Pathological processes of the BREAST.
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.
In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.
Radiographic examination of the breast.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.
A fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM and found in the BREAST. It may appear as a single large cyst in one breast, multifocal, or bilateral in FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE.
The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.
Use of ultrasound for imaging the breast. The most frequent application is the diagnosis of neoplasms of the female breast.
The nursing of an infant at the breast.
Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.
Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.
Surgical procedure to remove one or both breasts.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.
The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.
Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.
The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.
Liquid components of living organisms.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
An intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. It has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. The enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. EC 3.4.23.5. (Formerly EC 3.4.4.23).
A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.
Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
Organized services in a hospital which provide medical care on an outpatient basis.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in detection of benign or malignant breast disease in women. (1/757)

Using a highly sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, we have evaluated the measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a potential diagnostic test for differentiation between women with breast cancer and those with benign breast disease. In a controlled study consisting of 284 women with well-documented patient files and matched for age and long-term place of residence, serum samples collected from 90 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer, 94 women with benign breast disease and 100 controls were analysed. Serum total PSA levels in benign breast disease and cancer patients are not statistically different from those of healthy controls. Total PSA levels decrease with age in normal controls and breast cancer patients but not in those with benign breast disease. The total PSA concentration decreases after menopause in healthy women, though not in patients with breast cancer or benign breast disease. Total PSA bore no relation to the histological type or grade of the tumour or the disease stage of the breast cancer patients. In benign breast disease, all mastopathy patients had normal total PSA, whereas elevation of the values was observed in 7% of fibroadenoma patients. Our results show that serum total PSA cannot be used to distinguish between healthy women and/or women with breast cancer or benign breast disease.  (+info)

Systemic multifocal fibrosclerosis. (2/757)

We describe a case of hydronephrosis as a result of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a patient who had previous sclerosing lobulitis of the breast. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported association between these two conditions in the english literature. We presume these conditions are linked and unify them under the general heading of systemic multifocal fibrosclerosis.  (+info)

Screening for breast cancer: time, travel, and out-of-pocket expenses. (3/757)

BACKGROUND: We estimated the personal costs to women found to have a breast problem (either breast cancer or benign breast disease) in terms of time spent, miles traveled, and cash payments made for detection, diagnosis, initial treatment, and follow-up. METHODS: We analyzed data from personal interviews with 465 women from four communities in Florida. These women were randomly selected from those with a recent breast biopsy (within 6-8 months) that indicated either breast cancer (208 women) or benign breast disease (257 women). One community was the site of a multifaceted intervention to promote breast screening, and the other three communities were comparison sites for evaluation of that intervention. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS: In comparison with time spent and travel distance for women with benign breast disease (13 hours away from home and 56 miles traveled), time spent and travel distance were statistically significantly higher (P<.001) for treatment and follow-up of women with breast cancer (89 hours and 369 miles). Personal financial costs for treatment of women with breast cancer were also statistically significantly higher (breast cancer = $604; benign breast disease = $76; P < .001) but were statistically significantly lower for detection and diagnosis (breast cancer = $170; benign breast disease = $310; P < .001). Among women with breast cancer, time spent for treatment was statistically significantly lower (P = .013) when their breast cancer was detected by screening (68.9 hours) than when it was detected because of symptoms (84.2 hours). Personal cash payments for detection, diagnosis, and treatment were statistically significantly lower among women whose breast problems were detected by screening than among women whose breast problems were detected because of symptoms (screening detected = $453; symptom detected = $749; P = .045). CONCLUSION: There are substantial personal costs for women who are found to have a breast problem, whether the costs are associated with problems identified through screening or because of symptoms.  (+info)

Centrosomal kinase AIK1 is overexpressed in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. (4/757)

A centrosomal serine/threonine kinase, AIK1(3)/breast tumor amplified kinase/aurora2, which was recently identified as an oncogene, shows high amino acid identity with chromosome segregation kinases, fly Aurora, and yeast Ipl1. Immunohistochemical analyses of invasive ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast revealed that overexpression of AIK1 was observed in 94% of the cases, irrespective of the histopathological type, whereas the protein was not detected in normal ductal and lobular cells. Benign breast lesions including fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma (epithelial components) displayed weakly detectable AIK1 expression in part of the lesions. This is the first immunohistochemical report of AIK1 expression in primary human breast carcinomas. Although the physiological function(s) of AIK1 kinase during cell division remains to be determined, the markedly high positivity of AIK1 staining in the cancer lesions suggested a possible involvement of its overexpression in the tumorigenesis of some of breast cancer cells.  (+info)

Comparison of mammographically guided breast biopsy techniques. (5/757)

OBJECTIVE: To determine which mammographically guided breast biopsy technique is the most efficient in making a diagnosis in women with suspicious mammograms. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Mammographically guided biopsy techniques include stereotactic 14-gauge core-needle biopsy (SC bx), stereotactic 11-gauge suction-assisted core biopsy (Mammotome [Mbx]), stereotactic coring excisional biopsy (Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrument [ABBI]), and wire-localized biopsy (WL bx). Controversy exists over which technique is best. METHODS: All patients undergoing any one of these biopsy methods over a 15-month period were reviewed, totaling 245 SC bx, 107 Mbx, 104 ABBI, and 520 WL bx. Information obtained included technical success, pathology, discordant pathology, and need for open biopsy. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 94.3% of SC bx, 96.4% of Mbx, 92.5% of ABBI, and 98.7% of WL bx. The sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 98.6% for SC bx, 87.5% and 100% for Mbx, and 100% and 100% for ABBI. Discordant results or need for a repeat biopsy occurred in 25.7% of SC bx, 23.2% of Mbx, and 7.5% of ABBI biopsies. In 63.6% of ABBI and 50.9% of WL bx, positive margins required reexcision; of the cases with positive margins, 71.4% of ABBI and 70.4% of WL bx had residual tumor in the definitive treatment specimen. CONCLUSION: Although sensitivities and specificities of SC bx and Mbx are good, 20% to 25% of patients will require an open biopsy because a definitive diagnosis could not be reached. This does not occur with the ABBI excisional biopsy specimen. The positive margin rates and residual tumor rates are comparable between the ABBI and WL bx. The ABBI avoids operating room and reexcision costs; therefore, in appropriately selected patients, this appears to be the most efficient method of biopsy.  (+info)

In vitro estrogen-binding by human breast carcinomas. (6/757)

Patients whose breast carcinomas possess only low concentrations of a receptor molecule that binds estrogens with high affinity are unlikely to respond to hormonal manipulative therapy when the disease recurs. The estrogen-binding capacity of 106 breast carcinomas was measured by an in vitro method and was expressed per milligram wet weight and in some cases related to the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the tumours. The ability of tumors to bind 3H-estradiol ranged from 0 to 1.3 fm/mg in pre- and perenopausal women, and from 0 to 16.8 fm/mg in postmenopausal women. Menopausal status or serum concentrations of endogenous estrogen, or both, should therefore be considered when tumours are classified into low and high estrogen-binding capacity. It is not necessary to carry out Scatchard analysis for every tumour, and expressing estradiol binding on the basis of DNA concentration may be preferable to expressing in on a wet-weight basis.  (+info)

MammoWeb continuing medical education (CME): a web-based breast imaging CME program. (7/757)

The ubiquity of the world-wide web allows unique educational opportunities for continuing medical education (CME). We have designed a comprehensive breast imaging CME curriculum to permit individual physicians in their homes or offices to use personal computers to ease the burden of this process. Category 1 CME credits can be earned off-hours without having the physician travel out of town. In addition, since the course is computer-based, the overall costs to the participant are substantially reduced. The program can be updated on an ongoing basis to include new technology or to provide additional information requested by the users.  (+info)

Identification of women with early breast cancer by analysis of p43-positive lymphocytes. (8/757)

Regular screening mammographies and increasing knowledge of high-risk groups have resulted in an improvement in the rate of detection of smaller malignant lesions. However, uncertain minimal mammographic features frequently require further costly and often uncomfortable investigation, including repeat radiological controls or surgical procedures, before cancerous lesions can be identified. Placental isoferritin (p43), a protein with immunosuppressive effects, has been detected on the surface of lymphocytes taken from peripheral blood in patients with breast cancer. In this study we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the expression of p43-positive lymphocytes as a marker in early stage breast cancer and also investigated its expression on T-cell subpopulations. The presence of p43-positive lymphocytes was investigated using the monoclonal antibody CM-H-9 and flow cytometry in 76 women with controversial, non-palpable mammographic findings who were undergoing surgical biopsy. Patients with early breast cancer (n = 48) had significantly higher p43-positive cell values (median 3.83%, range 0.98-19.4) than patients with benign lumps (n = 28, median 1.43%, range 0.17-3.7) or controls (n = 22, median 1.3%, range 0.4-1.87) (P < 0.0001). At a cut-off level of 2% p43-positive cells a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 89.3% for detection of breast cancer could be reached. While the median ratio of total CD4+/CD8+ cells was 2.6, a ratio of 1.3 was found for the p43-positive subpopulation (P < 0.001), thus indicating a significant link between p43 and CD8+ cells. The determination of p43-positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood could serve as an additional diagnostic tool in patients with controversial mammographic findings and could also reduce the need for cost-intensive and often uncomfortable management of these patients.  (+info)

Breast diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the breasts, including both benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) conditions. Some common examples of breast diseases include: 1. Breast cancer: This is the most common type of cancer in women worldwide. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor. 2. Benign breast conditions: These are non-cancerous conditions that can affect the breasts. Examples include fibrocystic breast disease, breast abscess, and breast cysts. 3. Inflammatory breast cancer: This is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that causes the skin of the breast to become red, swollen, and warm. 4. Paget's disease of the breast: This is a rare condition that occurs when cancer cells spread from the milk ducts to the skin of the nipple and areola. 5. Mastitis: This is an infection of the breast tissue that can occur in women who are breastfeeding or who have recently given birth. 6. Fibroadenoma: This is a benign tumor that can develop in the breast tissue. It is usually painless and can be felt as a hard, round mass. 7. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): This is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that occurs when abnormal cells are found in the lining of the milk ducts. 8. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): This is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that occurs when abnormal cells are found in the lining of the milk glands. Treatment for breast diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medications, surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of these treatments. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes for patients with breast diseases.

