Brain injury chronic. Medical search

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.

Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.

A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).

Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)

Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)

Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. These may result from gunshot wounds (WOUNDS, GUNSHOT), stab wounds (WOUNDS, STAB), and other forms of trauma.

A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.

A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.

Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.

A scale that assesses the outcome of serious craniocerebral injuries, based on the level of regained social functioning.

Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.

Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.

General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.

Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.

Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.

Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.

Abnormally low BODY TEMPERATURE that is intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means. In humans, mild or moderate hypothermia has been used to reduce tissue damages, particularly after cardiac or spinal cord injuries and during subsequent surgeries.

Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.

General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.

General or unspecified injuries to the hand.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.

Injuries involving the vertebral column.

Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)

General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.

General or unspecified injuries to the heart.

A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.

Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)

A calcium-binding protein that is 92 AA long, contains 2 EF-hand domains, and is concentrated mainly in GLIAL CELLS. Elevation of S100B levels in brain tissue correlates with a role in neurological disorders.

General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.

Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand".

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.

The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

Damages to the CAROTID ARTERIES caused either by blunt force or penetrating trauma, such as CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; THORACIC INJURIES; and NECK INJURIES. Damaged carotid arteries can lead to CAROTID ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; pseudoaneurysm formation; and INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997, 18:251; J Trauma 1994, 37:473)

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Injuries to blood vessels caused by laceration, contusion, puncture, or crush and other types of injuries. Symptoms vary by site and mode of injuries and may include bleeding, bruising, swelling, pain, and numbness. It does not include injuries secondary to pathologic function or diseases such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.

Unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities.

The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.

An armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of IRAQ.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Excision of part of the skull. This procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment.

Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.

A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.

Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.

General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.

Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.

Prolonged unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused, associated with traumatic injuries to the BRAIN. This may be defined as unconsciousness persisting for 6 hours or longer. Coma results from injury to both cerebral hemispheres or the RETICULAR FORMATION of the BRAIN STEM. Contributing mechanisms include DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY and BRAIN EDEMA. (From J Neurotrauma 1997 Oct;14(10):699-713)

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.

Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Personal devices for protection of heads from impact, penetration from falling and flying objects, and from limited electric shock and burn.

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.

Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.

Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries to an extracranial or intracranial blood vessel that supplies the brain. This includes the CAROTID ARTERIES; VERTEBRAL ARTERIES; MENINGEAL ARTERIES; CEREBRAL ARTERIES; veins, and venous sinuses.

Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease.

Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients.

Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.

Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.

Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.

A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Multinational coalition military operation initiated in October 2001 to counter terrorism and bring security to AFGHANISTAN in collaboration with Afghan forces.

The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.

A competitive team sport played on a rectangular field. This is the American or Canadian version of the game and also includes the form known as rugby. It does not include non-North American football (= SOCCER).

Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

A game in which a round inflated ball is advanced by kicking or propelling with any part of the body except the hands or arms. The object of the game is to place the ball in opposite goals.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS, especially PARKINSON DISEASE, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS. The electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously.

Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.

Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A two-person sport in which the fists are skillfully used to attack and defend.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The decrease in neuronal activity (related to a decrease in metabolic demand) extending from the site of cortical stimulation. It is believed to be responsible for the decrease in cerebral blood flow that accompanies the aura of MIGRAINE WITH AURA. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)

A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. (1/72)

Extracellular adenosine critically modulates ischemic brain injury, at least in part through activation of the A(1) adenosine receptor. However, the role played by the A(2A) receptor has been obscured by intrinsic limitations of A(2A) adenosinergic agents. To overcome these pharmacological limitations, we explored the consequences of deleting the A(2A) adenosine receptor on brain damage after transient focal ischemia. Cerebral morphology, as well as vascular and physiological measures (before, during, and after ischemia) did not differ between A(2A) receptor knock-out and wild-type littermates. The volume of cerebral infarction, as well as the associated neurological deficit induced by transient filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, were significantly attenuated in A(2A) receptor knock-out mice. This neuroprotective phenotype of A(2A) receptor-deficient mice was observed in different genetic backgrounds, confirming A(2A) receptor disruption as its cause. Together with complimentary pharmacological studies, these data suggest that A(2A) receptors play a prominent role in the development of ischemic injury within brain and demonstrate the potential for anatomical and functional neuroprotection against stroke by A(2A) receptor antagonists. (+info)

Reversible neuropsychological deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. (2/72)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of motivation on performance in a divided attention test of patients after mild traumatic brain injury (MBI). METHODS: Comparison of the performance of 12 patients with MBI with 10 patients with severe brain injury (SBI) and 11 healthy controls in a computer supported divided attention task before (T1) and after (T2) verbal motivation. RESULTS: At T1, the MBI group performed the same as the SBI group but significantly worse than the controls in all variables. At T2, the MBI group performed worse than the controls at T2 but the results were equal to the results of the controls at T1 and significantly better than the SBI group at T1 or T2. At T2 the MBI group performed at the level of published norms for the rest. CONCLUSION: Before verbal motivation the MBI group's results in the divided attention task were comparable with those from patients with severe brain injury. They failed to exploit their performance potential when it depended on self motivation but were able to perform at the level of the control group when external motivation was applied. (+info)

Visual search and visual working memory in patients with chronic focal cortical lesions. (3/72)

Visually guided behavior is known to involve temporo-parietal, inferotemporal, and prefrontal cortex and each of these areas appears to contribute to visual working memory. We explored the extent to which chronic lesions in one of these cortical areas affect visually guided oculomotor performance. We also explore whether possible impairments become more pronounced with increasing memory load. With this aim we recorded saccadic eye movements in 19 patients with a chronic focal postsurgical lesion in either temporo-parietal, inferior temporal or prefrontal cortex. Their results are compared to those of 19 age-matched volunteers. The subjects performed three different visual search tasks with increasing memory load: Instructed search, cue-guided search and memory-guided search. In addition, the latter task was performed with a short (1 s) and a long (6 s) delay. All tasks required the subjects to make a saccade to a single target presented together with one or three distractors. The results indicate that patients with inferotemporal lesions make the most task-related errors. Saccadic reaction times (SRTs) were significantly prolonged in patients with temporo-parietal and prefrontal lesions, but were unaffected in the patients with lesions in the inferotemporal cortex. The spatial accuracy of saccades was lowest in patients with temporo-parietal lesions. An increase in memory load led to more errors, to longer reaction times and to lower saccadic precision. However, the effect was similar across the three patient groups and the controls. An error analysis indicated that both patients and controls tended to weight global (luminance contrast and form) features higher than local features (line-segment orientation) when making difficult perceptual decisions. (+info)

The structural basis of moderate disability after traumatic brain damage. (4/72)

The objective was to discover the nature of brain damage in survivors of head injury who are left with moderate disability. Macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried out on the brains of 20 persons who had died long after a head injury that had been treated in a neurosurgical unit. All had become independent but had various disabilities (moderate disability on the Glasgow outcome scale) Most deaths had been sudden, which had led to their referral from forensic pathologists. Post-traumatic epilepsy was a feature in 75%. An intracranial haematoma had been evacuated in 75%, and in 11 of the 15 with epilepsy. Diffuse axonal injury was found in six patients, five of the mildest type (grade 1) and one of grade 2. No patient had diffuse thalamic damage but one had a small focal ischaemic lesion in the thalamus. No patient had severe ischaemic brain damage, but three had moderate lesions which were bilateral in only one. No patient had severe cortical contusions. In conclusion, the dominant lesion was focal damage from an evacuated intracranial haematoma. Severe diffuse damage was not found, with diffuse axonal injury only mild and thalamic damage in only one patient. (+info)

Effectiveness of bed rest after mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial of no versus six days of bed rest. (5/72)

