Brain injury chronic. Medical search

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.

Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.

A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).

Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)

Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)

Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. These may result from gunshot wounds (WOUNDS, GUNSHOT), stab wounds (WOUNDS, STAB), and other forms of trauma.

A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.

A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.

Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.

A scale that assesses the outcome of serious craniocerebral injuries, based on the level of regained social functioning.

Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.

Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.

General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.

Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.

Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.

Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.

Abnormally low BODY TEMPERATURE that is intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means. In humans, mild or moderate hypothermia has been used to reduce tissue damages, particularly after cardiac or spinal cord injuries and during subsequent surgeries.

Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.

General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.

General or unspecified injuries to the hand.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.

Injuries involving the vertebral column.

Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)

General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.

General or unspecified injuries to the heart.

A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.

Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)

A calcium-binding protein that is 92 AA long, contains 2 EF-hand domains, and is concentrated mainly in GLIAL CELLS. Elevation of S100B levels in brain tissue correlates with a role in neurological disorders.

General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.

Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand".

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.

The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

Damages to the CAROTID ARTERIES caused either by blunt force or penetrating trauma, such as CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; THORACIC INJURIES; and NECK INJURIES. Damaged carotid arteries can lead to CAROTID ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; pseudoaneurysm formation; and INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997, 18:251; J Trauma 1994, 37:473)

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Injuries to blood vessels caused by laceration, contusion, puncture, or crush and other types of injuries. Symptoms vary by site and mode of injuries and may include bleeding, bruising, swelling, pain, and numbness. It does not include injuries secondary to pathologic function or diseases such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.

Unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities.

The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.

An armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of IRAQ.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Excision of part of the skull. This procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment.

Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.

A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.

Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.

General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.

Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.

Prolonged unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused, associated with traumatic injuries to the BRAIN. This may be defined as unconsciousness persisting for 6 hours or longer. Coma results from injury to both cerebral hemispheres or the RETICULAR FORMATION of the BRAIN STEM. Contributing mechanisms include DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY and BRAIN EDEMA. (From J Neurotrauma 1997 Oct;14(10):699-713)

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.

Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Personal devices for protection of heads from impact, penetration from falling and flying objects, and from limited electric shock and burn.

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.

Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.

Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries to an extracranial or intracranial blood vessel that supplies the brain. This includes the CAROTID ARTERIES; VERTEBRAL ARTERIES; MENINGEAL ARTERIES; CEREBRAL ARTERIES; veins, and venous sinuses.

Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease.

Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients.

Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.

Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.

Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.

A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Multinational coalition military operation initiated in October 2001 to counter terrorism and bring security to AFGHANISTAN in collaboration with Afghan forces.

The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.

A competitive team sport played on a rectangular field. This is the American or Canadian version of the game and also includes the form known as rugby. It does not include non-North American football (= SOCCER).

Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

A game in which a round inflated ball is advanced by kicking or propelling with any part of the body except the hands or arms. The object of the game is to place the ball in opposite goals.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS, especially PARKINSON DISEASE, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS. The electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously.

Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.

Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A two-person sport in which the fists are skillfully used to attack and defend.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The decrease in neuronal activity (related to a decrease in metabolic demand) extending from the site of cortical stimulation. It is believed to be responsible for the decrease in cerebral blood flow that accompanies the aura of MIGRAINE WITH AURA. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)

A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. (1/72)

Extracellular adenosine critically modulates ischemic brain injury, at least in part through activation of the A(1) adenosine receptor. However, the role played by the A(2A) receptor has been obscured by intrinsic limitations of A(2A) adenosinergic agents. To overcome these pharmacological limitations, we explored the consequences of deleting the A(2A) adenosine receptor on brain damage after transient focal ischemia. Cerebral morphology, as well as vascular and physiological measures (before, during, and after ischemia) did not differ between A(2A) receptor knock-out and wild-type littermates. The volume of cerebral infarction, as well as the associated neurological deficit induced by transient filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, were significantly attenuated in A(2A) receptor knock-out mice. This neuroprotective phenotype of A(2A) receptor-deficient mice was observed in different genetic backgrounds, confirming A(2A) receptor disruption as its cause. Together with complimentary pharmacological studies, these data suggest that A(2A) receptors play a prominent role in the development of ischemic injury within brain and demonstrate the potential for anatomical and functional neuroprotection against stroke by A(2A) receptor antagonists. (+info)

Reversible neuropsychological deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. (2/72)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of motivation on performance in a divided attention test of patients after mild traumatic brain injury (MBI). METHODS: Comparison of the performance of 12 patients with MBI with 10 patients with severe brain injury (SBI) and 11 healthy controls in a computer supported divided attention task before (T1) and after (T2) verbal motivation. RESULTS: At T1, the MBI group performed the same as the SBI group but significantly worse than the controls in all variables. At T2, the MBI group performed worse than the controls at T2 but the results were equal to the results of the controls at T1 and significantly better than the SBI group at T1 or T2. At T2 the MBI group performed at the level of published norms for the rest. CONCLUSION: Before verbal motivation the MBI group's results in the divided attention task were comparable with those from patients with severe brain injury. They failed to exploit their performance potential when it depended on self motivation but were able to perform at the level of the control group when external motivation was applied. (+info)

Visual search and visual working memory in patients with chronic focal cortical lesions. (3/72)

Visually guided behavior is known to involve temporo-parietal, inferotemporal, and prefrontal cortex and each of these areas appears to contribute to visual working memory. We explored the extent to which chronic lesions in one of these cortical areas affect visually guided oculomotor performance. We also explore whether possible impairments become more pronounced with increasing memory load. With this aim we recorded saccadic eye movements in 19 patients with a chronic focal postsurgical lesion in either temporo-parietal, inferior temporal or prefrontal cortex. Their results are compared to those of 19 age-matched volunteers. The subjects performed three different visual search tasks with increasing memory load: Instructed search, cue-guided search and memory-guided search. In addition, the latter task was performed with a short (1 s) and a long (6 s) delay. All tasks required the subjects to make a saccade to a single target presented together with one or three distractors. The results indicate that patients with inferotemporal lesions make the most task-related errors. Saccadic reaction times (SRTs) were significantly prolonged in patients with temporo-parietal and prefrontal lesions, but were unaffected in the patients with lesions in the inferotemporal cortex. The spatial accuracy of saccades was lowest in patients with temporo-parietal lesions. An increase in memory load led to more errors, to longer reaction times and to lower saccadic precision. However, the effect was similar across the three patient groups and the controls. An error analysis indicated that both patients and controls tended to weight global (luminance contrast and form) features higher than local features (line-segment orientation) when making difficult perceptual decisions. (+info)

The structural basis of moderate disability after traumatic brain damage. (4/72)

The objective was to discover the nature of brain damage in survivors of head injury who are left with moderate disability. Macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried out on the brains of 20 persons who had died long after a head injury that had been treated in a neurosurgical unit. All had become independent but had various disabilities (moderate disability on the Glasgow outcome scale) Most deaths had been sudden, which had led to their referral from forensic pathologists. Post-traumatic epilepsy was a feature in 75%. An intracranial haematoma had been evacuated in 75%, and in 11 of the 15 with epilepsy. Diffuse axonal injury was found in six patients, five of the mildest type (grade 1) and one of grade 2. No patient had diffuse thalamic damage but one had a small focal ischaemic lesion in the thalamus. No patient had severe ischaemic brain damage, but three had moderate lesions which were bilateral in only one. No patient had severe cortical contusions. In conclusion, the dominant lesion was focal damage from an evacuated intracranial haematoma. Severe diffuse damage was not found, with diffuse axonal injury only mild and thalamic damage in only one patient. (+info)

Effectiveness of bed rest after mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial of no versus six days of bed rest. (5/72)

BACKGROUND: Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is determined largely by the appearance of post-traumatic complaints (PTC). The prevalence of PTC after six months is estimated to be between 20 and 80%. Bed rest has been advocated to prevent PTC but its effectiveness has never been established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bed rest on the severity of PTC after MTBI. METHODS: Patients presenting with MTBI to the emergency room were randomly assigned to two intervention strategies. One group was advised not to take bed rest (NO) and the other to take full bed rest (FULL) for six days after the trauma. The primary outcome measures were severity of PTC on a visual analogue scale and physical and mental health on the medical outcomes study 36 item short form health survey (SF-36) at two weeks and three and six months after the trauma. RESULTS: Between October 1996 and July 1999, 107 (54 NO, 53 FULL) patients were enrolled. Outcome variables in both groups clearly improved between two weeks and six months. After adjustment for differences in baseline variables, most PTC tended to be somewhat more severe in the FULL group six months after the trauma, but no significant differences were found. Neither were there any significant differences in the outcome parameters between the two groups after three months. Two weeks after the trauma, most PTC in the FULL group were slightly less severe than those in the NO group, and physical subscores of the SF-36 in the FULL group were slightly better. These differences were not significant. Patients in the FULL group reported significantly less dizziness during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: As a means of speeding up recovery of patients with PTC after MTBI, bed rest is no more effective than no bed rest at all. Bed rest probably has some palliative effect within the first two weeks after the trauma. (+info)

Increased diffusion in the brain of professional boxers: a preclinical sign of traumatic brain injury? (6/72)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Professional boxing is associated with chronic, repetitive head blows that may cause brain injuries. Diffusion-weighted imaging is sensitive to microscopic changes and may be a useful tool to quantify the microstructural integrity of the brain. In this study, we sought to quantify microscopic alterations associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxers. METHODS: MR and diffusion-weighted imaging were performed in 24 boxers and in 14 age- and sex-matched control subjects with no history of head trauma. Using distribution analysis, the average diffusion constant of the entire brain (BD(av)) and diffusion distribution width (sigma) were calculated for each subject; findings in professional boxers were compared with those of control subjects. In the boxer group, correlations between diffusion changes and boxing history and diffusion changes and MR imaging findings were assessed. RESULTS: The measured diffusion values in the boxer group were significantly higher than those measured in the control group (BD(av), P <.0001; sigma, P <.01). In the boxer group, a robust correlation was found between increased BD(av) and frequency of hospitalization for boxing injuries (r = 0.654, P <.05). The most common MR finding in the boxer group was volume loss inappropriate to age followed by cavum septum pellucidum, subcortical white matter disease, and periventricular white matter disease. CONCLUSION: Boxers had higher diffusion constants than those in control subjects. Our data suggest that microstructural damage of the brain associated with chronic traumatic brain injury may elevate whole-brain diffusion. This global elevation can exist even when routine MR findings are normal. (+info)

Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3 T. (7/72)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffuse axonal injury is frequently accompanied by tissue tear hemorrhages. We examined whether high field strength T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging performed during the chronic stage of traumatic brain injury may have advantages in the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury as compared with T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging. METHODS: Prospective MR imaging of 66 patients (age range, 17-57 years) was performed using a 3-T system 3 to 292 months (median, 23.5 months) after traumatic brain injury. T1-, T2-, T2*-hypointense and T2-hyperintense foci of 1- to 15-mm diameter were registered in 10 brain regions by two readers separately. Foci that appeared hypointense both on the T1- and T2- and/or on the T2*-weighted images were defined as traumatic microbleeds. RESULTS: For 46 (69.7%) of the patients, T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging revealed traumatic microbleeds. Hyperintense foci were observed on the T2-weighted images of only 15 (22.7%) patients. T2*-weighted imaging showed significantly more traumatic microbleeds (P =.000) than did T1- and T2-weighted imaging. Interobserver agreement was strong (kappa = 0.79, tau = 0.749, P =.000). For 14 (21.2%) of the patients, T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging revealed traumatic microbleeds in the corpus callosum, whereas for only two (3%), hyperintense callosal lesions were seen on the T2-weighted images. Although a significant correlation existed between the total amount and callosal appearance of traumatic microbleeds and Glasgow Coma Scale scores (P =.000), no correlation existed with extended Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. CONCLUSION: T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at high field strength is a useful tool for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury during the chronic stage of traumatic brain injury. Diffuse axonal injury-related brain lesions are mainly hemorrhagic. The relevance of diffuse axonal injury for long-term clinical outcome is uncertain. (+info)

Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute corticospinal tract injury preceding Wallerian degeneration in the maturing human brain. (8/72)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wallerian degeneration, the secondary degeneration of axons from cortical and subcortical injury, is associated with poor neurologic outcome. Since diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging is sensitive to early changes of cytotoxic edema, DW imaging may depict the acute injury to descending white matter tracts that precedes Wallerian degeneration; this injury is not visible on conventional CT or MR images in the maturing human brain. METHODS: Two neuroradiologists retrospectively analyzed clinical MR images in six children (aged 3 days to 5 months) with DW findings consistent with acute injury of the descending white matter tract due to territorial anterior or middle cerebral artery infarction. In five patients, images were obtained as a part of routine clinical evaluation. The remaining patient was a part of a prospective study of brain injury. Imaging findings were correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: In all six patients, DW imaging performed 2-8 days after the onset of ischemia depicted injury to the descending white matter tract ipsilateral to the territorial infarct. Conventional MR images of the ipsilateral descending white matter tracts were abnormal in three patients. In all five patients for which follow-up results were available, the presence of DW changes was correlated with persistent neurologic disability. CONCLUSION: As shown in this retrospective analysis, DW imaging can depict acute injury to the descending white matter tract in neonates and infants, when conventional MR imaging may show normal findings. These DW findings likely precede the development of Wallerian degeneration, and they may portend a poor clinical outcome. (+info)