Fibrocystic breast disease (FBD) is a common condition that affects the breasts. It is characterized by the presence of benign (non-cancerous) lumps or cysts in the breast tissue. These lumps or cysts can cause discomfort or pain, particularly during menstruation or pregnancy. FBD is also known as fibrocystic changes or fibrocystic mastopathy. It is not a single disease, but rather a group of conditions that share similar symptoms and characteristics. Some of the most common types of FBD include: * Benign breast disease (BBD) * Fibroadenoma * Cystic breast disease * Mastalgia (breast pain) FBD is not a cancerous condition, but it can sometimes be confused with breast cancer. However, the symptoms of FBD are usually benign and do not require treatment. In some cases, FBD may be treated with medications or surgery to relieve symptoms or to remove any abnormal growths.

In the medical field, the term "breast" refers to the female reproductive gland that produces milk for nursing infants. It is located on the chest and is composed of glandular tissue, fat, and connective tissue. The breast is also home to the lactiferous ducts, which carry milk from the glands to the nipple. In men, the breast tissue is much less developed and is primarily composed of fat and connective tissue. In some cases, men may develop breast tissue due to hormonal imbalances or other medical conditions.

Fibroadenoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the breast tissue. It is the most common type of benign breast tumor, accounting for about 80-90% of all breast lumps in women of childbearing age. Fibroadenomas are usually round or oval, smooth, and firm to the touch. They are usually painless and move easily under the skin. They are usually found in women between the ages of 15 and 30, but can occur at any age. Fibroadenomas are usually diagnosed through a physical examination and a mammogram. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for fibroadenomas is usually not necessary, as they are not cancerous and do not increase the risk of breast cancer. However, if a fibroadenoma is causing discomfort or if it is large, a doctor may recommend surgical removal.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign breast neoplasms are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Malignant breast neoplasms, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and are considered a serious health threat. Some common types of breast neoplasms include fibroadenomas, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.

Adenofibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. It is also known as uterine leiomyoma or myoma. Adenofibromas are the most common type of uterine tumor, accounting for about 50-70% of all uterine tumors. They are usually found in women in their 40s and 50s, but can occur at any age. Adenofibromas are usually small and asymptomatic, but can grow large enough to cause symptoms such as heavy bleeding, pain, and pressure on the bladder or bowels. Treatment options for adenofibromas include observation, hormonal therapy, and surgery.

Carcinoma, ductal, breast is a type of cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast. It is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all breast cancer cases. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of this cancer, where cancer cells are found in the lining of the milk ducts but have not spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a more advanced form of the cancer, where cancer cells have invaded the surrounding breast tissue. The diagnosis of ductal carcinoma is usually made through a combination of a physical examination, imaging tests such as mammography or ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for ductal carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the stage and severity of the cancer.

Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. It is a normal response to various stimuli, such as injury, inflammation, or hormonal changes, and can be either physiological or pathological. In a physiological sense, hyperplasia is a normal process that occurs in response to growth factors or hormones, such as estrogen or testosterone, which stimulate the growth of cells in certain tissues. For example, during puberty, the ovaries and testes undergo hyperplasia to produce more hormones. However, in a pathological sense, hyperplasia can be a sign of disease or dysfunction. For example, in the prostate gland, benign hyperplasia (also known as BPH) is a common condition that occurs when the gland becomes enlarged due to an overproduction of cells. This can cause symptoms such as difficulty urinating or frequent urination. In the breast, hyperplasia can be a precursor to breast cancer, as it involves an increase in the number of cells in the breast tissue. Similarly, in the uterus, hyperplasia can be a sign of endometrial cancer. Overall, hyperplasia is a complex process that can have both normal and pathological consequences, depending on the tissue or organ involved and the underlying cause of the increase in cell number.

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating (CIN) is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the milk ducts in the breast. It is also known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). CIN is considered a pre-cancerous condition because it has the potential to develop into invasive breast cancer if left untreated. However, it is important to note that not all cases of CIN will progress to invasive cancer. CIN is typically detected through a mammogram, which is an X-ray of the breast. If CIN is detected, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. Treatment for CIN may include surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy, depending on the specific circumstances of the case. It is important for women to be aware of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer and to have regular mammograms as part of their routine healthcare. Early detection and treatment of breast cancer can improve outcomes and increase the chances of a successful recovery.

A breast cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the breast tissue. It is a common benign (non-cancerous) condition that can occur in women of all ages, but is most common in women over 40 years old. Breast cysts can be single or multiple and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Breast cysts are usually painless and may be discovered during a routine breast exam or mammogram. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound or mammography, which can help determine the size, shape, and location of the cyst. Treatment for breast cysts is usually not necessary, as they are usually harmless and do not cause any symptoms. However, if a cyst is causing discomfort or if it is large, a doctor may recommend aspiration, which involves draining the fluid from the cyst using a needle and syringe. In rare cases, a breast cyst may be removed surgically if it is causing recurrent symptoms or if there is a concern about its potential to become cancerous.

Carcinoma in situ, also known as CIS or intraepithelial neoplasia, is a type of cancer that has not yet invaded the surrounding tissue. It is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells are present only in the lining of a tissue or organ, but have not yet spread beyond the basement membrane. CIS is often found in the early stages of cancer and can be detected through routine screening tests such as Pap smears for cervical cancer or colonoscopies for colorectal cancer. Treatment for CIS typically involves removing the affected tissue or organ, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. CIS is considered a serious condition because it has the potential to develop into invasive cancer if left untreated. However, with early detection and treatment, the risk of progression to invasive cancer can be significantly reduced.

In the medical field, precancerous conditions refer to abnormal cells or tissues in the body that have the potential to develop into cancer if left untreated. These conditions are not yet cancerous, but they have the potential to become cancerous if they are not detected and treated early. Examples of precancerous conditions include: 1. Dysplasia: A condition in which cells in a tissue or organ do not grow or develop normally, leading to the formation of abnormal cells. 2. Papillomas: Non-cancerous growths on the skin or in the respiratory tract that can become cancerous if left untreated. 3. Leukoplakia: A white patch or plaque on the lining of the mouth or throat that can be caused by smoking, alcohol, or other irritants and can develop into cancer. 4. Barrett's Esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the esophagus is replaced by cells that are similar to those found in the lining of the stomach. This condition can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. 5. Atypical Hyperplasia: A condition in which cells in the cervix grow abnormally and may develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will develop into cancer, and some may spontaneously regress. However, early detection and treatment of precancerous conditions can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Carcinoma, Lobular refers to a type of cancer that originates in the lobules of the breast tissue. Lobules are the small glandular structures in the breast that produce milk. Lobular carcinoma is a type of invasive breast cancer, which means that it has the potential to spread to other parts of the body. Lobular carcinoma is typically diagnosed through a combination of mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. It is often difficult to detect on mammography because it does not typically form a mass, but rather spreads throughout the breast tissue. Ultrasound can help identify areas of abnormal tissue that may be indicative of lobular carcinoma. Treatment for lobular carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes for patients with lobular carcinoma.

A biopsy, needle is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from a patient's body using a thin needle. The needle is inserted into the tissue and a small amount of tissue is removed, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. This procedure is often used to diagnose cancer or other diseases, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Biopsy, needle is a minimally invasive procedure that is generally safe and well-tolerated by patients. It is typically performed in a doctor's office or an outpatient clinic, and patients are usually able to return to their normal activities soon after the procedure.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from a person's body for examination under a microscope. The sample is usually taken from a lump, growth, or other abnormal area, and is used to help diagnose a medical condition or disease. There are several types of biopsy procedures, including: 1. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed using a thin needle inserted into the abnormal area. 2. Core biopsy: A larger sample of tissue is removed using a hollow needle that takes multiple cores of tissue. 3. Excision biopsy: A larger piece of tissue is removed using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. 4. Endoscopic biopsy: A biopsy is performed using a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, which is inserted into the body through a natural opening or a small incision. Biopsies are commonly used to diagnose cancer, but they can also be used to diagnose other medical conditions, such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and genetic disorders. The results of a biopsy can help guide treatment decisions and provide important information about a person's prognosis.

Case-control studies are a type of observational study used in the medical field to investigate the relationship between an exposure and an outcome. In a case-control study, researchers identify individuals who have experienced a particular outcome (cases) and compare their exposure history to a group of individuals who have not experienced the outcome (controls). The main goal of a case-control study is to determine whether the exposure was a risk factor for the outcome. To do this, researchers collect information about the exposure history of both the cases and the controls and compare the two groups to see if there is a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the exposure between the two groups. Case-control studies are often used when the outcome of interest is rare, and it is difficult or unethical to conduct a prospective cohort study. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to recall bias, where participants may not accurately remember their exposure history. Additionally, because case-control studies only provide information about the association between an exposure and an outcome, they cannot establish causality.

