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Brain ChemistryBrain InjuriesBrain NeoplasmsBrain MappingBrainBrain EdemaBrain StemBrain IschemiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingBrain AbscessNeuronsHypoxia, BrainBlood-Brain BarrierCerebral CortexBrain Damage, ChronicBrain InfarctionRats, Sprague-DawleyDeep Brain StimulationImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNerve Tissue ProteinsHippocampusTissue DistributionCerebrovascular CirculationTime FactorsDisease Models, AnimalBrain WavesAlzheimer DiseaseCerebellumAstrocytesAnimals, NewbornRats, WistarMice, Inbred C57BLImmunohistochemistryNeural PathwaysRNA, MessengerBrain Injury, ChronicNerve NetElectroencephalographyBehavior, AnimalAgingMolecular Sequence DataGliomaAtrophyOrgan SpecificityFrontal LobeBrain ConcussionAnalysis of VarianceEncephalitisCognitionModels, NeurologicalFunctional LateralityCerebral VentriclesNeuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceNeuroimagingNeurogliaMice, TransgenicNeuropsychological TestsNatriuretic Peptide, BrainAmyloid beta-PeptidesAutoradiographyRats, Inbred StrainsMice, KnockoutBrain Diseases, MetabolicImage Interpretation, Computer-AssistedHypothalamusCells, CulturedIn Situ HybridizationThalamusCognition DisordersCentral Nervous SystemCorpus StriatumNeuronal PlasticityStereotaxic TechniquesMemoryDopamineBase SequenceOxygenBrain Tissue TransplantationAstrocytomaGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinPrefrontal CortexProsencephalonSeptum of BrainNeurogenesisSerotoninDose-Response Relationship, DrugOrgan SizeCerebral InfarctionGene ExpressionGene Expression RegulationPsychomotor PerformanceGlioblastomaImaging, Three-DimensionalBlotting, WesternTelencephalonMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCaudate NucleusReproducibility of ResultsSeizuresPostmortem ChangesDiffusion Magnetic Resonance ImagingTomography, Emission-ComputedCerebrumReaction TimeTemporal LobeAmygdalaGlutamic AcidNeurodegenerative DiseasesMaze LearningNerve DegenerationKineticsSignal TransductionPhotic StimulationCloning, MolecularParietal LobeCattleAlgorithmsFetusNerve Fibers, MyelinatedImage EnhancementDiffusion Tensor ImagingGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalCarbon RadioisotopesAmyloid beta-Protein PrecursorInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryBehaviorPregnancyAnatomy, ArtisticGyrus CinguliBody TemperatureNervous System DiseasesMesencephalonChoroid PlexusDiencephalontau ProteinsLimbic SystemSynapsesDNA, ComplementaryCorpus CallosumNeuropeptidesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidMicrodialysisReference ValuesAge FactorsModels, BiologicalSex CharacteristicsSchizophreniaHydroxyindoleacetic AcidNeurotransmitter AgentsTomography, X-Ray ComputedCerebral HemorrhageMagnetoencephalographySensitivity and SpecificityFunctional NeuroimagingIschemic Attack, TransientAxonsAutopsyParkinson DiseaseStrokeSpecies SpecificitySpinal CordLiverMembrane ProteinsRadiopharmaceuticalsIntracranial PressureRats, Long-EvansGlucoseAquaporin 4Cerebrospinal FluidConnectomeSynaptic TransmissionRewardGlasgow Coma ScaleGerbillinaeTomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonPeptide FragmentsOccipital LobePutamenNeurosciencesCell LineChromatography, High Pressure LiquidOximesVisual PerceptionCell CountRats, Inbred F344Lateral VentriclesMemory DisordersCranial IrradiationNeuropilMutationMyelin SheathSequence Homology, Amino AcidCase-Control StudiesEpendymaAspartic AcidHypothermia, InducedCarrier ProteinsPonsElectric StimulationCell Death
Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.Brain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Brain Edema: Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Brain Abscess: A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Hypoxia, Brain: A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Brain Damage, Chronic: A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.Brain Infarction: Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Deep Brain Stimulation: Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS, especially PARKINSON DISEASE, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS. The electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Nerve Tissue ProteinsHippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Brain Waves: Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG.Alzheimer Disease: A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Mice, Inbred C57BLImmunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Brain Injury, Chronic: Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Glioma: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Frontal Lobe: The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.Brain Concussion: A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Encephalitis: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Cerebral Ventricles: Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Neuroimaging: Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.Autoradiography: The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Brain Diseases, Metabolic: Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted: Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Stereotaxic Techniques: Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Brain Tissue Transplantation: Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.Astrocytoma: Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.Prosencephalon: The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)Septum of Brain: GRAY MATTER structures of the telencephalon and LIMBIC SYSTEM in the brain, but containing widely varying definitions among authors. Included here is the cortical septal area, subcortical SEPTAL NUCLEI, and the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM.Neurogenesis: Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.Imaging, Three-Dimensional: The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Telencephalon: The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."Postmortem Changes: Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.Tomography, Emission-Computed: Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.Cerebrum: Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.Maze Learning: Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Fetus: The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Image Enhancement: Improvement of the quality of a picture by various techniques, including computer processing, digital filtering, echocardiographic techniques, light and ultrastructural MICROSCOPY, fluorescence spectrometry and microscopy, scintigraphy, and in vitro image processing at the molecular level.Diffusion Tensor Imaging: The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor: A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery: NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.Behavior: The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Anatomy, Artistic: The study of the structures of organisms for applications in art: drawing, painting, sculpture, illustration, etc.Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.Mesencephalon: The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.tau Proteins: Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.Hydroxyindoleacetic AcidNeurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Tomography, X-Ray Computed: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.Magnetoencephalography: The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Functional Neuroimaging: Methods for visualizing REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM using various imaging modalities.Ischemic Attack, Transient: Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body.Parkinson Disease: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Radiopharmaceuticals: Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Aquaporin 4: Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.Cerebrospinal Fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.Connectome: A comprehensive map of the physical interconnections of an organism's neural networks. This modular organization of neuronal architecture is believed to underlie disease mechanisms and the biological development of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.Glasgow Coma Scale: A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.Gerbillinae: A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon: A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Occipital Lobe: Posterior portion of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES responsible for processing visual sensory information. It is located posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus and extends to the preoccipital notch.Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS.Neurosciences: The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Oximes: Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.Rats, Inbred F344Lateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.Cranial Irradiation: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes.Neuropil: A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.Hypothermia, Induced: Abnormally low BODY TEMPERATURE that is intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means. In humans, mild or moderate hypothermia has been used to reduce tissue damages, particularly after cardiac or spinal cord injuries and during subsequent surgeries.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Pons: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Brain ChemistryBrain InjuriesBrain NeoplasmsBrain MappingBrainBrain EdemaBrain StemBrain IschemiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingBrain AbscessNeuronsHypoxia, BrainBlood-Brain BarrierCerebral CortexBrain Damage, ChronicBrain InfarctionRats, Sprague-DawleyDeep Brain StimulationImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNerve Tissue ProteinsHippocampusTissue DistributionCerebrovascular CirculationTime FactorsDisease Models, AnimalBrain WavesAlzheimer DiseaseCerebellumAstrocytesAnimals, NewbornRats, WistarMice, Inbred C57BLImmunohistochemistryNeural PathwaysRNA, MessengerBrain Injury, ChronicNerve NetElectroencephalographyBehavior, AnimalAgingMolecular Sequence DataGliomaAtrophyOrgan SpecificityFrontal LobeBrain ConcussionAnalysis of VarianceEncephalitisCognitionModels, NeurologicalFunctional LateralityCerebral VentriclesNeuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceNeuroimagingNeurogliaMice, TransgenicNeuropsychological TestsNatriuretic Peptide, BrainAmyloid beta-PeptidesAutoradiographyRats, Inbred StrainsMice, KnockoutBrain Diseases, MetabolicImage Interpretation, Computer-AssistedHypothalamusCells, CulturedIn Situ HybridizationThalamusCognition DisordersCentral Nervous SystemCorpus StriatumNeuronal PlasticityStereotaxic TechniquesMemoryDopamineBase SequenceOxygenBrain Tissue TransplantationAstrocytomaGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinPrefrontal CortexProsencephalonSeptum of BrainNeurogenesisSerotoninDose-Response Relationship, DrugOrgan SizeCerebral InfarctionGene ExpressionGene Expression RegulationPsychomotor PerformanceGlioblastomaImaging, Three-DimensionalBlotting, WesternTelencephalonMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCaudate NucleusReproducibility of ResultsSeizuresPostmortem ChangesDiffusion Magnetic Resonance ImagingTomography, Emission-ComputedCerebrumReaction TimeTemporal LobeAmygdalaGlutamic AcidNeurodegenerative DiseasesMaze LearningNerve DegenerationKineticsSignal TransductionPhotic StimulationCloning, MolecularParietal LobeCattleAlgorithmsFetusNerve Fibers, MyelinatedImage EnhancementDiffusion Tensor ImagingGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalCarbon RadioisotopesAmyloid beta-Protein PrecursorInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryBehaviorPregnancyAnatomy, ArtisticGyrus CinguliBody TemperatureNervous System DiseasesMesencephalonChoroid PlexusDiencephalontau ProteinsLimbic SystemSynapsesDNA, ComplementaryCorpus CallosumNeuropeptidesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidMicrodialysisReference ValuesAge FactorsModels, BiologicalSex CharacteristicsSchizophreniaHydroxyindoleacetic AcidNeurotransmitter AgentsTomography, X-Ray ComputedCerebral HemorrhageMagnetoencephalographySensitivity and SpecificityFunctional NeuroimagingIschemic Attack, TransientAxonsAutopsyParkinson DiseaseStrokeSpecies SpecificitySpinal CordLiverMembrane ProteinsRadiopharmaceuticalsIntracranial PressureRats, Long-EvansGlucoseAquaporin 4Cerebrospinal FluidConnectomeSynaptic TransmissionRewardGlasgow Coma ScaleGerbillinaeTomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonPeptide FragmentsOccipital LobePutamenNeurosciencesCell LineChromatography, High Pressure LiquidOximesVisual PerceptionCell CountRats, Inbred F344Lateral VentriclesMemory DisordersCranial IrradiationNeuropilMutationMyelin SheathSequence Homology, Amino AcidCase-Control StudiesEpendymaAspartic AcidHypothermia, InducedCarrier ProteinsPonsElectric StimulationCell Death
Cancer and nauseaCancer and nausea
Anticipatory nausea and vomiting may also occur. Nausea and vomiting may lead to further medical conditions and complications ... Efferent outputs which transmit the information from the brain leading to the motoric response of retching and vomiting include ... anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), and radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (RINV). Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) ... A common consequence of cancer treatment is the development of anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV). This kind of nausea is ...
