Breast: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast: An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.Breast Diseases: Pathological processes of the BREAST.Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the breast.Breast Neoplasms, Male: Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.Receptors, Estrogen: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast.Fibrocystic Breast Disease: A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Breast Implants: Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured.Receptor, erbB-2: A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease.Receptors, Progesterone: Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.Tamoxifen: One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating: A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.Mastectomy: Surgical procedure to remove one or both breasts.Carcinoma, Lobular: A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Neoplasm Invasiveness: Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.Ultrasonography, Mammary: Use of ultrasound for imaging the breast. The most frequent application is the diagnosis of neoplasms of the female breast.Neoplasm Metastasis: The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.Genes, BRCA1: A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal: Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)Lymphatic Metastasis: Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Neoplasm Staging: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Postmenopause: The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Mastectomy, Segmental: Removal of only enough breast tissue to ensure that the margins of the resected surgical specimen are free of tumor.Milk, HumanMammaplasty: Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Breast Cyst: A fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM and found in the BREAST. It may appear as a single large cyst in one breast, multifocal, or bilateral in FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE.Carcinoma: A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Chemotherapy, Adjuvant: Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.MCF-7 Cells: An estrogen responsive cell line derived from a patient with metastatic human breast ADENOCARCINOMA (at the Michigan Cancer Foundation.)Mammary Glands, Human: Glandular tissue in the BREAST of human that is under the influence of hormones such as ESTROGENS; PROGESTINS; and PROLACTIN. In WOMEN, after PARTURITION, the mammary glands secrete milk (MILK, HUMAN) for the nourishment of the young.Fibroadenoma: An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Estrogen Receptor alpha: One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.Estrogens: Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Premenopause: The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.Breast Implantation: Surgical insertion of an inert sac filled with silicone or other material to augment the female form cosmetically.BRCA2 Protein: A large, nuclear protein, encoded by the BRCA2 gene (GENE, BRCA2). Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6)Menopause: The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.BRCA1 Protein: The phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (GENE, BRCA1). In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (Science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91)Axilla: Area of the human body underneath the SHOULDER JOINT, also known as the armpit or underarm.Genes, BRCA2: A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6)Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent: Certain tumors that 1, arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2, are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment.Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms: Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms: Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.Genes, erbB-2: The erbB-2 gene is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2), a protein with structural features similar to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Its name originates from the viral oncogene homolog (v-erbB) which is a truncated form of the chicken erbB gene found in the avian erythroblastosis virus. Overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with a significant number of adenocarcinomas. The human c-erbB-2 gene is located at 17q21.2.Carcinoma, Ductal: Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.Aromatase Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones.Estrogen Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogenic compounds.Carcinoma in Situ: A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.Disease-Free Survival: Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Drug Resistance, Neoplasm: Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Biopsy, Needle: Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Mastectomy, Modified Radical: Total mastectomy with axillary node dissection, but with preservation of the pectoral muscles.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.DNA, Neoplasm: DNA present in neoplastic tissue.Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A structurally diverse group of compounds distinguished from ESTROGENS by their ability to bind and activate ESTROGEN RECEPTORS but act as either an agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type and hormonal milieu. They are classified as either first generation because they demonstrate estrogen agonist properties in the ENDOMETRIUM or second generation based on their patterns of tissue specificity. (Horm Res 1997;48:155-63)Neoadjuvant Therapy: Preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, etc.) that precedes a necessary second modality of treatment.Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.Ovarian Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Survivors: Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.Bone Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.Adenofibroma: A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Proportional Hazards Models: Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.Lymph Nodes: They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.Ki-67 Antigen: A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Germ-Line Mutation: Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.Nitriles: Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.Taxoids: A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.Tissue Array Analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Radiotherapy, Adjuvant: Radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.Transplantation, Heterologous: Transplantation between animals of different species.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Mucin-1: Carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. The mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. It is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer.RNA, Neoplasm: RNA present in neoplastic tissue.Neoplasm Transplantation: Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.Antigens, CD24: A cell adhesion protein that was originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It is involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS.Neoplasms, Second Primary: Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays: In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.United StatesLogistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Mastectomy, Radical: Removal of the breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and associated skin and subcutaneous tissue.TriazolesSEER Program: A cancer registry mandated under the National Cancer Act of 1971 to operate and maintain a population-based cancer reporting system, reporting periodically estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program is a continuing project of the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Among its goals, in addition to assembling and reporting cancer statistics, are the monitoring of annual cancer incident trends and the promoting of studies designed to identify factors amenable to cancer control interventions. (From National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No. 91-3074, October 1990)Cell Transformation, Neoplastic: Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.Gynecomastia: Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Neoplasms, Basal Cell: Neoplasms composed of cells from the deepest layer of the epidermis. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the stratum basale.Tumor Suppressor Proteins: Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Tumor Burden: The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.Tumor Suppressor Protein p53: Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.Neoplasm Grading: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic: Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.Kaplan-Meier Estimate: A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.Genetic Testing: Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor: A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Mammary Glands, Animal: MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.Cell Growth Processes: Processes required for CELL ENLARGEMENT and CELL PROLIFERATION.Aromatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.Lymph Node Excision: Surgical excision of one or more lymph nodes. Its most common use is in cancer surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p966)Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence: A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.Mastitis: INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Radiographic Image Enhancement: Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed.European Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.DNA Methylation: Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.Neoplastic Stem Cells: Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary: Neoplasms, usually carcinoma, located within the center of an organ or within small lobes, and in the case of the breast, intraductally. The emphasis of the name is on the location of the neoplastic tissue rather than on its histological type. Most cancers of this type are located in the breast.Mastectomy, Simple: Removal of only the breast tissue and nipple and a small portion of the overlying skin.Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Neoplastic Cells, Circulating: Exfoliate neoplastic cells circulating in the blood and associated with metastasizing tumors.Neoplasms, Multiple Primary: Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Progestins: Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Lung Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Genes, Tumor Suppressor: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.Mice, SCID: Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.Mammaglobin A: A secretoglobin that is produced by the MAMMARY GLAND of HUMANS and may be involved in the binding of ANDROGENS and other STEROIDS. The expression of this protein in normal breast epithelium and in human breast cancer has made it an important histological marker.Neovascularization, Pathologic: A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Radiotherapy: The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.Keratin-5: A type II keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-14 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-5 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.Antibiotics, Antineoplastic: Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.
Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 in human breast cancer. (1/3694)
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is an important developmental protein which is oncogenic and able to cooperate with wnt-1 to produce mouse mammary carcinoma. The level of expression of FGF8 mRNA was measured in 68 breast cancers and 24 non-malignant breast tissues. Elevated levels of FGF8 mRNA were found in malignant compared to non-malignant breast tissues with significantly more malignant tissues expressing FGF8 (P=0.019) at significantly higher levels (P=0.031). In situ hybridization of breast cancer tissues and analysis of purified populations of normal epithelial cells and breast cancer cell lines showed that malignant epithelial cells expressed FGF8 mRNA at high levels compared to non-malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts. Although two of the receptors which FGF8 binds to (FGFR2-IIIc, FGFR3-IIIc) are not expressed in breast cancer cells, an autocrine activation loop is possible since expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 4 and FGFR1 are retained in malignant epithelial cells. This is the first member of the FGF family to have increased expression in breast cancer and a potential autocrine role in its progression. (+info)Mammography and 99mTc-MIBI scintimammography in suspected breast cancer. (2/3694)
The aim of this work has been to evaluate whether a diagnostic protocol based on the joint use of mammography and 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintimammography is capable of reducing the number of biopsies required in patients with suspected breast cancer. METHODS: We performed prone scintimammography in 90 patients with suspected breast cancer, involving 97 lesions. In all patients, the diagnosis was established by way of biopsy. On mammography, we evaluated the degree of suspicion of malignancy and the size of the lesion (smaller or larger than 1 cm in diameter). RESULTS: The results of only 41 of the biopsies indicated malignancy. On mammography, 20 lesions (of which 1 was breast cancer) were considered to be of low suspicion of malignancy, 31 (of which 4 were breast cancer) as indeterminate and 46 (of which 36 were breast cancer) as high. Fourteen lesions (2 low probability, 2 indeterminate and 10 high) were smaller than 1 cm, whereas 83 (18 low probability, 29 indeterminate and 36 high) were larger. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of scintimammography were 85%, 79%, 74% and 88%, respectively. Scintimammography was positive in all cases of breast cancer that initially had a low or indeterminate suspicion of malignancy according to mammography, as well as in 30 cases of breast cancer that initially were highly suspicious. Six false-negative scintimammography studies were obtained in lesions with a high suspicion of malignancy. CONCLUSION: We propose a diagnostic protocol with a biopsy performed on lesions that have a high suspicion of malignancy as well as those with low or indeterminate suspicion that are smaller than 1 cm or with positive scintimammography results. This would have reduced the total number of biopsies performed by 34%. More importantly, there would have been a 65% reduction in number of biopsies performed in the low and indeterminate mammographic suspicion groups. All 41 cases of breast cancer would have been detected. (+info)The effect of the antiscatter grid on full-field digital mammography phantom images. (3/3694)
Computer Analysis of Mammography Phantom Images (CAMPI) is a method for making quantitative measurements of image quality. This article reports on a recent application of this method to a prototype full-field digital mammography (FFDM) machine. Images of a modified ACR phantom were acquired on the General Electric Diagnostic Molybdenum Rhodium (GE-DMR) FFDM machine at a number of x-ray techniques, both with and without the scatter reduction grid. The techniques were chosen so that one had sets of grid and non-grid images with matched doses (200 mrads) and matched gray-scale values (1500). A third set was acquired at constant 26 kVp and varying mAs for both grid conditions. Analyses of the images yielded signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), contrast and noise corresponding to each target object, and a non-uniformity measure. The results showed that under conditions of equal gray-scale value the grid images were markedly superior, albeit at higher doses than the non-grid images. Under constant dose conditions, the non-grid images were slightly superior in SNR (7%) but markedly less uniform (60%). Overall, the grid images had substantially greater contrast and superior image uniformity. These conclusions applied to the whole kVp range studied for the Mo-Mo target filter combination and 4 cm of breast equivalent material of average composition. These results suggest that use of the non-grid technique in digital mammography with the GE-DMR-FFDM unit, is presently not warranted. With improved uniformity correction procedure, this conclusion would change and one should be able to realize a 14% reduction in patient dose at the same SNR by using a non-grid technique. (+info)Macronutrient intake and change in mammographic density at menopause: results from a randomized trial. (4/3694)
To examine the effects of dietary fat intake on breast cancer risk, we are conducting a randomized trial of dietary intervention in women with extensive areas of radiologically dense breast tissue on mammography, a risk factor for breast cancer. Early results show that after 2 years on a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet there is a significant reduction in area of density, particularly in women going through menopause. In women who went through menopause during the 2-year follow-up, the mean decreases in area of density and percentage of density in the intervention group were 11.0 cm2 and 11.0%, respectively, whereas the control group decreased 4.5 cm2 and 5.2%. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether changes in intake of specific macronutrients could account for the observed reduction in breast density in these women. Differences between 2-year and baseline values of macronutrients (averaged over 3 nonconsecutive days of food intake) were calculated. We examined the effect of dietary variables, adjusted for changes in total calorie intake and weight and for family history of breast cancer, on changes in area of density and percentage of density using linear regression. Reduction in total or saturated fat intake or cholesterol intake was significantly associated with decreased dense area (p < or = .004). The most significant dietary variable associated with reduction in percentage of density was reduction in dietary cholesterol intake (P = 0.001), although reducing saturated fat intake was of borderline significance (P = 0.05). The effect of the membership in the intervention and control groups on change in area of density or percentage of density was reduced by models that included changes in intake of any fat, or cholesterol, or carbohydrates. The observation of an effect of diet at menopause on breast density, a marker of increased risk of breast cancer, may be an indication that exposures at this time have an enhanced effect on subsequent risk. (+info)Inhibition of aberrant proliferation and induction of apoptosis in HER-2/neu oncogene transformed human mammary epithelial cells by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide. (5/3694)