Receptors, estrogen are proteins found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to and respond to the hormone estrogen. Estrogen is a sex hormone that is primarily produced by the ovaries in women and by the testes in men. It plays a key role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system, as well as in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in both men and women. Estrogen receptors are classified into two main types: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). These receptors are found in a wide variety of tissues throughout the body, including the breast, uterus, bone, and brain. When estrogen binds to its receptors, it triggers a cascade of chemical reactions within the cell that can have a variety of effects, depending on the type of receptor and the tissue in which it is found. In the breast, for example, estrogen receptors play a role in the development and growth of breast tissue, as well as in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. In the uterus, estrogen receptors are involved in the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy. In the bone, estrogen receptors help to maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis. In the brain, estrogen receptors are involved in a variety of functions, including mood regulation, memory, and learning. Abnormalities in estrogen receptor function or expression have been linked to a number of health conditions, including breast cancer, uterine cancer, osteoporosis, and mood disorders.

Breastfeeding is the process of nourishing an infant with breast milk produced by a woman's mammary glands. It is a natural and instinctive behavior that provides numerous benefits for both the mother and the baby. Breastfeeding is typically recommended as the optimal method of feeding infants for the first six months of life, and it can continue for up to two years or longer, depending on the mother and baby's needs and preferences. Breast milk is considered the ideal source of nutrition for infants, as it contains all the necessary nutrients, antibodies, and hormones that are essential for their growth and development. Breastfeeding also promotes bonding between the mother and baby, and it can reduce the risk of several health problems, including infections, allergies, and chronic diseases. In the medical field, healthcare providers often encourage and support breastfeeding, and they may provide guidance and resources to help mothers establish and maintain a successful breastfeeding relationship with their babies.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, usually occurring in women after childbirth or in cows and other dairy animals. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, as well as by physical trauma or other factors. Symptoms of mastitis in humans may include breast pain, redness, swelling, warmth, and fever. In cows, symptoms may include fever, loss of appetite, and abnormal milk production. Treatment for mastitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and other therapies. Prevention measures include proper hygiene, good nutrition, and timely treatment of any infections or injuries.

Receptors, Progesterone are proteins found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to the hormone progesterone. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle, maintaining pregnancy, and supporting the development of the fetus. When progesterone binds to its receptors, it triggers a series of chemical reactions within the cell that can have a variety of effects, depending on the type of cell and the tissue in which it is found. For example, progesterone receptors in the uterus help to thicken the lining of the uterus in preparation for a potential pregnancy, while receptors in the brain can help to regulate mood and behavior.

In the medical field, "neoplasm invasiveness" refers to the ability of a cancerous tumor to invade and spread beyond its original site of origin. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, or by direct extension into surrounding tissues. The degree of invasiveness of a neoplasm can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment options for a patient. More invasive tumors are generally considered to be more aggressive and may be more difficult to treat. However, the specific characteristics of the tumor, such as its type, stage, and location, as well as the overall health of the patient, can also play a role in determining the prognosis. Invasive neoplasms may also be referred to as malignant tumors, as they have the potential to spread and cause harm to surrounding tissues and organs. Non-invasive neoplasms, on the other hand, are generally considered to be benign and are less likely to spread.

In the medical field, "age factors" refer to the effects of aging on the body and its various systems. As people age, their bodies undergo a variety of changes that can impact their health and well-being. These changes can include: 1. Decreased immune function: As people age, their immune system becomes less effective at fighting off infections and diseases. 2. Changes in metabolism: Aging can cause changes in the way the body processes food and uses energy, which can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. 3. Cardiovascular changes: Aging can lead to changes in the heart and blood vessels, including increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. 4. Cognitive changes: Aging can affect memory, attention, and other cognitive functions, which can lead to conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. 5. Joint and bone changes: Aging can cause changes in the joints and bones, including decreased bone density and increased risk of osteoporosis and arthritis. 6. Skin changes: Aging can cause changes in the skin, including wrinkles, age spots, and decreased elasticity. 7. Hormonal changes: Aging can cause changes in hormone levels, including decreased estrogen in women and decreased testosterone in men, which can lead to a variety of health issues. Overall, age factors play a significant role in the development of many health conditions and can impact a person's quality of life. It is important for individuals to be aware of these changes and to take steps to maintain their health and well-being as they age.

Breast neoplasms, also known as male breast cancer, refers to the development of abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue of males. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Male breast cancer is a relatively rare condition, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. However, it is more common in older men, with the majority of cases occurring in men over the age of 60. Symptoms of male breast cancer may include a lump or thickening in the breast tissue, changes in the size or shape of the breast, redness or swelling of the skin, and nipple discharge. Diagnosis of male breast cancer typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as mammography or ultrasound, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy, depending on the stage and type of cancer.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the surfaces of organs and tissues in the body. Carcinomas can develop in any part of the body, but they are most common in the skin, lungs, breast, prostate, and colon. Carcinomas are classified based on the location and type of epithelial cells from which they originate. For example, a carcinoma that develops in the skin is called a skin carcinoma, while a carcinoma that develops in the lungs is called a lung carcinoma. Carcinomas can be further classified as either non-melanoma skin cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) or melanoma, which is a more aggressive type of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for carcinomas depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

In the medical field, body fluids refer to the liquids that are present within the body of an organism. These fluids include blood, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, and amniotic fluid, among others. Body fluids play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the body, which is the state of equilibrium that allows the body to function properly. They help regulate temperature, transport nutrients and oxygen to cells, remove waste products, and protect the body from infection. In addition, body fluids are often used in medical testing and diagnosis. For example, blood tests can detect various diseases and conditions, while urine tests can help identify kidney problems or infections. Analysis of other body fluids, such as CSF or pleural fluid, can also provide valuable information for diagnosing certain conditions, such as meningitis or pneumonia.

Neoplasm metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body. This occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and travel to distant organs or tissues, where they can form new tumors. Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, as it makes the disease more difficult to treat and increases the risk of complications. The ability of cancer cells to metastasize is a key factor in determining the prognosis for patients with cancer.

Cohort studies are a type of observational study in the medical field that involves following a group of individuals (a cohort) over time to identify the incidence of a particular disease or health outcome. The individuals in the cohort are typically selected based on a common characteristic, such as age, gender, or exposure to a particular risk factor. During the study, researchers collect data on the health and lifestyle of the cohort members, and then compare the incidence of the disease or health outcome between different subgroups within the cohort. This can help researchers identify risk factors or protective factors associated with the disease or outcome. Cohort studies are useful for studying the long-term effects of exposure to a particular risk factor, such as smoking or air pollution, on the development of a disease. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions or treatments for a particular disease. One of the main advantages of cohort studies is that they can provide strong evidence of causality, as the exposure and outcome are measured over a long period of time and in the same group of individuals. However, they can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and may be subject to biases if the cohort is not representative of the general population.

A cell line, tumor is a type of cell culture that is derived from a cancerous tumor. These cell lines are grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the biology of cancer and testing potential new treatments. They are typically immortalized, meaning that they can continue to divide and grow indefinitely, and they often exhibit the characteristics of the original tumor from which they were derived, such as specific genetic mutations or protein expression patterns. Cell lines, tumor are an important tool in cancer research and have been used to develop many of the treatments that are currently available for cancer patients.

Breast implants are medical devices that are used to enhance the size, shape, or contour of a woman's breasts. They are typically made of silicone or saline and are inserted into the breast tissue to create a fuller, more rounded appearance. Breast implants can be used for a variety of reasons, including to increase breast size after weight loss or pregnancy, to correct a breast deformity, or to enhance breast symmetry. They are typically placed during surgery and can be removed or replaced if necessary. It is important to note that breast implants are not without risks and complications, and patients should carefully consider the potential benefits and risks before deciding to undergo breast implant surgery.

Cathepsin D is a protease enzyme that is primarily found in the lysosomes of cells. It is involved in the degradation of proteins and peptides, including those that are involved in cell signaling and the turnover of extracellular matrix components. In the medical field, cathepsin D is often studied in relation to cancer, as it is overexpressed in many types of tumors and is thought to play a role in tumor growth and progression. It is also being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Receptor, erbB-2, also known as HER2 or neu, is a protein that is found on the surface of certain cells in the human body. It is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase, which means that it is a protein that is activated when it binds to a specific molecule, called a ligand. In the case of erbB-2, the ligand is a protein called epidermal growth factor (EGF). ErbB-2 is involved in a number of important cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. It is also a key player in the development of certain types of cancer, particularly breast cancer. In some cases, the erbB-2 gene may be overexpressed or mutated, leading to an overabundance of the erbB-2 protein on the surface of cancer cells. This can contribute to the uncontrolled growth and spread of the cancer. There are several ways that doctors can test for erbB-2 overexpression in breast cancer patients. One common method is to use a test called immunohistochemistry (IHC), which involves staining tissue samples with an antibody that binds specifically to the erbB-2 protein. If the erbB-2 protein is present in high levels, the tissue will appear dark under the microscope. Another method is to use a test called fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which involves using a fluorescent probe to detect the presence of the erbB-2 gene on the cancer cells. If a patient's breast cancer is found to be positive for erbB-2 overexpression, they may be eligible for treatment with drugs called trastuzumab (Herceptin) or pertuzumab (Perjeta), which are designed to target the erbB-2 protein and help to shrink or stop the growth of the cancer. These drugs are often used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Lymphatic metastasis is a type of cancer spread that occurs when cancer cells from a primary tumor travel through the lymphatic system and spread to other parts of the body. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that helps to fight infection and remove waste products from the body. When cancer cells enter the lymphatic system, they can travel through the lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures that filter out harmful substances from the lymph fluid. If the cancer cells reach the lymph nodes, they can multiply and form new tumors, which can then spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for cancer to spread, and it can occur in many different types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.

Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a technique used by women to check their breasts for any changes or abnormalities that may indicate the presence of breast cancer. It involves visually inspecting and feeling the breasts and underarms for any lumps, bumps, or other changes in texture or shape. BSE is typically performed once a month, usually on the same day and at the same time each month, after the menstrual period has ended. The woman stands in front of a mirror and examines her breasts, looking for any changes in the shape, size, or color of the breasts or nipples. She then lies down on her back and uses her fingers to feel the entire breast, including the armpit area, using a circular motion. BSE is not a substitute for regular mammograms or clinical breast exams by a healthcare provider, but it can help women become more familiar with their own breasts and detect any changes early on, which can improve their chances of successful treatment. It is important to note that breast changes can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, injury, or infection, and not all changes are indicative of cancer.

Neoplasm proteins are proteins that are produced by cancer cells. These proteins are often abnormal and can contribute to the growth and spread of cancer. They can be detected in the blood or other body fluids, and their presence can be used as a diagnostic tool for cancer. Some neoplasm proteins are also being studied as potential targets for cancer treatment.

Tamoxifen is a medication that is primarily used to treat breast cancer in women. It works by blocking the effects of estrogen, a hormone that can stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen is often used as part of a combination therapy, along with other medications or surgery, to treat breast cancer. It can also be used to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk of developing the disease, such as those who have a family history of breast cancer or who have certain genetic mutations that increase their risk. Tamoxifen is usually taken orally in the form of tablets, and the dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and the type and stage of their breast cancer.

In the medical field, a confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain a population parameter with a certain level of confidence. A population parameter is a characteristic of a population, such as the mean or proportion of a particular trait in a group of people. For example, a researcher might want to estimate the mean blood pressure of a population of adults. To do this, they might collect a sample of blood pressure measurements from a random group of adults and calculate the mean blood pressure of the sample. They could then use statistical methods to calculate a confidence interval for the mean blood pressure of the population. A 95% confidence interval means that there is a 95% chance that the true mean blood pressure of the population falls within the range of values given by the confidence interval. This is useful because it allows researchers to make statements about the population parameter with a certain level of certainty, even though they are only working with a sample of data. Confidence intervals are commonly used in medical research to estimate the effectiveness of treatments, to compare the results of different treatments, and to assess the accuracy of diagnostic tests. They are also used in other fields, such as economics and social sciences, to make inferences about population parameters.