BACKGROUND: Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is determined largely by the appearance of post-traumatic complaints (PTC). The prevalence of PTC after six months is estimated to be between 20 and 80%. Bed rest has been advocated to prevent PTC but its effectiveness has never been established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bed rest on the severity of PTC after MTBI. METHODS: Patients presenting with MTBI to the emergency room were randomly assigned to two intervention strategies. One group was advised not to take bed rest (NO) and the other to take full bed rest (FULL) for six days after the trauma. The primary outcome measures were severity of PTC on a visual analogue scale and physical and mental health on the medical outcomes study 36 item short form health survey (SF-36) at two weeks and three and six months after the trauma. RESULTS: Between October 1996 and July 1999, 107 (54 NO, 53 FULL) patients were enrolled. Outcome variables in both groups clearly improved between two weeks and six months. After adjustment for differences in baseline variables, most PTC tended to be somewhat more severe in the FULL group six months after the trauma, but no significant differences were found. Neither were there any significant differences in the outcome parameters between the two groups after three months. Two weeks after the trauma, most PTC in the FULL group were slightly less severe than those in the NO group, and physical subscores of the SF-36 in the FULL group were slightly better. These differences were not significant. Patients in the FULL group reported significantly less dizziness during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: As a means of speeding up recovery of patients with PTC after MTBI, bed rest is no more effective than no bed rest at all. Bed rest probably has some palliative effect within the first two weeks after the trauma. (+info)

Increased diffusion in the brain of professional boxers: a preclinical sign of traumatic brain injury? (6/72)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Professional boxing is associated with chronic, repetitive head blows that may cause brain injuries. Diffusion-weighted imaging is sensitive to microscopic changes and may be a useful tool to quantify the microstructural integrity of the brain. In this study, we sought to quantify microscopic alterations associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxers. METHODS: MR and diffusion-weighted imaging were performed in 24 boxers and in 14 age- and sex-matched control subjects with no history of head trauma. Using distribution analysis, the average diffusion constant of the entire brain (BD(av)) and diffusion distribution width (sigma) were calculated for each subject; findings in professional boxers were compared with those of control subjects. In the boxer group, correlations between diffusion changes and boxing history and diffusion changes and MR imaging findings were assessed. RESULTS: The measured diffusion values in the boxer group were significantly higher than those measured in the control group (BD(av), P <.0001; sigma, P <.01). In the boxer group, a robust correlation was found between increased BD(av) and frequency of hospitalization for boxing injuries (r = 0.654, P <.05). The most common MR finding in the boxer group was volume loss inappropriate to age followed by cavum septum pellucidum, subcortical white matter disease, and periventricular white matter disease. CONCLUSION: Boxers had higher diffusion constants than those in control subjects. Our data suggest that microstructural damage of the brain associated with chronic traumatic brain injury may elevate whole-brain diffusion. This global elevation can exist even when routine MR findings are normal. (+info)

Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3 T. (7/72)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffuse axonal injury is frequently accompanied by tissue tear hemorrhages. We examined whether high field strength T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging performed during the chronic stage of traumatic brain injury may have advantages in the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury as compared with T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging. METHODS: Prospective MR imaging of 66 patients (age range, 17-57 years) was performed using a 3-T system 3 to 292 months (median, 23.5 months) after traumatic brain injury. T1-, T2-, T2*-hypointense and T2-hyperintense foci of 1- to 15-mm diameter were registered in 10 brain regions by two readers separately. Foci that appeared hypointense both on the T1- and T2- and/or on the T2*-weighted images were defined as traumatic microbleeds. RESULTS: For 46 (69.7%) of the patients, T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging revealed traumatic microbleeds. Hyperintense foci were observed on the T2-weighted images of only 15 (22.7%) patients. T2*-weighted imaging showed significantly more traumatic microbleeds (P =.000) than did T1- and T2-weighted imaging. Interobserver agreement was strong (kappa = 0.79, tau = 0.749, P =.000). For 14 (21.2%) of the patients, T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging revealed traumatic microbleeds in the corpus callosum, whereas for only two (3%), hyperintense callosal lesions were seen on the T2-weighted images. Although a significant correlation existed between the total amount and callosal appearance of traumatic microbleeds and Glasgow Coma Scale scores (P =.000), no correlation existed with extended Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. CONCLUSION: T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at high field strength is a useful tool for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury during the chronic stage of traumatic brain injury. Diffuse axonal injury-related brain lesions are mainly hemorrhagic. The relevance of diffuse axonal injury for long-term clinical outcome is uncertain. (+info)

Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute corticospinal tract injury preceding Wallerian degeneration in the maturing human brain. (8/72)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wallerian degeneration, the secondary degeneration of axons from cortical and subcortical injury, is associated with poor neurologic outcome. Since diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging is sensitive to early changes of cytotoxic edema, DW imaging may depict the acute injury to descending white matter tracts that precedes Wallerian degeneration; this injury is not visible on conventional CT or MR images in the maturing human brain. METHODS: Two neuroradiologists retrospectively analyzed clinical MR images in six children (aged 3 days to 5 months) with DW findings consistent with acute injury of the descending white matter tract due to territorial anterior or middle cerebral artery infarction. In five patients, images were obtained as a part of routine clinical evaluation. The remaining patient was a part of a prospective study of brain injury. Imaging findings were correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: In all six patients, DW imaging performed 2-8 days after the onset of ischemia depicted injury to the descending white matter tract ipsilateral to the territorial infarct. Conventional MR images of the ipsilateral descending white matter tracts were abnormal in three patients. In all five patients for which follow-up results were available, the presence of DW changes was correlated with persistent neurologic disability. CONCLUSION: As shown in this retrospective analysis, DW imaging can depict acute injury to the descending white matter tract in neonates and infants, when conventional MR imaging may show normal findings. These DW findings likely precede the development of Wallerian degeneration, and they may portend a poor clinical outcome. (+info)

"Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model". Ann. Neurol. 75 (2): ... traumatic brain injury is associated with ongoing white matter degeneration with survival > 1 year post-injury. H&E stain ... "Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury". Brain. 136 (1): 28-42. doi ... 10.1093/brain/aws322. PMC 3562078. PMID 23365092. Mouzon, B; Bachmeier, C (February 2014). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxol_fast_blue_stain

USA (2015-09-28). "Filling in the gaps: Anticipatory control of eye movements in chronic mild traumatic brain injury". ... "Abnormal White Matter Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent Signals in Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury". Journal of Neurotrauma. 32 ... He is also the founder of the Brain Trauma Foundation. Other notable board members include Alan Quasha, Ernie Santin, Kevin ... The Department of Defense has funded SyncThink and its partner, the Brain Trauma Foundation, with about $30 million for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYNCTHINK

Hains BC, Waxman SG (April 2006). "Activated microglia contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain after spinal cord injury ... Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines contribute differently to the neuroinflammatory process after acute brain injury. ... The term neuroinflammation generally refers to more chronic, sustained injury when the responses of microglial cells contribute ... They respond to pathogens and injury by changing morphology and migrating to the site of infection/injury, where they destroy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_microglia_in_disease

NFTs are most commonly seen associated with repetitive mild TBI as opposed to one instance of severe traumatic brain injury. ... Walton, JR (2014). "Chronic aluminum intake causes Alzheimer's disease: applying Sir Austin Bradford Hill's causality criteria ... DeKosky S. T.; Ikonomovic M. D.; Gandy S. (2010). "Traumatic Brain Injury -- Football, Warfare, and Long-Term Effects". New ... Preliminary research indicates that iron deposits due to hemorrhaging, following traumatic brain injury (TBI), may increase tau ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle

"Patients with chronic mild or moderate traumatic brain injury have abnormal brain enlargement". Brain Injury. 34 (1): 11-19. ... Ideally you'd like to test your models not in anesthetized animals and brain slices, but by measuring brain activity in humans ... "Multi Dimensional Brain Measurements Can Assess Child's Age". UCSD News. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. "Company ... He pioneered methods of combining EEG, MEG, and MRI tests to localize brain activity. He also did important work in surface- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Dale

In 2018 Jin was named the inaugural Junior Seau Endowed Faculty Chair in Traumatic Brain Injury. The position was established ... in honour of Junior Seau, a member of the NFL Hall of Fame, who suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Jin was ... "Yishi Jin Named to Junior Seau Endowed Faculty Chair in Traumatic Brain Injury". biology.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-29. "The ... She spent 2016 as a neurobiology resident at Aix-Marseille University, where she studied traumatic brain injury and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishi_Jin