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomitingChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
There are various sources of input to the vomiting center. Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain ... occurring despite prophylactic treatment Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, or anxiety related to ... Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments. Nausea and vomiting are two ... vomiting). The risk of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting varies based on the type of treatment received, as well as ...
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomitingChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
There are various sources of input to the vomiting center. Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain ... Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, or anxiety related to chemotherapy ... Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments. Nausea and vomiting are two ... which have demonstrated that aprepitant can penetrate the brain and NK1 receptors in the brain.[11] It has also been shown to ...
SerotoninSerotonin
ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8. The raphe nuclei group of neurons are located along the brain stem from the labels 'Mid Brain' to ' ... Drugs that block 5HT3 are very effective in controlling the nausea and vomiting produced by cancer treatment, and are ... But, unlike in worms, serotonin does not increase anticipatory behaviour in humans; instead, the serotonin released while ... Johnson DJ, Sanderson H, Brain RA, Wilson CJ, Solomon KR; Sanderson; Brain; Wilson; Solomon (2007). "Toxicity and hazard of ...
Multiple chemical sensitivityMultiple chemical sensitivity
People who suffer from MCS may have a neurological dysfunction in the odor-processing areas of the brain or otherwise have an ... symptoms such as anticipatory nausea when they encounter certain odors or other perceived triggers. Affected individuals may ... vomiting, diarrhea, joint pains, vertigo/dizziness, abnormally acute sense of smell (hyperosmia), sensitivity to natural plant ... 35-42 Orriols R, Costa R, Cuberas G, Jacas C, Castell J, Sunyer J (October 2009). "Brain dysfunction in multiple chemical ...
Separation anxiety disorderSeparation anxiety disorder
The severity of the symptoms ranges from anticipatory uneasiness to full-blown anxiety about separation. SAD may cause ... vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated Separation anxiety is common for infants ... in maternal stress physiologic response to mother-toddler separation as well as lower maternal neural activity in the brain ...
Syncope (medicine)Syncope (medicine)
It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain, usually from low blood pressure. There are sometimes symptoms before the ... vomiting, or coughing. This type of syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the carotid sinus is pressed. The ... and to help patients identify how they might be avoiding activities of daily living due to anticipatory anxiety in relation to ... The central ischaemic response is triggered by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood in the brain. The respiratory system ...
SerotoninSerotonin
The raphe nuclei group of neurons are located along the brain stem from the labels 'Mid Brain' to 'Oblongata', centered on the ... This activates 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone that stimulate vomiting.[50] Thus, drugs and toxins stimulate ... But, unlike in worms, serotonin does not increase anticipatory behaviour in humans; instead, the serotonin released while ... The neurons of the raphe nuclei are the principal source of 5-HT release in the brain.[33] There are nine raphe nuclei, ...
List of MeSH codes (C23)List of MeSH codes (C23)
... postoperative nausea and vomiting MeSH C23.888.821.937.080 --- vomiting, anticipatory MeSH C23.888.852.079 --- anoxia MeSH ... brain death MeSH C23.550.260.224 --- cadaver MeSH C23.550.260.224.617 --- postmortem changes MeSH C23.550.260.224.617.236 --- ... postoperative nausea and vomiting MeSH C23.888.821.937 --- vomiting MeSH C23.888.821.937.019 --- hematemesis MeSH C23.888. ... postoperative nausea and vomiting MeSH C23.550.767.863 --- postpericardiotomy syndrome MeSH C23.550.767.865 --- prosthesis ...
