Bronchodilator agents. Medical search

Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.

A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.

A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.

Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.

A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).

A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.

Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.

Analogs or derivatives of scopolamine.

A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.

Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.

The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.

Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.

An adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.

Analogs and derivatives of atropine.

Narrowing of the caliber of the BRONCHI, physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention.

Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.

A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.

Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.

A small aerosol canister used to release a calibrated amount of medication for inhalation.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.

Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.

Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

A variety of devices used in conjunction with METERED DOSE INHALERS. Their purpose is to hold the released medication for inhalation and make it easy for the patients to inhale the metered dose of medication into their lungs.

A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.

A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.

A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is IC.

Hospital department which is responsible for the administration of diagnostic pulmonary function tests and of procedures to restore optimum pulmonary ventilation.

The airflow rate measured during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 200-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.

Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of ACETYLCHOLINE or cholinergic agonists.

Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.

A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes, and platelets.

Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.

Drugs that are used to treat asthma.

Agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The rate of airflow measured during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination.

Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.

The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.

A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.

An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.

The hospital unit in which patients with respiratory conditions requiring special attention receive intensive medical care and surveillance.

A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.

Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.

Drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. The inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. The primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (From PharmAssist, The Family Guide to Health and Medicine, 1993)

Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.

Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.

The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.

The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.

Difficult or labored breathing.

A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains tephrorin, tephrosone, and C-prenylflavonoids.

A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.

The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.

Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.

Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.

Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. In immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.

A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.

A plant genus, in the family AMARANTHACEAE, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of Red Dye No. 2 (AMARANTH DYE). Tumbleweed sometimes refers to Amaranthus but more often refers to SALSOLA.

Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the United States, such packaging is controlled under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. Similar laws govern use elsewhere. (From Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1 Section 210, 1993) DRUG LABELING is also available.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.

A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.

Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.

Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.

Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.

A racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.

Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Barriers used to separate and remove PARTICULATE MATTER from air.

Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.

A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.

2-Octylcyclopentaneheptanoic acids. The family of saturated carbon-20 cyclic fatty acids that represent the parent compounds of the prostaglandins.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.

Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.

Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.

A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. Members contain PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.

Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4.

Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.

Systems designed to provide information primarily concerned with the administrative functions associated with the provision and utilization of services; also includes program planning, etc.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase of spontaneous respiration.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.

Kinetic analysis of drug-receptor interactions of long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics in isolated receptor membranes: evidence against prolonged effects of salmeterol and formoterol on receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase. (1/2342)

The long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics salmeterol and formoterol have been presumed to exert their prolonged action either by binding to an accessory binding site ("exo-site") near the beta2 adrenoceptor or by their high affinity for beta2 adrenoceptors and correspondingly slow dissociation. Whereas most studies with salmeterol had been done in intact tissues, which have slow diffusion and compartmentation of drugs in lipophilic phases, that restrict drug access to the receptor biophase, we used purified receptor membranes from rat lung and disaggregated calf tracheal myocytes as model systems. Binding experiments were designed to measure the slow dissociation of agonists by means of delayed association of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol. Rat lung membranes were pretreated with high concentrations of agonists (salmeterol, formoterol, isoprenaline) before dissociation was induced by 50-fold dilution. Half-times of association of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol remained unchanged compared with untreated controls, indicating that dissociation of agonists occurred in less than 2 min. Adenylyl cyclase experiments were designed to determine the on and off kinetics of agonists to beta2 adrenoceptors by measuring the rate of receptor-induced cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation. Experiments were performed in tracheal membranes characterized by high Vmax values of cAMP formation. Adenylyl cyclase activation occurred simultaneously with the addition of the agonist, continued linearly with time for 60 min, and ceased immediately after the antagonist was added. Similarly, when receptor membranes were preincubated in a small volume with high salmeterol concentrations, there was a linear increase in cAMP formation, which was immediately interrupted by a 100-fold dilution of the reaction mixture. This militates against the exo-site hypothesis. On the other hand, dissociation by dilution was much less when membranes were preincubated with a large volume of salmeterol at the same concentration, indicating that physicochemical effects, and not exo-site binding, underlie its prolonged mode of action. (+info)

Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism and bronchoprotective sensitivity with regular short- and long-acting beta2-agonist therapy. (2/2342)

The aim of the present study was to investigate bronchoprotective sensitivity in patients receiving regular treatment with short- and long-acting beta2-agonists and to evaluate any possible association with genetic polymorphism. Thirty-eight patients with stable mild to moderate asthma and receiving inhaled corticosteroids were randomized in a parallel group, double-blind, double-dummy fashion to receive 2 weeks of treatment with either formoterol (12 microg once daily, 6 microg twice daily or 24 microg twice daily) or terbutaline (500 microg four times daily). Bronchoprotection against methacholine challenge (as a provocative dose to produce a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s: PD20) was measured at baseline (unprotected) after an initial 1 week run-in without beta2-agonist, and at 1 h after the first and last doses of each treatment. The PD20 values were log-transformed and calculated as change from baseline. Percentage desensitization of log PD20 for first- versus last-dose bronchoprotection was calculated and analysed according to effects of treatment and beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism at codon 16 or 27. The mean degree of desensitization for bronchoprotection was comparable with all four treatments and there were no significant differences in absolute PD20 values after 2 weeks of chronic dosing. The PD20 values were (as microg of methacholine, geometric means+/-S. E.M.): formoterol, 12 microg once daily, 99+/-42 microg; formoterol, 6 microg twice daily, 107+/-44 microg; formoterol, 24 microg twice daily, 108+/-45 microg; terbutaline, 500 microg four times daily, 88+/-37 microg. All patients receiving formoterol, 24 microg twice daily, exhibited a loss of protection greater than 30% which was unrelated to polymorphism at codon 16 or 27. For codon 16, the use of lower doses of formoterol (12 microg once daily or 6 microg twice daily) showed wider variability in the propensity for protection loss in patients who were heterozygous, in contrast to a more uniform protection loss seen with homozygous glycine patients. The amount of protection loss was not significantly related to polymorphism at codon 16 or 27, expressed as values (mean+/-S.E.M.) for percentage desensitization according to each genotype (pooled treatments): Gly-16, 66+/-11%; Het-16, 53+/-8%; Arg-16, 69+/-18%; Glu-27, 68+/-12%; Het-27, 58+/-8%; Gln-27, 52+/-12%. The results of this preliminary study showed that bronchoprotective desensitization occurred readily in response to short- or long-acting beta2-agonist exposure irrespective of beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism at codon 16 or 27. Further studies with larger patient numbers are required to further evaluate the effects of polymorphisms with lower doses of regular formoterol. (+info)

Anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in BP2 mice: interactions between serotonin and acetylcholine. (3/2342)