All patients that have sustained a traumatic brain injury in the absence of ocular trauma are still recommended to obtain ... Realignment of the extraocular muscles is also indicated in chronic diplopia that occurs within 20-degrees of the visual field ... Mechanisms of primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: Insights from shock wave research. J Neurotrauma. 2010. Accepted ... Mechanisms of primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: Insights from shock wave research. J Neurotrauma. 2010. Accepted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast-related_ocular_trauma

Their aim was to assess deficits in participants prospective remembering following chronic traumatic brain injuries, under ... Evans, J., Groot, Y., Watson, P., Wilson, B. (2002). Prospective memory functioning in people with and without brain injury. ... Crawford, M., Knight, R.G., Titov, N. (2006). The effects of distractions on prospective remembering following brain injury ... The group with traumatic brain injuries performed poorly compared to the control group, suggesting how extremely important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_prospective_memory

... and cure the brain from this condition. Brain damage Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy Encephalopathy Neurology Ratner MH ... Upledger, John (July 2004). "Toxic Brain Injury(Encephalopathy)". Massage Today. MPA. Retrieved 2009-04-12. "What research is ... as well as atypical activation of frontal areas of the brain due to neural compensation. The regions of interest on SPECT brain ... The substances diffuse into the brain rapidly, as they are lipophilic and readily transported across the blood-brain barrier. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy

"Mechanisms of chronic central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury". Brain Res Rev. 60 (1): 202-13. doi:10.1016/j. ... This pathologic phenomenon can also occur after brain injury and spinal cord injury. Within minutes after spinal cord injury, ... Excitotoxicity may be involved in spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss (through noise overexposure ... a deep chemical coma may be induced in patients with brain injury to reduce the metabolic rate of the brain (its need for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxin

"Efficacy of early use of intrathecal baclofen therapy for treating spastic hypertonia due to acquired brain injury". Brain ... Neuromodulation therapy has been investigated for other chronic conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, chronic ... regarding DBS for chronic pain. Medtronic and Neuromed also made deep brain stimulators at the time, but reportedly felt a ... Deep brain stimulation was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997 for essential tremor, in 2002 for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation_(medicine)

... disease Prevention of chronic traumatic encephalopathy Prevention of concussions Prevention of traumatic brain injury ... In order for niacin to have a positive effect on the brain, it is recommended that patients have 100 to 300 mg per day. There ... "Use it or lose it" might be applied to the brain when it comes to dementia. Intellectual activities help keep the mind in shape ... Physical activity can give rise to new neurons in the brain, as well as releasing a substance that can protect them. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_dementia

... chronic pain and traumatic brain injury. Mischer Neuroscience Institute has a strong history of firsts: The first center to ... The first in the region to inject human central nervous system stem cells into the spines of spinal cord injury patients. ... Located in Houston, the Institute draws patients from around the world for specialized treatment of diseases of the brain and ... UTHealth Neurosciences also includes clinics that bring together specialists who focus on treating brain tumors, spine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischer_Neuroscience_Institute

"Molluscan memory of injury: evolutionary insights into chronic pain and neurological disorders". Brain, Behavior and Evolution ... Brain size does not necessarily equate to complexity of function.[8] Moreover, weight for body-weight, the cephalopod brain is ... The brains of the modern cephalopods in particular are highly developed, comparable in complexity to the brains of some ... Cephalopod brain size *^ Packard, A (1972). "Cephalopods and Fish: The Limits of Convergence". Biological Reviews. 47 (2): 241- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and CTE. Rees, Victoria (November 26, 2020). "Cannabinoid series: a CBD-inspired molecule to ... Neuropathix family of monotherapeutic small molecules are focused on treating oxidative stress-related diseases, chronic pain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathix

There are two theories to explain it; the first theory postulates that urea transport from the brain cells is slowed in chronic ... The second theory postulates that organic compounds are increased in uremia to protect the brain and result in injury by, like ... Chen CL, Lai PH, Chou KJ, Lee PT, Chung HM, Fang HC (2007). "A preliminary report of brain edema in patients with uremia at ... Cerebral edema was thus attributed to osmotic effects related to a high urea gradient between plasma and brain. Diagnosis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis_disequilibrium_syndrome

... traumatic brain injury and in patients with chronic neurodegenerative conditions including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's ... C-PK11195 binding after traumatic brain injury". J Nucl Med. 52 (8): 1235-9. doi:10.2967/JNUMED.110.084061. PMID 21764792. Tai ... R)-[11C]PK11195 has been used in positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to visualize brain inflammation in patients with ... Weissman BA, Raveh L (February 2003). "Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors: on mice and human brain imaging". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PK-11195

This can stem from having a traumatic brain injury and not knowing who they are, causing a lost feeling and uncertain identity ... Roos, Susan (2013). "Chronic Sorrow and Ambiguous Loss: Gestalt Methods for Coping with Grief". Gestalt Review. 17 (3): 229-239 ... Landau, Judith; Hissett, Jennifer (March 2008). "Mild traumatic brain injury: Impact on identity and ambiguous loss in the ... This happens in cases where the brain is affected, therefore affecting the behavior or well being of the individual. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguous_loss

The prevalence of aprosodias in individuals is currently unknown, as testing for aprosodia secondary to other brain injury is ... age at onset of chronic abuse of alcohol, age at initial abuse, how chronic the abuse is, and the age when a person first ... This brain damage can occur in the form of ischemic damage from stroke, removal during surgery, brain lesions, or trauma such ... 2006). Effects of two treatments for aprosodia secondary to acquired brain injury. [Article]. Journal of Rehabilitation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprosodia

... about traumatic brain injury in the National Football League (NFL), particularly concussions and chronic traumatic ... The book and film devote significant attention to the story of Mike Webster and his football-related brain injuries, and the ... "When It Comes To Brain Injury, Authors Say NFL Is In A 'League Of Denial'". NPR. Retrieved October 7, 2013. Wolfley, Bob ( ... instead underscoring its continuing reluctance to acknowledge a link between the sport and brain injuries and its reliance on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Denial

Calbindin staining of rat brain after unilateral chronic sciatic nerve injury suggests that Purkinje neurons may be newly ... Rusanescu G, Mao J (February 2017). "Peripheral nerve injury induces adult brain neurogenesis and remodelling". Journal of ... These changes may differ from those of other parts of the brain. The cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and body part) in ... The name cerebellum is a diminutive of cerebrum (brain); it can be translated literally as little brain. The Latin name is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum

... chronic drug or alcohol use, head injuries, tumors or other brain disorders. The person's understanding of his or her mental ... Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System Eighth Edition. New York, Oxford University Press,1977 David AS (1990). "Insight and ... If the patient appears much older than his or her chronological age this can suggest chronic poor self-care or ill-health. ... Specific language abnormalities may be associated with pathology in Wernicke's area or Broca's area of the brain. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_status_examination

Injury Research Institute of West Virginia University released a report that Henry had developed a brain disease called chronic ... Snyder, Whitney (December 16, 2009). "Chris Henry CAR ACCIDENT INJURY: Bengals Receiver Suffers 'Life-Threatening' Injuries In ... "Researchers find brain trauma in Henry". Schwarz, Alan (June 28, 2010). "Former Bengal Henry Found to Have Had Brain Damage". ... It was also believed that the brain damage Henry suffered may have been a factor in his numerous off-the-field incidents. After ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Henry_(wide_receiver)

... brain injury, subdural hematoma CNS - post-ictal, stroke, tumour, brain mets Hypoxia - CHF, anemia Deficiencies - thiamine, ... chronic Events associated: falls, morning stiffness, swelling, redness, joint clicking or locking, muscle cramps, muscle ... injuries, illnesses Last meal/intake Events leading up to the injury and/or illness OPQST history Onset of symptoms Provocation ... BLAB: Bone Liver Adrenals Brain ABCDEF: Achalasia Barret's esophagus Corrosive esophagitis Diverticuliis Esophageal web ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_mnemonics

... traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, self-medication, and isolation. To accomplish this goal ... "USATODAY.com - Key Iraq wound: Brain trauma". "Col.: DOD delayed brain injury scans - USATODAY.com". Terri, Tanielian; H., ... Their missions were particularly focused on the "invisible wounds of war" such as traumatic brain injury or post traumatic ... "How a Team of Elite Doctors Changed the Military's Stance on Brain Trauma » McKnight Brain Institute » University of Florida". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Team