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). Chronic pain. Turning Point provides a comprehensive program to the local general public, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_Alcohol_and_Drug_Centre

"Mechanisms of chronic central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury". Brain Res Rev. 60 (1): 202-13. doi:10.1016/j. ... This pathologic phenomenon can also occur after brain injury and spinal cord injury. Within minutes after spinal cord injury, ... Excitotoxicity may be involved in spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss (through noise overexposure ... a deep chemical coma may be induced in patients with brain injury to reduce the metabolic rate of the brain (its need for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxin

PMID 17846639 Traumatic brain injury research since the 1998 NIH Consensus Conference: accomplishments and unmet goals. ... PMID 12454359 Rehabilitation of the patient with chronic critical illness. Thomas DC, Kreizman IJ, Melchiorre P, Ragnarsson KT ... PMID 12454362 Results of the NIH consensus conference on "rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury". Ragnarsson KT ... PMID 12140920 Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Ragnarsson KT. JAMA. 10 May 2000;283(18):2392. PMID 10815080 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristjan_T._Ragnarsson

Nampiaparampil, D. E. (2008). "Prevalence of Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review". JAMA. 300 (6): ... Department of Veterans Affairs in 2008 and started the Brain Injury Clinic at the VA Central California in Fresno. She moved to ... Oz Show when she demonstrated botox injections for chronic migraine pain in front of a live audience. Mehmet Oz nicknamed her ... is an American physician and researcher who specializes in preventing and treating chronic pain. She performs x-ray-guided ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Nampiaparampil

December 2015). "Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age". The Cochrane Database ... Chronic pain is very common and harder to treat as its most common cause is dysesthesias. Acute pain due to trigeminal ... Hyland HJ (3 May 2013). "The drugs do work: my life on brain enhancers". The Guardian. London. Rammohan KW, Rosenberg JH, Lynn ... December 2010). "Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and the doubtful promise of an endovascular treatment for multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_multiple_sclerosis

"Molluscan memory of injury: evolutionary insights into chronic pain and neurological disorders". Brain, Behavior and Evolution ... Brain size does not necessarily equate to complexity of function.[8] Moreover, weight for body-weight, the cephalopod brain is ... The brains of the modern cephalopods in particular are highly developed, comparable in complexity to the brains of some ... Cephalopod brain size *^ Packard, A (1972). "Cephalopods and Fish: The Limits of Convergence". Biological Reviews. 47 (2): 241- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates

Advancing age is a strong risk factor, as is traumatic brain injury. In the aging brain, multiple proteopathies can overlap. ... McKee AC, Stein TD, Kiernan PT, Alvarez VE (May 2015). "The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy". Brain ... DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD, Gandy S (September 2010). "Traumatic brain injury--football, warfare, and long-term effects". The ... doi:10.1093/brain/awn216. PMID 18790819. Sipe JD, Benson MD, Buxbaum JN, Ikeda SI, Merlini G, Saraiva MJ, Westermark P ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopathy

"Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model". Ann. Neurol. 75 (2): ... traumatic brain injury is associated with ongoing white matter degeneration with survival > 1 year post-injury. H&E stain ... "Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury". Brain. 136 (1): 28-42. doi ... 10.1093/brain/aws322. PMC 3562078. PMID 23365092. Mouzon, B; Bachmeier, C (February 2014). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxol_fast_blue_stain

"Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model". Ann. Neurol. 75 (2): ... Genes Brain Behav. 6:54-65 (2007). Mouzon, B; Chaytow, H (December 2012). "Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a Mouse ... Effect of traumatic brain injury on mouse spatial and nonspatial learning in the Barnes circular maze. J Neurotrauma 15:1037- ... It is also used by neuroscientists to determine whether there is a causative effect after mild traumatic brain injury on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_maze

It covers findings that chronic traumatic brain injury is occurring in female sports. Also covered is physiological evidence of ... Brain Injuries Mount, Safety of Football Questioned, from NFL to Youth Leagues (Democracy Now!). ... brain injury in adolescent athletes. Head Games is directed by Steve James, director of the highly acclaimed documentary, Hoop ... Ann McKee, and Robert Stern, who are experts on chronic traumatic encephalopathy). In addition to other medical experts, it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Games_(film)

"Huntington's Disease: Discovery Of Mechanism In Brain Cell Injury Offers New Treatment Approaches". Medicalnewstoday.com. ... "Early-Life Experience Linked to Chronic Diseases Later in Life: UBC Research". publicaffairs.ubc.ca. Archived from the original ... Daniel Goldowitz is the Scientific Director of the Kids Brain Health network (formerly NeuroDevNet), which is a Canada Networks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Therapeutics

PMID 1633388 Elliott, T.R. & Wegener, S.T. (Eds.). (1992). Chronic pain and spinal cord injury (Special section). The Clinical ... Their relationship to coping and depression in traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 48, 131-136. Haythornthwaite ... Topics in Spinal Cord Injury, 7, 73-83. Benrud-Larsen LM, Wegener ST (2000). Psychosocial aspects of chronic pain in ... including occupational injuries, rheumatic disease, spinal cord injury or limb loss. He also develops cognitive-behavioral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_T._Wegener

"Incidence of traumatic brain injury in New Zealand: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 12, no. 1 (2013): 53-64. ... "The effectiveness of an acceptance and commitment therapy self-help intervention for chronic pain." The Clinical Journal of ... Starkey's research includes traumatic brain injury, strokes and driver behaviour. Feigin, Valery L., Alice Theadom, Suzanne ... "Epidemiology of ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 24, no. 4 (2010 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_J._Starkey

USA (2015-09-28). "Filling in the gaps: Anticipatory control of eye movements in chronic mild traumatic brain injury". ... "Abnormal White Matter Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent Signals in Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury". Journal of Neurotrauma. 32 ... He is also the founder of the Brain Trauma Foundation. Other notable board members include Alan Quasha, Ernie Santin, Kevin ... The Department of Defense has funded SyncThink and its partner, the Brain Trauma Foundation, with about $30 million for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYNCTHINK

These contributions have helped to prevent chronic lung disease and brain injury harming infants. Hospitals that Dr. Ballard is ... Ballard studies ways to treat and prevent chronic lung disease in premature infants. Some of her research includes the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_A._Ballard

The first domain is motor control and behavioral science in brain injury. He seeks to understand how eye control intersects ... "Eye-hand re-coordination: A pilot investigation of gaze and reach biofeedback in chronic stroke." Progress in brain research. ... "The intersection between ocular and manual motor control: eye-hand coordination in acquired brain injury." Frontiers in ... "Disrupted saccade control in chronic cerebral injury: upper motor neuron-like disinhibition in the ocular motor system." ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Ross_Rizzo

... this phenomenon occurs in patients with advanced brain tumor or severe head injury. In the case of severe head injury, a clot ... Chronic subdural hematomas have been known to be a familiar cause of Kernohan's notch. MRIs have shown evidence of Kernohan's ... Because of the fact that a Kernohan's notch is caused by an injury creating pressure on the opposite hemisphere of the brain, ... Intracranial pressure Traumatic brain injury Duret haemorrhage This is an interesting story in that Kernohan and Woltman's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernohan's_notch

"Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and management of chronic sequelae of war-related mild to moderate traumatic brain injury" (PDF). ... He also serves as a Director of the War Related Illness and Injury Study Center in the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, as well ... at the UCLA Brain Research Institute.[citation needed] Halbauer, Joshua; et al. (November 2009). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesson_Ashford

"Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Chronic Neurocognitive Deficits of Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Retrospective ... "Can hyperbaric treatment heal brain injuries?". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved 2019-07-22. "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy ... Traumatic Brain Injury, Alzheimer's disease as well with a special focus on age-related functional decline. In his studies, it ... "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Induce Angiogenesis and Regeneration of Nerve Fibers in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Efrati

Tau is now recognized to accumulate in Alzheimer's disease and to be the basis for chronic brain injury. He also developed and ... 2009). "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury". J Neuropathol Exp ... an inherited and degenerative brain disorder for which there is no cure. A one-time injection of a new DNA-based drug treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_W._Cleveland

Chapter 5, "Pathology of brain damage after head injury" Cooper P and Golfinos G. 2000. Head Injury, 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New ... Chronic[edit]. In chronic subdural hematomas, blood accumulates in the dural space as a result of damage to the dural border ... Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology at eMedicine *^ "Acute Subdural Hematomas - UCLA ... A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of bleeding in which a collection of blood-usually associated with a traumatic brain injury ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdural_haematoma

Herson, Paco S.; Palmateer, Julie; Hurn, Patricia D. (2012). "Biological Sex and Mechanisms of Ischemic Brain Injury". ... Globally, there are about 257 million chronic carriers of hepatitis B. HIV is one of the world's leading infectious killers; in ... Those having an addiction to sexual intercourse have a higher response to visual sexual cues in the brain. Those seeking ... Sexual activity can increase the expression of a gene transcription factor called ΔFosB (delta FosB) in the brain's reward ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse

Chapter 5, "Pathology of brain damage after head injury" Cooper P and Golfinos G. 2000. Head Injury, 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New ... They may not be discovered until they present clinically months or years after a head injury. The bleeding from a chronic ... A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of bleeding in which a collection of blood-usually associated with a traumatic brain injury ... The mortality rate is higher than that of epidural hematomas and diffuse brain injuries because the force required to cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdural_hematoma

... allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury. Living donor liver ... Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, and ... Chronic (rather than acute) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer. Globally, ... For example, acute-phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation. Hepatitis is a common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

Bennet Omalu of the Brain Injury Research Institute, the first to discover chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Smith reported he ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith

After football, he was diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the possibility of also having chronic traumatic ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Former NFL player with brain injury uses GoFundMe". Retrieved February 19, 2016. CS1 ... During the 2003 season, he took a medical redshirted due to a shoulder injury. He appeared in 8 games for Illinois in 2004 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schaefering

He suffered a traumatic brain injury. Upon arrival at a hospital, Cochrane was experiencing clonic epileptic seizures and was ... A follow up CT scan revealed a chronic bilateral frontal subdural hematoma, enlarged ventricles and sulci, and left occipital ... Phineas Gage, a 19th-century railroad worker who had major personality changes after a traumatic brain injury ... Tulving E (2002). "Episodic memory: from mind to brain". Annu Rev Psychol. 53: 1-25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.C._

Increased levels of CSF1R1 are found in microglia in Alzheimer's disease and after brain injuries. The increased receptor ... Mutations in CSF1R are associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and type M4 acute myeloblastic leukemia. Mutations in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor

Staley has Traumatic Brain Injury sustained from playing in the NFL. He wears a whistle around his neck to blow to end the ... Staley lives on a farm in California with his wife with chronic headaches, a crippled body, and the beginning of dementia. ... www.cincyjungle.com/veteransofcincinnati/2014/5/18/5728442/bill-staley-struggles-brain-shoulder-knee-nfl-compensation http:// ... www.cincyjungle.com/veteransofcincinnati/2014/5/18/5728442/bill-staley-struggles-brain-shoulder-knee-nfl-compensation http:// ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Staley

NFTs are most commonly seen associated with repetitive mild TBI as opposed to one instance of severe traumatic brain injury. ... Walton, JR (2014). "Chronic aluminum intake causes Alzheimer's disease: applying Sir Austin Bradford Hill's causality criteria ... DeKosky S. T.; Ikonomovic M. D.; Gandy S. (2010). "Traumatic Brain Injury -- Football, Warfare, and Long-Term Effects". New ... Preliminary research indicates that iron deposits due to hemorrhaging, following traumatic brain injury (TBI), may increase tau ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle

Progress in Brain Research. Volume 122. pp. 393-412. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62153-6. ISBN 9780444500496. . PMID 10737073.. ... Complementary therapies are often used in palliative care or by practitioners attempting to manage chronic pain in patients. ... "have occurred when faith healing was elected instead of medical care for serious injuries or illnesses".[78] A 2001 double- ... Most Americans used CAM to treat and/or prevent musculoskeletal conditions or other conditions associated with chronic or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine

Donkin JJ, Turner RJ, Hassan I, Vink R (2007). "Substance P in traumatic brain injury". Progress in Brain Research. 161: 97-109 ... Steinitz H (Aug 1979). "[Chronic recurrent intestinal amebiasis in Israel (author's transl)]". Leber, Magen, Darm (in German). ... Substance P and the NK1 receptor are widely distributed in the brain and are found in brain regions that are specific to ... Yip J, Chahl LA (Apr 2001). "Localization of NK1 and NK3 receptors in guinea-pig brain". Regulatory Peptides. 98 (1-2): 55-62. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