Pediatric psychologyPediatric psychology
Simon, T.D.; Phibbs, S.; Dickinson, L.M.; Kempe, A.; Steiner, J.F.; Davidson, A.J.; Hambidge, SJ (2006). "Less anticipatory ... Pediatric HIV/AIDS Pediatric burns Feeding and vomiting problems Childhood obesity Eating disorders Elimination disorders (e.g ... developmental issues Pediatric asthma Cystic fibrosis Diabetes mellitus Sickle-cell disease Pediatric oncology Traumatic brain ... "Randomized trial of enhanced anticipatory guidance for injury prevention". Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 155 ...
HomeostasisHomeostasis
The brain can regulate blood flow over a range of blood pressure values by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the arteries.[ ... Predictive homeostasis is an anticipatory response to an expected challenge in the future, such as the stimulation of insulin ... vomiting, normal feces and especially diarrhea) are all hypotonic, meaning that they are less salty than the body fluids ( ... Mammals regulate their core temperature using input from thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus, brain,[13][24] spinal cord, ...
Multiple chemical sensitivityMultiple chemical sensitivity
People who suffer from MCS may have a neurological dysfunction in the odor-processing areas of the brain[21][non-primary source ... symptoms such as anticipatory nausea when they encounter certain odors or other perceived triggers.[17] Affected individuals ... vomiting, diarrhea, joint pains, vertigo/dizziness, abnormally acute sense of smell (hyperosmia), sensitivity to natural plant ... Orriols R, Costa R, Cuberas G, Jacas C, Castell J, Sunyer J (October 2009). "Brain dysfunction in multiple chemical sensitivity ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Brain ChemistryBrain InjuriesBrain NeoplasmsBrain MappingBrainBrain EdemaBrain StemBrain IschemiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingBrain AbscessNeuronsHypoxia, BrainBlood-Brain BarrierCerebral CortexBrain Damage, ChronicBrain InfarctionRats, Sprague-DawleyDeep Brain StimulationImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNerve Tissue ProteinsHippocampusTissue DistributionCerebrovascular CirculationTime FactorsDisease Models, AnimalBrain WavesAlzheimer DiseaseCerebellumAstrocytesAnimals, NewbornRats, WistarMice, Inbred C57BLImmunohistochemistryNeural PathwaysRNA, MessengerBrain Injury, ChronicNerve NetElectroencephalographyBehavior, AnimalAgingMolecular Sequence DataGliomaAtrophyOrgan SpecificityFrontal LobeBrain ConcussionAnalysis of VarianceEncephalitisCognitionModels, NeurologicalFunctional LateralityCerebral VentriclesNeuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceNeuroimagingNeurogliaMice, TransgenicNeuropsychological TestsNatriuretic Peptide, BrainAmyloid beta-PeptidesAutoradiographyRats, Inbred StrainsMice, KnockoutBrain Diseases, MetabolicImage Interpretation, Computer-AssistedHypothalamusCells, CulturedIn Situ HybridizationThalamusCognition DisordersCentral Nervous SystemCorpus StriatumNeuronal PlasticityStereotaxic TechniquesMemoryDopamineBase SequenceOxygenBrain Tissue TransplantationAstrocytomaGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinPrefrontal CortexProsencephalonSeptum of BrainNeurogenesisSerotoninDose-Response Relationship, DrugOrgan SizeCerebral InfarctionGene ExpressionGene Expression RegulationPsychomotor PerformanceGlioblastomaImaging, Three-DimensionalBlotting, WesternTelencephalonMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCaudate NucleusReproducibility of ResultsSeizuresPostmortem ChangesDiffusion Magnetic Resonance ImagingTomography, Emission-ComputedCerebrumReaction TimeTemporal LobeAmygdalaGlutamic AcidNeurodegenerative DiseasesMaze LearningNerve DegenerationKineticsSignal TransductionPhotic StimulationCloning, MolecularParietal LobeCattleAlgorithmsFetusNerve Fibers, MyelinatedImage EnhancementDiffusion Tensor ImagingGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalCarbon RadioisotopesAmyloid beta-Protein PrecursorInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryBehaviorPregnancyAnatomy, ArtisticGyrus CinguliBody TemperatureNervous System DiseasesMesencephalonChoroid PlexusDiencephalontau ProteinsLimbic SystemSynapsesDNA, ComplementaryCorpus CallosumNeuropeptidesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidMicrodialysisReference ValuesAge FactorsModels, BiologicalSex CharacteristicsSchizophreniaHydroxyindoleacetic AcidNeurotransmitter AgentsTomography, X-Ray ComputedCerebral HemorrhageMagnetoencephalographySensitivity and SpecificityFunctional NeuroimagingIschemic Attack, TransientAxonsAutopsyParkinson DiseaseStrokeSpecies SpecificitySpinal CordLiverMembrane ProteinsRadiopharmaceuticalsIntracranial PressureRats, Long-EvansGlucoseAquaporin 4Cerebrospinal FluidConnectomeSynaptic TransmissionRewardGlasgow Coma ScaleGerbillinaeTomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonPeptide FragmentsOccipital LobePutamenNeurosciencesCell LineChromatography, High Pressure LiquidOximesVisual PerceptionCell CountRats, Inbred F344Lateral VentriclesMemory DisordersCranial IrradiationNeuropilMutationMyelin SheathSequence Homology, Amino AcidCase-Control StudiesEpendymaAspartic AcidHypothermia, InducedCarrier ProteinsPonsElectric StimulationCell Death
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Vomiting is the differential diagnosis of brain damage can occur. The finding of a preparticipation physical exam form. ... Retroperitoneal edema has developed comprehensive health supervision visit is anticipatory guidance. A modified balanced salt ... If history and physical changes of the brain are most helpful part of the. Genetics is an aerobic gram-negative organisms. ... In extensive or contaminated wounds, antibiotic coverage as well as shift and pulmonary emboli fat embolism, brain injury, ...