Epithelial cells from non-cancerous mammary tissue in response to exposure to chemical carcinogens or transfection with oncogenes exhibit hyperproliferation and hyperplasia prior to the development of cancer. Aberrant proliferation may, therefore, represent a modifiable early occurring preneoplastic event that is susceptible to chemoprevention of carcinogenesis. The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR), has exhibited preventive efficacy in several in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models, and represents a promising chemopreventive compound for clinical trials. Clinically relevant biochemical and cellular mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive effects of HPR, however, are not fully understood. Experiments were performed on preneoplastic human mammary epithelial 184-B5/HER cells derived from reduction mammoplasty and initiated for tumorigenic transformation by overexpression of HER-2/neu oncogene, to examine whether HPR inhibits aberrant proliferation of these cells and to identify the possible mechanism(s) responsible for the inhibitory effects of HPR. Continuous 7-day treatment with HPR produced a dose-dependent, reversible growth inhibition. Long-term (21 day) treatment of 184-B5/HER cells with HPR inhibited anchorage-dependent colony formation by approximately 80% (P < 0.01) relative to that observed in the solvent control. A 24 h treatment with cytostatic 400 nM HPR produced a 25% increase (P = 0.01) in G0/G1 phase, and a 36% decrease (P = 0.01) in S phase of the cell cycle. HPR treatment also induced a 10-fold increase (P = 0.02) in the sub-G0 (apoptotic) peak that was down-regulated in the presence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Treatment with HPR resulted in a 30% reduction of cellular immunoreactivity to tyrosine kinase, whereas immunoreactivity to p185HER remained essentially unaltered. HPR exposure resulted in time-dependent increase in cellular metabolism of the retinoid as evidenced by increased formation of the inert metabolite N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-retinamide (MPR) and progressive increase in apoptosis. Thus, HPR-induced inhibition of aberrant proliferation may be caused, in part, by its ability to inhibit HER-2/neu-mediated proliferative signal transduction, retard cell cycle progression and upregulate cellular apoptosis. (+info)Benzodiazepine premedication: can it improve outcome in patients undergoing breast biopsy procedures? (6/3694)
BACKGROUND: Women awaiting needle-guided breast biopsy procedures may experience high anxiety levels. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to evaluate the ability of midazolam and diazepam (in a lipid emulsion [Dizac]) to improve patient comfort during needle localization and breast biopsy procedures. METHODS: Ninety women received two consecutive doses of a study medication, one before the mammographic needle localization and a second before entering the operating room. Patients were assigned randomly to receive saline, 2.0 ml intravenously, at the two time points; midazolam, 1.0 mg intravenously and 2.0 mg intravenously; or diazepam emulsion, 2.0 mg intravenously and 5.0 mg intravenously, respectively. Patients assessed their anxiety levels before the needle localization, before entering the operating room, and on arrival in the operating room. Patients completed a questionnaire evaluating their perioperative experience at the time of discharge. RESULTS: Patient satisfaction during needle localization was significantly improved in both benzodiazepine treatment groups (vs. saline). The incidence of moderate-to-severe discomfort during needle localization was lower in the midazolam (20%) and diazepam emulsion (6%) groups compared with the saline group (70%) (P<0.05). The preoperative visual analogue scale anxiety scores were similar in all three groups. In the operating room, however, anxiety scores were 55% and 68% lower after midazolam (21+/-19) and diazepam emulsion (15+/-14) compared with saline (46+/-28). Finally, there was no difference in the time to achieve home-readiness or actual discharge time among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Premedication with midazolam or diazepam emulsion improved patients' comfort during needle localization procedures and significantly reduced intraoperative anxiety levels before breast biopsy procedures without prolonging discharge times. Use of diazepam emulsion may be an effective alternative to midazolam in this population. (+info)Double-phase 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography and trans-scan in diagnosing breast cancer. (7/3694)
The goal of our study was to assess the value of both scintimammography with 99mTc-sestamibi (SMM) and trans-scan (T-scan) in detecting breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 121 women were evaluated by palpation, mammography, SMM and T-scan. SMM was performed in the prone, breast dependent position. Immediate and delayed views (double-phase) were obtained. T-scan is a new breast imaging method that maps noninvasively the distribution of tissue electrical impedance and capacitance. RESULTS: SMM had 88.9% sensitivity, 88.4% specificity and 88.4% accuracy in detecting breast cancer. SMM had 100% sensitivity in detecting breast tumors >1 cm and only 66% sensitivity in detecting tumors <1 cm. T-scan had 72.2% sensitivity and 67% specificity in detecting breast cancer. It detected one more breast cancer than SMM, at the expense of 27 additional false-positive results. CONCLUSION: Double-phase SMM was sensitive and specific in detecting breast cancer. This method may reduce the rate of negative breast biopsies in tumors >1 cm. T-scan was only moderately accurate in detecting breast cancer. Its addition to SMM did not improve significantly the rate of breast cancer detection. However, because of its complete noninvasiveness, large-scale applicability and low cost, T-scan deserves further refining. (+info)N-acetyltransferase 1 genetic polymorphism, cigarette smoking, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk. (8/3694)
N-Acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1), encoded by the polymorphic NAT1 gene, has been shown to be one of the major enzymes in human breast tissue that activates aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Humans are mainly exposed to these carcinogens through cigarette smoking and consumption of well-done meat. To test the hypothesis that variations in the NAT1 gene are related to breast cancer risk, particularly among women who smoke or consume high levels of well-done meat, a nested case-control study was conducted in a prospective cohort study of 41,837 postmenopausal Iowa women. Information on cigarette smoking and other breast cancer risk factors was obtained at the baseline survey conducted in 1986. DNA samples and information on the consumption of well-done meat were obtained, in the case-control study, from breast cancer cases diagnosed from 1992 to 1994 and a random sample of cancer-free cohort members. Genomic DNA samples obtained from 154 cases and 330 controls were assayed for 11 NAT1 alleles (NAT1*3, *4, *5, *10, *11, *14, *15, *16, *17, *19, and *22). The NAT1*4 allele was the predominant allele observed in this study population, accounting for 73.2% (72.4% in cases versus 73.8% in controls) of the total alleles analyzed. Compared to controls, breast cancer cases had a slightly higher frequency of the NAT1*10 allele (18.8% in cases versus 17.3% in controls) and a substantially higher frequency of the NAT1*11 allele (3.6% versus 1.2%). In multivariate analyses, we found a 30% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.8-1.9] elevated risk of breast cancer associated with the NAT1*10 allele and a nearly 4-fold (95% CI = 1.5-10.5) elevated risk associated with the NAT1*11 allele. The positive association of breast cancer with the NAT1*11 allele was more evident among smokers [odds ratio (OR) = 13.2, 95% CI = 1.5-116.0] and those who consumed a high level of red meat (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 1.1-33.2) or consistently consumed their red meat well done (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 0.5-62.7). The association of the NAT1*10 allele with breast cancer was mainly confined to former smokers (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.2-9.5). These findings are consistent with a role for the NAT1 gene in the etiology of human breast cancer. (+info)
List of birds of West Virginia
Yellow-breasted chat[edit]. Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteriidae This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers ( ...