1. Immunized BP2 mice developed an acute bronchoconstriction in vivo and airway muscle contraction in vitro in response to ovalbumin (OA) and these contractions were dose dependent. 2. Methysergide or atropine inhibited OA-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo and airway muscle contraction in vitro. 3. Neostigmine potentiated the OA-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo and airway muscle contraction in vitro of BP2 mice. This potentiation was markedly reduced by the administration of methysergide or atropine and when the two antagonists were administered together, the responses were completely inhibited. 4. Neostigmine also potentiated the serotonin (5-HT)- and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced bronchoconstriction and this potentiation was significantly reversed by atropine. 5. These results indicate that OA provokes a bronchoconstriction in immunized BP2 mice by stimulating the release of 5-HT, which in turn acts via the cholinergic mediator, ACh. (+info)

Nitrogen dioxide formation during inhaled nitric oxide therapy. (4/2342)

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a toxic by-product of inhalation therapy with nitric oxide (NO). The rate of NO2 formation during NO therapy is controversial. METHODS: The formation of NO2 was studied under dynamic flows emulating a base case NO ventilator mixture containing 80 ppm NO in a 90% oxygen matrix. The difficulty in measuring NO2 concentrations below 2 ppm accurately was overcome by the use of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: Using a second-order model, the rate constant, k, for NO2 formation was determined to be (1.19 +/- 0.11) x 10(-11) ppm-2s-1, which is in basic agreement with evaluated data from atmospheric literature. CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled NO can be delivered safely in a well-designed, continuous flow neonatal ventilatory circuit, and NO2 formation can be calculated reliably using the rate constant and circuit dwell time. (+info)

The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to it systemic effects. (5/2342)

Salmeterol is approximately eight times as potent as salbutamol for systemic effects. This may be because the drug is eight times more potent on receptors or there may be differences in systemic bioavailability. The systemic effects of salbutamol are limited by its fairly high first-pass metabolism, but the oral bioavailability of salmeterol is unknown. The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to its systemic effects were analysed in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects were given inhaled salmeterol 400 microg, inhaled salmeterol 400 microg plus oral activated charcoal or inhaled placebo plus oral activated charcoal on three separate days. Cardiac frequency (fC), Q-T interval corrected for heart rate (QTc), plasma potassium and glucose concentrations were measured for 4 h following the inhaled drug. Salmeterol with and without oral charcoal produced significant changes for all measures compared to placebo. The magnitude of effect following salmeterol alone was significantly greater than that following salmeterol plus charcoal for fC and glucose (mean (95% confidence interval) differences 8 (2-13) beats x min(-1), 0.59 (0.04, 1.13) mmol x L(-1), respectively) and nonsignificantly greater for QTc interval and potassium concentration. The differences between salmeterol given with and without charcoal suggest that 28-36% of the systemic response to salmeterol administered from a metered-dose inhaler are due to drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, most of the systemic effects are due to the inhaled fraction of the drug. (+info)

Time course of respiratory decompensation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, double-blind study of peak flow changes prior to emergency department visits. (6/2342)

The aim of this study was to look at changes in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) prior to emergency department visits for decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was designed as a prospective, double-blind study at the Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Twelve patients with an irreversible component of airflow obstruction on pulmonary function tests were assessed. At entry, all subjects were instructed in the use of a mini-Wright peak flow meter with electronic data storage. They then entered a 6-month monitoring phase in which they recorded PEFR twice daily, before and after bronchodilators. The meter displays were disabled so that the patients and their physicians were blinded to all values. Medical care was provided in the customary manner. Patients were considered to have respiratory decompensation if they required treatment for airflow obstruction in the Emergency Department (ED) and no other causes of dyspnea could be identified. Simple linear regression was used to model changes in PEFR over time. The 12 subjects had 22 episodes of respiratory decompensation during 1741 patient-days of observation. Two episodes could not be analysed because of missing values. Ten episodes in seven subjects were characterized by a significant linear decline in at least one peak flow parameter prior to presentation. The mean rates of change for the four daily parameters varied from 0.22% to 0.27% predicted per day (or 1.19 to 1.44 1 min-1 day-1). The average decrement in these parameters ranged from 30.0 to 33.8 1 min-1 (or 18.6%-25.9% of their baseline values). No temporal trends were found for the 10 episodes occurring in the other five subjects. We concluded that respiratory decompensation is characterized by a gradual decline in PEFR in about half of cases. Future studies should be done to elucidate the mechanisms of respiratory distress in the other cases. (+info)

Randomised controlled trial of budesonide for the prevention of post-bronchiolitis wheezing. (7/2342)

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that recurrent episodes of coughing and wheezing occur in up to 75% of infants after acute viral bronchiolitis. AIM: To assess the efficacy of budesonide given by means of a metered dose inhaler, spacer, and face mask in reducing the incidence of coughing and wheezing episodes up to 12 months after acute viral bronchiolitis. METHODS: Children under the age of 12 months admitted to hospital with acute viral bronchiolitis were randomised to receive either budesonide or placebo (200 microg or one puff twice daily) for the next eight weeks. Parents kept a diary card record of all episodes of coughing and wheezing over the next 12 months. RESULTS: Full follow up data were collected for 49 infants. There were no significant differences between the two study groups for the number of infants with symptom episodes up to six months after hospital discharge. At 12 months, 21 infants in the budesonide group had symptom episodes compared with 12 of 24 in the placebo group. The median number of symptom episodes was 2 (range, 0-13) in those who received budesonide and 1 (range, 0-11) in those who received placebo. Because there is no pharmacological explanation for these results, they are likely to be caused by a type 1 error, possibly exacerbated by there being more boys in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Routine administration of budesonide by means of a metered dose inhaler, spacer, and face mask system immediately after acute viral bronchiolitis cannot be recommended. (+info)

Risk factors for death from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease after a hospital admission for asthma. (8/2342)

BACKGROUND: Patients with asthma have an increased risk of death from causes other than asthma. A study was undertaken to identify whether severity of asthma, its treatment, or associated co-morbidity were associated with increased risk of death from other causes. METHODS: Eighty five deaths from all causes occurring within three years of discharge from hospital in a cohort of 2242 subjects aged 16-64 years admitted for asthma were compared with a random sample of 61 controls aged <45 years and 61 aged >/=45 years from the same cohort. RESULTS: Deaths from asthma were associated with a history of clinically severe asthma (OR 6.29 (95% CI 1.84 to 21.52)), chest pain (OR 3.78 (95% CI 1.06 to 13.5)), biochemical or haematological abnormalities at admission (OR 4.12 (95% CI 1.36 to 12.49)), prescription of ipratropium bromide (OR 4.04 (95% CI 1.47 to 11.13)), and failure to prescribe inhaled steroids on discharge (OR 3.45 (95% CI 1.35 to 9.10)). Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were associated with lower peak expiratory flow rates (OR 2.56 (95% CI 1.52 to 4.35) for each 50 l/min change), a history of smoking (OR 5.03 (95% CI 1.17 to 21.58)), prescription of ipratropium bromide (OR 7.75 (95% CI 2.21 to 27.14)), and failure to prescribe inhaled steroids on discharge (OR 3.33 (95% CI 0.95 to 11.10)). Cardiovascular deaths were more common among those prescribed ipratropium bromide on discharge (OR 3.55 (95% CI 1.05 to 11.94)) and less likely in those admitted after an upper respiratory tract infection (OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.95)). Treatment with ipratropium bromide at discharge was associated with an increased risk of death from asthma even after adjusting for peak flow, COPD and cardiovascular co-morbidity, ever having smoked, and age at onset of asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription of inhaled steroids on discharge is important even for those patients with co-existent COPD and asthma. Treatment with ipratropium at discharge is associated with increased risk of death from asthma even after adjustment for a range of markers of COPD. These results need to be tested in larger studies. (+info)