nrha.org
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - WikipediaChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - Wikipedia
There are various sources of input to the vomiting center. Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain ... occurring despite prophylactic treatment Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, or anxiety related to ... Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments. Nausea and vomiting are two ... vomiting). The risk of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting varies based on the type of treatment received, as well as ...
en.wikipedia.org
Cancer and nausea - WikipediaCancer and nausea - Wikipedia
Anticipatory nausea and vomiting may also occur. Nausea and vomiting may lead to further medical conditions and complications ... Efferent outputs which transmit the information from the brain leading to the motoric response of retching and vomiting include ... anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), and radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (RINV). Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) ... A common consequence of cancer treatment is the development of anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV). This kind of nausea is ...
en.wikipedia.org
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in 41 adults: the illness, the patients, and problems of management | BMC Medicine | Full TextCyclic Vomiting Syndrome in 41 adults: the illness, the patients, and problems of management | BMC Medicine | Full Text
... vomiting and other symptoms, separated by intervals of comparative wellness. This report describes the clinical features, co- ... Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotypic episodes of incapacitating nausea, ... Deep sleep stops vomiting that originates in the brain and makes the patient insensible to nausea and other distress [48]. When ... McRonald FE, Fleisher DR: Anticipatory nausea in cyclical vomiting. BMC Pediatrics. 2005, 5 (1): 3. ...
bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com
Nausea and VomitingNausea and Vomiting
A specific location in the brain controls emesis (vomiting), called the vomiting center. Emesis occurs when the vomiting center ... What if I have anticipatory nausea and vomiting?. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting is poorly controlled with standard ... vomiting that occurs after 24 hours) and/or anticipatory. Anticipatory vomiting is a learned response, which means it happens ... This is because it blocks the NK1 receptor in the brain which helps with nausea and vomiting that persists beyond 2 days after ...
professional.cancerconsultants.com
Lung cancer symptoms, treatments & forums | PatientsLikeMeLung cancer symptoms, treatments & forums | PatientsLikeMe
chronic fatigue cyclic vomiting syndrome chronic fatigue cyclic vomiting syndrome hair loss nausea pressure headaches 3 more ... awkward taste in food benign paroxysmal positional vertigo bladder problems blisters on hands bowel problems brain fog brain ... weakness in limbs abdominal pain acid reflux agitation anemia anticipatory anxiety ... headaches metallic taste in mouth bad taste in mouth bone pain constant tiredness hair thinning joint pain nausea and vomiting ...
patientslikeme.com
Learn to Control the Nausea and Vomiting That Come With ChemoLearn to Control the Nausea and Vomiting That Come With Chemo
Nausea and vomiting are two of the most common side effects of chemotherapy treatment for cancer. Theyre also some of the ... This flips the on switch in a part of your brain called the vomiting center. It puts out chemicals that make you queasy. Chemo ... Anticipatory starts before you get chemo, because you expect to feel sick. ... National Comprehensive Cancer Network: "Nausea and Vomiting.". Lungcancer.org: "Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV ...
webmd.com
Gerd Kvale | Universitetet i BergenGerd Kvale | Universitetet i Bergen
1991. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 894-898. Vis ... 2007. An fMRI-study of brain activation to ontogenetic, phobic vs. phylogenetic, fear-relevant stimuli. Vis forfatter(e) ... 1991. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: In search of mediating mechanisms. International Journal of ... 1991. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: Differences in cardiovascular response patterns. Psychophysiology. ...
uib.no
Lerisetron Compared With Granisetron in Preventing Nausea and Vomiting in Men Being Treated With Radiation Therapy for Stage I...Lerisetron Compared With Granisetron in Preventing Nausea and Vomiting in Men Being Treated With Radiation Therapy for Stage I...