Saturated fat
Breast cancer[edit]. Main article: Epidemiology and etiology of breast cancer § Specific dietary fatty acids ... Hanf V, Gonder U (2005-12-01). "Nutrition and primary prevention of breast cancer: foods, nutrients and breast cancer risk". ... Lof M, Weiderpass E (February 2009). "Impact of diet on breast cancer risk". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 21 ( ... Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms (contained in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and breast milk) ...
Hormone replacement therapy
Breast cancer[edit]. Studies regarding the association of breast cancer with hormone replacement have been mixed and vary with ... Observational studies of systemic HRT after breast cancer are generally reassuring. If HRT is necessary after breast cancer, ... Includes metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer with the exception of in situ breast cancer. ... "Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 107 (1): 103-111. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9523-x. PMC 2211383. PMID 17333341.. ...
Omeprazole
Pregnancy and breast-feeding[edit]. Epidemiological data do not show an increased risk of major birth defects after maternal ... indicating that little amount of drug is transferred to the milk duct during breast milk formation. ...
Avon Products
Beginning in the early 1990s, Avon also began donating towards breast cancer research and care, through the Avon Breast Cancer ... Crusade and the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer, a series of U.S.-based charity walks.[32] Before 2003, the Walk was a function of ... "Breast Cancer Events" Archived June 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., June 2013 ...
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
"Melatonin and Associated Signaling Pathways that Control Normal Breast Epithelium and Breast Cancer". Journal of Mammary Gland ... Breast cancer[edit]. 13(S)-HODE stimulates the proliferation of human MCF-7 estrogen receptor positive and MBA-MD-231 estrogen ... receptor negative human breast cancer cell lines (see List of breast cancer cell lines) in culture);[72] its production appears ... Reddy, Nagi; Everhart, Angela; Eling, Thomas; Glasgow, Wayne (1997). "Characterization of a 15-Lipoxygenase in Human Breast ...
List of cancer types
For example, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal carcinoma of the breast. Here, the adjective ductal refers ... Nearly all cancers developing in the breast, prostate, lung, pancreas, and colon are carcinomas. ...
Women's health
Breast cancer[edit]. Main article: Breast cancer. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and the most ... All three cancers (lung, breast, uterus) are now declining in cancer death rates (Siegel et al. Figure 8),[121] but more women ... Despite this, breast cancer remains the commonest cancer in women in developed countries, and is one of the more important ... Lung cancer has overtaken all other types of cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women, followed by breast cancer, ...
5α-Reductase inhibitor
Breast changes[edit]. 5-ARIs have a small risk of breast changes in men including breast tenderness and gynecomastia (breast ... breast tenderness, gynecomastia, depression, anxiety, self-harm, and dementia.[20][21][22] In addition, while 5-ARIs decrease ... development/enlargement).[20] The risk of gynecomastia is about 2.8%.[20] There is no association of 5-ARIs with male breast ...
List of birds of North Carolina
Yellow-breasted chat[edit]. Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteriidae This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers ( ...
ZNF366
In the same study, it was shown that breast tumor tissue expresses lower levels of DC-SCRIPT than normal breast tissue from the ... Breast cancer[edit]. In 2010, it was shown that DC-SCRIPT can act as a coregulator of multiple nuclear receptors having ... nuclear receptor modulation and prognostic significance in primary breast cancer". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102 (1): 54-68. doi: ... same patient and that DC-SCRIPT mRNA expression is an independent prognostic factor for good survival of breast cancer patients ...
Aspartame
Breast feeding[edit]. In a study done in 1979, the effect of aspartame ingestion on blood and milk amino acid levels in ... with the intent to study the differences in breast milk between the two. The study resulted with the conclusion that aspartame ...
DDT
Breast cancer[edit]. The question of whether DDT or DDE are risk factors in breast cancer has not been conclusively answered. ... A 2007 case control study[82] using archived blood samples found that breast cancer risk was increased 5-fold among women who ... This study, which suggests a connection between DDT exposure and breast cancer that would not be picked up by most studies, has ... The findings "support classification of DDT as an endocrine disruptor, a predictor of breast cancer, and a marker of high risk ...
Estrogen
Breast development[edit]. See also: Breast development § Biochemistry. Estrogen, in conjunction with growth hormone (GH) and ... Haslam SZ, Osuch JR (1 January 2006). Hormones and Breast Cancer in Post-Menopausal Women. IOS Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-58603- ... Kleinberg DL (February 1998). "Role of IGF-I in normal mammary development". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 47 (3): 201- ... Estrogens are implicated in various estrogen-dependent conditions, such as ER-positive breast cancer, as well as a number of ...
Mastitis
Breast abscess[edit]. A breast abscess is a collection of pus that develops into the breast with different causes.[10] During ... Plugged milk duct,[3] breast engorgement,[4] breast cancer (rare)[1]. Prevention. Frequent breastfeeding with good technique[2] ... Breast abscess[edit]. An abscess (or suspected abscess) in the breast may be treated by ultrasound-guided fine-needle ... Nonpuerperal breast abscesses have a higher rate of recurrence compared to puerperal breast abscesses.[42] There is a high ...
Axilla
Lymphogenic spread of breast cancer[edit]. Breast cancer typically spreads via lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes found in ...
Patient derived xenograft
Breast cancer[edit]. The classification of genetic breast cancer subtypes, including triple-negative and HER2-positive subtypes ... "Breast Cancer Research. 14 (1): R11. doi:10.1186/bcr3095. PMC 3496128. PMID 22247967.. ... Utilizing PDX triple negative breast cancer models, scientists found that aurora kinase inhibitors slows tumor growth rate and ... Many PDX models have been successfully established for breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, and many other cancers because there ...
List of birds of Cuba
Yellow-breasted chat[edit]. Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteriidae This species was historically placed in the New World ...