... a new selective bronchodilator agent". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 189 (1): 167-84. PMID 4823290 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuterol

As a bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma. ... but has been shown to be an ineffective tocolytic agent. More common side effects from magnesium include upset stomach and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_(medical_use)

... long-acting bronchodilators, beta-2 agonists, anticholinergic agents, oral steroids, antibiotics, mucolytic agents, oxygen ... Medications may be used in the process of pulmonary rehabilitation including: anti-inflammatory agents (inhaled steroids), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_rehabilitation

Sathe NA, Krishnaswami S, Andrews J, Ficzere C, McPheeters ML (July 2015). "Pharmacologic Agents That Promote Airway Clearance ... The bronchodilators are divided into short- and long-acting groups. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for relief of ... Bronchodilators may be originating naturally within the body, or they may be medications administered for the treatment of ... Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilator

... wakefulness-promoting agents, bronchodilators, decongestants, antidepressants, entactogens, and psychedelics, among others. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylalkylamine

Bronchodilators, Catecholamines, Norepinephrine releasing agents, Phenylethanolamines, Sympathomimetics, All stub articles, ... Sympatholytic Agents. VI. The Two Kinds of Receptors". Screening Methods in Pharmacology. New York: Academic Press Inc. p. 150 ... Norepinephrine David J. Triggle (1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-412-46630- ... CHRISTENSEN JM, VALASEK FE, TAINTER ML (June 1958). "Ethylnorepinephrine; a unique bronchodilator". American Practitioner and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine

Magnesium sulfate may be used as bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe ... Magnesium sulfate may be used as an antiarrhythmic agent for torsades de pointes in cardiac arrest under the ECC guidelines and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate_(medical_use)

... followed by death allowing for evaluation of novel cytoprotective agents. Potential tissue reparative agents can be evaluated ... Corticosteroids are sometimes administered, and bronchodilators to treat bronchospasms. Drugs that reduce the inflammatory ... Other inhaled agents may be directly toxic (e.g. cyanide, carbon monoxide), or cause harm simply by displacing oxygen and ... These agents are less likely to produce early warning signs (phosgene in low concentrations has a pleasant odor), are more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_inhalation_injury

It is classified by the World Anti-Doping Agency as an anabolic agent, not as a β2 agonist. Clenbuterol is prescribed for ... People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier. It is most ... As of 2011, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) listed Clenbuterol as an anabolic agent, despite the fact there is no evidence ... Clenbuterol is approved for use in some countries as a bronchodilator for asthma.[medical citation needed] Clenbuterol is a β2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clenbuterol

... as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma, preventing eclampsia, a tocolytic agent, and as an anticonvulsant. It also may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate

... nasal decongestants and bronchodilators (e.g., pseudoephedrine), antidepressants (e.g. bupropion), antiparkinson agents (e.g., ... bronchodilators, decongestants, and/or antidepressants, among others. Phenethylamine is produced by a wide range of species ... Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, Stimulants, TAAR1 agonists, Trace amines, VMAT inhibitors). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

It was investigated as a bronchodilator but was never marketed. C.R. Ganellin; David J. Triggle (21 November 1996). Dictionary ... of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. pp. 1619-. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. World Health Organization (1988). International ... Brunner A, Gartmann J, Studler H. "Pipoxizine, a New Bronchodilator". Lung. 154 (2): 143. Neukirch F, Korobaeff M, Verdier F, ... Bronchodilators, Ethers, H1 receptor antagonists, Benzhydryl compounds, Piperazines, Serotonin receptor antagonists, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipoxizine

Masking agents, on the other hand, work by making drug tests ineffective, leading to false-negative results. Desmopressin, ... Beta-2 agonists can act as bronchodilators and increase heart rates, in addition to their mild androgenic effects. Other banned ... Banned androgenic agents are either anabolic steroids, which increase testosterone and epitestosterone, thereby improving ... This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2012: Drugs with similar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drugs_banned_by_the_World_Anti-Doping_Agency

... antiparkinson agents (e.g., selegiline), and vasopressors (e.g., ephedrine), among others.[medical citation needed] Many of ... nasal decongestants and bronchodilators (e.g., levomethamphetamine and pseudoephedrine), antidepressants (e.g. bupropion and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine

... anti-asthmatic agents MeSH D27.505.954.796.050.100 - bronchodilator agents MeSH D27.505.954.796.090 - antitussive agents MeSH ... bronchoconstrictor agents MeSH D27.505.696.663.050.110 - bronchodilator agents MeSH D27.505.696.663.050.225 - emetics MeSH ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... tocolytic agents MeSH D27.505.954.016 - anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

... celecoxib Other agents: Hydroxychloroquine (an antimalarial agent), diltiazem (a calcium channel blocker), omeprazole (a proton ... inhibitor), clenbuterol (a decongestant, bronchodilator), hydroxyzine (An antihistamine medication), and clopidogrel (an ... The remaining cases of AGEP have been associated with infective and other agents. The most frequently reported drugs that have ... causative agent of chicken pox). Several tests have been proposed to be useful for supporting the diagnosis of and/or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_generalized_exanthematous_pustulosis

Short-acting bronchodilators have an effect for four hours and for maintenance therapy long acting bronchodilators with an ... Both types of agent appear to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations by 15-25%. The combination of LABA/LAMA may reduce COPD ... Bronchodilators came into use in the 1960s following a promising trial of isoprenaline. Further bronchodilators, such as short- ... Inhaled short-acting bronchodilators are the primary medications used on an as needed basis; their use on a regular basis is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

... aluminum hydroxide Atopiclair topical emollient Benziq topical acne agent benzoyl peroxide Benziq Wash topical acne agent ... Estrasorb estrogen estradiol Maxair adrenergic bronchodilator inhaler pirbuterol Medihaler-Epi adrenergic bronchodilator, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceway_Pharmaceuticals

A bronchodilator is also given in certain circumstances and a pre/post graph comparison is done to assess the effectiveness of ... or with a pharmaceutical agent such as methacholine or histamine. Sometimes, to assess the reversibility of a particular ... This is commonly referred to as a reversibility test, or a post bronchodilator test (Post BD), and is an important part in ... the bronchodilator. See the example printout. Functional residual capacity (FRC) cannot be measured via spirometry, but it can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirometry

A trial of bronchodilators should be considered in LAM patients, because up to 17% to 25% have bronchodilator-responsive ... Agents that antagonize the effects of estrogen have not been proven to be effective for treatment, but no proper trials have ... Approximately 25% of patients with obstructive physiology may demonstrate bronchodilator responsiveness but may be less in more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

... (trade names Oxivent, Tersigan) is an anticholinergic used as a bronchodilator for the treatment of asthma ... Restrepo RD (July 2007). "Use of inhaled anticholinergic agents in obstructive airway disease". Respiratory Care. 52 (7): 833- ... Bronchodilators, Muscarinic antagonists, Quaternary ammonium compounds, Epoxides, Bromides, All stub articles, Respiratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxitropium_bromide

Warren JB, Dalton N (May 1983). "A comparison of the bronchodilator and vasopressor effects of exercise levels of adrenaline in ... or to identify the causative agent in a potential poisoning victim. Endogenous plasma adrenaline concentrations in resting ... Bronchodilators, Carbonic anhydrase activators, Cardiac stimulants, Catecholamines, Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary- ... adrenal axis, Hormones of the suprarenal medulla, Neurotransmitters, Norepinephrine releasing agents, Stress (biology), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline

Bronchodilators Improving a horse's "wind" by opening its airways through the use of bronchodilators may also improve ... The widely used tranquilizer acepromazine, and any number of related or equivalent agents, have been used in this way. Higher ... Some bronchodilators can also have a stimulant effect. Behavioral modifiers Veterinarians certify horses as being sound in " ... bronchodilators, and tranquilizers with impunity. In 1988 ELISA testing was introduced to racing by a group at the University ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_drug_testing

However, there is little evidence to support prokinetic agents are an appropriate treatment for dyspepsia. Currently, PPIs are ... bronchodilators (theophylline), diabetes drugs (acarbose, metformin, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, amylin analogs, GLP-1 ... prokinetic agents, and antiflatulents. PPIs and H2-RAs are often first-line therapies for treating dyspepsia, having shown to ... cholesterol-lowering agents (niacin, fibrates), neuropsychiatric medications (cholinesterase inhibitors [donepezil, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigestion

Additionally, there are adverse effects to the use of bronchodilators in children such as tachycardia and tremors, as well as ... This is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, also known as human pneumovirus). Other agents that cause ... However, there are conflicting recommendations about the use of a trial of a bronchodilator, especially in those with history ... Guidelines recommend against the use of bronchodilators in children with bronchiolitis as evidence does not support a change in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis

The derivative N,N-ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS) is a commercially significant mold-release agent and a surfactant in gasoline ... Ethylenediamine is an ingredient in the common bronchodilator drug aminophylline, where it serves to solubilize the active ... A most prominent derivative of ethylenediamine is the chelating agent EDTA, which is derived from ethylenediamine via a ... chemicals for color photography developing, binders, adhesives, fabric softeners, curing agents for epoxies, and dyes. as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine

In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics were developed. The Second World War ... Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, ... These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was Librium. Three ... Antifungal, alkalinizing agents, quinolones, antibiotics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, 5-alpha reductase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

Although agents more selective for PDE5 were in development, these trials have been suspended, likely due to the saturation of ... We now know that this was due to the bronchodilator properties of caffeine, a non-selective, albeit weak, PDE5 inhibitor. In ... Other agents with weak PDE5 inhibitory properties include Zaprinast and icariin. Although all PDE5 inhibitors share the same ... The occurrence of side effects, or adverse drug reactions (ADRs), with PDE5 inhibitors depends on the dose and type of agent. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor

General anesthetic agents, opioids, and neuromuscular-blocking drugs may diminish or even abolish the respiratory drive. ... They may also be used as a route for administration of certain medications such as bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, ... Spontaneous ventilation has been traditionally performed with an inhalational agent (i.e. gas induction or inhalational ... and several apparati for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents. The Magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheal_intubation

It has bronchodilator, neuroleptic and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is ... It is currently used as an antitussive agent in Iceland, as well as Romania, Bulgaria, Russia and other eastern European ... August 1999). "Bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activities of glaucine: In vitro studies in human airway smooth muscle and ... May 2008). "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucine

Rau, JL (Jul 2000). "Inhaled adrenergic bronchodilators: historical development and clinical application". Respir Care. 45 (7 ... for people with emphysema and there are several anticholinergic medications that in combination with mucous thinning agents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoconstriction

A new long-acting bronchodilator with reduced chronotropic effects". Chest. 78 (2): 283-7. doi:10.1378/chest.78.2.283. PMID ... Walker, Susannah B.; Kradjan, Wayne A.; Bierman, C. Warren (6 May 1985). "Bitolterol Mesylate: A Beta-adrenergic Agent; ... "Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of nebulized bitolterol mesylate and isoproterenol hydrochloride in steroid-dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitolterol

... as a flour bleaching agent,: 223 and as a room temperature sterilization agent. It is also used as an oxidizer in rocket fuel, ... For inhalation, oxygen is administered, bronchodilators may be administered, and if there are signs of methemoglobinemia, a ... NO 2 is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of nitric acid, as a nitrating agent in manufacturing of chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide

"Differential Diagnosis for Dyspnea: Poisoning (Specific Agent)". Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-23 ... Acute symptoms are treated with short-acting bronchodilators.[citation needed] Pneumothorax presents typically with pleuritic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath

For lung damage caused by inhalation, oxygen and bronchodilators may be administered. There is no way to predict outcomes. Most ... the highest risk of toxicity and common domestic exposures result from the mixing of chlorine bleach with acidic washing agents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_gas_poisoning

Shulman M, Sadove MS (1967). "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: an inhalational agent of intermediate potency". Anesthesia and ... bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters ("canned air"), and in air driers for removing the moisture from compressed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

... and not all drugs used to treat atherosclerosis are triglyceride-lowering agents. A drug class is typically defined by a ... Antifungals Antimicrobials Antithrombotics Bronchodilator Chronotrope (positive or negative) Decongestant Diuretic or ... not all triglyceride lowering agents are PPAR agonists, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class

While preferred over agents such as atosiban and ritodrine, its role has largely been replaced by the calcium channel blocker ... It is usually used to treat bronchospasm or coughs in cats and dogs and used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent ... It is also one of the most common medicines used in rescue inhalers (short-term bronchodilators to alleviate asthma attacks). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salbutamol

... can act as a bronchodilator by activating bitter taste receptors in the airway smooth muscle. The bitterness of the ... They are used as aversive agents (bitterants) to prevent inappropriate ingestion. Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol, ... Amarogentin Final Report Study of Aversive Agents (PDF). Consumer Product Safety Commission United States of America. 18 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatonium

In people with demonstrated bronchodilator reversibility on spirometry, the use of inhaled bronchodilators resulted in improved ... Mucolytic agents such as dornase alfa are not recommended for individuals with non-CF bronchiectasis. Mannitol is a ... Flude, Lizzie J.; Agent, Penny; Bilton, Diana (June 2012). "Chest physiotherapy techniques in bronchiectasis". Clinics in Chest ... However, overall there is a lack of data to recommend use of bronchodilators in all patients with bronchiectasis. The primary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiectasis

One of these changes was noted as an "undue reliance on bronchodilator drugs to the exclusion of appropriate prophylaxis and ... "a compelling book that describes the real-life events behind the identification of fenoterol as the causative agent behind the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Jackson_(epidemiologist)

... or etamiphyllin (INN) is a xanthine intended for use as an anti-asthma agent. It has shown poor to absent effects ... Vazquez, C; Labayru, T; Rodriguez-Soriano, J (1984). "Poor bronchodilator effect of oral etamiphylline in asthmatic children". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etamiphylline

Such agents also have important therapeutic uses; cocaine, for example, is used as a local anesthetic (Chapter 2), and ... introduced it in the form of the Benzedrine inhaler for use as a bronchodilator. Notably, the amphetamine contained in the ... Duration of effect varies depending on agent and urine pH. Excretion is enhanced in more acidic urine. Half-life is 7 to 34 ... Newer stimulant medications or awakeness promoting agents with different side effect profiles, such as modafinil, are being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextroamphetamine

This synthesis was a by-product of a search for ephedrine, a bronchodilator used to treat asthma extracted exclusively from ... Glennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W ( ... compounds found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as psychoactive agents. Their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine

Two or more therapeutic agents are used in combination therapy to treat a single disease. Different drugs in the same ... β-2 adrenergic receptor agonists act as bronchodilators, having an effect of inducing bronchodilation to relieve ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (5): 1859-1860. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.5.1859-1860.2006. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 1472230. ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 60 (6): 3355-3364. doi:10.1128/AAC.00343-16. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 4879395. PMID 27001816 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_effect

Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β2 agonists are unavailable or ineffective. When given by ... "Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Section 6: Pharmacology II: Agents to Optimize Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure ... contrast agents, medicines, or people with a history of anaphylactic reactions to known triggers. A single dose is recommended ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)

These symptoms represent an obstructive pattern that is non-reversible with bronchodilator therapy, and need to be related to ... Banks DE, Bolduc CA, Ali S, Morris MJ (January 2018). "Constrictive Bronchiolitis Attributable to Inhalation of Toxic Agents: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans

Medication is the most important treatment of most diseases of pulmonology, either by inhalation (bronchodilators and steroids ... exposure to infectious agents (certain types of birds, malt processing) an autoimmune diathesis that might predispose to ... Pulmonary function testing including spirometry, as above, plus response to bronchodilators, lung volumes, and diffusion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology

Such agents also have important therapeutic uses; cocaine, for example, is used as a local anesthetic (Chapter 2), and ... "Part 341 - cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use". Code of ... Duration of effect varies depending on agent and urine pH. Excretion is enhanced in more acidic urine. Half-life is 7 to 34 ... GC-MS of amphetamine and methamphetamine with the chiral derivatizing agent Mosher's acid chloride allows for the detection of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine

Glaucine has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is used ... "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (5): 553- ... "Bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activities of glaucine: In vitro studies in human airway smooth muscle and ... "Objective evaluation of dextromethorphan and glaucine as antitussive agents". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 17 (5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucium_flavum

Gaston, B; Sears, S; Woods, J; Hunt, J; Ponaman, M; McMahon, T; Stamler, JS (1998-05-02). "Bronchodilator S-nitrosothiol ... Reis, AKCA; Stern, A; Monteiro, HP (2019-04-05). "S-nitrosothiols and H2S donors: Potential chemo-therapeutic agents in cancer ... "Endogenous nitrogen oxides and bronchodilator S-nitrosothiols in human airways". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90 (23): 10957-10961 ... "Protection from experimental asthma by an endogenous bronchodilator". Science. 308 (5728): 1618-1621. Bibcode:2005Sci... ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Stamler

Bronchodilators and other medications for the treatment of wheeze-associated illnesses in young children ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Bronchodilator+Agents&type=mesh

... riot control agents, and lachrymators, is to produce immediate discomfort and eye closure to render the victim incapable of ... Respiratory agents: irritant gases, riot control agents, incapacitants, and caustics. Crit Care Clin. 2005 Oct. 21(4):719-37, ... encoded search term (Irritants - Riot Control Agents) and Irritants - Riot Control Agents What to Read Next on Medscape ... Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC-a medical review. J R Army Med Corps. 2015 Jun. 161 (2):94-9. [QxMD MEDLINE ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/833315-medication

Antiviral Agents. Class Summary. Influenza vaccinations offer greater protection for the appropriate populations because they ... Bronchodilators. Class Summary. Studies (although limited) have shown an advantage to using bronchodilators and possible ... This agent inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding with the 30S and, possibly, the 50S ribosomal subunit(s). It is less ... Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Feb 17. 2: ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/297108-6977/what-is-the-role-of-antibiotic-treatment-for-bronchitis

Adrenergic bronchodilators are breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. ... Isoetharine is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator. Isoetharine is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm ...

https://pharmacycode.com/Isoetarina_%5BInn-Spanish%5D.html

... bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, and CFTR potentiators (eg, ivacaftor) and correctors (eg, elexacaftor, lumacaftor, ... Mucolytic Agents. Class Summary. Large amounts of neutrophil-derived DNA released from dead neutrophils increase sputum ... Bronchodilators. Class Summary. Albuterol provides selective agonistic action on beta2-adrenoceptors. Stimulation of adenyl ... This agent inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis and, consequently, growth. Oral bioavailability is lower in younger patients with ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1001602-35936/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-cftr-potentiators-and-correctors-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-cystic-fibrosis

Bronchodilator Agents [‎1]‎. Bronchopneumonia [‎1]‎. Bronchoscopy [‎2]‎. Brucella [‎4]‎. Brucella Vaccine [‎6]‎. ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?rpp=20&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&offset=749&etal=-1&order=ASC

Bronchodilator Agents Grant support * R01 NR010006/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22336677/?dopt=Abstract

Bronchodilator Agents. Autonomic Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. Physiological Effects of Drugs. Anti-Asthmatic ... Respiratory System Agents. Free Radical Scavengers. Antioxidants. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03576885?term=treatment+of+delayed+pulmonary+transition+in+extremely+preterm+infants&draw=2&rank=1

Bronchodilator Agents. Autonomic Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. Physiological Effects of Drugs. Anti-Asthmatic ... Respiratory System Agents. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315558

Categories: Bronchodilator Agents Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Bronchodilator+Agents&parentid=34466&catid=4914