Anxiety Brain tumor Chronic pains Concussion - a mild traumatic brain injury Diabetes Fibromyalgia Head injury Hypercalcemia - ... The dictionary definition of drowsiness at Wiktionary Chronic fatigue syndrome Decision fatigue Fibromyalgia Insomnia ... Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 17 (1): 112-118. doi:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. PMID 12615196. "Drowsiness: Causes, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence

... brain injury, organ transplantation, physician-assisted death, and stem cell research. The chapters are written by leading ... chronic conditions and end of life; science and the self; humans and nature. Research projects consist of seminar-style ... which responded to early discoveries about the brain-behavior link and efforts to find ways to modify behaviors and prompted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hastings_Center

... with Benzodiazepine abuse and a brain injury from an earlier fall being non-contributing factors. "OBITUARY Elizabeth Childress ... the Orleans Parish Coroner's office determined the cause of death to be complications from chronic alcoholism, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sheridan

Spinal cord rehabilitation Stroke rehabilitation Acquired Brain Injury rehabilitation Geriatric psychiatry rehabilitation ... In 1975, it became the first chronic care teaching hospital in Canada, affiliated with the University of Toronto. The hospital ... Tremblay, Mary (1995). "The Canadian Revolution in the Management of Spinal Cord Injury". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History ... Their areas of research focus include restoration of function, independent living, enhanced participation, and injury ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Rehabilitation_Institute

"Does traumatic brain injury result in accelerated fracture healing?". Injury. 36 (3): 363. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2004.08.028. ... causing chronic pain and eventually leading to the immobilisation and fusion of most of the skeleton by abnormal growths of ... "Heterotopic ossification following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury". J Am Acad Orthop Surg 17 (11): 689-697. pmr/ ... This may account for the clinical impression that traumatic brain injuries cause accelerated fracture healing. There are also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopic_ossification

Progress in Brain Research. Volume 122. pp. 393-412. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62153-6. ISBN 9780444500496. . PMID 10737073.. ... Complementary therapies are often used in palliative care or by practitioners attempting to manage chronic pain in patients. ... "have occurred when faith healing was elected instead of medical care for serious injuries or illnesses".[78] A 2001 double- ... Most Americans used CAM to treat and/or prevent musculoskeletal conditions or other conditions associated with chronic or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine

Donkin JJ, Turner RJ, Hassan I, Vink R (2007). "Substance P in traumatic brain injury". Progress in Brain Research. 161: 97-109 ... Steinitz H (Aug 1979). "[Chronic recurrent intestinal amebiasis in Israel (author's transl)]". Leber, Magen, Darm (in German). ... Substance P and the NK1 receptor are widely distributed in the brain and are found in brain regions that are specific to ... Yip J, Chahl LA (Apr 2001). "Localization of NK1 and NK3 receptors in guinea-pig brain". Regulatory Peptides. 98 (1-2): 55-62. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

Chronic graft-versus-host disease may also develop after allogeneic transplant. It is the major source of late treatment- ... Severe liver injury can result from hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD). Elevated levels of bilirubin, hepatomegaly and fluid ... The injury of the mucosal lining of the mouth and throat is a common regimen-related toxicity following ablative HSCT regimens ... The bone marrow can be ablated (destroyed) with dose-levels that cause minimal injury to other tissues. In allogeneic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Marrow_Transplant

Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB (July 2005). "Role of the immune system in chronic pain". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 (7): 521-32 ... The focal form is typically associated with injury, and is divided into two subtypes: *Primary hyperalgesia describes pain ... February 2003). "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain Behav. 17 (Suppl 1): S112-8. doi:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. ... Opioid-induced hyperalgesia may develop as a result of long-term opioid use in the treatment of chronic pain.[3] Various ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or ... A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Some related clinical ... These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, preventive care and health education for all ages and both sexes. ... Sports medicine deals with the treatment and prevention and rehabilitation of sports/exercise injuries such as muscle spasms, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical

2004). 1992-2001 Census of fatal occupational injuries (CFOI) Revised data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of ... found that reactions to psychological stressors include increased activity in the brain axes which play an important role in ... Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE). *Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung"). *Concussions in sport ... Kidd, P., Scharf, T., & Veazie, M. (1996). Linking stress and injury in the farming environment: A secondary analysis. Health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology

... the two signature injuries are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). These two signature ... For example, a patient with chronic pain may decrease the physiological result of stress and draw attention away from the pain ... Neurological impairments following a brain injury can be in the form of apraxia - loss to perform purposeful movements, ... "Music interventions for acquired brain injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD006787. doi:10.1002/14651858. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologic_music_therapy

"Injury. 41 (4): 329-334. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2009.08.007.. *^ Ringleb, Stacie I.; Dhakal, Ajaya; Anderson, Claude D.; Bawab, ... Many different knee injuries can happen. Three percent of knee injuries are acute traumatic patellar dislocations.[25] Because ... as injury to these structures may occur during the injury or during the reduction process.[3] Subsequent imaging studies are ... "Acromioclavicular injury , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 2018-02-21.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation

Cortical blindness results from injuries to the occipital lobe of the brain that prevent the brain from correctly receiving or ... chronic hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy).[42] Despite the fact that only 8% of adults 40 years and ... Eye injuries, most often occurring in people under 30, are the leading cause of monocular blindness (vision loss in one eye) ... Injuries and cataracts affect the eye itself, while abnormalities such as optic nerve hypoplasia affect the nerve bundle that ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness

"Index of CD34+ Cells and Mononuclear Cells in the Bone Marrow of Spinal Cord Injury Patients of Different Age Groups: A ... "Application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in six patients with advanced chronic critical limb ischemia as a ... ISRAEL21c: Israeli scientists reverse brain birth defects using stem cells December 25, 2008. (Researchers from the Hebrew ... Stem-cell therapy shows promise for horse soft-tissue injury, disease». DVM Newsmagazine, 2008-05-01. Skatīts: 2008-06-12. ...

https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilmes_šūna

Brain injury (temporary or permanent). *Decreased muscle tone. This can be caused by drugs or alcohol, or it can be caused by ... a small percentage of people have chronic, severe OSA. ... This repeated brain hypoxia is also considered to be a cause of ... The permanent premature muscular tonal loss in the upper airway may be precipitated by traumatic brain injury, neuromuscular ... "Childhood obstructive sleep apnea associates with neuropsychological deficits and neuronal brain injury". PLoS Med. 3 (8): e301 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

F06.9) Unspecified mental disorder due to brain damage and dysfunction and to physical disease *Organic brain syndrome NOS ... Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes XX V01-Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality ... F95.1) Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. *(F95.2) Combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder (Gilles de la Tourette) ... F62) Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease. *(F63) Habit and impulse disorders *(F63.0) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_F

Atrophy of the hippocampus and other limbic structures has been shown to take place in humans suffering from chronic depression ... a widely expressed activity-dependent neurotic factor that regulates plasticity and is unregulated following hypoxic injury. ... BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ANON2, BULN2, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor. ... Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. BDNF was first isolated from pig brain in 1982 by Yves-Alain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

... close head injury [CHI], penetrating ballistic brain injury [PBBI], or blast overpressure wave brain injury [OBI]). (8) The ... chronic TBI biomarkers can include neuroinflammatory markers. Post-injury neurodegeneration/tauopathy such as Tau protein and ... Neurotrauma : a comprehensive textbook on traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Wang, Kevin K. W. New York: Oxford ... dendritic injury, neuronal cell body injury, demyelination, synaptic injury and astroglia injury, and microglia responses. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers

A spinal cord injury or chronic fatigue syndrome might also occasionally cause this disorder.[2] Age may also be a cause of ... the brain's primary reward center. This part of the brain is thought to play a role in pleasurable activities, including ... Increased serum prolactin (PRL)[5] concentration in patients brains from psychiatric medicine can also affect sexuality.[6] ... Upon reaching a climax, chemicals are released in the brain and motor signals are activated that will cause quick cycles of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia

Traumatic brain injury (TBI). *Psychosis. *Dementia. Family dynamics[edit]. In the dysfunctional family the child learns to ... chronic feelings of boredom and emptiness. *subordinating one's own needs to those of the person with whom one is involved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependence

Head injury[edit]. A 2015 review found that moderate to severe traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for ALS, but whether ... Gardner A, Iverson G, McCrory P (January 2014). "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: a systematic review". British ... mild traumatic brain injury increases rates was unclear.[63] A 2017 meta-analysis found an association between head injuries ... "Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 66 (Pt B): 75 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

Blood-brain barrier. endothelial cells (via passive diffusion/ osmosis & active selection). P-glycoprotein (mechanism by which ... When host cells die, either by programmed cell death (also called apoptosis) or by cell injury due to a bacterial or viral ... Bacteria and fungi may form complex biofilms, protecting from immune cells and proteins; biofilms are present in the chronic ... The innate immune response to infectious and sterile injury is modulated by neural circuits that control cytokine production ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

They are then slowly released back into other body compartments, including the brain. ... Within the brain, THC and other ... A 2015 review confirmed that medical marijuana was effective for treating spasticity and chronic pain, but caused numerous ... Vaping-associated pulmonary injury. *War on Drugs. *Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). *List of investigational analgesics ... THC is highly lipophilic and initially taken up by tissues that are highly perfused, such as the lung, heart, brain, and liver. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC

Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder partially caused by the cell death of brain and brain stem cells in many ... Necrosis and chronic inflammation also has been shown to be limited through autophagy which helps protect against the formation ... Proteins involved in autophagy are reduced with age in both human and mouse articular cartilage.[76] Mechanical injury to ... "Extra-virgin olive oil preserves memory, protects brain against Alzheimer's". June 21, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy_

A chain smoker of Toscano cigars and cigarettes, Puccini began to complain of chronic sore throats towards the end of 1923. A ... Elvira and Antonio were flung from the car and escaped with minor injuries. Puccini's chauffeur, also thrown from the car, ... when there wasn't yet any thought stirring in my brain of seeking the theme of an opera". ("Quella Bohème io l'ho vissuta, ... including chronic shortage of necessities like food, clothing and money to pay rent. Although Puccini was granted a small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini

The B1 receptor (also called bradykinin receptor B1) is expressed only as a result of tissue injury, and is presumed to play a ... "Hyperfibrinolysis increases blood-brain barrier permeability by a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism". Blood. 128 (20 ... role in chronic pain. This receptor has been also described to play a role in inflammation.[10] Most recently, it has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 49: 32-42. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.001. PMC 4567432. PMID 25911043.. ... chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus. • cellular response to organic cyclic compound. • positive regulation of ... "Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin". Science. 234 (4775): 470-74. Bibcode:1986Sci...234..470T. doi: ... positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus. • negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder partially caused by the cell death of brain and brain stem cells in many ... Necrosis and chronic inflammation also has been shown to be limited through autophagy which helps protect against the formation ... Proteins involved in autophagy are reduced with age in both human and mouse articular cartilage.[85] Mechanical injury to ... and that the process was not limited to injury states that functioned under physiological conditions for "reutilization of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy

This is a concern during treatment of brain tumors and brain metastases, especially where there is pre-existing raised ... In the CNS for example, cranial nerve injury typically presents as a visual acuity loss 1-14 years post treatment.[25] In the ... From 2005 to 2010, a hospital in Missouri overexposed 76 patients (most with brain cancer) during a five-year period because ... Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is when doctors use a single or several stereotactic radiation treatments of the brain or spine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder (or dyssomnia), which is caused by the brain's inability to control sleep and ... A population susceptible to the development of sleep disorders is people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). ... and problems following traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis". Sleep Medicine. 13 (7): 898-905. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.04. ... Certain disorders like narcolepsy, are best treated with prescription drugs such as modafinil.[13] Others, such as chronic and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_disorders

Virchow skull breaker, a chisel-like device used to separate the calvaria from the rest of the skull to expose the brain in ... Virchow's triad, the classic factors which precipitate venous thrombus formation: endothelial dysfunction or injury, ... and his theory came to be known as chronic irritation theory. He thought, rather wrongly, that the irritation spread in the ... that surround blood vessels for a short distance as they enter the brain ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow

"HSC NEWS - Human Brain Mapping journal rated No. 1 in impact". uthscsa.edu.. ... School of Nursing: Acute Nursing Care, Chronic Nursing Care, Family Nursing Care. ... Injury Prevention and Research Center. *Institute of Biotechnology. *Institutional Flow Cytometry Core Facility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSBS

The flu can worsen chronic health problems. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience shortness of ... Spinal cord injury. These conditions can impair coughing, swallowing, clearing the airways, and in the worst cases, breathing. ... Disorders of the brain and spinal cord. *Cerebral palsy. *Epilepsy (seizure disorders) ... People over 65 years old, pregnant women, very young children and people of any age with chronic medical conditions are more ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.[58] ... following stimulation by phenobarbital treatment or chronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration

Brain Injuries. Brain Injury, Chronic. Brain Diseases. Central Nervous System Diseases. Nervous System Diseases. Craniocerebral ... Oxygen Toxicity of HBOT in Chronic Brain Injury. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the ... The study is a retrospective review of the authors experience treating chronic brain injury with HBOT, supplemented by cases ... Oxygen Toxicity Effects Using Los-Pressure Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Brain Injury. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00592891?cond=%22Brain+Injury%2C+Chronic%22&rank=6

... eight years post-injury on average) exhibiting comorbid depressive symptoms (N=31), relative to chronic TBI individuals having ... Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in individuals with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Though ... Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in individuals with chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Though ... resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify altered amygdala connectivity in individuals with chronic TBI ( ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2015.00231/full

Hyperbaric Oxygen for Traumatic and Non-traumatic Brain Injury ... Clinical trial for chronic brain injury , Post-concussional ... Hyperbaric Oxygen for Traumatic and Non-traumatic Brain Injury Brief description of study. The purpose of this study is to ... This study will enroll 90 individuals with persistent problems 1-5 years after a brain injury. These individuals will be ... and provide insight into whether hyperbaric oxygen can play a role in recovery from brain injury. ...

https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/159908/brain-injury-chronic-hyperbaric-oxygen-traumatic-non-traumatic/?geo_lat=40.6916132&geo_lng=-112.0010501&radius=10&place=Valley%20City

NCH in Metro Chicago Joins CereScan Family to Help Patients with Head and Chronic Brain Injuries January 18, 2017. /0 Comments/ ... 13NCH in Metro Chicago Joins CereScan Family to Help Patients with Head and Chronic Brain Injuries. ... Patients in the Midwest region who are suffering from lingering head and brain injuries may now use the nations leading ... OLeary, NCHs Neuroscience Center will provide patients with full-service care for brain injuries. The NCH Neuroscience Center ...

https://cerescan.com/nch-in-metro-chicago-joins-cerescan-family-to-help-patients-with-head-and-chronic-brain-injuries/

Recent data suggest that traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to progressive tau aggregation, which has been termed chronic ... Formation of tau prions in transgenic mice following traumatic brain injury Stanley B. Prusiner, M.D.. University of California ... Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative brain disease that results from repetitive "closed" head ... Affected brain cells release their aggregated tau that is then taken up by nearby brain cells. As tau prions aggregate within ...

http://www.dana.org/Media/GrantsDetails.aspx?id=38890

Because I work in trauma research, I have become very familiar with cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in ... Amy Wong, MS, is a medical writer and conducts traumatic brain injury research in a large academic institution. She holds a ... Radiological Society of North America (2011). Heading A Soccer Ball Could Lead to Brain Injury. [Press release]. Retrieved ... 1000-1500 times a year may develop changes in the brain that are analogous to those with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). ...

https://brainblogger.com/2012/07/29/heading-into-brain-injury-should-we-be-concerned/

Research ArticleTraumatic Brain Injury. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Blast-Exposed Military Veterans and a Blast ... We examined a case series of postmortem brains from U.S. military veterans exposed to blast and/or concussive injury. We found ... Blast exposure is associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), neuropsychiatric symptoms, and long-term cognitive disability. ... Kinematic analysis revealed blast-induced head oscillation at accelerations sufficient to cause brain injury. Head ...