Cryoablation
Breast cancer[edit]. Cryoablation for breast cancer is typically only possible for small tumors.[3] Often surgery is used ... With improvements in breast imaging and image-guided interventions, there is interest in ablative techniques for breast cancer ... Cryoablation is also currently being used to treat fibroadenomas of the breast. Fibroadenomas are benign breast tumors that are ... Sabel, MS (July 2014). "Nonsurgical ablation of breast cancer: future options for small breast tumors". Surgical oncology ...
Breast reconstruction
"Breast Reconstruction: Immediate or Delayed".. *^ "Breast reconstruction using body tissue." Breast cancer , Lets Beat Cancer! ... Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a breast, usually in women. It involves using autologous tissue or prosthetic ... "Breast cancer , Breast reconstruction using body tissue , Cancer Research UK". www.cancerresearchuk.org.. ... Frequently not just breast volume, but also skin surface area needs to be restored. Many patients undergoing delayed breast ...
Projectional radiography
This has been used mostly on women to screen for breast cancer, but is also used to view male breasts, and used in conjunction ... Breast implants designed to enlarge the breasts reduce the viewing ability of mammography, and require more time for imaging as ... This is because the material used in the implant is very dense compared to breast tissue, and looks white (clear) on the film. ... Projectional radiography of the breasts is called mammography. ...
MythBusters (2003 season)
Silicone Breasts[edit]. Myth statement Status Notes Silicone breast implants may explode at high altitudes or low air pressure ... Will silicone breast implants explode or expand in low pressure?. Can a standard CD-ROM drive shatter a CD?. ...
Electrical impedance tomography
Breast (MF-EIT)[edit]. EIT is being investigated in the field of breast imaging as an alternative/complementary technique to ... develops a similar solution for non-invasive detection of breast cancer and offers the T-Scan 2000ED. Zilico Limited ... Further EIT applications proposed include detection/location of cancer in skin, breast, or cervix, localization of epileptic ... Jossinet, J. (1998). "The impedivity of freshly excised human breast tissue". Physiological Measurement. 19 (1): 61-76. doi: ...
Antiandrogen
In any case, common side effects of antiandrogens in men include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, feminization, hot ... including AR-expressing triple-negative breast cancer and other types of AR-expressing breast cancer.[189][190][191][192][193] ... Breast cancer[edit]. Antiandrogens such as bicalutamide, enzalutamide, and abiraterone acetate are under investigation for the ... In males, the major side effects of antiandrogens are demasculinization and feminization.[82] These side effects include breast ...
BHLHE41
Breast Cancer[edit]. BHLHE41 is thought to be a critical regulator of the metastasis of triple-negative-breast cancer (TNBC).[ ... Piccolo S, Enzo E, Montagner M (August 2013). "p63, Sharp1, and HIFs: master regulators of metastasis in triple-negative breast ... Breast cancer tumors that show high expression of BHLHE41 and CyclinG2 are believed to have a lower metastatic risk.[37][38] ... "SHARP1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by promoting degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors". Nature. 487 (7407): 380-4. ...
Coenzyme Q10
breast. 8-17 thigh 24-25 wing 11 Fish sardine. 5-64 ...
Estradiol, Tamoxifen, and Flaxseed Alter IL-1 beta and IL-1Ra Levels in Normal Human Breast Tissue in Vivo
Expression of estrogen receptors in a normal human breast epithelial cell type with luminal and stem cell characteristics and...
The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone...
Cyclin gene expression and growth control in normal and neoplastic human breast epithelium | Garvan Institute of Medical...
Breast size procedures, Information about Breast size procedures
Health Zones: Researchers Spot New Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Breast Density Alone Found Not to Be a Factor for Breast Cancer Risk - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
The Difference in Presentation Level of Variant Receptors in Female Breast Tissue in Macromastia and Micromastia - Full Text...
Plus it
Breast density does not influence breast cancer death among breast cance... ( The risk of dying from breast cancer...)
Molecular analysis of the p14 ARF-hdm2-p53 regulatory pathway in breast carcinoma | 
Discovery of Early Markers of Breast Cancer | Dr Susan Love Foundation
Global Breast Cancer Market 2014-2018: ReportsnReports.com - Market Research Reports Library
Global Breast Biopsy Market size and Key Trends in terms of volume and value 2014-2020 by SyndicateMarketResearch.Com -...
Know your breasts - Canadian Cancer Society
Evaluation of the association between quantitative mammographic density and breast cancer occurred in different quadrants | BMC...
HON - News : Joan Lunden's Breast Cancer Journey: 'You Feel So Vulnerable'
The role of the androgen receptor and hydroxysteroid 17β dehydrogenase in breast cancer : Impact on tamoxifen treatment
Breast cancer in men - National Breast Cancer Foundation (NBCF) | Donate Online
Study Finds Genomic Differences Between Breast Cancers in Black and White Women
Researchers find link between bacterial imbalances and breast cancer
Breast Cancer Action Urges Women to Ask Questions Before They Participate in Breast Cancer Walks and Runs | Breast Cancer Action
Tailoring breast cancer screening intervals by breast density and risk for women aged 50 years or older: Collaborative modeling...
NCCN Guidelines for Patients® | Stage 0 Breast Cancer
Frontiers | Potential of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Characterization of Malignant, Benign, and Healthy Breast Tissues...
Can You Increase Breast Size With Diet? | Livestrong.com
Grade Dependent Expression of Growth Factor Receptors and Signaling Molecules in Breast Cancer
Decreased expression of annexin A1 is correlated with breast cancer development and progression as determined by a tissue...
How to increase breast size: 5 quick tips to enlarge your breasts without surgery - India.com
Breast Cancer - John Muir Health
Plus it
"Evaluation of an improved algorithm for producing realistic 3D breast " by K. Bliznakova, Sankararaman Suryanarayanan et al.
The quality of life in patients treated for breast cancer. A case report - Chirurgia 2013 June;26(3):259-62 - Minerva Medica -...
Breast Cancer UK - New study linking light at night to breast cancer | Breast Cancer UK
Patent US5555885 - Examination of breast tissue using time-resolved spectroscopy - Google Patents
PET/MR identifies notable breast cancer imaging biomarkers
Breast MRI | Providence
Breast - North Eastern Surgery
How to Reduce Breast Size Fast at Home in 7 Days in Urdu
Galectin-7 Expression Potentiates HER-2-Positive Phenotype in Breast Cancer - Espace INRS
New insights into mechanisms of breast cancer development and resistance to therapy - Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News
Breast cancer X-ray - Stock Image M122/0176 - Science Photo Library
Multimodality Breast Imaging: Diagnosis and Treatment | (2013) | Ng | Publications | Spie
Aging | miR-106b-5p contributes to the lung metastasis of breast cancer via targeting CNN1 and regulating Rho/ROCK1 pathway -...