Pharmacological Actions : Bronchodilator Agents. Additional Keywords : Asthma, Blatta Orientalis, Bronchodilator, Homeopathy. ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Allergic Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Immunomodulatory. Additional Keywords : Plant ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Allergic Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Heme oxygenase-1 up-regulation, Nrf2 ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Allergic Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Alpha Inhibitor ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/disease/ige-mediated-hypersensitivity

bronchodilator agent An agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. ... vasoconstrictor agent Drug used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.. mydriatic agent Agent that dilates the pupil. Used ... R)-adrenaline (CHEBI:28918) has role bronchodilator agent (CHEBI:35523) (R)-adrenaline (CHEBI:28918) has role hormone (CHEBI: ... An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors.. vasodilator agent A drug used to cause dilation of the ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:28918

keywords = "Administration, Inhalation, Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bronchodilator Agents ... Inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting bronchodilator treatment mitigates STEMI clinical presentation in COPD patients. European ... Inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting bronchodilator treatment mitigates STEMI clinical presentation in COPD patients. In: ... Inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting bronchodilator treatment mitigates STEMI clinical presentation in COPD patients. / Contoli, ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/inhaled-corticosteroidlong-acting-bronchodilator-treatment-mitiga

Bronchodilator Agents 32% * Budesonide 71% * Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 100% * Cold Temperature 7% ...

https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/g%C3%B6ran-eriksson/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

New terpenoids from Maytenus apurimacensis as MDR reversal agents in the parasite Leishmania. Delgado-Méndez, P., Herrera, N., ...

https://cris.unica.edu.pe/en/organisations/farmacia-y-bioquimica/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=title&descending=false

... in which case the use of bronchodilators that are known cardiac sensitizing agents may pose enhanced risk. ... in which case the use of bronchodilators that are known cardiac sensitizing agents may pose enhanced risk. ... in which case the use of bronchodilators that are known cardiac sensitizing agents may pose enhanced risk. ... Treat patients who have bronchospasm with an aerosolized bronchodilator such as albuterol. Consider that barium poisoning may ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=321&toxid=57

The changes induced by beta-blockade with all agents were reversed by bronchodilator therapy. ... Diuretic agents reduce the renal clearance of lithium and add a high risk of lithium toxicity. Refer to the package insert for ... Sympathomimetic agents were given in some cases, and all patients recovered.. The most frequently observed signs expected with ... No change is observed in the bioavailability of either agent when given together in a single tablet. Absorption is not affected ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4e16fde5-084f-56a9-e054-00144ff8d46c

... inhalation of bronchodilator agent and then repeat dynamic studies, as taken from table 3⇓), but the order should be kept ... Bronchodilator administration may affect static lung volumes, reducing hyperinflation by up to 0.5 L 9. While bronchodilators ... If the subject is then given a bronchodilator drug and tested again after 30 min, one needs to know the reproducibility of the ... The decision to avoid long- and short-acting bronchodilators is a clinical one, dependent on the question being asked. If the ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/26/1/153?ijkey=ade8ea0026eef36d95c01cb3b3e326f04641d053&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Legitimate uses of drugs by athletes are covered in discussions of antiinflammatory agents, and the use of bronchodilators for ...

https://www.athleteinme.com/Review_Details.aspx?id=58

Asthma control was measured using an algorithm based on overuse of fast-acting bronchodilators and emergency department visits ... Asthma control was measured using an algorithm based on overuse of fast-acting bronchodilators and emergency department visits ... Asthma control was measured using an algorithm based on overuse of fast-acting bronchodilators and emergency department visits ... Asthma control was measured using an algorithm based on overuse of fast-acting bronchodilators and emergency department visits ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-effectiveness-of-web-based-asthma-self-management-system-my-a

These agents include terbutaline, which is commonly used as a tocolytic and a bronchodilator in obstetrics. Terbutaline can ... these complications differ in severity and may require varied quantity of induction agent used at distinctive stages of labor. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/290837/

Treat patients who have bronchospasm with aerosolized bronchodilators. The use of bronchial sensitizing agents in situations of ... Cardiac sensitizing agents may be appropriate; however, the use of cardiac sensitizing agents after exposure to certain ... Cardiac sensitizing agents may be appropriate; however, the use of cardiac sensitizing agents after exposure to certain ... Oral agents such as 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA or Succimer®) or D-penicillamine have been used as alternatives to BAL. ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=1424&toxid=3

Bronchodilator Combination Therapy. Combined treatment with a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, an anticholinergic agent, and/or ... Bronchodilators include anticholinergics, β2-adrenergic receptor agonists and methylxanthines. These agents increase FEV1 by ... Is a long-acting inhaled bronchodilator the first agent to use in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Curr Opin Pulm ... Use of ICS agents may result in some improvements in lung function for a few months in patients with COPD,[69] although a ...

https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/582762_6

CHOLEDYL® Parke-Davis Oxtriphylline Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Oxtriphylline contains 64% theophylline ... synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent for oral administration. Ofloxacin is thought to exert a… ... ATROVENT® Inhalation Solution Boehringer Ingelheim Ipratropium Bromide Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: ... ALUPENT® Preparations Boehringer Ingelheim Orciprenaline Sulfate Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Orciprenaline ...

https://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b1.illness/b1.1.illnesses/bronchitis,_chronic.html

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, CFTR Potentiators, Others), by Drug Administration (Oral, Injection), by Application (Hospitals, ... Bronchodilators, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, CFTR Potentiators, Others), by Drug Administration (Oral, Injection), by Application ...

https://www.reportsanddata.com/inquiry-before-buying/661

Bronchodilators: These agents open narrowed airways and offer significant symptomatic relief for many, but not all, people with ... There are three types of bronchodilators: Beta2 agonists, anticholinergic agents, and theophylline and its derivatives. ... Depending on the specific drug, a bronchodilator may be inhaled, injected, or taken orally. ...

http://risingkashmir.com/chronic-obstructive-lung-disease

... use of bronchodilators or antiinflammatory agents) (14). Traditionally, the use of long-term prophylactic antibiotics has been ... and mucoactive agents (12). Agents that reduce the viscoelastic properties of sputum have long been advocated to improve airway ... A new mucoactive agent, rhDNase, developed with recombinant technology, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing both airway ... Treatment trials of antiviral agents also should reduce respiratory morbidity among infants. Because infants with CF have ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0050341/m0050341.asp