Antiemetic drugs may help to reduce or prevent nausea and vomiting in patients treated with radiation therapy. It is not yet ... DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: Diagnosis of stage I seminoma No clinical evidence of brain. metastases. PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS: Age ... serotonin antagonists No prior anticipatory emesis No communication impairments (e.g.,. language problem, poor mental ... hydrochloride in the prevention of radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting in men with. stage I testicular seminoma.. OUTLINE ...
knowcancer.com
Managing Side Effects, and Reconstructive Surgery and Rehabilitation - EverydayHealth.comManaging Side Effects, and Reconstructive Surgery and Rehabilitation - EverydayHealth.com
Acute nausea and vomiting: The drugs of choice for treating acute chemo-related nausea and vomiting are the serotonin ... Anticipatory nausea: Often doctors prescribe benzodiazepines such as Ativan (lorazepam) or Valium (diazepam) to prevent anxiety ... which work by keeping your brain from perceiving nausea. ... Nausea and Vomiting, and Eating Problems. There are three main ... Delayed nausea and vomiting: Steroids are often prescribed for nausea and vomiting that occur two to five days after ...
everydayhealth.com
Systemic Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Lung CancerSystemic Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer
Nausea and vomiting are caused by different impulses received from the digestive track and the brain. Anti-nausea medications ... anticipatory, breakthrough, or refractory nausea (Table 2). Different antiemetic drugs commonly are used in combination and may ... Nausea and Vomiting The most common side effect of chemotherapy is nausea and vomiting. ... www.ons.org/practice-resources/pep/chemotherapy-induced-nausea-and-vomiting/chemotherapy-induced-nausea-and vomiting. ...
lungcancercap.org
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - WikipediaChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - Wikipedia
There are various sources of input to the vomiting center. Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain ... Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, or anxiety related to chemotherapy ... Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments. Nausea and vomiting are two ... which have demonstrated that aprepitant can penetrate the brain and NK1 receptors in the brain.[11] It has also been shown to ...
en.m.wikipedia.org
Chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h Fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (Suncus...Chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h Fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (Suncus...
It is unknown what brain pathways produce this delayed sickness. Our prior data show that brain Fos expression is increased for ... Our findings suggest the existence of an extensive neural system that could be targeted to reduce nausea, vomiting, and malaise ... potently produce nausea and vomiting. Acute effects of these treatments are partly controlled by antiemetic drugs, but the ... Mechanisms of acute, delayed, and anticipatory emesis induced by anticancer therapies. In: Management of Nausea and R910 ...
semanticscholar.org
Arteriovenous malformation masking associated anaplastic ganglioglioma in an adolescent | Revista Colombiana de CancerologĂ­aArteriovenous malformation masking associated anaplastic ganglioglioma in an adolescent | Revista Colombiana de CancerologĂ­a
... and an outpatient brain MRI documented an active brain bleed with worsening of the throbbing headache, vomiting, arterial ... In 2015, he presented anticipatory emesis with food, as well as hematemesis and progressive oppressive right parietal headache ... Brain MRI axial cuts: a. T2, b. T1 and c. T1+MC. Right frontal parasagittal cortical-subcortical intra-axial mass of ... Brain MRI axial cuts: a. T2, b. T1 and c. T1+MC. Right frontal parasagittal cortical-subcortical intra-axial mass of ...
elsevier.es
Optimising Antiemetic Therapy: What Are the Problems and How Can They Be Overcome? - PubMedOptimising Antiemetic Therapy: What Are the Problems and How Can They Be Overcome? - PubMed
Anticipatory Nausea in Animal Models: A Review of Potential Novel Therapeutic Treatments EM Rock et al. Exp Brain Res 232 (8), ... Overshadowing as Prevention of Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Cancer Patients: Study Protocol for a Randomized ... and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, given with a corticosteroid. Despite these advances, nausea and vomiting remain ... Scope: While the early stages of nausea and vomiting are 5-HT-mediated, identification of a role for substance P in late emesis ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Top Pharmacy: Over counter viagra sales the highest quality!Top Pharmacy: Over counter viagra sales the highest quality!
... nausea vomiting a learned, conditioned reflex response to environmental causes is recommended. Xt kd can be given. ... anticipatory anxiety, and panic. Abbreviations introduced in this patient. Identify the treatment of rectal cancer after the ... Brain scans show elevated #tau levels in living former NFL players w/ suspected #CTE via @NEJM. https://t.co/ZbHFrw2seR @ ...
roanokechowan.edu
Fosaprepitant + 5HT3 Receptor Antagonists + Dexamethasone in Germ Cell Tumors - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.govFosaprepitant + 5HT3 Receptor Antagonists + Dexamethasone in Germ Cell Tumors - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
No known history of anticipatory nausea or vomiting.. *No clinically significant infections as judged by the treating ... Patients with neurological symptoms must undergo a head CT scan or brain MRI to exclude brain metastasis. NOTE: A patient with ... Measure the Incidence of Vomiting or Retching [ Time Frame: 1 month ]. This will measure the incidence of vomiting or retching ... Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Intervention ICMJE *Drug: Fosaprepitant Fosaprepitant 150mg IV D3 for acute ...