http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/134/134ra60.short

... the likelihood that the resulting pain will become chronic can be predicted by examining the brain's white matter -- the ... But a new study offers strong evidence that even before a person experiences an injury, ... s infuriating to chronic pain sufferers to be told their pain is all in the head. ... The difference between people whose back pain abates after injury and those whose pain becomes chronic lies in their brains ...

http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-chronic-back-pain-brain-20130917-story.html

... Whether a persons injury will lead to chronic ... Brain regions related to emotional and motivational behavior seem to communicate more in those who develop chronic pain. ... Although the study showed an association between levels of communication in the brain and chronic pain, it did not prove a ... For the study, the researchers used brain scans to examine the interaction between 2 parts of the brain-the frontal cortex and ...

http://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/NewsNow/2012/7/3/ChronicPain/?blogmonth=7&blogday=6&blogyear=2012&blogid=10737418615

Functional Correlates of Midline Brain Volume Loss in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.. Guild EB1, Levine B1. ... Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with long-term changes in daily life functioning, yet the neuroanatomical correlates ... In the chronic stage of TBI, self-initiation, energization, and physical complaints related to a specific pattern of volume ... Volumetric data over 38 brain regions were derived from high resolution T1-weighted MRI scans. Functioning was assessed with a ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250783

Two years after injury, a high level of burden was reported in 34.2% of spouse-caregivers. Stepwise multiple linear regression ... time were identified as areas in which the spouse-caregiver of ABI patients experienced high levels of burden in the chronic ... in the chronic phase. 35 spouse-caregivers (71% female, ,span class=inline_break,,svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/ ... we assess associated factors of burden in spouse-caregivers of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/6240298/

This contributed volume is focused on subjects related to cerebral veins under normal conditions and after brain injuries, ... Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries. Editors: Lou, M., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Qu, Y., Feng, W., Ji, X., ... Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries. Editors. * Min Lou ... A Movement toward Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury: The Role of the Cerebral Venous System ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319960524?wt_mc=

Pilot case study of the therapeutic potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on chronic brain injury.. Hardy P1, Johnston KM, De ... We studied the therapeutic potential of HBO(2) therapy in a 54-year-old man who had sustained traumatic brain injuries one year ... Recently, the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) therapy was explored in the treatment of chronic TBI. It has been speculated ... Brain Injury, Chronic/diagnostic imaging. *Brain Injury, Chronic/physiopathology. *Brain Injury, Chronic/therapy* ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234213?ordinalpos=&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_TitleSearch&linkpos=1&log$=pmtitlesearch2

Evidence suggests that functional outcomes after TBI can show improvement or deterioration up to two decades after injury, and ... Research on the longterm consequences emphasises that, for many patients, TBI should be conceptualised as a chronic health ... Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have lifelong and dynamic effects on health and wellbeing. ... The chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Lindsay Wilson, William Stewart, Kristen Dams- ...

https://www.brainline.org/comment/47563

Brain Activity in People With Chronic Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury. The safety and scientific validity of this study ... Brain Activity in People With Chronic Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury. ... History of traumatic brain injury. *Diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder such as post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia ... Brain activity [ Time Frame: Immediately post-training session (1 day) ]. Change in brain activity, as measured by Blood Oxygen ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04386174

Rehabilitation of Executive Functions in Patients with Chronic Acquired Brain Injury with Goal Management Training, External ... Evaluation of attention process training and brain injury education on persons with acquired brain injury. Journal of Clinical ... Cognitive interventions post acquired brain injury. Brain Injury, 21, 161-200. doi:10.1080/02699050701201813 ... Ylvisaker, M., & Feeney, T. (2000). Construction of identity after traumatic brain injury. Brain Impairment, 1, 12-28. ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-neuropsychological-society/article/rehabilitation-of-executive-functions-in-patients-with-chronic-acquired-brain-injury-with-goal-management-training-external-cuing-and-emotional-regulation-a-randomized-controlled-trial/6876A0F047B68225569DFAF780E76DCC

Chronic-stage, higher-order cognitive trainings may serve to elevate levels of cognitive performance in adolescents with TBI. ... Few control trials exist that test cognitive treatment effectiveness at chronic recovery stages. The current pilot study ... Few control trials exist that test cognitive treatment effectiveness at chronic recovery stages. The current pilot study ... than a bottom-up rote learning approach in achieving gains in higher-order cognitive abilities in adolescents at chronic stage ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2014.00087/full

Brain Injury*Basic Facts About TBI*How the Brain Works*Brain Function*Left Hand Brain Function ... Car Crash Traumatic Brain Injury. Yes, a car crash can cause a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in many ways. In fact, according to ... TBI Traumatic Brain Injury. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when there is a "bump, blow, or jolt to the head" that causes ... Can a Fall Cause Traumatic Brain Injury?. Yes, a fall can cause a traumatic brain injury (TBI). According to data published by ...

https://www.brainandspinalcord.org/wheeling-walk-again-breakthroughs-chronic-spinal-cord-injury-research/

Chronic drinking and smoking cause both separate and interactive brain injury Most alcoholics in North America are chronic ... oAs chronic alcohol drinking and chronic smoking more often than not co-occur, researchers have begun to realize that the brain ... California addressed the brain injuries that chronic smoking and drinking can cause separately as well as interactively. ... which measures certain naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that tell us about injury to specific brain cells. ...

https://www.addictioninfo.org/articles/473/1/Chronic-drinking-and-smoking-cause-brain-injury/Page1.html

Examining Chronic Pain, MTBI, Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (STBI), and a Healthy Control group, the Computerized Tests of ... Distinguishing impairments in speed of information processing between traumatic brain injury and chronic pain. dc.contributor. ... traumatic brain injury. en_US. dc.title. Distinguishing impairments in speed of information processing between traumatic brain ... Chronic pain is a common comorbid symptom following trauma-induced brain injury and can impact information processing speed ...

https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/12656?show=full

Research Reports - The influence of chronic cigarette smoking on neurocognitive recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. J ... seeking emergency care for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are classified as mild. (MTBI). Premorbid and comorbid conditions that ... influence of chronic smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption on neurocognitive. function following MTBI. A comprehensive ... point 1: AP1) and 230 ± 36 (assessment point 2: AP2) days after injury. Twenty. non-smoking light drinkers served as controls ( ...

https://www.neuroskills.com/resources/special-reports.php?report=368

Brain" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available ... "Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury, ... "Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury." Brain Advance Article.7 (2018 ... 2018). Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury. Brain, AdvanceArticle(7 ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/eliciting-inflammation-enables-successful-rehabilitative-training-in-3EvqrlxcL1

Brain InjuryHeart Rate Variability Biofeedback and Executive Functioning in Individuals with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. * ... people with chronic brain injury can continue to make substantial improvements in their functioning. This study used a non- ... Evidence is also presented that even individuals who sustained severe brain injuries and are long past the post-acute phase of ... self-regulation training applied to individuals with severe brain injuries who were on the average 24 years post-injury. ...

https://www.heartmath.org/research/research-library/dissertations/hrv-biofeedback-and-executive-functioning-in-individuals-with-chronic-traumatic-brain-injury/

Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death. Jihong Xu ... Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death ... Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death ... Chronic Treatment With a Low Dose of Lithium Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Injury by Reducing Apoptotic Death ...

http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/34/5/1287

... Autor Kessler, Felix Henrique Paim Woody, George Portela, ... This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine ... Conclusions: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron ... Objective: Studies have shown signs of brain damage caused by different mechanisms in cocaine users. The serum neuron specific ...

http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/20639

... ... Studies of traumatic brain injury from all causes have found evidence of chronic hypopituitarism, defined by deficient ... Routine screening for chronic hypopituitarism after blast concussion shows promise for appropriately directing diagnostic and ... However, the prevalence of PTHP after blast-related mild TBI (mTBI), an extremely common injury in modern military operations, ...

https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/19631

Ottawa Personal Injury Lawyers Blog. Injury Compensation for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain, and pelvic and ankle ... Injury Compensation for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain, and pelvic and ankle fractures. Posted on 11 May 2015. (12 April ... Compensation for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain, and pelvic and ankle fractures. Accident Scenario:. Our client was ... Injuries following the accident:. The head injury, an intracerebral bleed, was the primary injury causing her to suffer from ...