Legitimate uses of drugs by athletes are covered in discussions of antiinflammatory agents, and the use of bronchodilators for exercise-induced asthma. (athleteinme.com)
Asthma control was measured using an algorithm based on overuse of fast-acting bronchodilators and emergency department visits, and asthma-related quality of life was assessed using the Mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MAQLQ). (elsevier.com)
Using the forced oscillation technique, Rrs and the variation in Rrs from 4-34 Hz were measured in 39 children with well-controlled mild-to-moderate asthma and 31 healthy controls (7-13 yrs) before and after an inhaled bronchodilator (200 μg salbutamol) or placebo. (nyu.edu)
The present authors found that Rrs SD changed the most of any measurement in asthma, and this was the only measurement that changed significantly more in children with asthma following bronchodilator administration. (nyu.edu)
Anticholinergics have vital applications as bronchodilators for the treatment of obstructive airway ailments like both asthma and, more specifically, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (industryarc.com)
Aminophylline use in children may be appropriate if children have a role in severe acute exacerbations of asthma where response to maximised therapy (inhaled bronchodilators and glucocorticoids) is poor. (cochrane.org)
Since the advent of inhaled ß 2 -agonists, anticholinergic agents and glucocorticoids, the role of aminophylline in paediatric acute asthma has become less clear. (cochrane.org)
There remains some consensus that it is beneficial in children with acute severe asthma, receiving maximised therapy (oxygen, inhaled bronchodilators, and glucocorticoids). (cochrane.org)
Of these, 257 (57.8%) had post-bronchodilator spirometry consistent with COPD ± asthma, 16 (3.6%) had asthma only, 82 (18.4%) had normal spirometry, and 90 (20.2%) had other spirometric diagnoses. (edu.au)
Conclusions --The patient populations receiving care for asthma vary (anti-inflammatory agents) or open the depending on the ambulatory care setting. (cdc.gov)
Patients relying on hospital outpatient airways by relaxing bronchial smooth care for chronic asthma conditions may receive differential treatment and have muscles (bronchodilator drugs). (cdc.gov)
Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that remains unresponsive to initial treatment with bronchodilators. (medscape.com)
Physiologic assessment of occupational asthma was discussed including pulmonary function tests with and without bronchodilator treatment, spirometry before and after work shifts, ambulatory monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates over several weeks, and bronchial provocation with nonspecific agents such as histamine or methacholine. (cdc.gov)

Detailed phenotyping in a proportion of children includes spirometry, bronchodilator response (BDR), skin prick reactivity, exhaled nitric oxide and salivary cotinine. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Objectives: To compare the clinical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with results of post-bronchodilator spirometry in general practice, and examine practitioner, practice and patient characteristics associated with agreement between clinical and spirometric diagnoses. (edu.au)

AIM: To investigate and compare the severity of the clinical presentation of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and of the short-(7days) and long-term-(end of follow up) mortality in COPD patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/long-acting bronchodilator (LABD) - either long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA) or long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) - vs. any other inhaled treatments. (elsevier.com)
In the combined formulation, the fluticasone acts as an anti-inflammatory agent and salmeterol acts as a long-acting bronchodilator. (orion.fi)

Medical treatments for COPD include medications to stop smoking , various bronchodilators , anticholinergics, steroids, and enzyme inhibitors. (commanet.org)
The preferred bronchodilator has changed from methylxanthines, and anticholinergics methylxanthines to beta -adrenergic agonists. (cdc.gov)
Control agents include inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators (beta-agonists and anticholinergics), theophylline (Theo-24, Theochron, Uniphyl), leukotriene modifiers, anti-IgE antibodies, anti-interleukin (IL)-5 antibodies, and anti-IL-4/IL-13 antibodies. (medscape.com)

symptom score, symptom duration, number of exacerbation during previous one year, smoking pack year, number of controller medications, body mass index, predicted % of FEV 1 , predicted % FVC, post-bronchodilator FEV 1 /FVC ratio, atopy index and number of eosinophils in peripheral blood. (ewha.ac.kr)

Isoetharine is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator. (pharmacycode.com)
Adrenergic bronchodilators are breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. (pharmacycode.com)
Children with bronchiectasis may have a paradoxic bronchodilatation in response to beta-adrenergic agents. (medscape.com)
An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)
Tremor and β(2)-adrenergic agents: is it a real clinical problem? (illumina.com)
Beta -adrenergic agonists, 2 inflammatory agents. (cdc.gov)

Management goals for status asthmaticus are (1) to reverse airway obstruction rapidly through the aggressive use of beta2-agonist agents and early use of corticosteroids, (2) to correct hypoxemia by monitoring and administering supplemental oxygen, and (3) to prevent or treat complications such as pneumothorax and respiratory arrest. (medscape.com)
The early asthmatic response is characterized by bronchoconstriction that is generally responsive to bronchodilators, such as beta2-agonist agents. (medscape.com)

Relief medications include short-acting bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and ipratropium (Atrovent). (medscape.com)

We selected 24 moderate to severe, stable COPD patients, all ex-smokers, 12 with no reversibility and 12 with reversibility of airflow limitation to bronchodilator therapy. (unl.pt)
Exhaled NO levels, sputum eosinophils and ECP were higher in COPD patients with bronchodilator reversibility, and this data could not explained by a production of IL-5 by a subpopulation of T cytotoxic cells. (unl.pt)
The diagnosis of this COPD is by taking the patient's breathing history and exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoking or other agents. (commanet.org)

In general, only decontamination with water is necessary when a patient's skin has been grossly exposed to riot control agents. (medscape.com)
Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to riot control agents. (cdc.gov)

Bronchodilators, analgesics, and pulmonary support may be needed, depending upon the severity of injury. (medscape.com)
Pulmonary function testing before and after bronchodilators is suggested to avoid these counterproductive effects. (medscape.com)

CHOLEDYL® Parke-Davis Oxtriphylline Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Oxtriphylline contains 64% theophylline and has the properties attributed to theophylline. (rxmed.com)

Since inhalation is likely to be the primary route of exposure, leave the area where the riot control agents were released and get to fresh air. (cdc.gov)

It is also used as a vasodilator, intestinal relaxant, bronchodilator, and an antidote to cyanide poisoning, and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. (sodium-nitrite.com)

Each subject had a clinical picture characterized by typical episodes of wheezing, cough, and dyspnea occurring either spontaneously or in response to exposure to inhaled allergens or nonspecific irritants, to emotional aspects, to respiratory tract infections, and/or to exercise, and relieved by bronchodilator medication. (420magazine.com)

This review found evidence that children treated with aminophylline had a greater improvement in lung function than children treated with placebo, when both groups received inhaled bronchodilators and steroids and they responded incompletely to these initial therapies. (cochrane.org)
The anesthetic management of these patients includes the continuation of the bronchodilator therapy till surgery, the use of steroids and antisialologue. (mssm.edu)

however, no definite evidence of its effectiveness as a bronchodilator was adduced until recent studies demonstrated significant airway dilatation in healthy young men after both the smoking of marijuana (2,3) and the ingestion of its principal psychoactive ingredient delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (3). (420magazine.com)

Beta-agonists, anticholinergic agents and glucocorticoids are currently the most commonly used strategies. (cochrane.org)

We identified a small number of good quality trials which compared aminophylline with placebo in children given inhaled bronchodilators and glucocorticoid therapy. (cochrane.org)

The peak bronchodilator effect of 1,250 mcg of isoproterenol was more pronounced than that of marijuana, but the effect of marijuana lasted longer. (420magazine.com)