Chronic graft-versus-host disease may also develop after allogeneic transplant. It is the major source of late treatment- ... Severe liver injury can result from hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD). Elevated levels of bilirubin, hepatomegaly and fluid ... The injury of the mucosal lining of the mouth and throat is a common regimen-related toxicity following ablative HSCT regimens ... The bone marrow can be ablated (destroyed) with dose-levels that cause minimal injury to other tissues. In allogeneic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Marrow_Transplant

Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB (July 2005). "Role of the immune system in chronic pain". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 (7): 521-32 ... The focal form is typically associated with injury, and is divided into two subtypes: *Primary hyperalgesia describes pain ... February 2003). "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain Behav. 17 (Suppl 1): S112-8. doi:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. ... Opioid-induced hyperalgesia may develop as a result of long-term opioid use in the treatment of chronic pain.[3] Various ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or ... A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Some related clinical ... These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, preventive care and health education for all ages and both sexes. ... Sports medicine deals with the treatment and prevention and rehabilitation of sports/exercise injuries such as muscle spasms, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical

Interrupted blood flow to the brain. Convulsions. Sudden, irregular body movements that can be violent. Common. Common. 1 year ... Physical precautionary measures have also been used to protect patients from injury, including the use of a helmet or a ... Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB). *Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. *X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency ... Researchers believe that this protein helps control the activity of other genes and plays an important role in the brain. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

2004). 1992-2001 Census of fatal occupational injuries (CFOI) Revised data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of ... found that reactions to psychological stressors include increased activity in the brain axes which play an important role in ... Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE). *Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung"). *Concussions in sport ... Kidd, P., Scharf, T., & Veazie, M. (1996). Linking stress and injury in the farming environment: A secondary analysis. Health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology

... the two signature injuries are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). These two signature ... For example, a patient with chronic pain may decrease the physiological result of stress and draw attention away from the pain ... Neurological impairments following a brain injury can be in the form of apraxia - loss to perform purposeful movements, ... "Music interventions for acquired brain injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD006787. doi:10.1002/14651858. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologic_music_therapy

"Injury. 41 (4): 329-334. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2009.08.007.. *^ Ringleb, Stacie I.; Dhakal, Ajaya; Anderson, Claude D.; Bawab, ... Many different knee injuries can happen. Three percent of knee injuries are acute traumatic patellar dislocations.[25] Because ... as injury to these structures may occur during the injury or during the reduction process.[3] Subsequent imaging studies are ... "Acromioclavicular injury , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 2018-02-21.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation

Cortical blindness results from injuries to the occipital lobe of the brain that prevent the brain from correctly receiving or ... chronic hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy).[42] Despite the fact that only 8% of adults 40 years and ... Eye injuries, most often occurring in people under 30, are the leading cause of monocular blindness (vision loss in one eye) ... Injuries and cataracts affect the eye itself, while abnormalities such as optic nerve hypoplasia affect the nerve bundle that ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness

"Index of CD34+ Cells and Mononuclear Cells in the Bone Marrow of Spinal Cord Injury Patients of Different Age Groups: A ... "Application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in six patients with advanced chronic critical limb ischemia as a ... ISRAEL21c: Israeli scientists reverse brain birth defects using stem cells December 25, 2008. (Researchers from the Hebrew ... Stem-cell therapy shows promise for horse soft-tissue injury, disease». DVM Newsmagazine, 2008-05-01. Skatīts: 2008-06-12. ...

https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilmes_šūna

Brain injury (temporary or permanent). *Decreased muscle tone. This can be caused by drugs or alcohol, or it can be caused by ... a small percentage of people have chronic, severe OSA. ... This repeated brain hypoxia is also considered to be a cause of ... The permanent premature muscular tonal loss in the upper airway may be precipitated by traumatic brain injury, neuromuscular ... "Childhood obstructive sleep apnea associates with neuropsychological deficits and neuronal brain injury". PLoS Med. 3 (8): e301 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

F06.9) Unspecified mental disorder due to brain damage and dysfunction and to physical disease *Organic brain syndrome NOS ... Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes XX V01-Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality ... F95.1) Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. *(F95.2) Combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder (Gilles de la Tourette) ... F62) Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease. *(F63) Habit and impulse disorders *(F63.0) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_F

Atrophy of the hippocampus and other limbic structures has been shown to take place in humans suffering from chronic depression ... a widely expressed activity-dependent neurotic factor that regulates plasticity and is unregulated following hypoxic injury. ... BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ANON2, BULN2, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor. ... Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. BDNF was first isolated from pig brain in 1982 by Yves-Alain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

... recent evidence from individuals with traumatic brain injury suggests that smell loss can occur with changes in brain function ... Chronic exposure to some airborne toxins such as herbicides, pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel ... Damage to the olfactory system can occur by traumatic brain injury, cancer, infection, inhalation of toxic fumes, or ... The olfactory tubercle connects to numerous areas of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem, retina, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system

... close head injury [CHI], penetrating ballistic brain injury [PBBI], or blast overpressure wave brain injury [OBI]). (8) The ... chronic TBI biomarkers can include neuroinflammatory markers. Post-injury neurodegeneration/tauopathy such as Tau protein and ... Neurotrauma : a comprehensive textbook on traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Wang, Kevin K. W. New York: Oxford ... dendritic injury, neuronal cell body injury, demyelination, synaptic injury and astroglia injury, and microglia responses. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers

A spinal cord injury or chronic fatigue syndrome might also occasionally cause this disorder.[2] Age may also be a cause of ... the brain's primary reward center. This part of the brain is thought to play a role in pleasurable activities, including ... Increased serum prolactin (PRL)[5] concentration in patients brains from psychiatric medicine can also affect sexuality.[6] ... Upon reaching a climax, chemicals are released in the brain and motor signals are activated that will cause quick cycles of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia

Traumatic brain injury (TBI). *Psychosis. *Dementia. Family dynamics[edit]. In the dysfunctional family the child learns to ... chronic feelings of boredom and emptiness. *subordinating one's own needs to those of the person with whom one is involved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependence

Head injury[edit]. A 2015 review found that moderate to severe traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for ALS, but whether ... Gardner A, Iverson G, McCrory P (January 2014). "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: a systematic review". British ... mild traumatic brain injury increases rates was unclear.[63] A 2017 meta-analysis found an association between head injuries ... "Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 66 (Pt B): 75 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

Blood-brain barrier. endothelial cells (via passive diffusion/ osmosis & active selection). P-glycoprotein (mechanism by which ... When host cells die, either by programmed cell death (also called apoptosis) or by cell injury due to a bacterial or viral ... Bacteria and fungi may form complex biofilms, protecting from immune cells and proteins; biofilms are present in the chronic ... The innate immune response to infectious and sterile injury is modulated by neural circuits that control cytokine production ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

They are then slowly released back into other body compartments, including the brain. ... Within the brain, THC and other ... A 2015 review confirmed that medical marijuana was effective for treating spasticity and chronic pain, but caused numerous ... Vaping-associated pulmonary injury. *War on Drugs. *Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). *List of investigational analgesics ... THC is highly lipophilic and initially taken up by tissues that are highly perfused, such as the lung, heart, brain, and liver. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC

Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder partially caused by the cell death of brain and brain stem cells in many ... Necrosis and chronic inflammation also has been shown to be limited through autophagy which helps protect against the formation ... Proteins involved in autophagy are reduced with age in both human and mouse articular cartilage.[76] Mechanical injury to ... "Extra-virgin olive oil preserves memory, protects brain against Alzheimer's". June 21, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy_

... and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic ... Stress and inflammation in exacerbations of asthma»։ Brain Behav Immun. 21 (8): 993-9։ 2007։ PMC 2077080։ PMID 17493786։ doi: ... 2004)։ «Acupuncture for chronic asthma»։ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD000008։ PMID 14973944։ doi:10.1002/ ... WHO Disease and injury country estimates»։ World Health Organization։ 2009։ Արխիվացված օրիգինալից նոյեմբերի 11, 2009-ին։ ...

https://hy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Բրոնխային_հեղձուկ

This type of therapy is very effective for non-chronic depression, and it appears to be also effective for chronic depression.[ ... There are several brain structures (corpus callosum and frontal lobe) that are different in women with dysthymia than in those ... GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national ... a b c d e f Uher, R. (2014, July 31). Persistent Depressive Disorder, Dysthymia, and Chronic Depression: Update on Diagnosis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_depression

A chain smoker of Toscano cigars and cigarettes, Puccini began to complain of chronic sore throats towards the end of 1923. A ... Elvira and Antonio were flung from the car and escaped with minor injuries. Puccini's chauffeur, also thrown from the car, ... when there wasn't yet any thought stirring in my brain of seeking the theme of an opera". ("Quella Bohème io l'ho vissuta, ... including chronic shortage of necessities like food, clothing and money to pay rent. Although Puccini was granted a small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini

The B1 receptor (also called bradykinin receptor B1) is expressed only as a result of tissue injury, and is presumed to play a ... "Hyperfibrinolysis increases blood-brain barrier permeability by a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism". Blood. 128 (20 ... role in chronic pain. This receptor has been also described to play a role in inflammation.[10] Most recently, it has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 49: 32-42. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.001. PMC 4567432. PMID 25911043.. ... chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus. • cellular response to organic cyclic compound. • positive regulation of ... "Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin". Science. 234 (4775): 470-74. Bibcode:1986Sci...234..470T. doi: ... positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus. • negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder partially caused by the cell death of brain and brain stem cells in many ... Necrosis and chronic inflammation also has been shown to be limited through autophagy which helps protect against the formation ... Proteins involved in autophagy are reduced with age in both human and mouse articular cartilage.[85] Mechanical injury to ... and that the process was not limited to injury states that functioned under physiological conditions for "reutilization of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy

This is a concern during treatment of brain tumors and brain metastases, especially where there is pre-existing raised ... In the CNS for example, cranial nerve injury typically presents as a visual acuity loss 1-14 years post treatment.[25] In the ... From 2005 to 2010, a hospital in Missouri overexposed 76 patients (most with brain cancer) during a five-year period because ... Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is when doctors use a single or several stereotactic radiation treatments of the brain or spine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder (or dyssomnia), which is caused by the brain's inability to control sleep and ... A population susceptible to the development of sleep disorders is people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). ... and problems following traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis". Sleep Medicine. 13 (7): 898-905. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.04. ... Certain disorders like narcolepsy, are best treated with prescription drugs such as modafinil.[13] Others, such as chronic and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_disorders

... the likelihood that the resulting pain will become chronic can be predicted by examining the brain's white matter -- the ... But a new study offers strong evidence that even before a person experiences an injury, ... s infuriating to chronic pain sufferers to be told their pain is all in the head. ... The difference between people whose back pain abates after injury and those whose pain becomes chronic lies in their brains ...

http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-chronic-back-pain-brain-20130917-story.html

More effective diagnosis of TBI patients with chronic pain may facilitate rehabilitation of these patients. ... Findings indicate that chronic pain is a significant problem in mild and moderate/severe TBI patients. ... Incidence of chronic pain following traumatic brain injury Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Sep;77(9):889-91. doi: 10.1016/s0003- ... Objective: To index the frequency of reported chronic pain in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822679/?dopt=Abstract

... Whether a persons injury will lead to chronic ... Brain regions related to emotional and motivational behavior seem to communicate more in those who develop chronic pain. ... Although the study showed an association between levels of communication in the brain and chronic pain, it did not prove a ... For the study, the researchers used brain scans to examine the interaction between 2 parts of the brain-the frontal cortex and ...

http://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/NewsNow/2012/7/3/ChronicPain/?blogmonth=7&blogday=6&blogyear=2012&blogid=10737418615

Functional Correlates of Midline Brain Volume Loss in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.. Guild EB1, Levine B1. ... Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with long-term changes in daily life functioning, yet the neuroanatomical correlates ... In the chronic stage of TBI, self-initiation, energization, and physical complaints related to a specific pattern of volume ... Volumetric data over 38 brain regions were derived from high resolution T1-weighted MRI scans. Functioning was assessed with a ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250783

Communities>Traumatic Brain Injury>Diagnosed with chronic microvascular disease after motor vehical accident ... It states that I have chronic microvascular disease of the brain and am to see a neurologist this week to determin if it ... Would an MRI show evidence of concussions and Brain Injuries? B_morph ... Would an MRI show evidence of concussions and Brain Injuries? B_morph ...

https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Traumatic-Brain-Injury/Diagnosed-with-chronic-microvascular-disease-after-motor-vehical-accident/show/1714521

Brain Injuries. Brain Injury, Chronic. Brain Diseases. Central Nervous System Diseases. Nervous System Diseases. Craniocerebral ... Oxygen Toxicity of HBOT in Chronic Brain Injury. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the ... The study is a retrospective review of the authors experience treating chronic brain injury with HBOT, supplemented by cases ... Oxygen Toxicity Effects Using Los-Pressure Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Brain Injury. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00592891?cond=%22Brain+Injury%2C+Chronic%22&rank=6