A majority of breast diseases are noncancerous. A breast tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in the breast as a result of ... Breast diseases make up a number of conditions. The most common symptoms are a breast mass, breast pain, and nipple discharge. ... abscess actinomycosis of the breast duct ectasia syndrome breast engorgement Mondor's disease Paget's disease of the breast ... Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the ...
... is a group of noncancerous conditions that may increase the risk of developing breast ... Benign proliferative breast disease entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public ... Breast neoplasia, All stub articles, Oncology stubs). ...
"Paget's disease of the breast: Rare breast cancer type-Paget's disease of the breast - Symptoms & causes". Mayo Clinic. ... ISBN 978-0-323-79018-5. "Paget's disease of the breast: Rare breast cancer type-Paget's disease of the breast - Diagnosis & ... of all breast cancers cases. 92% to 100% of patients with Paget's disease of the breast have an underlying breast cancer. The ... Paget's disease of the breast is a symptom of underlying breast cancer. Treatment is variable and is determined by the type of ...
breast reconstruction: post-mastectomy re-creation of the breast(s); trauma-damaged tissues (blunt, penetrating), disease ( ... breast reduction, breast reconstruction, and liposuction of the breast. Nonetheless, detecting breast cancer is primary, and ... Breast augmentation via autologous fat grafts allows the oncological breast surgeon to consider conservative breast surgery ... to replace breast tissues damaged by trauma (blunt, penetrating, blast), disease (breast cancer), and failed anatomic ...
Jay R. Harris; Marc E. Lippman; C. Kent Osborne; Monica Morrow (28 March 2012). Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott Williams & ... At menopause, breast development ceases and the breasts atrophy. Breast development results in prominent and developed ... COX-2 expression has been positively associated with breast volume and inflammation in breast tissue, as well as with breast ... Some factors of breast morphology, including their density, are clearly implicated in breast cancer. While breast size is ...
Harris, Jay R.; Lippman, Marc E.; Osborne, C. Kent; Morrow, Monica (2012). Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott Williams & ... In a breast-rating system that was invented at the time, the highest rating was given to breasts that were "small, white, round ... Fetishization of breasts results in significant anxiety in women about having the correct breasts and resulting cleavage. All ... Underwire bras can rub and press against the breast, causing skin irritation and breast pain, and the wire of a worn bra can ...
U.S.A. Library of Congress - Healthy Breasts: A Primer John Blair Deaver (1917). The Breast: Its Anomalies, Its Diseases, and ... Hypertrophy of the breast can affect the breasts equally, but usually affects one breast more than the other, thereby causing ... Breast hypertrophy is a rare medical condition of the breast connective tissues in which the breasts become excessively large. ... Breast hypertrophy is a benign progressive enlargement, which can occur in both breasts (bilateral) or only in one breast ( ...
"Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65 (11): 1274-5. ... Breast milk can also be pumped from the mother using a breast pump and fed by baby bottle, cup and/or spoon, supplementation ... Breast milk (sometimes spelled as breastmilk) or mother's milk is milk produced by mammary glands located in the breast of a ... Breast milk supplied by a woman other than the baby's mother that is not pasteurized and informal breast milk sharing is ...
Salemis NS (2012). "Breast hematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy: management and literature review". Breast Disease ( ... A breast hematoma may appear due to direct trauma to the breast, for example from a sports injury or a road accident, for ... Breast hematoma is a collection of blood within the breast. It arises from internal bleeding (hemorrhage) and may arise due to ... Rarely, a breast hematoma can also occur spontaneously due to a rupture of blood vessels in the breast, especially in persons ...
Breast Disease. 31 (1): 7-18. doi:10.3233/BD-2009-0290. PMC 3228251. PMID 20519801. Cancer Genome Atlas Research, Network. (4 ... Historically cancer was identified, understood, and treated as a monolithic disease. It was seen as a "foreign" component that ... in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales. Cancer ... "Dynamic modelling of oestrogen signalling and cell fate in breast cancer cells". Nat. Rev. Cancer. 11 (7): 523-532. doi:10.1038 ...
Brinker, Nancy; Braun, Susan (1998-12-01). "The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation1". Breast Disease. 10 (5-6): 23-28. doi ... Lisa A. Carey is a Distinguished Professor in Breast Cancer Research at UNC School of Medicine, Division Chief of Hematology ... and was named co-chair of the Alliance National Cooperative Group Breast Committee in 2016. In 1998, Carey was hired as a ... was named co-chair of the Alliance National Cooperative Group Breast Committee in 2016. In 2018, Carey was selected to serve on ...
Breast Disease. 11: 113-24. doi:10.3233/bd-1999-11110. PMID 15687597. Joyce JA, Fearon DT (April 2015). "T cell exclusion, ... "A Study to Confirm Safety and Efficacy of BAN2401 in Participants With Early Alzheimer's Disease". Case Medical Research. 2019- ... Monoclonal antibody therapy may prove to be beneficial for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders that result ... Tissue-specific gene delivery using immunoliposomes has been achieved in brain and breast cancer tissue. Checkpoint therapy ...
Causes: It may happen if there is a family medical history of breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer or uterine cancer, or ... Ovarian diseases refer to diseases or disorders of the ovary. These can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders ... Various types of ovarian diseases exist. Some of the ovarian diseases or disorders include: endometriosis, ovarian cysts, ... Breast tenderness. Nausea and vomiting. Fever. Rapid breathing. Faintness or dizziness. Sharp pelvic pain. Treatment: Taking of ...
2003 Feb;16(1):45-9. (Breast diseases). ... Breast US in children and adolescents. García CJ, Espinoza A, ... Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses. De Silva NK, Brandt ML. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. ... complains to a healthcare professional of breast pain (mastalgia), inflammation or a palpable nodule in the breast. The ... Overview of breast masses in children and adolescents. Banikarim C, De Silva NK. In: UpToDate [Textbook of Medicine]. Basow D ( ...
... from embryogenesis to breast cancer progression". Breast Disease. 29: 91-103. doi:10.3233/bd-2008-29110. PMC 3175751. PMID ... from embryogenesis to breast cancer progression". Breast Disease. 29: 91-103. doi:10.3233/BD-2008-29110. PMC 3175751. PMID ...
The disease is characterised by the formation of painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs, breast, or gastrointestinal tract. ... Breast Disease. 35 (1): 45-47. doi:10.3233/BD-140381. PMID 25095985. Kliegman, Robert M.; St. Geme, Joseph W., III (2019). ... but the disease remained classified as a fungus in the 1955 edition of the Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. Violinist ... Disease incidence is greater in males between the ages of 20 and 60 years than in females. Before antibiotic treatments became ...
Implications for the Biology and Treatment of Breast Cancer Metastasis". Breast Disease. 26 (1): 87-98. doi:10.3233/bd-2007- ... CSCs have so far been found in a variety of tumors, including those of the brain, breast, ovary, head and neck, etc.. CSCs have ... Sauter, Edward R. (2017-10-01). "Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer". European Journal of Breast Health. ... Disease. 4 (7): e725. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.250. ISSN 2041-4889. PMC 3730423. PMID 23846227. Zimmerman, Mary A.; Huang, Qian; ...
ISBN 978-1-000-14452-9. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Breast diseases, All stub ... Breast tension is a constellation of symptoms involving the breasts including: Breast pain (also called mastalgia) Breast ... Sommers, Marilyn Sawyer (2022-09-30). Davis's Diseases & Disorders: A Nursing Therapeutics Manual. F.A. Davis. p. 692. ISBN 978 ...
Gentilini OD, Boccardo C (2015). "Male Breast Diseases". The Outpatient Breast Clinic. pp. 431-446. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15907 ... and Tanner stage III/11 of the right and left breast in 1. The 7th patient was noted to have Tanner Ill breasts at her 2nd ... This included breast development to Tanner stages 2 to 5 in 85% of the patients at the first follow-up visit at 6.3 months of ... Some gynecomastia and breast tenderness developed in one patient treated with 50 mg/day, but significantly improved upon the ...
... disease, Reclus' disease and Reclus' syndrome (after Paul Reclus), Reclus-Schimmelbusch disease, Schimmelbusch disease and ... Fibrocystic breast changes is a condition of the breasts where there may be pain, breast cysts, and breast masses. The breasts ... Fibrocystic breast disease is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms, clinical breast exam and physical exam. During this ... ISBN 978-1-4377-2333-5. Venturi, S. (2001). "Is there a role for iodine in breast diseases?". The Breast. 10 (5): 379-382. doi: ...
Approximately half the women diagnosed with Paget's disease of the breast also have a lump in the breast. Inflammatory breast ... Stage 1A breast cancer Stage 1B breast cancer Stage 2A breast cancer Stage 2A breast cancer Stage 2B breast cancer Stage 2B ... breast cancer Stage 2B breast cancer Stage 3A breast cancer Stage 3A breast cancer Stage 3A breast cancer Stage 3B breast ... Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in ...
Gupta, PB; Kuperwasser, C. (2004). Disease models of breast cancer. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models 1(1), 9-16. doi: ... Breast cancer is consensually considered genetically and clinically as a heterogeneous disease, in that it reflects the ... 2003). Models of Breast Cancer: quo vadis, animal modeling? Breast Cancer Research 6(31), 31-38.doi: 10.1186/bcr723 Pulaski BA ... Fantozzi, A; Christofori, G (2006). "Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis". Breast Cancer Research. 8 (4): 212. doi:10.1186 ...
Pittet, B; Montandon, D; Pittet, D (2005). "Infection in breast implants". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 5 (2): 94-106. doi: ... 2003). "Noma: An "infectious" disease of unknown aetiology". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 3 (7): 419-31. doi:10.1016/S1473- ... Melbourne Infectious Diseases Group (Australia) 2009: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID ... Noma, disease of poverty Pittet, B; Jaquinet, A; Montandon, D (2001). "Clinical experience in the treatment of noma sequelae". ...
Jay R. Harris; Marc E. Lippman; C. Kent Osborne; Monica Morrow (28 March 2012). Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott Williams & ... Breast Cancer Res. 8 (1): 201. doi:10.1186/bcr1368. PMC 1413974. PMID 16524451. Hynes, N. E.; Watson, C. J. (2010). "Mammary ... Breast Cancer Res. 6 (1): 1-11. doi:10.1186/bcr634. PMC 314442. PMID 14680479. Sternlicht MD (2006). "Key stages in mammary ... Breast Cancer Res. 6 (1): 1-11. doi:10.1186/bcr634. PMC 314442. PMID 14680479. Sternlicht MD (2006). "Key stages in mammary ...
"Annals of Breast Diseases". Breastdiseases.in. 2020. "Dr. Somashekhar, Cancer/Oncology , Mya Care". myacare.com. Somashekhar, S ... He is also the editor of Annals of Breast Diseases. Somashekhar SP started his career as a consultant and assistant professor ... He is the president of the Association of Breast Surgeons of India, editor in chief of the IJGO Springer Indian Journal of ... is the editor and author of Various Text Book and operative Atlas's on Oncosurgery and Breast surgery, Gynecological oncology ...
Harris JR, Lippman ME, Osborne CK, Morrow M (28 March 2012). Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 88-. ... Zhang X, Yee D (2001). "Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in breast ... In breast cancer, where EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib are being used to inhibit the EGFR signaling pathway, IGF-1R confers ... The IGF-1R is implicated in several cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. In some instances its anti-apoptotic ...
Howell SJ, Howell A (2010). "Endocrine Therapy". Management of Breast Diseases. pp. 329-352. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69743-5_18. ... Onapristone has been found to be effective in the treatment of breast cancer. As of 2016, onapristone has re-emerged and is ... The medication was under development for clinical use, for instance in the treatment of breast cancer and as an endometrial ... It was also under development for the treatment of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer, but ...
... sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, breast cancer and systemic lupus ... Certain neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease (2:1 ratio) and Lewy body dementia (4:1 ratio)) are more prevalent in ... Sex differences have been found across a broad range of disease areas, including many diseases which are sex-specific. The sex ... Huntington's disease affects females and males differently. Females have faster disease progression, and display symptoms with ...
Seminars in Breast Disease. Exploring the Economics of Breast Care: New Perspectives, New Directions. 11 (3): 160-163. doi: ... Through an existing relationship with the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, in the Clinical Breast Care Program, WRI currently ... Studies are ongoing regarding tumor heterogeneity, disease and patient stratification, environment and lifestyle risk factors, ... cardiovascular disease and processes of aging, is located on Somerset Avenue in Windber, Pennsylvania. It opened in 2001. The ...