Potential effects of fertility treatments on breast density and cancer risk | EurekAlert! Science News
Editorials: Screening for Breast Cancer - American Family Physician
What is breast cancer and why does it happen?
Surgery | Breast cancer
Breast Uplift - LCAS
Online Reality Sensation Amber Torres Teaches Women How to Check Breasts for Lumps with Her Online Video | Jul 2, 2014 -...
Normal Breast Development and Changes | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library
Breast cancer (female) | B. C. Shah
Hypomethylation, repressive chromatin, and gene silencing in breast cancer
Types of Breast Cancer
Investigation of suspected breast cancer | The BMJ
Important Gene in Development of Breast Cancer Identified : News : Nature World News
Zuska's Disease: A Nipple Infection - Breast360.org | The American Society of Breast Surgeons Foundation
Aerobic Exercise Reduces Risk of Breast Cancer - Food Pyramid
breast implant augmentation
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia - a benign and rare tumor of the breast in an adolescent: a case report. | Physician's...
Archive: October 2016 Use of Radioactive Seed to Localize Non-Palpable Breast Cancer - Department of Surgery - UW-Madison
Prophylactic Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction - How Prophylactic Mastectomies Work | HowStuffWorks
China Breast Reduction Breast Augumentation Breast Reconstruction Surgery Silicone Gel Sheet - China Silicone Scar Gel, Breast...
Breast Augmentation and Breast Implants Information Resources on The Internet
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status and cancer family history of Danish women affected with multifocal or bilateral breast cancer...
Breast Augmentation Virginia, Maryland, Washington DC - Breast Lift Surgery, Breast Implants, & Breast Enlargement Surgeon.
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
... fibrocystic breast disease is more a characteristic of the breast than a disease. It is often more prominent during ovulation ... Having fibrocystic breasts does not place women at a higher or lower risk of developing breast cancer. ... https://www.healthcentral.com/condition/fibrocystic-breast-disease. Fibrocystic Breast Disease. Fibrocystic Breast Disease. ... fibrocystic breast disease is more a characteristic of the breast than a disease. It is often more prominent during ovulation ...
https://www.healthcentral.com/condition/fibrocystic-breast-disease
Fibrocystic Breast Changes | Healing Centers | Healing Centers | Healthways, Inc.
... almost half of all women develop some degree of a condition called fibrocystic breast syndrome (FBS) in which their breast ... Learn About Fibrocystic Breast Changes What are Fibrocystic Breast Changes?. Key Symptoms. What Causes Fibrocystic Breast ... What are Fibrocystic Breast Changes? Many women experience the breast pain and lumps that doctors call fibrocystic breast ... What are Fibrocystic Breast Changes?. Key Symptoms. What Causes Fibrocystic Breast Changes?. Conventional Treatments. ...
http://www.wholehealthmd.com/main/healing-centers/38.aspx?page=supplements
Silicone Gel Breast Implants Manufactured by Poly Implant Prosthese (PIP)
Breast implants manufactured by PIP have been filled with a non-approved silicone gel. The use of non-approved silicone gel may ... Testing of the breast implants by regulators in France, Australia, and the UK has found no evidence of toxicity with the filler ... It is believed the filling of the implants with the non-approved gel commenced in 2001, so all PIP breast implants manufactured ... To date there have been no device notifications to the database for breast implants manufactured or filled by PIP. Medsafe ...
http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/hot/RecallActionNoticesNew/SiliconeBreastImplantsPIP.asp
Breast implant legal definition of breast implant
What is breast implant? Meaning of breast implant as a legal term. What does breast implant mean in law? ... Definition of breast implant in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Report of the committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants (IOM).. Reconstruction ... Planned radiation therapy to the breast following breast implant placement. FDA Approves 28 Additional Styles Of Allergans ...
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/breast+implant
Fibrocystic Breast Disease « Body & Body Image « Sexual Health
It may not be breast cancer; it could be a Fibrocystic Breast Condition. ... It is not related to breast cancer in any way. Feeling a lump can be very scary and concerning. You need to seek the advice of ... Fibrocystic breast disease. It really isnt a disease at all. ... It can occur in just one breast or both breasts. You many have ... Symptoms of fibrocystic breasts include pain or discomfort in the breasts. You may or may not have lumps present. The breasts ...
https://www.edenfantasys.com/sexis/sex-health/fibrocystic-breast-disease/print/
FRENCH WOMEN BURN THEIR BREAST IMPLANTS | Weekly World News
At least 250 women with breast implants have already scheduled breast implant removals for the first week of January. Heres ... Tags: breast implants, burn bras, burn implants, feminists, French, French women, fuel additive, PIP, Poly Implant Prothese, ... The French government is expected to hold a news conference this week to announce whether it will pay for the removal of breast ... "Yes, some women want breasts implants because they want to feel better about themselves, but most women get them in order to ...
http://weeklyworldnews.com/headlines/41881/french-women-burn-their-breast-implants/
Physiotherapy treatments for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a literature review
... Physiotherapy treatments for breast cancer- ... Breast cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women. Surgery is part of the therapeutic process to prevent metastases ...
http://atlaschiro.com/physiotherapy-treatments-for-breast-cancer-related-lymphedema-a-literature-review/Fibrocystic Breasts, Caffeine and Estrogen - DrDonnica.com - The First Name in Women's Health
I had read that fibrocystic breasts can be caused by consuming caffeine, but my doctor didn t tell me to stop. Should I? Can ... Fibrocystic Breasts, Caffeine and Estrogen Q: I recently had a stereotactic biopsy done on my right breast after my routine ... with fibrocystic breasts do not have a higher incidence of breast cancer than women without fibrocystic breasts. You should ... Will I be in greater danger from breast cancer now?. I would really appreciate hearing from you. I read your column in First ...
http://drdonnica.com/faqs/00006069.htm
Silicone breast implants: an oncologic perspective. - MyScienc...