Two years after injury, a high level of burden was reported in 34.2% of spouse-caregivers. Stepwise multiple linear regression ... time were identified as areas in which the spouse-caregiver of ABI patients experienced high levels of burden in the chronic ... in the chronic phase. 35 spouse-caregivers (71% female, ,span class=inline_break,,svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/ ... we assess associated factors of burden in spouse-caregivers of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/6240298/

This contributed volume is focused on subjects related to cerebral veins under normal conditions and after brain injuries, ... Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries. Editors: Lou, M., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Qu, Y., Feng, W., Ji, X., ... Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries. Editors. * Min Lou ... A Movement toward Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury: The Role of the Cerebral Venous System ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319960524?wt_mc=

... preliminary findings suggest that possession of an APOE epsilon4 allele may be associated with increased severity of chronic ... Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing JAMA. 1997 Jul 9;278(2):136-40. ... A 10-point clinical rating scale (0-9), the Chronic Brain Injury (CBI) scale, was devised to assess the severity of traumatic ... genotype and chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxers to determine whether there is a genetic susceptibility to the ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9214529/?dopt=Abstract

Pilot case study of the therapeutic potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on chronic brain injury.. Hardy P1, Johnston KM, De ... We studied the therapeutic potential of HBO(2) therapy in a 54-year-old man who had sustained traumatic brain injuries one year ... Recently, the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) therapy was explored in the treatment of chronic TBI. It has been speculated ... Brain Injury, Chronic/diagnostic imaging. *Brain Injury, Chronic/physiopathology. *Brain Injury, Chronic/therapy* ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234213?ordinalpos=&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_TitleSearch&linkpos=1&log$=pmtitlesearch2

Evidence suggests that functional outcomes after TBI can show improvement or deterioration up to two decades after injury, and ... Research on the longterm consequences emphasises that, for many patients, TBI should be conceptualised as a chronic health ... Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have lifelong and dynamic effects on health and wellbeing. ... The chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Lindsay Wilson, William Stewart, Kristen Dams- ...

https://www.brainline.org/comment/47563

Brain Activity in People With Chronic Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury. The safety and scientific validity of this study ... Brain Activity in People With Chronic Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury. ... History of traumatic brain injury. *Diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder such as post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia ... Brain activity [ Time Frame: Immediately post-training session (1 day) ]. Change in brain activity, as measured by Blood Oxygen ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04386174

Rehabilitation of Executive Functions in Patients with Chronic Acquired Brain Injury with Goal Management Training, External ... Evaluation of attention process training and brain injury education on persons with acquired brain injury. Journal of Clinical ... Cognitive interventions post acquired brain injury. Brain Injury, 21, 161-200. doi:10.1080/02699050701201813 ... Ylvisaker, M., & Feeney, T. (2000). Construction of identity after traumatic brain injury. Brain Impairment, 1, 12-28. ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-neuropsychological-society/article/rehabilitation-of-executive-functions-in-patients-with-chronic-acquired-brain-injury-with-goal-management-training-external-cuing-and-emotional-regulation-a-randomized-controlled-trial/6876A0F047B68225569DFAF780E76DCC

... eight years post-injury on average) exhibiting comorbid depressive symptoms (N=31), relative to chronic TBI individuals having ... Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in individuals with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Though ... Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in individuals with chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Though ... resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify altered amygdala connectivity in individuals with chronic TBI ( ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2015.00231/full

Chronic-stage, higher-order cognitive trainings may serve to elevate levels of cognitive performance in adolescents with TBI. ... Few control trials exist that test cognitive treatment effectiveness at chronic recovery stages. The current pilot study ... Few control trials exist that test cognitive treatment effectiveness at chronic recovery stages. The current pilot study ... than a bottom-up rote learning approach in achieving gains in higher-order cognitive abilities in adolescents at chronic stage ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2014.00087/full

... measures neurobehavioral symptoms in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Exploratory Factor Analyses ... Rasch Analysis of the Behavioral Assessment Screening Tool (BAST) in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. *Shannon Juengst. ORCID: ... Influence of prior and intercurrent brain injury on 5-year outcome trajectories after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury ... Neurobehavioral symptoms in community-dwelling adults with and without chronic traumatic brain injury: differences by age, ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40737-021-00218-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c4070981-bafe-4a21-84c5-cb3826035b82

Brain Injury*Basic Facts About TBI*How the Brain Works*Brain Function*Left Hand Brain Function ... Car Crash Traumatic Brain Injury. Yes, a car crash can cause a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in many ways. In fact, according to ... TBI Traumatic Brain Injury. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when there is a "bump, blow, or jolt to the head" that causes ... Can a Fall Cause Traumatic Brain Injury?. Yes, a fall can cause a traumatic brain injury (TBI). According to data published by ...

https://www.brainandspinalcord.org/wheeling-walk-again-breakthroughs-chronic-spinal-cord-injury-research/

Hyperbaric Oxygen for Traumatic and Non-traumatic Brain Injury ... Clinical trial for chronic brain injury , Post-concussional ... Hyperbaric Oxygen for Traumatic and Non-traumatic Brain Injury Brief description of study. The purpose of this study is to ... This study will enroll 90 individuals with persistent problems 1-5 years after a brain injury. These individuals will be ... and provide insight into whether hyperbaric oxygen can play a role in recovery from brain injury. ...

https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/159908/brain-injury-chronic-hyperbaric-oxygen-traumatic-non-traumatic/?geo_lat=40.6916132&geo_lng=-112.0010501&radius=10&place=Valley%20City

Chronic drinking and smoking cause both separate and interactive brain injury Most alcoholics in North America are chronic ... oAs chronic alcohol drinking and chronic smoking more often than not co-occur, researchers have begun to realize that the brain ... California addressed the brain injuries that chronic smoking and drinking can cause separately as well as interactively. ... which measures certain naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that tell us about injury to specific brain cells. ...

https://www.addictioninfo.org/articles/473/1/Chronic-drinking-and-smoking-cause-brain-injury/Page1.html

Chronic Brain Injury (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy). 7/2015. Beta-amyloid deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.. ... Chronic Brain Injury (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy) 07/2015 - 01/2013. 3. Brain Injuries (Brain Injury) 01/2014 - 10/2011. ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/authorSummary-Daneshvar,%20Daniel%20H.do?keywordId=D020208

Examining Chronic Pain, MTBI, Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (STBI), and a Healthy Control group, the Computerized Tests of ... Distinguishing impairments in speed of information processing between traumatic brain injury and chronic pain. dc.contributor. ... traumatic brain injury. en_US. dc.title. Distinguishing impairments in speed of information processing between traumatic brain ... Chronic pain is a common comorbid symptom following trauma-induced brain injury and can impact information processing speed ...

https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/12656?show=full

Research Reports - The influence of chronic cigarette smoking on neurocognitive recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. J ... seeking emergency care for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are classified as mild. (MTBI). Premorbid and comorbid conditions that ... influence of chronic smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption on neurocognitive. function following MTBI. A comprehensive ... point 1: AP1) and 230 ± 36 (assessment point 2: AP2) days after injury. Twenty. non-smoking light drinkers served as controls ( ...

https://www.neuroskills.com/resources/special-reports.php?report=368

Brain" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available ... "Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury, ... "Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury." Brain Advance Article.7 (2018 ... 2018). Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury. Brain, AdvanceArticle(7 ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/eliciting-inflammation-enables-successful-rehabilitative-training-in-3EvqrlxcL1

Brain InjuryHeart Rate Variability Biofeedback and Executive Functioning in Individuals with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. * ... people with chronic brain injury can continue to make substantial improvements in their functioning. This study used a non- ... Evidence is also presented that even individuals who sustained severe brain injuries and are long past the post-acute phase of ... self-regulation training applied to individuals with severe brain injuries who were on the average 24 years post-injury. ...

https://www.heartmath.org/research/research-library/dissertations/hrv-biofeedback-and-executive-functioning-in-individuals-with-chronic-traumatic-brain-injury/

Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death. Jihong Xu ... Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death ... Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death ... Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death ...

http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/34/5/1287

... Autor Kessler, Felix Henrique Paim Woody, George Portela, ... This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine ... Conclusions: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron ... Objective: Studies have shown signs of brain damage caused by different mechanisms in cocaine users. The serum neuron specific ...

http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/20639

... ... Studies of traumatic brain injury from all causes have found evidence of chronic hypopituitarism, defined by deficient ... Routine screening for chronic hypopituitarism after blast concussion shows promise for appropriately directing diagnostic and ... However, the prevalence of PTHP after blast-related mild TBI (mTBI), an extremely common injury in modern military operations, ...

https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/19631

Ottawa Personal Injury Lawyers Blog. Injury Compensation for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain, and pelvic and ankle ... Injury Compensation for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain, and pelvic and ankle fractures. Posted on 11 May 2015. (12 April ... Compensation for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain, and pelvic and ankle fractures. Accident Scenario:. Our client was ... Injuries following the accident:. The head injury, an intracerebral bleed, was the primary injury causing her to suffer from ...

https://ottawainjury.ca/blog/injury-compensation-for-traumatic-brain-injury-chronic-pain-and-pelvic-and-ankle-fractures/

A growing number of individuals are living with chronic traumatic brain injury. As these individuals and their families attempt ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/84700

... since the 2015 movie Concussion dramatized the discovery of this degenerative brain disease among ... Scientists Hunt For A Test To Diagnose Chronic Brain Injury In Living People By Tom Goldman • Jul 17, 2018 ... Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is found among people whove had head injuries. Though not everyone with head trauma develops ... The small study involved seven military personnel - five veterans and two active duty - whod had brain injuries and ...

https://www.wcbe.org/post/scientists-hunt-test-diagnose-chronic-brain-injury-living-people

We studied the therapeutic potential of HBO(2) therapy in a 54-year-old man who had sustained traumatic brain injuries one year before testing that resulted in permanent neurological symptoms. (nih.gov)
Conceptual model and cluster analysis of behavioral symptoms in two cohorts of adults with traumatic brain injuries. (springer.com)
Even relatively minor impacts in mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) or concussions can cause or contribute to the condition. (protectthebrain.org)
Concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) are the most common forms of traumatic brain injury. (bartleby.com)
BrainScope , a Bethesda, Maryland firm that's been working with the U.S. Department of Defense to develop technology for assessing traumatic brain injuries (TBI), just won FDA clearance for its latest device, the Ahead 300. (medgadget.com)
A wide range of sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and excessive daytime drowsiness developed more often in veterans who sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and the connection was strongest for those with mild TBIs, commonly called concussions. (everydayhealth.com)
Veterans who sustain mild traumatic brain injuries, also called concussions , are 49 percent more likely to develop sleep disorders up to five years after these injuries, according to a study published in March 2021 in Neurology . (everydayhealth.com)
Traumatic brain injuries have been linked to lasting sleep issues in previous studies of veterans. (everydayhealth.com)
Background: Some individuals who sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) continue to experience significant cognitive impairments chronically (months to years post injury). (elsevier.com)
Many people suffer traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) while playing in games, practicing a sport, or engaging in other recreational activities related to sports. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Contact sports generally have more traumatic brain injuries, but players can collide in almost any game. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Considered to be one of the "signature wounds" in veterans of both the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, mild traumatic brain injuries are often a result of blast waves from roadside bombs. (lifeextension.com)
To verify disabilities related to brain injury (such as Traumatic Brain Injuries or Concussions), documentation such as described for a learning disability is useful. (iup.edu)
Symptoms of CTE, which occur in four stages, generally appear eight to ten years after an individual experiences repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries. (wikipedia.org)

Routine screening for chronic hypopituitarism after blast concussion shows promise for appropriately directing diagnostic and therapeutic decisions that otherwise may remain unconsidered and for markedly facilitating recovery and rehabilitation. (washington.edu)
CTE has been part of the national lexicon in the U.S. since the 2015 movie Concussion dramatized the discovery of this degenerative brain disease among football players. (wcbe.org)
While the force may not be enough to cause a concussion, the force profiles of a concussion and whiplash are likely high enough to cause some axon injury in the brain. (protecttheneck.com)
his is a 55-year-old female with a 2/10/2015 date of injury, who sustained a concussion when she slipped and fell into a doorframe at work. (bartleby.com)
However, although most people who suffer a concussion make a full recovery, some victims - particularly the elderly, young children, and teenagers - suffer effects well after the injury, or even permanently. (passenpowell.com)
Brain injuries caused by sports and recreational activities vary widely in severity, from a mild concussion with few symptoms to a severe TBI that requires months of inpatient rehabilitation. (brainandspinalcord.org)
A Concussion is a blow to the head or body that causes the brain to shake inside the skull. (headway.ie)
When the effects of a head injury persist in this way, over weeks, months or sometimes years, the person may be experiencing Post Concussion Syndrome. (headway.ie)
Post Concussion Syndrome is a complex disorder in which various symptoms - such as headaches and dizziness - last for weeks and sometimes months after the injury that caused the concussion. (headway.ie)
Whether you get Post Concussion Syndrome or not does not appear to be linked to the severity of the injury. (headway.ie)
A concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury is rarely dangerous on its own and does not result in death. (headway.ie)
However, having a concussion can be a risk factor for more serious conditions, such as Second Impact Syndrome or for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. (headway.ie)
Second impact syndrome describes the situation in which an individual gets a second injury before the symptoms from a previous concussion have resolved. (headway.ie)
Some authors have argued that mild TBI is inappropriately used to describe unresolved brain injury and concussion is a more apt description. (asha.org)