Infantile diseases and illnesses. Also symbolic for fathers who lost a child to abortion. "Baby Loss Awareness Campaign". ... Male breast cancer awareness. Pre-natal loss including miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth and prematurity. ...
Ismail Jatoi; Achim Rody (16 November 2016). Management of Breast Diseases. Springer. pp. 77-. ISBN 978-3-319-46356-8. Mansel R ... Alice C. Levine (3 October 2011). Hormones and Cancer: Breast and Prostate, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of ... Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 106 (3): 389-397. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9507-x. PMID 17351746. S2CID 22382077. Prossnitz ER, ... is under development under the tentative brand name TamoGel as a topical gel for the treatment of hyperplasia of the breast. It ...
These can affect any organ such as the brain, intestine, ovaries, breast, lungs, esophagus, pancreas, bones, and many others. ... African Journal of Infectious Diseases. 5 (1): 7-10. doi:10.4314/ajid.v5i1.66508. PMC 3497843. PMID 23878702. Baharoon S (July ... Sen M, Gorpelioglu C, Bozer M (2009). "Isolated primary breast tuberculosis: report of three cases and review of the literature ... importance of recognition and differentiation from that of a breast malignancy: report of three cases and review of the ...
Journal of Breast Disease. 4 (2): 116-121. doi:10.14449/jbd.2016.4.2.116. ISSN 2288-5560. (Articles with short description, ... High levels of pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase and thymidine phosphorylase are expressed in esophageal, breast, cervical, ... "Oncologic Effect of Oral Fluorouracil in Hormone Receptor-Negative T1a Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients". ...
If you are a woman with a family health history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may be more likely to get these cancers ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... If you are a woman with a family health history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may be more likely to get these cancers ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
Breast changes such as lumps, bumps, and discharge are common. Some causes can be aging, hormones, and medicines. Learn whats ... Breast self-exam (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Breast skin and nipple changes (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Breast Diseases (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Gynecomastia (National Institutes of ... Breast Biopsy (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish * Breast Cyst Aspiration (American Academy of Family Physicians) ...
A majority of breast diseases are noncancerous. A breast tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in the breast as a result of ... Breast diseases make up a number of conditions. The most common symptoms are a breast mass, breast pain, and nipple discharge. ... abscess actinomycosis of the breast duct ectasia syndrome breast engorgement Mondors disease Pagets disease of the breast ... Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the ...
Existence of national screening program for breast cancer (Noncommunicable diseases). This indicator is available in the ...
American Society of Breast DiseaseNews, press releases, and expert sources for journalists in science, medicine & business ... American Society of Breast Disease. Name and Address. American Society of Breast Disease. News office: United States. Phones. ... Biotech Cancer Coronavirus/COVID-19 Clinical Trials Diabetes Genetics Infectious Disease Neuro Obesity Women?s Health View all ...
Norman, F. F., & López-Vélez, R. (2013). Chagas Disease and Breast-feeding. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(10), 1561-1566. ... Norman FF, López-Vélez R. Chagas Disease and Breast-feeding. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(10):1561-1566. doi:10.3201/ ... Chagas Disease and Breast-feeding On This Page Search Strategy and Selection Criteria Animal Studies Studies in Humans ... cruzi through breast-feeding to provide breast-feeding mothers with Chagas disease with medical guidance. Although data from ...
... triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) underscores pivotal needs to uncover novel biomarkers and viable therapies. MicroRNAs have ... In 2019, breast cancer alone accounts for 15% of all cancer deaths, inferior to lung and bronchus1, and the disease burden ... Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with distinct histopathological feature and clinical behavior among subtypes. TNBC has ... Breast cancer cell lines. The human normal breast epithelial cell line (HBL-100), 5 TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BCap37, Hs 578 ...
The Link Between Breast Cancer and Heart Disease. Learn more about the connection between breast cancer and heart disease, ...
Previous studies have found black women are more likely to die from breast cancer compared to their white peers. Medics said ... dont suffer as much from breast cancer, experts have said. ... Asian and ethnic minority people to participate in breast ... More must be done to fight the broad misperception black women dont suffer as much from breast cancer, experts have said. ... Medics said they wanted more black, Asian and ethnic minority people to participate in breast cancer trials, as they warned ...
This topic contains 11 study abstracts on Breast Cancer: Recovery indicating that the following substances may be helpful: ... Diseases : Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer: Bone Metastasis, Breast Cancer: Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC), Breast Cancer: ... Metastatic, Breast Cancer: Prevention, Breast Cancer: Recovery , Breast Cancer: Triple Negative Problem Substances : Fructose, ... Diseases : Breast Cancer: Recovery , Musculoskeletal Abnormalities. Problem Substances : Aromatase Inhibitor Drugs, Exemestane ...
... disease, fly, ribbon icon in outline style from the Hospitals & healthcare category. Available in PNG and SVG formats. ...
Benign breast disease. Description: Fibrocystic breast disease is a generalized term for non- malignant lumps in breasts, ... Although it is called a disease, it is not really a disease. Therefore the term benign breast disease or fibrocystic condition ... Women with fibrocystic breast disease continue to have breast lumps that appear and dissolve; some remain permanently. The ... Fibrocystic breast disease is the most frequent cause of lumps in the breast. ...
Tag: Fibrocystic Breast Disease. W What Foods Should I Avoid With Fibrocystic Breast Disease?. Health, Personal Care & Fitness ... More than half of women experience fibrocystic breast disease at some part of their lives. Depending on the severity, a woman ... with fibrocystic breast disease may or may not notice or experience pain. While FCBD doesnt pose any severe health risks, it ... can still cause discomfort, itching, and swelling in the breast. Thats why its essential […] ...
Heres everything you need to know about how to check your breasts, who should do it, and how often. ... Breast cancer campaigner Nicky Newman has died, aged 35, after being diagnosed with the disease in 2018. ... Breast cancer: Read more. *. Breast cancer symptoms as survivor Sarah Beeny says she feels very fortunate (Yahoo Life UK, 6- ... How to check your breasts for lumps as campaigner Nicky Newman dies from disease. ...
Breast artery calcium on routine mammography as a potential marker for increased risk of cardiovascular disease. American ... How predictive is breast arterial calcification of cardiovascular disease and risk factors when found at screening mammography ... Association of breast artery calcification with coronary artery disease and carotid intima-media thickness in premenopausal ... Breast arterial calcifications association with coronary artery disease: work in progress. Radiology, 1995, 194(1):181-3. ...
Postmenopausal women with periodontal disease were more likely to develop breast cancer than women who did not have the chronic ... inflammatory disease. A history of smoking significantly affected the womens risk. ... Periodontal disease associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. by American Association for Cancer ... "One possible explanation for the link between periodontal disease and breast cancer is that those bacteria enter the bodys ...
We summarize the study conducted by MD Anderson Cancer Center regarding the incidence of rare diseases among women with breast ... MD Anderson Physicians Find Increase in Rare Diseases Among Women with Breast Implants. September 17, 2018. Summaries of ... Breast implant patients should know that the FDA recommends MRI imaging of silicone breast implants 3 years after the ... A study published in September 2018 in the medical journal Annals of Surgery, entitled US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval ...
Only one baby was breast fed at subsequent discharge.. Breast feeding rates in the Northern Region are low, being approximately ... with no practical experience of breast feeding but a strong desire to breast feed.1 ,4 ,7 ,20 Almost all cases have been to ... Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001; 85 0-0 Published Online First: 01 Oct 2001. doi: 10.1136/adc.85.4.0 ... Archives of Disease in Childhood 2002; 86 33-33 Published Online First: 01 Jan 2002. doi: 10.1136/adc.86.1.33 ...
Male Breast Cancer Patients Face High Prevalence of CV Disease Risk Factors. Jan 25, 2021 ACC News Story. *. Print. ... Keywords: Anthracyclines, Cardiotoxicity, Breast Neoplasms, Male, Cardiovascular Diseases, African Americans, Ethnic Groups, ... YOU ARE HERE: Home , Latest in Cardiology , Male Breast Cancer Patients Face High Prevalence of CV Disease Risk Factors ... Male breast cancer patients may have a high prevalence of cardiovascular conditions, according to a small study of this rare ...
... ... Myriad develops and offers genetic tests that help assess the risk of developing disease or disease progression and guide ... to study the use of minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in breast cancer. The research project will use Myriads MRD testing ... The MSK research team will investigate the use of MRD testing for patients in two breast cancer cohorts. The first will be in a ...
P1-64 Novel genetic risk variants for breast cancer: from discovery to disease prevention ... P1-64 Novel genetic risk variants for breast cancer: from discovery to disease prevention ... P1-64 Novel genetic risk variants for breast cancer: from discovery to disease prevention ...
Male Breast Cancer: The Disease No Ones Talking About. Male Breast Cancer: The Disease No Ones Talking About. Women arent ... Most men dont want to admit to anyone that they have a disease associated with breasts. Its a little (if not a lot) ... My other hope is to help more men who suffer with this disease come forward. Only when more men start talking about breast ... But theres one other disease thats almost never brought up that Id like to call your attention to: male breast cancer. ...
Breast disorders occurring in pediatric patients range from congenital conditions to neonatal infections and from benign ... disorders such as fibroadenoma in females and gynecomastia in males to breast carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. (See the image ... Malignant Breast Disease in Children and Adolescents. Malignant breast disease is uncommon in children and in adolescents. Risk ... Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 17. 312 (3):146-51. [QxMD ...
Breast disorders occurring in pediatric patients range from congenital conditions to neonatal infections and from benign ... disorders such as fibroadenoma in females and gynecomastia in males to breast carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. (See the image ... Malignant Breast Disease in Children and Adolescents. Malignant breast disease is uncommon in children and in adolescents. Risk ... Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 17. 312 (3):146-51. [QxMD ...
Surgery of the breast : diagnosis and treatment of breast diseases / edited by Jan Olof Strömbeck and Francis E. Rosato. by ... Breast Journal [electronic resource] by American Society of Breast Disease , Senologic International Society , International ... Breast [electronic resource] by European Society of Mastology , Australasian Society for Breast Disease. ... Society of Breast Pathology.. Material type: Computer file; Format: electronic Publication details: Malden, MA : Blackwell ...
Keywords : milk, human; gastrointestinal diseases; respiratory tract diseases; breast feeding. · abstract in Portuguese · text ... Protective elements of breast milk in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Rev. bras. crescimento ... to identify the protective elements of breast milk that work in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. ... gastrointestinal disease and respiratory disease, with limits of languages (English, Portuguese and Spanish) and period (1996 ...
Comorbid conditions contribute importantly to both total mortality and breast cancer-specific mortality among breast cancer ... Women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 66 or older between 1992 and 2000 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology ... of cardiovascular disease should be a priority for the long-term care of women following the diagnosis and treatment of breast ... A total of 63,566 women diagnosed with breast cancer met the inclusion criteria and were followed for a median of approximately ...