https://ottawainjury.ca/blog/injury-compensation-for-traumatic-brain-injury-chronic-pain-and-pelvic-and-ankle-fractures/

... since the 2015 movie Concussion dramatized the discovery of this degenerative brain disease among ... Scientists Hunt For A Test To Diagnose Chronic Brain Injury In Living People By Tom Goldman • Jul 17, 2018 ... Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is found among people whove had head injuries. Though not everyone with head trauma develops ... The small study involved seven military personnel - five veterans and two active duty - whod had brain injuries and ...

https://www.wcbe.org/post/scientists-hunt-test-diagnose-chronic-brain-injury-living-people

Renowned doctors of the Brain Injury Research Institute work to raise awareness of CTE and to find ways to treat and prevent ... Brain Injury Research Institute. Protect the Brain. At the Brain Injury Research Institute, our purpose is to study the short ... Brain Injury Research Institute - Brain Injury Research Institute Located at 1609 Warwood Avenue Wheeling, WV 26003. View Map ... In football, brain injuries account for 65% to 95% of all fatalities. Football injuries associated with the brain occur at the ...

http://www.protectthebrain.org

New Study Argues That Brain Inflammation is a Major Cause of Chronic Brain Problems Following Injury News Jan 16, 2015 ... The paper also points out that chronic brain inflammation related to traumatic brain injury may be treatable. Dr. Faden and Dr ... Chronic Neurodegeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury: Alzheimer Disease, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or Persistent ... The papers, which looked at animal models of traumatic brain injury, examined the mechanisms by which even mild brain injuries ...

https://www.technologynetworks.com/proteomics/news/new-study-argues-brain-inflammation-major-cause-chronic-brain-problems-following-282868

Nine veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq with moderate to severe chronic headaches following service-connected TBI and ... This study reports on a clinical series of patients with chronic headache following service-connected TBI treated with FNS. ... FNS may be a potentially efficacious treatment for chronic posttraumatic headache sustained in military service. Further ... Chronic headache following traumatic brain injury (TBI) sustained in military service, while common, is highly challenging to ...

https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0049-y

... in affiliation with the UW Memory and Brain Wellness Center. ... Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Dr. Dirk Keene, Leader ... brain responses to traumatic brain injury. Recent research from our center suggests that people who reach 65 years of age, and ... He searches for the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI), in order to confirm a possible link to later dementia in the ... Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, even early in life, may increase the risk for Alzheimers in some people. Important ...

https://depts.washington.edu/mbwc/adrc/page/traumatic-brain-injury

... on chronic brain injury in chronic aluminum-overload rats. Rat model of chronic cerebral injury was established by chronic ... The effects of BPS (6, 12 and 24 μg⋅kg-1) on brain injury in chronic aluminum-overload rats were evaluated. Compared with the ... However, the potential value of PGIS/IP signaling pathway to chronic brain injury is still unclear. In this study, we ... BPS has a significant neuroprotective effect on chronic brain injury induced by aluminum overload in rats. Remodeling the ...

https://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12993-014-0051-7

... have discovered that temporary injury to the brain during early inflammatory stages of glandular fever could lead to chronic ... brain injury associated with the viral infection could lead to CFS. In other words, it might be more due to brain changes ... Brain Injury, A Consequence Of Glandular Fever Could Trigger Fatigue Syndrome. by Medindia Content Team on March 3, 2006 at 2: ... have discovered that temporary injury to the brain during early inflammatory stages of glandular fever could lead to chronic ...

https://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=8239

Because I work in trauma research, I have become very familiar with cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in professional athletes. (brainblogger.com)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome, which is caused by single, episodic, or repetitive blunt force impacts to the head and transfer of acceleration-deceleration forces to the brain. (karger.com)
Posttraumatic encephalopathy is distinct from CTE, can be comorbid with CTE, and is a clinicopathologic syndrome induced by focal and/or diffuse, gross and/or microscopic destruction of brain tissue following brain trauma. (karger.com)
Potential areas of research under the grant include the brain, specifically chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), concussion management and treatment, and the understanding of the relationship between traumatic brain injury and late-life neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease. (pressherald.com)
The examination of Seau's brain showed 'abnormalities consistent with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE),' the kind of injury associated with repetitive head injuries, the AP said. (latimes.com)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has garnered greater public attention in recent years after it was diagnosed in several deceased football players, including former New England Patriot Aaron Hernandez and Hall of Famer Junior Seau. (cqpress.com)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is defined, neuropathologically, by the presence of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau in the neurons and astrocytes of the perivascular area that is located deep in the cerebral sulci. (philippinejournalofpathology.org)
Disease (PD), cases with Bipolar Disorder (BD), and cases with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) versus normal controls. (philippinejournalofpathology.org)
Transcripts from the public domain archive of the NCBI SRA were identified for the RNA sequence (RNAseq) of interest using the search string "Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy," "Bipolar Disorder," and "Parkinson. (philippinejournalofpathology.org)
Brain injury can predispose the brain to neurodegenerative processes and may be implicated in a host of diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Parkinson's disease multiple scelerosis, amyotrophic lateral scelerosis, stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and others. (wordpress.com)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a deterioration of the brain. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)
Research gaps and controversies in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a review. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)
Blast anatomy-chronic traumatic encephalopathy in military vets. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)
Kowall N. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and its connection with ALS. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)
Long-term traumatic brain injury, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), was identified by neuropathologist Dr. Bennet Omalu in 2002. (wordpress.com)

The lesion is associated with repetitive brain trauma, from the spectrum of asymptomatic subconcussive head injury to grossly identifiable features of concussion. (philippinejournalofpathology.org)

In November 2011, researchers from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York reported that professional soccer players who frequently "head" the ball approximately 1000-1500 times a year may develop changes in the brain that are analogous to those with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). (brainblogger.com)

Symptoms of CTE may begin with persistent symptoms of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) following a documented episode of brain trauma or after a latent period that may range from days to weeks to months and years, up to 40 years following a documented episode of brain trauma or cessation of repetitive TBI. (karger.com)
EPIBIOS4RX: a multicenter clinical observational trial monitoring traumatic brain injury patients with potential development of post-traumatic epilepsy from acute to chronic periods after injury. (alfredhealth.org.au)

To address these impressions the study seeks to review the author's medical records and other patient/doctor communications to the author where side effects of HBOT occurred in the treatment of chronic brain injury and abstract signs, symptoms, and the dose of HBOT employed. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify altered amygdala connectivity in individuals with chronic TBI (8 years post-injury on average) exhibiting comorbid depressive symptoms ( N = 31), relative to chronic TBI individuals having minimal depressive symptoms ( N = 23). (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, these results suggest that amygdala connectivity may be a potentially effective neuroimaging biomarker for comorbid depressive symptoms in chronic TBI. (frontiersin.org)
The purpose of this study is to examine whether 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions has effect on long-term symptoms after brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
This is a single center, randomized, double-blind study with a subsequent open-label intervention period to explore whether a course of hyperbaric oxygen can ameliorate persistent symptoms after brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
In this study, adult men and women with persistent symptoms 6 months to 10 years after injury will be randomized to receive 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions (100% oxygen at 1.5 atmospheres absolute, 60 minutes door-to-door) or sham chamber sessions (room air chamber excursion at near-ambient pressure, 60 minutes door-to-door). (centerwatch.com)
These outcome tools will measure symptoms and deficit at the time of enrollment and subsequent evaluations, and provide insight into whether hyperbaric oxygen can play a role in recovery from brain injury. (centerwatch.com)
Patients in the Midwest region who are suffering from lingering head and brain injuries may now use the nation's leading provider of statistically measured brain diagnostics to understand the biological basis of their symptoms for a more direct path to treatment and recovery. (cerescan.com)
The symptoms may develop many years after the head injuries. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)

First, researchers have reported that frequent headers may develop changes in the brain that are similar to those with mTBI. (brainblogger.com)

Prior to his untimely death, Waters manifested a history of cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments which included chronic depression, suicide attempts, insomnia, paranoia, and impaired memory. (brainblogger.com)