Polytrauma and management of other medical complications in the acute post-injury setting often preclude or complicate early rehabilitation. (deepdyve.com)
Participants were drawn from AHRC, a community-based structured day program in New York City that provides long-term rehabilitation services for individuals with severe brain injuries who are past the post-acute phase of rehabilitation. (heartmath.org)
Evidence is also presented that even individuals who sustained severe brain injuries and are long past the post-acute phase of rehabilitation can learn new techniques, respond to biofeedback, and greatly increase coherence in heart rate variability. (heartmath.org)
Recent evidence suggests that traumatic brain injury is a chronic, rather than an acute condition - which can have psychological effects on patients and their families indefinitely. (wordpress.com)
Previous studies suggest that prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) expression and prostacyclin receptor (IP) activation are beneficial for treatment of acute traumatic and ischemic brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)
COX-2 can be rapidly induced following traumatic brain injury, acute cerebral ischemia, seizures, and neurodegeneration [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
An acute glandular fever infection could damage the above-mentioned regions of the brain. (medindia.net)
DIAGNOSIS: Chronic Post Traumatic Headaches 12/19/15 Brain MRI report showed no acute intracranial abnormality. (bartleby.com)
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. (israel21c.org)
The patient may present in the acute or chronic phase of the illness, and considerations during the two phases are different. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Standard therapies frequently fail to provide significant recovery after the acute phase, and chronic symptoms can linger over a lifetime. (lifeextension.com)
Studies were evaluated based on duration between injury and DTI assessment, categorized as acute, subacute/chronic, remote mTBI, and repetitive brain trauma considerations. (springer.com)
2015). Clinical and imaging assessment of acute combat mild traumatic brain injury in Afghanistan. (springer.com)

Speed of information processing deficits are hallmark symptoms of, and a primary consideration, in the differential diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). (queensu.ca)
Examining Chronic Pain, MTBI, Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (STBI), and a Healthy Control group, the Computerized Tests of Information Processing (CTIP) were used to assess processing speed. (queensu.ca)
The Chronic Pain group performed significantly worse than the MTBI and Control groups on the CTIP with no significant differences between the Chronic Pain and Control group on any traditional NP test. (queensu.ca)
This study assessed the influence of chronic smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption on neurocognitive function following MTBI. (neuroskills.com)
A comprehensive neurocognitive battery was administered to 25 non-smoking MTBI (nsMTBI), 19 smoking MTBI (sMTBI) 38 ± 22 days (assessment point 1: AP1) and 230 ± 36 (assessment point 2: AP2) days after injury. (neuroskills.com)
However, the prevalence of PTHP after blast-related mild TBI (mTBI), an extremely common injury in modern military operations, has not been characterized. (washington.edu)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially mild TBI (mTBI), has become the "signature injury" of recent warfare, including the involvement of military service personnel in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The UW ADRC Neuropathology Core runs a brain bank with the goal of helping researchers to understand the impact of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on active-duty military members and veterans. (washington.edu)
This review seeks to summarize diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies that have evaluated structural changes attributed to the mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in adult civilian, military, and athlete populations. (springer.com)
Since changes in brain structure after mTBI can also be affected by other co-occurring medical and demographic factors, we also briefly review DTI studies that have addressed socioeconomic status factors (SES), major depressive disorder (MDD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (springer.com)
It is a type of mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) where the person is usually unconscious for less than 30 minutes. (headway.ie)
We investigated the epidemiology and natural history of PCS symptoms in a large cohort of children with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and compared them with children with an extracranial injury (ECI). (aappublications.org)
001). Three months after injury, 11% of the children in the mTBI group were symptomatic (13.7% of children older than 6 years) compared with 0.5% of the children in the ECI group. (aappublications.org)
Among school-aged children with mTBI, 13.7% were symptomatic 3 months after injury. (aappublications.org)
Head injuries significant enough to require medical attention in the emergency department (ED) occur in 150 to 400 per 100 000 people, and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for 75% to 85% of these injuries. (aappublications.org)
3 Because 16% of children have had at least 1 head injury requiring medical attention by 10 years of age, mTBI is considered to be a significant public health concern. (aappublications.org)
4 Although there is widespread agreement that mTBI may be associated with significant neuropsychological problems, there is disagreement about whether these problems can be attributed to the brain injury itself. (aappublications.org)
5 Some researchers have suggested that preinjury factors (age, alcohol abuse, education, and neuropsychiatric history), as well as factors that occur after injury (eg, stress and litigation) significantly contribute to the disabilities suffered by patients with mTBI. (aappublications.org)

To address these impressions the study seeks to review the author's medical records and other patient/doctor communications to the author where side effects of HBOT occurred in the treatment of chronic brain injury and abstract signs, symptoms, and the dose of HBOT employed. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify altered amygdala connectivity in individuals with chronic TBI (8 years post-injury on average) exhibiting comorbid depressive symptoms ( N = 31), relative to chronic TBI individuals having minimal depressive symptoms ( N = 23). (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, these results suggest that amygdala connectivity may be a potentially effective neuroimaging biomarker for comorbid depressive symptoms in chronic TBI. (frontiersin.org)
The Behavioral Assessment Screening Tool (BAST) measures neurobehavioral symptoms in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). (springer.com)
Juengst SB, Nabasny A, Terhorst L. Neurobehavioral symptoms in community-dwelling adults with and without chronic traumatic brain injury: differences by age, gender, education, and health condition. (springer.com)
Juengst SB, Nabasny A, Terhorst L. Cohort differences in neurobehavioral symptoms in chronic mild to severe traumatic brain injury. (springer.com)
The purpose of this study is to examine whether 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions has effect on long-term symptoms after brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
This is a single center, randomized, double-blind study with a subsequent open-label intervention period to explore whether a course of hyperbaric oxygen can ameliorate persistent symptoms after brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
In this study, adult men and women with persistent symptoms 6 months to 10 years after injury will be randomized to receive 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions (100% oxygen at 1.5 atmospheres absolute, 60 minutes door-to-door) or sham chamber sessions (room air chamber excursion at near-ambient pressure, 60 minutes door-to-door). (centerwatch.com)
These outcome tools will measure symptoms and deficit at the time of enrollment and subsequent evaluations, and provide insight into whether hyperbaric oxygen can play a role in recovery from brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
The head injury , an intracerebral bleed, was the primary injury causing her to suffer from headaches, dizziness, cognitive impairments, among other symptoms. (ottawainjury.ca)
The small study involved seven military personnel - five veterans and two active duty - who'd had brain injuries and experienced CTE-type symptoms, such as memory loss and mood swings. (wcbe.org)
In their view, this inflammation is a key culprit behind the myriad symptoms that have been linked with traumatic brain injury and mild traumatic brain injury, including brain atrophy, depression and cognitive decline. (technologynetworks.com)
Dr. Faden and Dr. Loane also say that there has been too much emphasis on a specific diagnosis known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), the set of symptoms and pathology that has been found in some former professional football players. (technologynetworks.com)
Nine veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq with moderate to severe chronic headaches following service-connected TBI and complicated by posttraumatic stress symptoms were treated in 20 individual FNS sessions at the Brain Wellness and Biofeedback Center of Washington (in Bethesda, Maryland, USA). (biomedcentral.com)
Studies are ongoing external icon to learn if getting multiple head impacts that do not cause a person to feel symptoms affect the brain over time. (cdc.gov)
Although many patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly mild TBI, recover from their symptoms within a few weeks, a small but meaningful subset experience symptoms that persist for months or years after injury and significantly impact quality of life for the individual and their family. (cdc.gov)
Chronic whiplash often includes things like migraine headache, vertigo, and cognitive decline which are similar symptoms to mild traumatic brain injury. (protecttheneck.com)
Patients with chronic whiplash symptoms showed differences in blood flow in the brain in specific areas that play a role in how we perceive pain. (protecttheneck.com)
While it can be difficult to differentiate symptoms of mild TBI from PTSD symptoms, especially months or years after the injury event, this review aims to present information relevant to understanding these often complex cases. (health.mil)
Prior history of TBI may predispose an individual to increased risk of subsequent TBI, which may result from less force, and lengthier recovery from post-injury symptoms. (health.mil)
What are some common symptoms of a traumatic brain injury? (reference.com)
Mainstream therapies have been largely unable to alleviate the progressive symptoms of traumatic brain injury, which often occur years after the original trauma and can include devastating cognitive, emotional, and physical effects. (lifeextension.com)
Symptoms can last longer for some people, and can seem more severe than perhaps a casual observer would guess from the initial injury. (headway.ie)
Criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition require the presence of symptoms in at least 3 of 6 categories for at least 3 months after injury and evidence of neuropsychological dysfunction. (aappublications.org)
citation needed] A small group of individuals with CTE have chronic traumatic encephalomyopathy (CTEM), which is characterized by symptoms of motor-neuron disease and which mimics amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (wikipedia.org)

Veins and venules play extremely important roles in brain circulation especially during pathologies such as brain edema, BBB disruption, elevation of intracranial pressure during and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke events, traumatic brain injury, neurodegerative disorders, in adults and newborns. (springer.com)
Research indicates that there is a clear link between brain injuries and a number of different serious and debilitating neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. (protectthebrain.org)
ADRC researchers and collaborators work to unravel the relationships between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. (washington.edu)
Both disorders are associated with build-up of beta amyloid, a toxic brain peptide. (medindia.net)
Veterans did have a higher risk of sleep disorders with concussions than with moderate to severe TBIs, which may reflect differences in how these injuries impact the brain, Leng says. (everydayhealth.com)
Human studies (years 1990 and later) addressing the influence of EPA/DHA on resilience or treatment of central nervous system (CNS) injuries or disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, are presented in Table 13-1 . (nap.edu)

If you or a loved one has suffered multiple concussions, or if you are simply interested in assisting the cause of preventing and treating chronic traumatic encephalopathy, we welcome your contributions to our efforts. (protectthebrain.org)

Sixty individuals spanning a wide range of TBI severity participated 1-year post-injury as part of the Toronto TBI study. (nih.gov)
A 10-point clinical rating scale (0-9), the Chronic Brain Injury (CBI) scale, was devised to assess the severity of traumatic encephalopathy associated with boxing. (nih.gov)
These preliminary findings suggest that possession of an APOE epsilon4 allele may be associated with increased severity of chronic neurologic deficits in high-exposure boxers. (nih.gov)
This study will help researchers understand how patterns of brain activity change during these tasks and how these tasks affect pain severity and unpleasantness. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Most studies found the occurrence of post traumatic hypopituitarism (PTHP) to be unrelated to injury severity. (washington.edu)
Neurologic variables assessed were brain injury and disability severity, and neuropsychological status. (unipg.it)
The four clinical stages of observable CTE disability have been correlated with tau pathology in brain tissue, ranging in severity from focal perivascular epicenters of neurofibrillary tangles in the frontal neocortex to severe tauopathy affecting widespread brain regions. (wikipedia.org)