... the FDA decided that silicone gel-filled breast implants would be available only through controlle ... The safety of silicone breast implants had been called into question after several reports of a possible association between ... In 1992, the FDA decided that silicone gel-filled breast implants would be available only through controlled clinical studies, ... This article reviews current scientific evidence on the safety of silicone gel-filled breast implants. Issues pertinent to ...
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/silicone-breast-implants-oncologic-perspective-0cd524b0
E breast implants
Breast Augmentation Los Angeles Pasadena Breast,Breast Actives,Breast Implants Before and After Photos Augmentation Pics,Breast ... Tags:Botched Patients Leaking 4000cc Implants Are a Breast,Breast implant Wikipedia,Breast Implants Which Type Shape and Size ... Augmentation Connecticut Breast Implants,How to Choose Between Silicone and Saline Breast Implants,Breast Implants Injury ... Is for You,Breast Implants Enlargement Surgery In Bangkok Thailand, ...
http://bibliya.info/e-breast-implantsBreast Implants and Cancer of the Immune System (ALCL): A History of Who Knew What When - Stop Cancer Fund
It is important to understand that even when ALCL is in the breast, it is not breast cancer, but rather a cancer of the immune ... Although plastic surgeons and breast implant manufacturers admit that breast implants can cause ALCL, they claimed it was very ... For many years, women with breast implants were assured by implant companies, plastic surgeons, and the FDA that breast ... Mazzucco, Anna, Ph.D and Zuckerman, Diana, Ph.D. "ALCL and Breast Implants: 2017 Update." Breast Implant Information. Web. ...
http://stopcancerfund.org/pz-other-cancers/breast-implants-and-cancer-of-the-immune-system/
Breast implants - Part 2
Breast lift, Breast revision surgery and tagged breast augmentation, breast implants, breast lift, breast revision on December ... Breast lift, Breast revision surgery and tagged breast augmentation, breast implant exchange, breast implants, breast lift, ... Breast lift, Breast revision surgery and tagged breast augmentation, breast implant exchange, breast implant size, breast ... Breast lift, Breast revision surgery and tagged breast augmentation, breast implant exchange, breast implant size, breast ...
http://breastrevisionsanfrancisco.com/category/breast-implants/page/2/
Silicone Implant Rupture - Utah Breast Implants
Although silicone breast implants are durable and strong, ruptures do occur. The diagnosis of silicone breast implant rupture ... Implant manufacturers warranty silicone breast implants which can help significantly with the costs of silicone breast implant ... Once a rupture is suspected, breast implant imaging such as MRI or ultrasound can be helpful to confirm the rupture. Unlike ... There is controversy regarding the best protocol for surveillance of silicone breast implants. The FDA is recommending frequent ...
http://utahbreastimplants.com/breast-implant-revision/silicone-implant-rupture/
Saline Breast Implants - Hess Plastic Surgery
But the silicone elastomer breast implant has emerged as the only FDA approved device for breast augmentation. After the breast ... Saline Breast Implants. Many different materials have been inserted into womens breasts to increase their size, such as ... Saline breast implants tend to feel more firm when initially placed. But over the course of several months they do soften and ... Saline breast implants have a shell made of silicone elastomer; the same shell used for silicone implants. These implants are ...
http://www.hessplasticsurgery.com/saline-breast-implants/Jacksonville - Dow Corning Breast Implant Lawyer Helpline
Breast Implant Helpline, Dow Corning Trust Breast Implant Claims. *Breast Implant Lawyers Can Help You, Breast Implant Helpline ... Breast Implant Blog. * Dow Corning Breast Implant Litigation Lawyers: Breast Implant Lawyers Accepting Dow Corning Breast ... Breast Implant, Lawyers Accepting Cases for Dow Corning Breast Implants. * News On Breast Surgery, Breast Implant Claim ... Silicone Breast Implant Lawyers, Silicone Breast Implant Class Action * Dow Settlement Lawyers, Breast Implant Lawyer, Breast ...
http://breastimplanthelpline.com/tag/jacksonville/Silicone Breast Implants Are Back!! - HerHealthMatters | HerHealthMatters
The FDA has had a love-hate relationship with silicone breast implants since the 90s when they were thought to cause a myriad ... The third company to launch silicone breast implants post ban is California-based Sientra. Johnson and Johnson And Allergan, ... of diseases including breast cancer and lupus. The concerns have not been sufficiently validated in any study and the implants ...
http://herhealthmatters.org/inthenews/silicone-breast-implants-are-back/
The Truth about Silicone Breast Implants | BeFrilly
Silicone Breast Implants (Dont) Pop. There is a 0.5% chance that your silicone breast implants will pop or rupture over the ... Silicone Breast Implants Arent Permanent. When you opt for silicone breast implants youre going to have a natural looking ... Silicone Breast Implants Are Safe. Often women dont think silicone breast implants are safe. Theyve heard about problems that ... Silicone gets a bad rap when it comes to breast implants. Years ago when silicone breast implants were first introduced, they ...
http://www.befrilly.com/the-truth-about-silicone-breast-implants
Breast Cancer | VitalSigns | CDC
Black women have the highest death rates of all racial and ethnic groups and are 40% more likely to die of breast cancer than ... Breast cancer deaths are going down the fastest among white women compared to women of other races and ethnicities. ... Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States (2005-2009). ... Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States (2005-2009). Breast cancer deaths ...
https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/breastcancer/index.htmlBreast Cancer | VitalSigns | CDC
Black women have the highest death rates of all racial and ethnic groups and are 40% more likely to die of breast cancer than ... Breast cancer deaths are going down the fastest among white women compared to women of other races and ethnicities. ... Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States (2005-2009). ... Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States (2005-2009). Breast cancer deaths ...
https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/BreastCancer/
Jaundice and breastfeeding: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
There are two common problems that may occur in newborns receiving breast milk. ... At times, jaundice occurs when your baby does not get enough breast milk, instead of from the breast milk itself. This is ... Sometimes, jaundice occurs when your baby does not get enough breast milk, instead of from the breast milk itself. This kind of ... Breast milk jaundice is seen after the first week of life. It is likely caused by:. *Factors in a mothers milk that help a ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000995.htm
New Study Says Breast Cancer Is 11 Different Diseases, Allowing Researchers To Predict Relapse
A new study which followed 2,000 women with breast cancer for twenty-years post-diagnosis has revealed that breast cancer is ... "Treatments for breast cancer have improved dramatically in recent years, but unfortunately for some women, their breast cancer ... "Treatments for breast cancer have improved dramatically in recent years, but unfortunately for some women, their breast cancer ... "In this study, weve delved deeper into breast molecular subtypes so we can more accurately identify who might be at risk of ...
https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2019/03/14/new-study-says-breast-cancer-is-11-different-diseases-each-with-a-different-chance-of-relapse/
Breast Cancer Awareness Month - National Breast Cancer Foundation
Join us in helping women now! Share your story, get a free breast health guide, and help spread awareness online. ... Dense Breasts Guide. Nearly half of all women 40 and older have dense breasts. In honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month, we ... Breast Cancer Awareness Month October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, an annual campaign to increase awareness of the disease ... Breast cancer doesnt run in my family; it sprints. Now it was my turn, and I was determined to defeat this. I couldnt change ...