The placement of catheters in the ventricles of the brain in patients with severe head injury carries a risk of infection. (alfredhealth.org.au)
Can more be done to prevent severe brain injuries? (cqpress.com)
The brain damage caused by CTE can lead to severe mental and physical disabilities. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)

It can afflict hockey players, combat veterans and others in addition to football players, and currently can be diagnosed only after death through microscopic examination of brain tissue. (cqpress.com)

In fact, there has been one publically reported case of a "formidable header" who died in 2002 from a degenerative brain disease. (brainblogger.com)
Advanced tests done at the National Institutes of Health on the brain of football star Junior Seau, who committed suicide in May, showed he had signs of a degenerative brain disease, the Associated Press reported. (latimes.com)

We do not know when neurodegenerative processes fully abate after an injury, or whether they actually do at all. (wordpress.com)
So, we must consider whether an approach that addresses behaviorally accessible avenues such as diet, sleep, and exercise combined synergistically with endocrine, immune dietary and exercise interventions to quiet inflammatory processes in a previously injured brain has utility in accelerating recovery, furthering recovery, providing neuroprotection for residual, as of yet, uninjured cells, and/or preventing neurodegenerative processes to be accelerated over those of normal aging. (wordpress.com)

Repetitive brain trauma (RBT) is the greatest risk factor for CTE. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)

These tests include computer-based and pencil-and-paper questionnaires and thinking tests, brain imaging, a neurological examination, and an eye exam. (centerwatch.com)
The NCH Neuroscience Center specializes in treating complex neurological conditions affecting the brain, nerves and spinal cord. (cerescan.com)

An initial autopsy on Seau performed by the San Diego County medical examiner found no apparent damage to his brain from years of football. (latimes.com)
According to a recently produced FRONTLINE documentary called "League of Denial," Dr. Omalu is described as having discovered "the first hard evidence that playing football could cause permanent brain damage. (wordpress.com)
Dr. Omalu says, "in active players who have played through high school, college, each and every one of them, in my opinion, has a certain degree of brain damage. (wordpress.com)
My proposal is for schools and families to look at how much money they are spending on football relative to other sports and non-athletic disciplines, i.e., ones that might offer reduced likelihoods of brain damage by comparison. (wordpress.com)

Gross pathological findings of CTE include reduced brain weight, enlarged lateral and third ventricles, thinning of the corpus callosum, cavum septum peallucidum with fenestrations, scarring, and neuronal loss of the cerebellar tonsils. (brainblogger.com)

Researchers have a found a link between repetitive head injuries and CTE. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)

Our alliance will allow CereScan's functional brain diagnostic services to be available to patients and practitioners in the Midwest region. (cerescan.com)
Headquartered in Denver, CereScan uses its patented process to combine patient-clinical information, functional brain imaging and advanced processing software to help medical providers and their patients find a more complete and accurate diagnosis. (cerescan.com)
Headed by Dr. O'Leary, NCH's Neuroscience Center will provide patients with full-service care for brain injuries. (cerescan.com)
Several studies have documented that patients had a previous experience of traumatic brain injury prior to the diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD). (philippinejournalofpathology.org)

Through the clinical data, the innovations and the imaging software available through CereScan, we have a plethora of resources to make NCH an even higher-quality institution for brain disorders. (cerescan.com)

Because we have no true clinical biomarkers that alert us to the cessation or the continuation of pathophysiologic processes within the brain, we instead equate observed improvements in outward function as hallmarks of improved neurophysiologic function. (wordpress.com)

After brain injury we know that microglial activation and deactivation changes to an abnormal process whereby microglia do not necessarily deactivate. (wordpress.com)
Over time, these injuries can be associated with a build up of abnormal groups of tau proteins. (atlantaoutpatientsurgerycenter.com)

The primary injury mechanism responsible for such network dysfunction following TBI is diffuse axonal injury (DAI) ( 25 ). (frontiersin.org)

The study is a retrospective review of the author's experience treating chronic brain injury with HBOT, supplemented by cases communicated to the author, who developed untoward effects during or after their HBOT. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The object of the study was to affirm or refute the author's general impression that there was an optimal dose of HBOT in chronic brain injury which was lower than the traditional dose applied in chronic non-central nervous system wounding. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This study will enroll 90 individuals with persistent problems 1-5 years after a brain injury. (centerwatch.com)

Jeffrey Astle, a legendary figure in England who peaked in his career in the 1960s was found to have histological changes in his brain consistent with CTE. (brainblogger.com)

The brain of a CTE sufferer may appear grossly unremarkable, but shows microscopic evidence of primary and secondary proteinopathies. (karger.com)
We have evidence that alterations in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), designed to control what passes into and out of the brain, may persist over long periods of time and change with aging. (wordpress.com)

We recognize there seems to be a necessary interplay between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in the brain and that the endocrine and immune systems interact inextricably to produce a metabolic homeostasis. (wordpress.com)
After brain injury, the metabolic waste products may not be removed from the brain via the BBB efficiently, and may serve to excite inflammatory processes within the brain. (wordpress.com)
Given the complexity of neuroinflammatory processes and their consequences, it seems probable that a multifaceted approach will be necessary to fully facilitate an interruption of what can be self-perpetuating inflammatory processes within the brain or prevent recurrent reactivation of primed inflammatory processes. (wordpress.com)

Despite years of mass media coverage criticizing the impact of head-jarring sports on the brain, the concern for "heading" in soccer players have only recently surfaced. (brainblogger.com)
The issue of brain injuries among football players has become controversial in recent years, with tests showing that two other NFL stars who committed suicide, Dave Duerson and Ray Easterling, had CTE. (latimes.com)
Dr. McKee, who like Dr. Omalu has observed CTE present in many autopsies of football players, highlights one especially problematic characteristic of the disorder, namely, a link between long-term traumatic brain injury and the buildup of minor hits - or "subconcussive" hits - which are central to the way football is played in youth and adulthood. (wordpress.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Information Science2

Health Care8

Geographicals2

A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. (1/72)

Reversible neuropsychological deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. (2/72)

Visual search and visual working memory in patients with chronic focal cortical lesions. (3/72)

The structural basis of moderate disability after traumatic brain damage. (4/72)

Effectiveness of bed rest after mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial of no versus six days of bed rest. (5/72)

Increased diffusion in the brain of professional boxers: a preclinical sign of traumatic brain injury? (6/72)

Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3 T. (7/72)

Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute corticospinal tract injury preceding Wallerian degeneration in the maturing human brain. (8/72)

Brain Injuries

Wounds and Injuries

Brain Injury, Chronic

Brain Chemistry

Brain

Athletic Injuries

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Reperfusion Injury

Injury Severity Score

Spinal Cord Injuries

Blast Injuries

Brain Edema

Glasgow Coma Scale

Brain Neoplasms

Brain Ischemia

Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain

Brain Mapping

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Brain Concussion

Head Injuries, Closed

Trauma Severity Indices

Disease Models, Animal

Neuroprotective Agents

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Head Injuries, Penetrating

Recovery of Function

Brain Damage, Chronic

Leg Injuries

Hypoxia, Brain

Lung Injury

Cerebral Cortex

Neurons

Time Factors

Post-Concussion Syndrome

Glasgow Outcome Scale

Eye Injuries

Neck Injuries

Craniocerebral Trauma

Blood-Brain Barrier

Acute Lung Injury

Intracranial Pressure

Brain Stem

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Brain Infarction

Abdominal Injuries

Intracranial Hypertension

Acute Kidney Injury

Abbreviated Injury Scale

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Arm Injuries

Hypothermia, Induced

Wounds, Nonpenetrating

Thoracic Injuries

Hand Injuries

Hippocampus

Animals, Newborn

Accidents, Traffic

Spinal Injuries

Knee Injuries

Rats, Wistar

Neuropsychological Tests

Cognition Disorders

Immunohistochemistry

Astrocytes

Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic

Facial Injuries

Heart Injuries

Brain Abscess

Analysis of Variance

Persistent Vegetative State

Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

Myocardial Reperfusion Injury

Maze Learning

S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit

Back Injuries

Soft Tissue Injuries

Behavior, Animal

Cell Death

Multiple Trauma

Drug-Induced Liver Injury