It states that I have chronic microvascular disease of the brain and am to see a neurologist this week to determin if it actually was a mini stroke. (medhelp.org)
Given the similarities between Alzheimer disease and dementia pugilistica, we evaluated the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxers to determine whether there is a genetic susceptibility to the effects of head trauma. (nih.gov)
The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. (curehunter.com)
Dr. David K. Menon of the University of Cambridge talked with our reporter Heidi Splete about the challenges of assessing and treating TBI as a chronic disease at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. (wordpress.com)
From many angles, we are investigating the possibility that traumatic brain injury (TBI) serves as an environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. (washington.edu)
However, in the largest ever study on the link between TBI and brain disease, Dr. Paul Crane and team found that TBI with loss of consciousness raises the risk for later life Parkinson's disease. (washington.edu)
Dr . Dirk Keene, Leader of the ADRC Neuropathology Core , studies the plaques and tangles of brain disease under the microscope lens. (washington.edu)
CTE is a brain disease that can only be diagnosed after death. (cdc.gov)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (cdc.gov)
Parkinson s disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by progressive dopamine brain cells loss. (medindia.net)
Rather than a brain injury being viewed as a one-time event, this movement puts forth the assertion that it should be understood as a chronic disease. (wordpress.com)
Although TBI is at present treated as a serious injury, they propose that it instead be viewed, classified, and treated as a chronic disease triggered by a serious injury. (passenpowell.com)
The heightened risk of these problems throughout a victim's lifetime certainly makes TBI more akin to a chronic disease that a one-time injury with a discreet recovery period. (passenpowell.com)
And patients' outcomes could be substantially improved, as the "chronic disease" of TBI would then be prominent in a patient's health history, and healthcare providers would then be better educated and able to monitor these patients for the emergence of TBI-associated conditions later in life. (passenpowell.com)
Reclassifying TBI as a chronic disease whose effects often include these related conditions would make it easier to convince a court or jury that these effects are simply a part of the average cost of living with TBI, making it easier to obtain compensation. (passenpowell.com)
According to the Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC), 1.7 million people are diagnosed with a brain injury each year. (health.mil)
According to researchers from Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC), a class of drugs used for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has been found to be effective in treating traumatic brain injury as well. (medindia.net)
Burns said that the findings further cement the connection between Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. (medindia.net)
In the assessment of the Centers for Disease Control,Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children and adolescents. (medindia.net)
brains did not show signs of the neurodegenerative disease known as punch-drunk syndrome, which is caused by multiple concussions . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Surgical removal of a kidney - In the case of kidney cancer, kidney injury or kidney disease, a person may need to have one of their kidneys removed. (news-medical.net)
www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2021/20_0323.htm Preventing Chronic Disease. (cdc.gov)
The Chronic disease management often focuses on what is wrong with pa- instruments were validated in various clinical and nonclinical pop- tients rather than recognizing their strengths and resources. (cdc.gov)
Most health care focuses on patients' deficits to encourage behavi- chronic conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis or change. (cdc.gov)
Chronic conditions change for chronic disease management. (cdc.gov)
APRIL 2021 proach to chronic disease management can support self- ic care management. (cdc.gov)
Chronic Wasting Disease suspected in second white-tailed deer in Issaqueena Co. (wlbt.com)
JACKSON, MS (WLBT) - A free-range, 2.5-year-old female white-tailed deer collected in Issaquena County on November 1 has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) from initial testing. (wlbt.com)
Beyond brain injuries, accumulating evidence suggests that-as rates of dementia and Alzheimer's disease continue to explode-replenishing these same hormones may also help inhibit these degenerative brain diseases. (lifeextension.com)
Also, at a time of exploding rates of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, accumulating evidence suggests that by replenishing diminished sex hormones, aging individuals can help inhibit these devastating brain-wasting diseases. (lifeextension.com)
Repeated head blows make professional boxers prone to brain damage, including parkinsonism, tremors, and a severe form of TBI known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)-which is the dementia-like disease associated with repeated concussions. (lifeextension.com)
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive disease of the brain found in athletes and other people with a history of repeated head injury, including concussions. (headway.ie)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated blows to the head. (wikipedia.org)

Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury 2018-05-30 00:00:00 Abstract Rehabilitative training is one of the most successful therapies to promote motor recovery after spinal cord injury, especially when applied early after injury. (deepdyve.com)
July 31, 2018 Females are more likely than males to suffer measurable impact on their brains as a result of heading the ball during soccer. (npr.org)
July 25, 2018 The military is trying to figure out whether troops can sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons. (npr.org)

Would an MRI show evidence of concussions and Brain Injuries? (medhelp.org)
At the Brain Injury Research Institute, our purpose is to study the short and long-term impact of brain injury in general, and specifically in concussions. (protectthebrain.org)
We also invite offers for organ donation for the purpose of post-mortem examination and research so that we can better understand the effects of multiple concussions to the brain. (protectthebrain.org)
We are using multiple advanced brain imaging techniques, measurement of biomarkers in spinal fluid and brain tissue, and neuropsychological testing to determine these relationships in veterans who have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan, athletes who have experienced sports-related concussions, and others in the community. (washington.edu)
First described in boxers who became "punch drunk" in midlife, tau neurofibrillary tangles are increasingly being found in the brains of athletes who have suffered repeated concussions from head trauma. (washington.edu)
Mild TBIs, or concussions, often involve blows to the head that can cause the brain to shift rapidly back and forth inside the skull, leading to inflammation as well as tissue damage in several regions of the brain, Leng says. (everydayhealth.com)
A study published in July 2017 in JAMA Neurology , for example, found that more than half of veterans with concussions experienced moderate to severe sleep impairment up to five years after their injuries, compared with one in five combat veterans with no history of TBI. (everydayhealth.com)
There is evidence that suffering multiple concussions and other TBIs may cause a condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). (brainandspinalcord.org)

Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, Jacobs AR, Bennett A, Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E ∈4 Associated With Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury in Boxing. (jamanetwork.com)

Instead, they contend, researchers and journalists should focus more on the fact that even repeated concussive impacts or mild traumatic brain injury may trigger chronic brain inflammation that can persist for years and cause lasting damage. (technologynetworks.com)
For the paper in the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Dr. Faden and his colleagues found that the brains of animals with mild traumatic brain injury showed substantial loss of neurons, as well as increases in microglia, a kind of inflammatory immune cell active in the brain. (technologynetworks.com)
The researchers also found that repeated mild traumatic brain injury, and the resulting inflammation, were associated with decreased function in a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is crucial for memory. (technologynetworks.com)
Importance: Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) may predispose individuals to progressive neurodegeneration. (elsevier.com)

2017). As an example, Shine and colleagues showed that viral-mediated overexpression of neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) in motor neurons below the level of a corticospinal tract lesion, enhanced plasticity and sprouting in spared corticospinal axons, but only if NT-3 was expressed within 2 weeks after injury (Chen et al. (deepdyve.com)
In association football (soccer), whether this is just associated with prolific headers or other injuries is unclear as of 2017. (wikipedia.org)

These tests include computer-based and pencil-and-paper questionnaires and thinking tests, brain imaging, a neurological examination, and an eye exam. (centerwatch.com)
1 In a rat model of ischemia, chronic lithium treatment markedly reduced brain infarction and neurological deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). (ahajournals.org)
Replication studies with larger sample sizes should continue to examine the benefit of yoga in chronic neurological conditions, including brain injury. (mendeley.com)

These studies show how repeated mild injuries can lead to the same kinds of injuries that occur after a single moderate or severe traumatic brain injury," said Dr. Faden. (technologynetworks.com)
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, even early in life, may increase the risk for Alzheimer's in some people. (washington.edu)
Urologic dysfunction and neurologic outcome in coma survivors after severe traumatic brain injury in the postacute and chronic phase. (unipg.it)

It is important to note that in the chronic, ambulatory phase of the illness, there is some overlap of symptomatology between the effects of traumatic brain injury itself and hypopituitarism. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)

Four men are "wheeling" across Canada with the use of hand cycles in order to bring awareness and generate donations to research for conditions such as concussive head injury and Alzheimer's. (brainandspinalcord.org)

rehabilitative training, chronic cervical spinal cord injury, lipopolysaccaride, inflammation, single pellet reaching and grasping Introduction Spinal cord injury is a devastating event causing permanent loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the level of the injury. (deepdyve.com)
Inflammation after CNS injury is a complex process contributing to both tissue injury and repair (Schwartz et al. (deepdyve.com)
2006). Indeed, by 4 months post-injury, viral-mediated overexpression of NT-3 was not able to elicit growth/plasticity in uninjured corticospinal axons unless inflammation was induced by systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Chen et al. (deepdyve.com)
Therefore, we hypothesized that reintroducing inflammation after chronic spinal cord injury will reopen a period of plasticity during which the efficacy of motor training is enhanced. (deepdyve.com)
6 Among the factors contributing to delayed injury, progression in the penumbra, apoptosis, and inflammation play key roles. (ahajournals.org)
In a perspective article published in the most recent issue of Neurotherapeutics, the two authors - Alan Faden, MD, a neurologist and professor of anesthesiology, and David Loane, PhD, an assistant professor of anesthesiology, propose that chronic brain damage and neuropsychiatric problems after trauma are to a large degree caused by long-term inflammation in the brain. (technologynetworks.com)
Brain inflammation is a key issue, and it has been under-emphasized," says Dr. Faden. (technologynetworks.com)
Recent brain imaging studies, including those in former professional football players, indicate that persistent brain inflammation after a single moderate head injury or repeated milder traumatic brain injury may be very common, and may contribute to cognitive problems. (technologynetworks.com)
In addition, larger studies indicate that brain inflammation persists for many months or years in many people with traumatic brain injury. (technologynetworks.com)
The paper also points out that chronic brain inflammation related to traumatic brain injury may be treatable. (technologynetworks.com)
Dr. Faden and Dr. Loane say recent research shows that some experimental drugs, as well as carefully controlled exercise programs, can block brain inflammation caused by traumatic brain injury. (technologynetworks.com)
The brain inflammation and loss of brain cells look remarkably similar in both cases. (technologynetworks.com)
In the other paper, in the Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, which included Dr. Loane as the lead author, the scientists found that traumatic brain injury triggers specific long-term molecular changes that causes increased inflammation lasting up to a year and leads to the death of brain neurons and cognitive loss. (technologynetworks.com)
Aluminum could play a role in chronic brain damage and neurodegeneration by enhancing oxidative stress and inflammation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic inflammation measured using positron emission tomography following traumatic brain injury (months since injury below individual patients imaging). (imperial.ac.uk)
Recently, using a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan, abnormal persistent brain inflammation (chronic neuroinflammation) has been detected following TBI. (imperial.ac.uk)
We use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), performed at the Clinical Imaging Facility (CIF), to measure brain structure and function after TBI, and to look for evidence of inflammation using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). (imperial.ac.uk)
But near the damaged axons, a second molecular probe revealed specialized cells, called microglia, that are involved in brain inflammation . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Brain inflammation develops slowly, so microglia don't normally appear in drug overdose cases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
One of the secondary injury processes that may promote latent neuronal death is post-traumatic inflammation, which has been shown to increase blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral edema, and intracranial pressure, resulting in neuronal dysfunction following TBI. (lifeextension.com)

Overall, our results demonstrate that ischemia induced by our neonatal stroke model produces behavioral deficits that are consistent with the brain injury. (elsevier.com)
Traumatic brain injury afflicts nearly 1.7 million Americans annually 1 and causes devastating cognitive, emotional, and physical deficits. (lifeextension.com)
2 When these hormones are restored using precise bioidentical therapy, a reversal of functional deficits associated with traumatic brain injury has been shown. (lifeextension.com)

In-vivo magnetic resonance studies suggest that chronic smoking in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals compounds alcohol-induced brain tissue loss and neuronal injury. (addictioninfo.org)
Right now, accurately diagnosing CTE requires the close study of brain tissue during autopsy, to identify the telltale abnormal proteins that kill brain cells. (wcbe.org)
CTE is characterized by an ongoing degeneration of the brain tissue, along with the accumulation of tau protein. (protectthebrain.org)
Conventional thought on whiplash has linked the pain of whiplash to a soft tissue injury in the cervical spine. (protecttheneck.com)
It's easy to understand how injuries to muscular and ligamentous tissue can cause pain, but chronic whiplash injury is about more than just neck pain. (protecttheneck.com)
When pain is poorly related to tissue injury, then it becomes more helpful to start thinking about pain as it relates to the brain itself. (protecttheneck.com)
It's easy to understand how the whipping of the head can tear and injure ligament and muscle tissue, but we have to dig a little deeper to see how whiplash can affect the brain. (protecttheneck.com)
This secondary injury can last months, if not years, resulting in large holes within brain tissue. (medindia.net)

abstract = "Objective: To assess the effects of amantadine on anger and aggression among individuals with a chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). (elsevier.com)

Chronic headaches were reported by 47% of mild TBI patients and 34% of moderate/ severe TBI patients. (nih.gov)
Such headaches have been associated with greater frequency of headache attacks and increased prevalence of chronic daily headache [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although not included in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, individuals with PTSD are at increased risk for experiencing chronic headaches [ 1 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Staley lives on a farm in California with his wife with chronic headaches, a crippled body, and the beginning of dementia. (wikipedia.org)

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is caused by head trauma or a cerebrovascular event, which can lead to cognitive, emotional, affective, and behavioral changes, thus invalidating patient's feelings and family relationships. (hindawi.com)
Unlike the general population, scientific evidence suggests that football players with multiple hits to the head risk developing a neurodegenerative condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which may lead to behavioral problems and dementia. (washington.edu)
Rats exposed to cranium-directed primary blast-TBI demonstrated behavioral manifestations of ongoing pain, mechanical hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia three weeks after injury, recapitulating chronic facial pain in patients after blast-TBI. (umaryland.edu)
Vassilis Koliatsos, M.D., professor of pathology, neurology, and psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, recently published a study in Acta Neuropathologica Communications that found survivable blasts may cause hidden brain injuries that play a role in the psychological and social problems some veterans face after coming home. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The belief amongst these authors is that there is a mismatch between the incoming pain stimulus and the level of activation in the pain processing centers of the brain. (protecttheneck.com)

More effective diagnosis of TBI patients with chronic pain may facilitate rehabilitation of these patients. (nih.gov)
This randomized controlled trial investigated the efficacy of Goal Management Training TM (GMT) in improving executive functioning in patients with chronic ABI. (cambridge.org)
The results indicate that GMT combined with external cueing is an effective metacognitive strategy training method, ameliorating executive dysfunction in daily life for patients with chronic ABI. (cambridge.org)
This study reports on a clinical series of patients with chronic headache following service-connected TBI treated with FNS. (biomedcentral.com)
Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins (ILs) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β make large contributions to the neuroinflammatory response in patients with chronic brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)