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Breast cancer support charity | Breast Cancer Care
Breast Cancer Care is a UK charity providing support for people living with and beyond breast cancer. Find out how to receive ... 2019 Breast Cancer Care.. Breast Cancer Care is a working name of Breast Cancer Care and Breast Cancer Now, a company limited ... Our merger with Breast Cancer Now We have united to create one charity for everyone affected by breast cancer. ... Breast Cancer Care helped me live my life when cancer was busy trying to take it away. And, for that, Ill be forever grateful ...
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Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society
For advanced breast cancer: Chemo can be used as the main treatment for women whose cancer has spread outside the breast and ... See Breast Cancer Gene Expression Tests for more information. Which chemotherapy drugs are used for breast cancer?. In most ... Chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. Chemo drugs useful in treating women with breast cancer that has spread include:. * ... For breast cancer patients, the central line is typically placed on the opposite side of the breast that had surgery. ...
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy-for-breast-cancer.html
Breast Augmentation
... involves using breast implants or fat transfer to increase the size of your breasts. ... Breast augmentation, sometimes referred to as a boob job by patients, ... What breast augmentation surgery cant do. Breast augmentation does not correct severely drooping breasts. A breast lift may be ... Breast augmentation, sometimes referred to as a "breast aug" or "boob job" by patients, involves using breast implants or fat ...
https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/breast-augmentation
- The Food and Drug Administration is asking health care professionals to report any confirmed cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in women with silicone gel- or saline-filled breast implants , citing concerns about a possible association. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Steven Teitelbaum, a plastic surgeon in Santa Monica, said levies on face-lifts and breast implants would hit women harder than men. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Safety of Silicone Breast Implants , Report of the committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants (IOM). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Mathes of the University of California, San Francisco points out that most women who get breast implants are satisfied with the result. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Silicone breast implants: an oncologic perspective. (mysciencework.com)
- In 1992, the FDA decided that silicone gel-filled breast implants would be available only through controlled clinical studies, despite the fact that they had been used for mammoplasty in millions of women around the world for more than 30 years. (mysciencework.com)
- The safety of silicone breast implants had been called into question after several reports of a possible association between the implants and the subsequent development of connective tissue diseases. (mysciencework.com)
- This article reviews current scientific evidence on the safety of silicone gel-filled breast implants. (mysciencework.com)
- These include the possible carcinogenic effect of silicone gel, the safety of irradiating breasts with silicone implants, and the ability to mammographically image the implanted breast. (mysciencework.com)
- New products should provide meaningful benefits for patients, and the IDEAL IMPLANT satisfies an unmet need in the breast implant marketplace," said Dr. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In summary, what is the regulatory status of the breast implant manufacturers? (thefreedictionary.com)
- The experience with and the debate over the silicone gel breast implant underscores the fact that precious little can be assumed with even the seemingly most simple device. (thefreedictionary.com)
- 5) This article, co-authored by the former director of FDA's Office of Women's Health, Dr Susan Wood, and a former president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Dr Scott Spear, is a crucial contribution to the literature on breast implant safety. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Breast tissue retains fluid and grows larger. (healthcentral.com)
- There are other hormones that affect breast tissue also. (edenfantasys.com)
- Having fibrocystic breasts does not place women at a higher or lower risk of developing breast cancer. (healthcentral.com)
- Atypical hyperplasia is associated with a fivefold increase in breast cancer risk and is found in an estimated 4 to 10 percent of women with lumpy breasts. (healthcentral.com)
- It is not related to breast cancer in any way. (edenfantasys.com)
- The main problem with the fibrocystic breasts is the threat of breast cancer. (edenfantasys.com)
- Actually, the fibrocystic breast can make breast cancer difficult to detect. (edenfantasys.com)
- If a woman's breasts are fibrocystic, diagnostic tests in addition to a screen mammography may be necessary in order to rule out an underlying breast cancer. (edenfantasys.com)
- The doctor will examine the breasts and sometimes recommend a mammogram, an ultrasound exam and (rarely) a needle aspiration. (healthcentral.com)
- Symptoms of fibrocystic breasts include pain or discomfort in the breasts. (edenfantasys.com)
- Women on hormone replacement therapy may have an increase in symptoms of fibrocystic breasts. (edenfantasys.com)
- Multiple small cysts and an increasing level of breast pain commonly develop when a woman hits her 30s. (healthcentral.com)
- Fibrocystic breast disease is actually a common phrase used to describe painful lumpy breasts. (edenfantasys.com)
- There are no specific treatments for fibrocystic breast disease, other than those to minimize discomfort. (healthcentral.com)
- Bromocriptine reduces prolactin release and suppresses breast milk production after pregnancy . (healthcentral.com)
- Also called fibrocystic condition, fibrocystic change or cystic mastitis, fibrocystic breast disease is more a characteristic of the breast than a disease. (healthcentral.com)
- Fibrocystic breast disease is usually diagnosed when a patient goes to her doctor for a checkup or seeks help for pain, tenderness or a lump that was probably discovered during breast self-examination. (healthcentral.com)
- Rather than calling it a disease many health care professionals will refer to it as fibrocystic changes or fibrocystic breast condition. (edenfantasys.com)
- Each month, the breasts respond to the cyclic peaks and troughs of estrogen and progesterone. (healthcentral.com)
- The cause of fibrocystic breast change is not known, but the symptoms and signs are linked to a woman's hormone patterns. (healthcentral.com)
- Treatment for fibrocystic breast condition include: use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, increased intake of vitamin C and E, and decreasing caffeine and fat intake. (edenfantasys.com)