Whether similar effects could be elicited in subjects with bronchospastic disease was of interest because the irritant effect of marijuana smoke, which is probably responsible for the symptoms of bronchitis attributed to heavy or chronic marijuana smoking (4,5), might outweigh the bronchodilator properties of delta-9-THC, thereby resulting in bronchospasm in patients with hyper-reactive airways. (420magazine.com)

Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory environmental irritants, viral infections, agents were the most common medications prescribed. (cdc.gov)

Bisoprolol fumarate is a beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoceptor blocking agent without significant membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic activities in its therapeutic dose range. (nih.gov)

The purpose of this review was to assess whether the use of intravenous aminophylline in children receiving maximised inhaled bronchodilators and glucocorticoids produced additional beneficial effects. (cochrane.org)
Mucus casts were extracted by intratracheal suction ( Figure , panel B). The patient was treated with an inhaled bronchodilator, intravenous methylprednisolone (20-60 mg/day for 7 days), and antiviral (oseltamivir) and antimicrobial (ampicillin/sulbactam) drugs. (cdc.gov)

An agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. (ebi.ac.uk)
Bronchodilators to open bronchial tubes. (rxmed.com)
Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. (bvsalud.org)

It combines two antihypertensive agents in a once-daily dosage: a synthetic beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoceptor blocking agent (bisoprolol fumarate) and a benzothiadiazine diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide). (nih.gov)

This agent inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
This agent inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding with the 30S and, possibly, the 50S ribosomal subunit(s). (medscape.com)
KETOTIFEN: MECHANISMOF ACTION- ▪ ketotifen is non-bronchodilator antiasthmatic drug which inhibits the effect of certain endogenous subs. (blogspot.com)

Bronchodilators are principal in the treatment of airways ailments. (industryarc.com)

types of anti-inflammatory agents. (cdc.gov)

The office visit rate in exaggerated broncho-constrictor the Northeast was almost 2.5 times that in the South, although the prevalence of response to many physical changes and chemical and pharmacologic agents. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacologic management includes the use of relief and control agents. (medscape.com)

FLOXIN® Janssen-Ortho Ofloxacin Antibacterial Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum, synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent for oral administration. (rxmed.com)

If true, then variation in Rrs should decrease in response to bronchodilators, but this has not been investigated. (nyu.edu)

are types of bronchodilator drugs. (cdc.gov)

ALUPENT® Preparations Boehringer Ingelheim Orciprenaline Sulfate Bronchodilator Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Orciprenaline is a bronchodilating agent. (rxmed.com)

Acts as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent. (medscape.com)

Participants with more respiratory symptoms and exposure to vapour, gas, dust and fumes (VGDF) (1.07 to 1.00-1.15), low-molecular weight (LMW) agents (1.19, 1.00 to 1.41) and irritating agents (1.15, 1.05 to 1.26) were more likely to be lost to follow-up. (cdc.gov)

If the subject is then given a bronchodilator drug and tested again after 30 min, one needs to know the reproducibility of the test in order to make a decision on this comparison. (ersjournals.com)

In children with CF, the use of bronchodilators must be evaluated. (medscape.com)

Dimitroglou Y, Rachiotis G, Hadjichristodoulou C. Exposure to the riot control agent CS and potential health effects: a systematic review of the evidence. (medscape.com)
The effects of exposure to a riot control agent are usually short-lived (15-30 minutes) after the person has been removed from the source and decontaminated (cleaned off). (cdc.gov)
If symptoms go away soon after a person is removed from exposure to riot control agents, long-term health effects are unlikely to occur. (cdc.gov)

Chloroacetophenone (CN): Riot Control/Tear Agent. (medscape.com)

Go to the highest ground possible, because riot control agents will form a dense vapor cloud that can travel close to the ground. (cdc.gov)

The extent of poisoning caused by riot control agents depends on the amount of riot control agent to which a person was exposed, the location of exposure (indoors versus outdoors), how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure. (cdc.gov)
Riot control agents work by causing irritation to the area of contact (for example, eyes, skin, nose) within seconds of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Quickly moving to an area where fresh air is available is highly effective in reducing exposure to riot control agents. (cdc.gov)
We found no statistically significant association of wheezing and exposure to LMW agents for all participants at baseline (1.11, 0.90 to 1.36), responders in 2018 (1.12, 0.83 to 1.53) and those lost to follow-up (1.07, 0.81 to 1.42). (cdc.gov)
We found that exposure to VGDF, irritating and LMW agents can be risk factors associated with loss to follow-up. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy4

Organisms4

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Phenomena and Processes22

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science1

Health Care8

Kinetic analysis of drug-receptor interactions of long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics in isolated receptor membranes: evidence against prolonged effects of salmeterol and formoterol on receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase. (1/2342)

Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism and bronchoprotective sensitivity with regular short- and long-acting beta2-agonist therapy. (2/2342)

Anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in BP2 mice: interactions between serotonin and acetylcholine. (3/2342)

Nitrogen dioxide formation during inhaled nitric oxide therapy. (4/2342)

The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to it systemic effects. (5/2342)

Time course of respiratory decompensation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, double-blind study of peak flow changes prior to emergency department visits. (6/2342)

Randomised controlled trial of budesonide for the prevention of post-bronchiolitis wheezing. (7/2342)

Risk factors for death from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease after a hospital admission for asthma. (8/2342)

Bronchodilator Agents

Albuterol

Ipratropium

Forced Expiratory Volume

Asthma

Terbutaline

Administration, Inhalation

Nebulizers and Vaporizers

Spirometry

Scopolamine Derivatives

Metaproterenol

Airway Resistance

Vital Capacity

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

Fenoterol

Lung Diseases, Obstructive

Atropine Derivatives

Bronchoconstriction

Respiratory Function Tests

Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

Aerosols

Metered Dose Inhalers

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

Airway Obstruction

Bronchial Provocation Tests

Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists

Inhalation Spacers

Clemastine

Methacholine Chloride

Double-Blind Method

Bronchi

Chlorofluorocarbons

Respiratory Therapy

Ethanolamines

Inspiratory Capacity

Respiratory Therapy Department, Hospital

Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate

Antitussive Agents

Cholinergic Antagonists

Bronchial Spasm

Theophylline

Nedocromil

Indans

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

Bronchoconstrictor Agents

Cross-Over Studies

Forced Expiratory Flow Rates

Amino Alcohols

Cough

Aminophylline

Functional Residual Capacity

Glycopyrrolate

Lung

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Respiratory Sounds

Beclomethasone

Respiratory Care Units

Butylamines

Budesonide

Parasympatholytics

Trachea

Nasal Decongestants

Bronchitis

Aerosol Propellants

Oscillometry

Pulmonary Ventilation

Residual Volume

Dyspnea

Tephrosia

Quinolones

Total Lung Capacity

Muscarinic Antagonists

Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Helium

Lung Compliance

Treatment Outcome

Powders

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Tachyphylaxis