clinicaltrials.gov
PPT - Nursing 3703 Pharmacology Digestive System Drugs PowerPoint Presentation - ID:1196553PPT - Nursing 3703 Pharmacology Digestive System Drugs PowerPoint Presentation - ID:1196553
Inhibit cerebral cortex input to the vomiting center • May give to those with anticipatory nausea before chemotherapy • Example ... Antiemetic Drugs Phenothiazines-CNS depressants used in psychoses • Block dopamine from receptor sites in the brain • Act on ... Origin of vomiting • Vomiting center is located in medulla oblongata • Stimuli are relayed to the vomiting center from the ... Antiemetics • Used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting • Vomiting is the expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth • ...
slideserve.com
Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic...Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic...
... an animal model of anticipatory nausea and vomiting. Physiol Behav 87:61-71CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... In: Kofalvi A (ed) Cannabinoids and the brain. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar ... Nausea Vomiting Cannabinoids Cannabigerol Cannabidiol Serotonin 5-HT1A Phytocannabinoid This is a preview of subscription ... CBD (5 mg/kg) suppressed conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in shrews, which were reversed by pre-treatment with all doses ...
link.springer.com
Ativan for nausea mechanismAtivan for nausea mechanism
Good for anticipatory nausea and vomiting before cancer therapy. 2 mg/ml. Agents used in treating dizziness whose whose role is ... This is also a good choice for breakthrough nausea and vomiting. Lorazepam affects chemicals in the brain that may be ... If you ativan for nausea mechanism are already vomiting, a suppository may be a …. These drugs may also treat migraine (as they ... and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting Treating Nausea and Vomiting. ...
aspeonlus.org
Approaches to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - ONAApproaches to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting - ONA
The nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy takes three clinical forms: acute, delayed, and anticipatory.3,4 ... tract is the cause of both delayed and immediate-onset chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The medulla in the brain ... Anticipatory nausea and vomiting is a conditioned psychological response to past chemotherapy treatment. For some patients, for ... Approaches to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting HOW TO TAKE THE POST-TEST: To obtain CE credit, please click here after ...
oncologynurseadvisor.com
Explaining pain following cancer: a practical guide for clinicians | Brazilian Journal of Physical TherapyExplaining pain following cancer: a practical guide for clinicians | Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy
This is similar to anticipatory nausea and vomiting in the setting of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. If patients ... T: I do the same! And so does the brain! The brain is a fantastic computer, but it simply has not enough capacity to process ... The hippocampus serves as the memory center of the brain, and may be considered the "brains library" which may contain some ... similar to anticipatory nausea and vomiting), that their pain symptoms can partly relate to hypersensitivity of the central ...
rbf-bjpt.org.br
Course Content - #56962: Opioid Use Disorder - NetCECourse Content - #56962: Opioid Use Disorder - NetCE
... the brain entry of morphine [52]. The drug rapidly enters the brain after IV administration, where it binds to mu, kappa, and ... Nausea and vomiting is common, and drowsiness, difficulty in mentation, apathy, and decreased physical activity may occur. The ... As with many other opioids, heroin reduces the anticipatory anxiety associated with emotional or physical pain and alters the ... Brain regions implicated in relapse to opioid use include the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and amygdala. ...
netce.com
Treatment of VomitingTreatment of Vomiting
Anticipatory vomiting. This is a learned response conditioned by the severity and duration of previous reactions to ... The blood-brain barrier is poorly developed in CTZ, hence, it is readily accessible to emetic substances in the general ... Sheep: vomits rarely. *Horse: vomits very rarely. *Rabbit: does not vomit. *Mouse: does not vomit. *Chicken: develops diarrhea ... A. Vomiting (Emesis). The act of vomiting is produced by a series of coordinated changes in GI activity and in respiratory ...
dizziness-and-balance.com
Managing symptoms - Cancer Council VictoriaManaging symptoms - Cancer Council Victoria
For example, it may relieve headaches by shrinking cancer that has spread to the brain from another part of the body (brain ... Tips on managing nausea and vomiting. *Eat small meals or snacks 5-6 times during the day. Going without food for long periods ... Many people talk about anticipatory nausea, the response your body learns when you know it is chemotherapy time again. Even if ... This may be because of the cancer itself, treatment, or other side effects such as tiredness, nausea or vomiting, change in ...
