhood or adulthood as an incidental finding on chest x-ray, or secondary to infection or intrathoracic mass effect. (wustl.edu)
  • Cutaneous columnar cyst List of cutaneous conditions James, William D. (wikipedia.org)
  • Observation provides minimal risk from the intervention, but carries some risk of bleeding or infection of the cyst at a later time, making excision more difficult if it occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lining of the cyst is typically ciliated (figure 3, arrows) and may be columnar or cuboidal. (dermnetnz.org)
  • In particular, subcarinal cysts can pose life-threatening airway compromise. (medscape.com)
  • Bronchogenic cyst localized in the retroperitoneum is a rare clinical entity. (turkjsurg.com)
  • Bronchogenic cysts are small, solitary cysts or sinuses, most typically located in the region of the suprasternal notch or behind the manubrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bronchogenic cysts have also been described in more remote locations, including the interatrial septum, neck, abdomen, and retroperitoneal space. (medscape.com)
  • Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia. (bvsalud.org)
  • US Endoscopy, Mentor, OH, USA) that can pass through a standard 19-G EUS needle to obtain histological specimens from the cyst wall have become available. (e-ce.org)
  • Here, we report our findings of a rare bronchogenic cyst located in a lipomatous interatrial septum that was identified based on imaging modalities. (cardiologyres.org)
  • The histopathological findings were consistent with bronchogenic cysts . (bvsalud.org)
  • Recurrent infection (of the cyst) may be the presenting complaint in older children. (medscape.com)
  • We report the incidental discovery of a bronchogenic cyst in utero. (wustl.edu)
  • 682 These cysts are mostly found in young adults and are rare in infancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malignant degeneration has been reported in these cysts on rare occasions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reason may be Mullerian cysts in locations outside of the female pelvis are rare. (neuroradiologycases.com)