A consecutive sample of 132 patients who attended a brain injury rehabilitation center after TBI. (nih.gov)
Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation puts most families in crushing debt. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Contrary to commonly held beliefs that further rehabilitation or recovery is impossible for such a population, one key premise of this study is that given appropriate training, people with chronic brain injury can continue to make substantial improvements in their functioning. (heartmath.org)
In the current study, we compare the effects of two 1-month electronic cognitive rehabilitation programs for individuals with chronic TBI. (elsevier.com)
Discussion: We will test whether electronically delivered cognitive rehabilitation aimed at improving daily life functional skills will provide cognitive and daily life functional improvements for individuals in the chronic phase of TBI recovery (greater than 3 months post injury). (elsevier.com)

Assisting a person with cognitive disabilities as a result of brain damage has a large impact on the emotional and physical health of the caregiver. (hindawi.com)
Few control trials exist that test cognitive treatment effectiveness at chronic recovery stages. (frontiersin.org)
These preliminary results suggest that relatively short-term training (6 h) utilizing a top-down reasoning approach is more effective than a bottom-up rote learning approach in achieving gains in higher-order cognitive abilities in adolescents at chronic stages of TBI. (frontiersin.org)
Chronic-stage, higher-order cognitive trainings may serve to elevate levels of cognitive performance in adolescents with TBI. (frontiersin.org)
Of relevance to pediatric TBI is that an injury during this lengthy developmental course may disrupt the maturation of frontal functions that support higher-order cognitive outcomes ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
A neurocognitive stall is illustrated when an individual seems to have recovered from his/her brain injury but begins to exhibit a plateau in cognitive performance relative to typical peers when evaluated years later. (frontiersin.org)
oSpecific cognitive dysfunction among active chronic smokers has been reported for auditory-verbal learning and memory, prospective memory, working memory, executive functions, visual search speeds, psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility, general intellectual abilities, and balance. (addictioninfo.org)
We also believe that the adverse effects of smoking, just like drinking, likely take many years to impact brain function significantly, and interact with age to produce a level of dysfunction that is apparent on cognitive tests. (addictioninfo.org)
Chronic smoking may also hinder neurobiological and cognitive recovery during short-term abstinence from alcohol. (addictioninfo.org)
The papers, which looked at animal models of traumatic brain injury, examined the mechanisms by which even mild brain injuries can cause sustained cognitive and psychiatric problems. (technologynetworks.com)
Though there is little evidence to support amantadine 's effectiveness to improve cognitive function after traumatic brain injury (TBI), clinicians still commonly use it for this purpose. (msktc.org)
And, according to one recent study, it can cause a decline in cognitive performance similar to the intoxicated brain. (everydayhealth.com)

Researchers have also shown that compared to healthy patients, the brains of chronic pain sufferers are wired differently, in ways that suggest that physical sensations and emotional responses are bound more tightly together. (latimes.com)
The brain's white matter normally deteriorate with age, and the Northwestern researchers made a shocking calculation to show the difference that separated subjects with and without chronic pain: Compared to healthy controls or those whose pain subsided, the white matter in the subjects whose pain went on to become chronic 'exhibits 30 to 50 years of additional aging. (latimes.com)
For the study , the researchers used brain scans to examine the interaction between 2 parts of the brain-the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens-in 40 patients who had recent onset of back pain for the first time. (apta.org)
During the first session, the researchers will locate a pain-related region of the brain from which to gather information about brain activity. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In the second and third sessions, the researchers will use fMRI to measure the activity in a pain-related region of the brain while the participant tries out different thinking strategies. (clinicaltrials.gov)
UCLA researchers are using a radioactive tracer, which binds to abnormal proteins in the brain, to see if it is possible to diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy in living patients. (wcbe.org)
The researchers still need to determine "how it correlates with the changes actually seen in the brain when people die," he explains. (wcbe.org)
A new paper by researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UM SOM) argues that there is a widespread misunderstanding about the true nature of traumatic brain injury and how it causes chronic degenerative problems. (technologynetworks.com)
The researchers hypothesize that a 'hit and run' brain injury associated with the viral infection could lead to CFS. (medindia.net)
That is why the new proposal from researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston is so encouraging to our top brain injury lawyers . (passenpowell.com)
Now, the researchers are all set to show that deactivating these pathways in part by using a class of AD drug, called gamma secretase inhibitor, could reduce loss of neurons in animal models of traumatic brain injury. (medindia.net)
For the study, researchers examined data on almost 200,000 Iraq and Afghanistan-era veterans, roughly half of whom had been diagnosed with a brain injury. (everydayhealth.com)
To understand this puzzling ailment, a team of eight researchers examined the brains of five male United States military veterans who survived IED attacks but later died. (medicalnewstoday.com)

But a new study offers strong evidence that even before a person experiences an injury, the likelihood that the resulting pain will become chronic can be predicted by examining the brain's 'white matter' -- the bundles of fatty fibers that carry electrical impulses between the brain's hemispheres and among its dense network of cells and structures. (latimes.com)
Evidence suggests that functional outcomes after TBI can show improvement or deterioration up to two decades after injury, and rates of all-cause mortality remain elevated for many years. (brainline.org)
These results provide additional evidence that individuals with Chronic Pain experience notable impairments in information processing speed with the potential to confound NP test results for potentially brain injured patients. (queensu.ca)
Because this study provides empirical evidence that the brain and emotions are connected in the body - as opposed to operating in the separate domains created by the traditional mind/body divide - it also presents the possibility that this connection could be used to train individuals with brain injury to better self-regulate their behavior and thereby control disinhibition and impulsivity. (heartmath.org)
Studies of traumatic brain injury from all causes have found evidence of chronic hypopituitarism, defined by deficient production of one or more pituitary hormones at least 1 year after injury, in 25-50% ofcases. (washington.edu)
Is there evidence that new and novel injury prevention strategies work (eg, changes to rules of the game, fair play strategies, etc)? (bmj.com)
His lawsuit hinged on evidence of brain injuries suffered by employees in an entirely different line of work - football. (klinespecter.com)

This progressive, degenerative, and debilitating condition has been linked to boxing, hockey , football , auto racing , and a number of other activities that can cause repeated brain injuries. (brainandspinalcord.org)

Yes, a car crash can cause a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in many ways. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Yes, a fall can cause a traumatic brain injury (TBI). (brainandspinalcord.org)

Since this first discovery, chronic traumatic encephalopathy is now recognized as causing dementia in footballs players, ice hockey players, boxers, rugby players and others who engage in contact sports, as well as in members of the military. (protectthebrain.org)
It was originally named dementia pugilistica (from Latin pugil , 'boxer'), but has more recently been expanded to include brain damage from additional sources. (protectthebrain.org)
He searches for the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI), in order to confirm a possible link to later dementia in the aging population and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football players. (washington.edu)
Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Nonreversible means the changes in the brain that are causing the dementia cannot be stopped or turned back. (medlineplus.gov)

Improvements are therefore needed in understanding chronic pathologies and their implications for survivors of TBI, which could inform long-term health management in this sizeable patient population. (brainline.org)
Survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) suffer from a broad spectrum of effects that often only show up decades later 4 and continue to get progressively worse. (lifeextension.com)
The following are stories of real life survivors of brain injury. (tbilaw.com)
OBJECTIVES: To investigate voiding dysfunction and upper urinary tract status in survivors of coma resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to compare clinical and urodynamic results with neurologic and psychological features as well as functional outcomes. (unipg.it)

We identified a pattern of tiny wounds, or lesions, that we think may be the signature of blast injury. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Other conditions treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy include serious infections, bubbles of air in your blood vessels, and wounds that won't heal as a result of diabetes or radiation injury. (mayoclinic.org)

So, too, might their prospective employers -- including the armed forces, the National Football League, or a trucking company tired of paying disability to drivers retiring with chronic back pain. (latimes.com)
Executive dysfunction is a common consequence of acquired brain injury (ABI), causing significant disability in daily life. (cambridge.org)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as damage to the brain as a result of sudden trauma, is reported to be the most common cause of disability among youth in the United States today. (frontiersin.org)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death and disability in young adults. (imperial.ac.uk)
Head injury or traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability among children and young adults that leads to varying degrees of physical and mental stability. (medindia.net)
Usability of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in chronic traumatic brain injury. (scarlettlawgroup.com)
Chronic care in disability - Good Care Matters. (blogspot.com)

Those comparisons showed that, from the earliest scans, the brains of subjects who would go on to become chronic pain sufferers had structural abnormalities that made them look much more like the chronic pain veterans than like healthy controls or the subjects with back pain that went away. (latimes.com)
With respect to neurodegeneration after TBI, post-mortem studies on the long-term neuropathology after injury have identified complex persisting and evolving abnormalities best described as polypathology, which includes chronic traumatic encephalopathy. (brainline.org)
In brains that had been exposed to blasts, we see microglial cells right next to these unusual axonal abnormalities,' Koliatsos says. (medicalnewstoday.com)

It's infuriating to chronic pain sufferers to be told their pain is 'all in the head. (latimes.com)
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when there is a "bump, blow, or jolt to the head" that causes issues with the functions of the. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is found among people who've had head injuries. (wcbe.org)
Though not everyone with head trauma develops CTE, the group that's come to be most associated with it is football players, whose brains can be routinely jarred by hard hits. (wcbe.org)
It could help us not just with people who've had head trauma from sports," he says, "but also from other forms of injury, such as blast injury in the military. (wcbe.org)
There is growing concern about the long-term effects on the brain of people who experience multiple or repeated head impacts. (cdc.gov)
Thousands of military members suffer long-term consequences of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (Blast-TBI), including chronic head and face pain. (umaryland.edu)
Injuries occurring after a motor vehicle collision can lead to chronic head and neck pain long after the damage of the injury is done repairing. (protecttheneck.com)
When the head and neck accelerate and decelerate during a collision, the force of the head and neck moving can be stopped by a seatbelt, but it won't not stop the brain from moving inside the skull. (protecttheneck.com)
Traumatic brain injury is caused by injury to the head, such as a blow, bump, or fall, which interferes with the brain's normal functions. (passenpowell.com)
TBI occurs as the result from a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain. (health.mil)
It can provide a rapid electroencephalographic (EEG) assessment of a person who suffered a head injury, utilizing disposable electrodes and a connected smartphone to process the information. (medgadget.com)
The brains of female soccer players who head the ball frequently show white matter alterations. (npr.org)
A new study has revealed that chronic seizures caused by traumatic head injuries might occur due to chemicals released by the brain's immune system attempting to repair the injured site. (medindia.net)
Post-traumatic stress disorder , common among veterans with and without head injuries, didn't appear to influence the risk of sleep problems in those who did have TBIs. (everydayhealth.com)
While the risk of suffering a traumatic brain injury is higher in some sports than others, serious injuries, including head injuries, are possible in almost any sport. (brainandspinalcord.org)
If you or your child suffers a sports injury involving the head, it is important to have a medical evaluation as soon as possible to rule out a traumatic brain injury. (brainandspinalcord.org)
This type of cheerleading involves gymnastics-inspired handsprings and flips, as well as stunts such as pyramids, lifts, basket tosses, and catches, that can easily lead to a head injury. (brainandspinalcord.org)
If you believe you or your child may have suffered a head injury during a game or practice, get evaluated as soon as possible. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases. (springer.com)
University of Virginia prospective study of football-induced minor head injury: status report. (springer.com)

Thus began my thirst for knowledge about traumatic brain injury and the possible resulting pathologies such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. (bartleby.com)

The primary injury mechanism responsible for such network dysfunction following TBI is diffuse axonal injury (DAI) ( 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. (springer.com)

The long-term effect of brain damage is of increasing concern to our military because of the very common brain traumas suffered by our service members in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. (washington.edu)
The brains of some Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans who survived blasts from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and died later of other causes show a distinctive honeycomb pattern of broken and swollen nerve fibers throughout critical brain regions, including those that control executive function. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common problem, and awareness of TBI has increased recently because of military combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. (asha.org)
TBI is widely regarded as the signature injury of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. (asha.org)

2011). Accordingly, data from individuals and animal models with stroke and spinal cord injury suggest that training efficacy diminishes when training is initiated chronically after the insult (Biernaskie et al. (deepdyve.com)
7,8 Although lithium can protect the brain after stroke, the mechanisms responsible for its neuroprotective effects remain unclear. (ahajournals.org)
An Australian researcher says that a new treatment, called the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment, may prove effective in curing speech disorder in people who have suffered a stroke or brain injury. (medindia.net)
It is caused by poor blood flow to the brain, such as with stroke. (medlineplus.gov)