cancervic.org.au
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EmesisCINVSymptomsAntiemeticsAntiemeticCause nauseaExperience nauseaExperiencing anticipatory nauseaCannabinoidsRadiotherapy induced nauseaHours after chemotherapyAssociated with chemotherapyOccurOccursNausea and vomiting caused by cheManagement of nauseaCyclicReceptorsCisplatinAcute nauseaInduceTreatmentRelieveMedullaDiarrheaSide effects of cChemo-induced nauseaManage nauseaStimuliReceptor antagonistsSevereStomachSerotoninDrugsEpisodesPalliativeGuidanceMotion sicknessRatsAffectsPatientsMake you queasyHelp with NauseaTriggerTreatSignalsAnxietyCancer chemotherapyRetchingChemotherapeutic agentsExpulsionUnpleasantFatigueBehavioralBowel obstructionPrevent delayed nauseaTreatments
Emesis19
CINV24
Symptoms17
Antiemetics10
Antiemetic15
Cause nausea10
Experience nausea5
Experiencing anticipatory nausea1
Cannabinoids2
Radiotherapy induced nausea4
Hours after chemotherapy1
Associated with chemotherapy1
Occur6
Occurs5
Nausea and vomiting caused by che2
Management of nausea2
Cyclic25
Receptors16
Cisplatin4
Acute nausea1
Induce3
  • Furthermore, we investigated THCA's ability to induce hypothermia and suppress locomotion [rodent tasks to assess cannabinoid 1 (CB 1 ) receptor agonist-like activity], and measured plasma and brain THCA and THC levels. (thecannabisadvisory.com)
  • However, you should induce yourself to vomit as a last resort, after consulting your physician, and only in certain situations like if you have had too much alcohol or ingested contaminated food or non-corrosive substances like pills. (rciretedimpresa.it)
  • These efferent signals induce vomiting by their effects on the diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and stomach. (medscape.com)
Treatment36
Relieve3
Medulla3
Diarrhea2
Side effects of c1
Chemo-induced nausea1
Manage nausea2
Stimuli3
Receptor antagonists2
Severe2
Stomach8
Serotonin4
  • That is because disturbances in brain serotonin pathways have been implicated in behaviors typically found in people with eating disorders, such as disturbance of feeding, mood and impulse regulation, and obsessionality. (eatingdisordersreview.com)
  • In such studies, antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have been effective for reducing binge eating and vomiting in people with BN. (eatingdisordersreview.com)
  • These allow the DMT to stimulate unbridled activity in your brain by preventing the breakdown of serotonin and other neurotransmitters. (beforeitsnews.com)
  • A popular anti-vomiting prescription called Zofran works by stopping passage of the nauseating effects of the serotonin release. (strongcbdoil.com)
Drugs11
Episodes4
  • Forty-one adult patients were seen by one of us (DRF) between 1994 and 2003 with complaints compatible with the diagnostic criteria for CVS, namely, recurrent, self-limited, stereotypic episodes of intractable nausea and vomiting with no identifiable organic cause, separated by intervals of comparative well-being [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In experiment 2, Suncus murinus were injected with CBG (5 mg/kg, ip) or VEH 15 min prior to CBD (5 mg/kg) or VEH and 30 min later were injected with LiCl (60 ml/kg of 0.15 M, i.p.), and the number of vomiting episodes were measured. (springer.com)
  • Although these can be quantified using the number of episodes experienced, nausea, which is the child's perception of needing to vomit, is purely subjective. (medscape.com)
  • To be precise, nausea and vomiting are protective defense intermediaries in the human body that are transient episodes that can be remedial though quite miserable. (strongcbdoil.com)
Palliative2
Guidance3
Motion sickness1
Rats1
Affects3
  • Lorazepam affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with anxiety. (aspeonlus.org)
  • This condition severely affects patient satisfaction, with postoperative vomiting (POV) ranking above postoperative pain in least-desirable outcome. (frontiersin.org)
  • According to the Autism Society of America "Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the normal functioning of the brain, impacting, development in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. (hpathy.com)
Patients13
Make you queasy1
Help with Nausea2
Trigger2
Treat1
Signals8
Anxiety3
Cancer chemotherapy1
Retching3
Chemotherapeutic agents1
Expulsion2
  • Vomiting is an organized, autonomic response that ultimately results in the forceful expulsion of gastric contents through the mouth. (aafp.org)
  • Vomiting is the expulsion of gastric contents through the mouth caused by forceful and sustained contraction of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm. (uptodate.com)
Unpleasant2
Fatigue1
Behavioral2
  • Your doctor may be able to recommend medication or behavioral therapy to help reduce the chance of vomiting. (cancer.net)
  • Brain tumor red flags: nocturnal headache or pain on arising in the morning, worsening over time, associated with vomiting, behavioral changes, polydipsia/ polyuria, history of neurologic deficits (clumsiness, diplopia, et). (societyhq.com)
Bowel obstruction1
Prevent delayed nausea2
Treatments2