Adolescent Adult Aged Breast Neoplasms Chronic Disease Female Humans Mammography Middle Aged Papanicolaou Test Risk Factors ... "Nonadherence to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: What Are the Linkages to Chronic Disease Risk?" 1, no. 1 (2003). Coughlin ... "Nonadherence to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: What Are the Linkages to Chronic Disease Risk?" vol. 1, no. 1, 2003. ... Nonadherence to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: What Are the Linkages to Chronic Disease Risk?. ...
  • If you are a woman with a family health history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may be more likely to get these cancers yourself. (cdc.gov)
  • The most aggressive subtype is TNBC, lacking of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), accounting for 15-20% of all breast cancers 5 . (nature.com)
  • Previous research has found links between periodontal disease and oral, esophageal, head and neck, pancreatic, and lung cancers, so the researchers wanted to see if there was any relationship with breast cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Male breast cancer accounts for only about 1% of all breast cancers. (jimstoppani.com)
  • The wide disparity in breast cancer death rates between Black and White women likely reflects fewer cancers being diagnosed at a localized (early) stage (57% in Black women compared with 67% in White women), as well as less access to high-quality treatment. (communityvoiceks.com)
  • Those more aggressive cancers include triple-negative breast cancer, which is aggressive and challenging to treat. (communityvoiceks.com)
  • Welcome to "New Concepts in the Biology and Management of Aggressive Breast Cancers" 6th International Inflammatory Breast Cancer Symposium. (docpharmix.com)
  • Evidence also suggests that early breastfeeding cessation is associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression, and we know that continued breastfeeding reduces mothers' risk of breast and ovarian cancers and non-communicable diseases such as type-2-diabetes," she says. (otago.ac.nz)
  • In addition to lowering a mother's risk for type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure, breastfeeding can also lower a mother's risk of breast and ovarian cancers. (cdc.gov)
  • A total of 3,339 incident breast cancers (2,607 invasive breast cancer , 732 DCIS ) were identified. (bvsalud.org)
  • Breast cancer accounted for 32% of diagnosed cancers and 20% of cancer deaths among women (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Among women, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the United States, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women (skin cancers are most common). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Also called: fibrocystic breast disease, chronic cystic mastitis, diffuse cystic mastopathy, mammary dysplasia These may be caused among others by trauma, secretory stasis/milk engorgement, hormonal stimulation, infections or autoimmune reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fibrocystic breast disease is a generalized term for non- malignant lumps in breasts, causing pain. (rxmed.com)
  • Therefore the term benign breast disease or fibrocystic condition would be more appropriate. (rxmed.com)
  • Fibrocystic breast disease is the most frequent cause of lumps in the breast. (rxmed.com)
  • Very little is known about genetic aspects of fibrocystic breast disease, but family history of cysts is common. (rxmed.com)
  • Some studies indicate that ingestion of methylxanthine- containing substances (e.g. coffee, tea, cola and chocolates), and smoking cigarettes are associated with a higher incidence and greater extent of fibrocystic breast disease. (rxmed.com)
  • What Foods Should I Avoid With Fibrocystic Breast Disease? (todays-woman.net)
  • More than half of women experience fibrocystic breast disease at some part of their lives. (todays-woman.net)
  • Depending on the severity, a woman with fibrocystic breast disease may or may not notice or experience pain. (todays-woman.net)
  • Your age, hormone levels, and medicines you take may cause lumps, bumps, and discharges (fluids that are not breast milk). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Approximately 7% of breast lumps are fibroadenomas and 10% are breast cancer, the rest being other benign conditions or no disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Causes of benign breast disease are unknown, but lumps are probably sustained by estrogen and possibly also related to dietary fat and caffeine intake. (rxmed.com)
  • Practice monthly breast self-examination to check breasts for lumps and changes in lumps after diagnosis. (rxmed.com)
  • Painful tender breast lump, either solitary or more commonly multiple tender lumps, usually in upper outer quadrants of the breast. (rxmed.com)
  • For patient education information, see Breast Lumps and Pain and Breast Self-Exam . (medscape.com)
  • Amy Dowden was diagnosed with breast cancer in early 2023. (yahoo.com)
  • SALT LAKE CITY, Sept. 18, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Myriad Genetics, Inc. , (NASDAQ: MYGN), a leader in genetic testing and precision medicine, today announced a collaboration with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) to study the use of minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in breast cancer. (nwahomepage.com)
  • Poland's internal security officers were searching for the source of a deadly outbreak of Legionnaires' disease which has killed seven people and infected more than 100 others in the strategic city of Rzeszow, near the border with Ukraine, authorities said Friday Aug. 25, 2023. (kxan.com)
  • In 2023, in men in the United States, it is estimated there will be 2800 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 530 deaths from it. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A breast neoplasm may be benign, as in fibroadenoma, or it may be malignant, in which case it is termed breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 50% of women have benign breast disease during their lifetime. (rxmed.com)
  • Routine laboratory tests are not helpful in evaluation of benign breast disease. (rxmed.com)
  • Breast disorders occurring in pediatric patients range from congenital conditions to neonatal infections and from benign disorders such as fibroadenoma in females and gynecomastia in males to breast carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma . (medscape.com)
  • In response to a request from the director of Mainstreet Enterprises (SIC-3273), a nonprofit rehabilitation sheltered workshop in Lebanon, Indiana, an evaluation was made of the occurrence of benign breast tumors among female workers exposed to concrete dust during packaging of dry powdered concrete mortar mix (Fix-Crete). (cdc.gov)
  • No significant differences in the prevalence of benign breast tumors was noted in supervisors working on the concrete powder process when compared to those who did not work in this area. (cdc.gov)
  • No evidence was found to link the occurrence of benign breast tumors to chemical exposures at the facility. (cdc.gov)
  • Overview of Breast Disorders Breast disorders may be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Periodontal disease may be associated with increased breast cancer risk , but studies have not considered invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ) separately in the same population . (bvsalud.org)
  • Heterogeneity in risk for invasive breast cancer versus DCIS was also estimated. (bvsalud.org)
  • The heterogeneity in risk associations for invasive breast cancer versus DCIS warrants further exploration. (bvsalud.org)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • to identify the protective elements of breast milk that work in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • FILE - This 1978 electron microscope image made available by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows Legionella pneumophila bacteria which are responsible for causing the pneumonic disease Legionnaires' disease. (kxan.com)
  • Div of Chronic Disease Control and Community Intervention, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • The two principal modes established for secondary prevention are clinical breast examination and mammography (13). (cdc.gov)
  • A breast tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in the breast as a result of neoplasia. (wikipedia.org)
  • We all have breast tissue, so all genders should be checking theirs once a month, whether that's in the shower, in bed, or before getting dressed. (yahoo.com)
  • One possible explanation for the link between periodontal disease and breast cancer is that those bacteria enter the body's circulation and ultimately affect breast tissue. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The fact is, all men have some amount of breast tissue. (jimstoppani.com)
  • Athelia (ie, absence of nipples) and amastia (ie, absence of breast tissue) may occur bilaterally or unilaterally. (medscape.com)
  • Accessory or ectopic breast tissue responds to hormonal stimulation and may cause discomfort during menstrual cycles. (medscape.com)
  • Mastitis neonatorum or infections of the breast tissue may also occur during the newborn period. (medscape.com)
  • Myriad is working together with Pedram Razavi, MD, PhD, a breast medical oncologist and Director of Liquid Biopsy & Genomics at MSK Global Biomarker Development Program. (nwahomepage.com)
  • Fully adjusted relative hazards of the effects of comorbidities on breast cancer-specific mortality were 1.24 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.13 to 1.26) for cardiovascular disease, 1.13 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.26) for previous cancer, 1.13 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.22) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 1.10 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.16) for diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Minor and serious breast problems have similar symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most common symptoms are a breast mass, breast pain, and nipple discharge. (wikipedia.org)
  • Homeopathy appears to have value for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • To familiarise yourself further about what might not be normal, see our useful guide on breast cancer signs and symptoms . (yahoo.com)
  • And because most men would never imagine that they could get breast cancer, they wait far too long to seek the medical attention they need when early symptoms arise. (jimstoppani.com)
  • But many men delay seeing their doctors if they notice unusual signs or symptoms, such as a breast lump. (jimstoppani.com)
  • The best thing you can do, in addition to watching yourself for any signs or symptoms, is talk about male breast cancer with your friends. (jimstoppani.com)
  • Breast cancer is cancer of the breast tissues, most commonly arising from the milk ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • We searched the literature in PubMed ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed ), EMBASE ( www.elsevier.com/online-tools/embase ), and Google Scholar ( http://scholar.google.com/ ) for all published articles until January 2013, using the terms "breast-feeding" and "Chagas," "breastfeeding" and " Trypanosoma cruzi ," "milk" and "Chagas," and "milk" and " Trypanosoma cruzi . (cdc.gov)
  • the search was performed on Bireme, Lilacs, Medline and Scielo databases, using keywords breast milk, gastrointestinal disease and respiratory disease, with limits of languages (English, Portuguese and Spanish) and period (1996 to 2009). (bvsalud.org)
  • Breast milk also contains other immunoglobulins, antibodies, oligosaccharides, lipids, bioactive peptides, among other components with unique mechanisms that besides the protection against these diseases, stimulate the development of infants' immune systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • No other milk has these properties, and may even be the cause of these diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Perceived insufficient milk supply is reported to be a leading cause of early cessation of breastfeeding, yet it is currently unknown whether the perception of insufficient milk supply is associated with actual low breast milk supply. (otago.ac.nz)
  • To the best of my knowledge this research will be the first using the gold standard stable isotope method to assess breast milk volumes - actual breast milk supply - and its association with maternal perception of breast milk supply," Dr Daniels says. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Put simply, to assess actual breast milk supply, the mother will drink a set quantity of deuterium oxide (D2O) - more commonly known as heavy water. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Saliva samples collected from both māmā and pēpi over a 14-day period will determine the amount of D2O consumed by the baby through breast milk, and therefore the amount of milk baby is receiving. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Breast cancer usually starts in the glands that produce milk (lobules) or the tubes (ducts) that carry milk from the glands to the nipple. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Postmenopausal women with periodontal disease were more likely to develop breast cancer than women who did not have the chronic inflammatory disease. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Periodontal disease is a common condition that has been associated with heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Periodontal disease was reported in 26.1 percent of the women. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Because prior studies have shown that the effects of periodontal disease vary depending on whether a person smokes, researchers examined the associations stratified by smoking status. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The researchers found that among all women, the risk of breast cancer was 14 percent higher in women who had periodontal disease. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Among women who had quit smoking within the past 20 years, those with periodontal disease had a 36 percent higher risk of breast cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Women who were smoking at the time of this study had a 32 percent higher risk if they had periodontal disease, but the association was not statistically significant. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Those who had never smoked and had quit more than 20 years ago had a 6 percent and 8 percent increased risk, respectively, if they had periodontal disease. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Study Limitations: Women self-reported their periodontal disease status, after being asked whether a dentist had ever told them they had it. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The Association Between Periodontal Disease and Breast Cancer in a Prospective Cohort Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Baseline periodontal disease was self -reported, and incident breast cancer was ascertained over a mean follow-up of 9.3 years. (bvsalud.org)