According to Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, from 2000-2019 (Q1-Q3), more than 413,858 service members have been diagnosed with TBI . (health.mil)
This is the first time the tools of modern pathology have been used to look at a 100-year-old problem: the lingering effect of blasts on the brain,' says Koliatsos, senior author of the study that used molecular probes to reveal details in the brains of veterans who died months or years after an IED blast. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In the brains of four of the five veterans who survived wartime blast injuries, the axonal bulbs were medium-sized and usually arrayed in a honeycomb pattern near blood vessels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Their presence suggests the veterans who overdosed had pre-existing brain injuries. (medicalnewstoday.com)
While individual injuries often produce devastating and life-changing consequences for service members and veterans, it is important to keep the magnitude of combat injuries in perspective. (asha.org)

It has been speculated that idling neurons in the penumbra zone remain viable several years after injury and might be reactivated by enhanced oxygenation. (nih.gov)
We observed hyperexcitability at baseline of PO neurons after blast injury in absence of changes to evoked response to cutaneous noxious stimuli. (umaryland.edu)
PB neurons, weeks to months after injury, are hyper-excitable in chronic pain, as shown by prolonged response after presentation of noxious cutaneous stimulation ("after-discharges"), previously observed to be causally-related to pain due to CCI-ION in SpVc. (umaryland.edu)
As the brain shifts forward and back, it can create a shearing force in the brain and damage the neurons deep within the brain. (protecttheneck.com)

Chronic pain is a common comorbid symptom following trauma-induced brain injury and can impact information processing speed thereby creating a potential confound in a differential diagnosis. (queensu.ca)
The factors associated with an increased likelihood of negative TBI outcomes include not only characteristics of the injury and injury mechanism, but also the individual's age, pre-injury status, comorbid conditions, environment, and propensity for resilience. (cdc.gov)

One of the article's co-authors was Brent Masel, a clinical associate professor in the University's neurology department, as well as the president and director of a brain injury rehab center called the Transitional Learning Center. (passenpowell.com)

Pilot case study of the therapeutic potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on chronic brain injury. (nih.gov)

Recently, the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) therapy was explored in the treatment of chronic TBI. (nih.gov)
The information we learn in this study will help us create new treatment options to help people with SCI to manage their chronic neuropathic pain. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Conclusions- The present study demonstrates that chronic treatment with lithium at a low dose exhibits neuroprotection in transient focal cerebral ischemia. (ahajournals.org)
4 In the present study we tested the hypothesis that chronic treatment with lithium at a low dose improves the recovery from transient focal cerebral ischemia and reduces infarct volume. (ahajournals.org)
What's special about our Ottawa personal injury lawyers is that we understand our clients' medical needs allowing us to refer them to top treatment providers based on their circumstances. (ottawainjury.ca)
FNS may be a potentially efficacious treatment for chronic posttraumatic headache sustained in military service. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, treatment for chronic headache is complicated by the presence of co-morbid PTSD [ 8 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Treatment of chronic headache associated with TBI remains highly challenging. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the study showed that "modulation of beta and gamma secretase may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. (medindia.net)
Treatment for brain injuries and recovery from a brain injury can be expensive. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Reference Manager Save my selection doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000808 CHRONIC AND INTERVENTIONAL PAIN: SPECIAL ARTICLE Open Background Over the past 2 decades, the use of intravenous ketamine infusions as a treatment for chronic pain has increased dramatically, with wide variation in patient selection, dosing, and monitoring. (tripdatabase.com)

By contrast, moderate to severe TBIs are typically due to a direct blow with more extensive damage concentrated in a smaller area of the brain. (everydayhealth.com)
More serious injuries - moderate and severe TBIs - are usually obvious because of the extended loss of consciousness. (brainandspinalcord.org)

The difference between people whose back pain abates after injury and those whose pain becomes chronic lies in their brains' structures, a new study finds. (latimes.com)
And throughout the study period, the white matter and brain connections of subjects with back pain that went away looked much more like those of healthy control subjects than they did like the brains of subjects whose pain became chronic. (latimes.com)
Whether a person's injury will lead to chronic pain may depend on the level of communication between 2 parts of his or her brain, says a HealthDay article based on a study published in the current issue of Nature Neuroscience . (apta.org)
Although the study showed an association between levels of communication in the brain and chronic pain, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship, the article says. (apta.org)
This study related outcome assessed across several domains to brain structure derived from quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (nih.gov)
The study is a retrospective review of the author's experience treating chronic brain injury with HBOT, supplemented by cases communicated to the author, who developed untoward effects during or after their HBOT. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The object of the study was to affirm or refute the author's general impression that there was an optimal dose of HBOT in chronic brain injury which was lower than the traditional dose applied in chronic non-central nervous system wounding. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In this cross-sectional study, we assess associated factors of burden in spouse-caregivers of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) in the chronic phase. (hindawi.com)
The purpose of this research study is to learn more about how patterns of brain activity change during different thinking tasks and how these changes relate to the intensity and unpleasantness of the neuropathic pain that people with SCI experience. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The purpose of this research study is to examine patterns of brain activity in people with SCI while they perform different thinking tasks. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A comparison of the validity of self-report measures amongst people with acquired brain injury: a preliminary study of the usefulness of EuroQol-5D. (springer.com)
This study will enroll 90 individuals with persistent problems 1-5 years after a brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine or other illicit drugs. (ufrgs.br)
Conclusions: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron specific enolase were not statistically different between cocaine dependent subjects and controls. (ufrgs.br)
Small says the study paves the way for deeper investigation of CTE's brain changes. (wcbe.org)
His recent research leverages the Adult Changes in Thinking Study, a collaboration between the Allen Brain Institute, Group Health Research Institute, and UW Medicine. (washington.edu)
In this study, we investigated the change of PGIS/IP signaling pathway and the effect of beraprost sodium (BPS) on chronic brain injury in chronic aluminum-overload rats. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we investigate whether minocycline therapy reduces chronic neuroinflammation following TBI, measured using PET. (imperial.ac.uk)
This study will enroll 90 individuals with persistent problems 6 months to 10 years after a brain injury. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Therefore, interventions that reopen a window of opportunity for effective motor training after chronic injury would have significant therapeutic value. (deepdyve.com)
The PGIS/IP signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic brain injury patients. (biomedcentral.com)
It is the complex secondary mechanisms that play a critical role in the delayed progression of brain damage-presenting novel opportunities for therapeutic strategies. (lifeextension.com)

They did so by recruiting 46 subjects who had experienced a first episode of back pain that had already lasted four to 16 weeks, and performing regular brain scans on those subjects for a year. (latimes.com)
By analyzing the scans, the investigators were able to predict whether the patients would develop chronic pain with an 85% level of accuracy. (apta.org)
Volumetric data over 38 brain regions were derived from high resolution T1-weighted MRI scans. (nih.gov)
The FDDNP tracer, which is radioactive, binds with the abnormal proteins in the brain and then appears in neural PET scans. (wcbe.org)
And, it should be noted, the former players - all of them professionals who'd played in the NFL - had brain scans consistent with those of people who had died and had autopsies that confirmed CTE. (wcbe.org)
These studies are done using things like PET scans that help to identify areas of the brain that are gobbling up more glucose which tells us how active that part of the brain is at a given time. (protecttheneck.com)
Using MRI scans, they found that sleep deprivation causes a person to become irrational because the brain can't put an emotional event in proper prospective and is incapable of making an appropriate response. (everydayhealth.com)

Australian scientists from University of New South Wales have discovered that temporary injury to the brain during early inflammatory stages of glandular fever could lead to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). (medindia.net)
Instability of the cervical ligaments can lead to chronic pain in some trauma cases, but many patients who have chronic pain after an accident don't have this level of injury. (protecttheneck.com)

Chronic pain was reported by 58% of mild TBI and 52% of moderate/severe TBI patients. (nih.gov)
Findings indicate that chronic pain is a significant problem in mild and moderate/severe TBI patients. (nih.gov)

Neuroimaging investigations of the developing brain have advanced our understanding of the dynamic processes of myelination and synaptic pruning that occur during adolescence ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
High fever in kids can cause convulsions and are called febrile fits that do not include the seizures that occur as a result of brain infection. (medindia.net)
Additional injuries may also occur if the injured brain bleeds or swells, causing an increase in pressure inside the skull. (brainandspinalcord.org)

The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury. (curehunter.com)
The need to separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy neuropathology from clinical features. (cdc.gov)

The new research, published Tuesday in the journal Pain, suggests that variations in brain structure could help identify people who, once injured, are more vulnerable to becoming chronic pain sufferers. (latimes.com)

Brain injury was scored by histology at P40 with cresyl violet-stained coronal sections and computerized quantification of the ischemic injury. (elsevier.com)

The authors made further comparisons between the original 46 subjects and two new groups: healthy recruits and people with a established history of chronic pain. (latimes.com)
Neuropathic pain is common among people with spinal cord injury (SCI), is often severe, and can interfere significantly with daily life. (clinicaltrials.gov)
They say that although chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a serious problem, relatively few people have been diagnosed with this condition. (technologynetworks.com)
A problem with cWAD is that we don't really have a strong sense of why some people will get chronic pain after the injury while most will recover seemingly unphased. (protecttheneck.com)
NCTT will be a multi-site research facility dedicated to the testing of treatments for people with chronic spinal cord and brain injury. (memorialhermann.org)
brains to those of 24 people who died of a range of causes, including motor vehicle crashes, opiate overdoses and heart attacks . (medicalnewstoday.com)
In the brains of people killed in car accidents, the swellings are large and bulb-shaped. (medicalnewstoday.com)
People with this condition have abnormal protein structures in certain areas of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
The implantable components integrated in the brain-spine interface have all been approved for investigational applications in similar human research, suggesting a practical translational pathway for proof-of-concept studies in people with spinal cord injury. (medgadget.com)
Most people are able to return to work within two weeks of the injury. (headway.ie)

More specifically, it might be related to specific regions of the brain that play a critical role in the perception pain and fatigue. (medindia.net)

The functional clinical status and the stages through which a family may pass over time were identified as areas in which the spouse-caregiver of ABI patients experienced high levels of burden in the chronic phase. (hindawi.com)
Important links are emerging in clinical and laboratory studies of the immediate, as well as long-term, brain responses to traumatic brain injury. (washington.edu)

3 Reperfusion/reoxygenation after an ischemic episode can significantly exacerbate injury to the brain, as demonstrated in a rodent model of focal permanent and transient cerebral ischemia. (ahajournals.org)
Compared with the control group, PGIS mRNA expression, PGI2 level, and the IP mRNA and protein expressions significantly increased in hippocampi of chronic aluminum-overload rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Administration of BPS significantly improved spatial learning and memory function impairment and hippocampal neuron injury induced by chronic aluminum overload in rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Our previous studies also demonstrate that aluminum significantly induced brain injury and COX-2 overexpression, and the COX-2 inhibitor protected against chronic brain injury in rats [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms8

Diseases101

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Psychiatry and Psychology13

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities2

Information Science7

Named Groups2

Health Care28

A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. (1/72)

Reversible neuropsychological deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. (2/72)

Visual search and visual working memory in patients with chronic focal cortical lesions. (3/72)

The structural basis of moderate disability after traumatic brain damage. (4/72)

Effectiveness of bed rest after mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial of no versus six days of bed rest. (5/72)

Increased diffusion in the brain of professional boxers: a preclinical sign of traumatic brain injury? (6/72)

Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3 T. (7/72)

Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute corticospinal tract injury preceding Wallerian degeneration in the maturing human brain. (8/72)

Brain Injuries

Wounds and Injuries

Brain Injury, Chronic

Brain Chemistry

Brain

Athletic Injuries

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Reperfusion Injury

Injury Severity Score

Spinal Cord Injuries

Blast Injuries

Brain Edema

Glasgow Coma Scale

Brain Neoplasms

Brain Ischemia

Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain

Brain Mapping

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Brain Concussion

Head Injuries, Closed

Trauma Severity Indices

Disease Models, Animal

Neuroprotective Agents

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Head Injuries, Penetrating

Recovery of Function

Brain Damage, Chronic

Leg Injuries

Hypoxia, Brain

Lung Injury

Cerebral Cortex

Neurons

Time Factors

Post-Concussion Syndrome

Glasgow Outcome Scale

Eye Injuries

Neck Injuries

Craniocerebral Trauma

Blood-Brain Barrier

Acute Lung Injury

Intracranial Pressure

Brain Stem

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Brain Infarction

Abdominal Injuries

Intracranial Hypertension

Acute Kidney Injury

Abbreviated Injury Scale

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Arm Injuries

Hypothermia, Induced

Wounds, Nonpenetrating

Thoracic Injuries

Hand Injuries

Hippocampus

Animals, Newborn

Accidents, Traffic

Spinal Injuries

Knee Injuries

Rats, Wistar

Neuropsychological Tests

Cognition Disorders

Immunohistochemistry

Astrocytes

Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic

Facial Injuries

Heart Injuries

Brain Abscess

Analysis of Variance

Persistent Vegetative State

Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

Myocardial Reperfusion Injury

Maze Learning

S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit

Back Injuries

Soft Tissue Injuries

Behavior, Animal

Cell Death

Multiple Trauma

Drug-Induced Liver Injury