  • About 22% of participants reported a history of periodontal disease at baseline. (bvsalud.org)
  • We observed no clear association between periodontal disease and overall breast cancer risk . (bvsalud.org)
  • Surgery of the breast : diagnosis and treatment of breast diseases / edited by Jan Olof Strömbeck and Francis E. Rosato. (who.int)
  • Attention to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease should be a priority for the long-term care of women following the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The increased number of sites is particularly important in breast cancer, which tends to have low tumor fraction, so having more sites is critical to detecting low-level cancer with confidence. (nwahomepage.com)
  • Ages and comorbidities at the time of diagnosis had the largest effects on mortality from other causes, while tumor stage, tumor grade, estrogen receptor status, age and comorbidities at the time of diagnosis all had effects on breast cancer-specific mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, we demonstrate that BET protein targeting represents a promising strategy to overcome tumor-reactive T cell exhaustion and improve anti-tumor immune responses, by reducing the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in triplenegative breast cancer. (ssrn.com)
  • Andrieu, Guillaume P. and Shafran, Jordan S. and Denis, Gerald V., BET Bromodomain Targeting Suppresses the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Triple-negative Breast Cancer and Elicits Anti-tumor Immune Response (October 1, 2018). (ssrn.com)
  • Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • An extra breast (ie, polymastia) or extra nipple (ie, polythelia) occurs in approximately 1% of the population. (medscape.com)
  • 40 years [6], when the risk of cardiovascular disease also becomes significant. (who.int)
  • Male breast cancer patients may have a high prevalence of cardiovascular conditions, according to a small study of this rare patient population which will be presented as part of ACC's Advancing the Cardiovascular Care of the Oncology Patient Virtual course, taking place Feb. 5 6. (acc.org)
  • According to the researchers, the high prevalence of cardiovascular conditions in male breast cancer patients requires further investigation to better understand the risk of preexisting heart disease on long-term outcomes for these patients. (acc.org)
  • Due to the rarity of male breast cancer, there is no cardiovascular data from larger clinical trials or population studies," explains Michael Ibrahim , fourth year medical student at Georgetown University and one of the study authors. (acc.org)
  • Similar to the pretreatment consultation with radiation oncology, breast surgery, and medical oncology, an upfront cardiovascular risk assessment provides greater comfort and further minimizes psychological surprise with cardiovascular complications going into cancer treatment. (acc.org)
  • Researchers from Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer and MedStar Washington Hospital Center in Washington, DC, conducted a retrospective chart review of 24 male breast cancer patients evaluated at the medical centers. (acc.org)
  • As part of a population based regional review of all neonatal readmissions, the incidence of dehydration with hypernatraemia in exclusively breast fed infants was estimated. (bmj.com)
  • They also have a higher incidence of inflammatory breast cancer, an aggressive but uncommon type of breast cancer. (communityvoiceks.com)
  • ATSDR intends to evaluate male breast cancer in a planned cancer incidence study that will involve state cancer registries nationwide as well as federal cancer registries. (cdc.gov)
  • Breast cancer incidence and mortality in the United States and worldwide have increased in cohorts of women born since 1900, for reasons not well understood (3,4). (cdc.gov)
  • Breast cancer campaigner Nicky Newman has died , aged 35, after being diagnosed with the disease in 2018. (yahoo.com)
  • A study published in September 2018 in the medical journal Annals of Surgery , entitled US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients , concluded that "silicone implants are associated with an increased risk of certain rare harms" and that further study is needed "to inform patient and surgeon decision-making. (breastimplantinfo.org)
  • International Istanbul Breast Cancer Conference - BREASTANBUL 2018″, which will be held in Istanbul Wyndham Grand Hotel on. (docpharmix.com)
  • Ukraine Eurama Breast Cancer Congress will be held in Vinnytsia, Ukraine on 6-7 September 2018. (docpharmix.com)
  • Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, extent of disease, and person's age. (wikipedia.org)
  • US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients. (breastimplantinfo.org)
  • The current study assesses the effects of comorbidities on outcomes of breast cancer mortality and mortality from other causes among breast cancer survivors ages 66 and older. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although assigning a single cause of death is difficult and can be somewhat arbitrary, assessing outcomes for both breast cancer-specific mortality and mortality from other causes can assist healthcare providers and patients with breast cancer in assessing prognostic indicators and other decisions made in primary care. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So many people all around me were sick with often preventable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. (cdc.gov)
  • If a man is diagnosed with breast cancer at an early stage, he has a very good chance for survival. (jimstoppani.com)
  • For breast cancer, 5-year survival for all women was high-around 90%-but survival was more than 10% lower among black women compared with white women, which suggests that racial inequalities still exist despite great advances in breast cancer treatment options. (cdc.gov)
  • and survival in women diagnosed with 'regional' or 'distant' breast cancer is substantially lower. (cdc.gov)
  • The possibility of transmission through breast-feeding may be particularly relevant because, if breast-feeding is a route for transmission after delivery, such transmission may be preventable. (cdc.gov)
  • The NHS Race and Health Observatory launched a new campaign alongside Macmillan Cancer Support to improve diversity in breast cancer clinical trials. (yahoo.com)
  • This partnership approach to build solutions to improve engagement in clinical trials in breast cancer treatment and care is very much welcomed. (yahoo.com)
  • When discussing men's health issues, we tend to hear the same diseases brought up time and again: prostate cancer, testicular cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, to name just a handful. (jimstoppani.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Breast diseases. (who.int)
  • Despite important advances in early detection and research development, breast cancer remains a major health problem affecting women. (nature.com)
  • Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Diseases Using the Multimodality Approach. (docpharmix.com)
  • Early detection of breast cancer can be essential to successful treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Examine breasts carefully each month, a few days after the onset of menstruation. (rxmed.com)
  • Either case commonly presents as a breast lump. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 3 ] One breast commonly develops earlier than the other, though the breasts ultimately become symmetrical. (medscape.com)
  • The most commonly used outcome when conducting epidemiologic research on cancer survivorship is all-cause mortality, which, among individuals with breast cancer, is the sum of breast cancer-specific mortality and mortality from other causes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prevalence of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors has been increasing among Iranian men and women in recent years [1,2], and finding a noninvasive test to predict CAD has become more important. (who.int)
  • Although data from animal studies and human studies are scarce, we do not recommend that mothers with Chagas disease discontinue breast-feeding, unless they are experiencing the acute phase of the disease, reactivated disease resulting from immunosuppression, or bleeding nipples. (cdc.gov)
  • Because breast cancer also affects men, men should be aware of changes in or around their nipples. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If I was going to remove my breasts to prevent illness, why would I not do everything in my control to keep from getting something else I could avoid? (cdc.gov)
  • Freudenheim and colleagues monitored 73,737 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, none of whom had previous breast cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The MSK research team will investigate the use of MRD testing for patients in two breast cancer cohorts. (nwahomepage.com)
  • This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including that the MSK research team will use the company's high-definition MRD testing platform and investigate the use of MRD testing for patients in two breast cancer cohorts. (nwahomepage.com)
  • Nulliparity, decade of first birth, and breast cancer in Connecticut cohorts, 1855 to 1945: an ecological study. (cdc.gov)
  • With the increase in the number of women undergoing mammography for breast cancer screening [5], interest is growing too in the use of breast artery calcification (BAC) detected by mammography as a nonivasive indicator for CAD in women. (who.int)
  • To assess the efficacy of combined mammography and physical breast examination in reducing breast cancer mortality, a large randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Health Insurance Plan in New York City in the mid-1960s (14). (cdc.gov)
  • Based on this study, at least 19% of breast cancer deaths among women in the United States can be estimated to be attributable to nonuse of mammography (Table 2). (cdc.gov)
  • This study was undertaken to assess factors that are related to breast cancer mortality versus mortality from other causes and to describe the leading causes of death among older women diagnosed with breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 66 or older between 1992 and 2000 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare linked database and followed through the end of 2005. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 63,566 women diagnosed with breast cancer met the inclusion criteria and were followed for a median of approximately nine years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The findings also highlight the need for cardiologists and cardio-oncologists to be involved in male breast cancer treatment due to the common risk factors and potential cardiotoxic effects of breast cancer treatment. (acc.org)
  • This collaboration could help to transform treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer by better determining who will respond to a therapy and who will not," said Dr. Razavi. (nwahomepage.com)
  • Myriad develops and offers genetic tests that help assess the risk of developing disease or disease progression and guide treatment decisions across medical specialties where genetic insights can significantly improve patient care and lower healthcare costs. (nwahomepage.com)
  • Learn more about the connection between breast cancer and heart disease, including a novel program devoted to screening, monitoring and treating any heart risk or condition - before, during or even years after cancer therapy. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Black women are statistically more likely to have diabetes, heart disease, and are less likely to breastfeed after childbirth-all of which are risk factors for breast cancer. (communityvoiceks.com)
  • The Sister Study followed women without prior breast cancer ages 35 to 74 years from 2003 to 2017 (N = 49,968). (bvsalud.org)
  • Exposures to TCE, PCE, DCE, and vinyl chloride were also observed to possibly accelerate the onset of male breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • The study did not find evidence suggesting associations between male breast cancer and exposures to benzene. (cdc.gov)
  • See also American Cancer Society: Key Statistics for Breast Cancer . (msdmanuals.com)
  • The sole explanation for hypernatraemia was unsuccessful breast feeding in all cases. (bmj.com)
  • Surgical drainage should be considered only when needle aspiration is unsuccessful, because an operation may damage the breast bud and result in reduction of adult breast size. (medscape.com)
  • Bilateral oophorectomy, sometimes performed concurrently with hysterectomy (12), lowers the risk of breast cancer (6). (cdc.gov)
  • Nonuse increases with age and is thus inversely associated with risk of breast cancer mortality. (cdc.gov)