Brain death. Medical search

A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)

Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.

Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.

The administrative procedures involved with acquiring TISSUES or organs for TRANSPLANTATION through various programs, systems, or organizations. These procedures include obtaining consent from TISSUE DONORS and arranging for transportation of donated tissues and organs, after TISSUE HARVESTING, to HOSPITALS for processing and transplantation.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The procedure of removing TISSUES, organs, or specimens from DONORS for reuse, such as TRANSPLANTATION.

A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.

The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.

Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Conceptual response of the person to the various aspects of death, which are based on individual psychosocial and cultural experience.

The science or philosophy of law. Also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families.

Care provided patients requiring extraordinary therapeutic measures in order to sustain and prolong life.

Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.

The point at which religious ensoulment or PERSONHOOD is considered to begin.

Withholding or withdrawal of a particular treatment or treatments, often (but not necessarily) life-prolonging treatment, from a patient or from a research subject as part of a research protocol. The concept is differentiated from REFUSAL TO TREAT, where the emphasis is on the health professional's or health facility's refusal to treat a patient or group of patients when the patient or the patient's representative requests treatment. Withholding of life-prolonging treatment is usually indexed only with EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE, unless the distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment, or the issue of withholding palliative rather than curative treatment, is discussed.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

Informed consent given by someone other than the patient or research subject.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

The case for a statutory 'definition of death'. (1/411)

Karen Quinlan, the American girl who has lain in deep coma for many months, is still 'alive', that is to say, her heart is still beating and brain death has not occurred. However, several other cases have raised difficult issues about the time of death. Dr Skegg argues that there is a case for a legal definition of death enshrined in statutory form. He suggests that many of the objections to a statutory provision on death are misplaced, and that a statute concerning the occurrence of death could remove all doubts in the minds of both doctors and public as to whether a 'beating heart cadaver' was dead or alive for legal purposes. (+info)

A matter of life and death: what every anesthesiologist should know about the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of declaring brain death. (2/411)

Accurate criteria for death are increasingly important as it becomes more difficult for the public to distinguish between patients who are still alive from those who, through the aid of medical technology, merely look like they are alive even though they are dead. Patients and their families need to know that a clear line can be drawn between life and death, and that patients who are alive will not be unintentionally treated as though they are dead. For the public to trust the pronouncements of medical doctors as to whether a patient is dead or alive, the criteria must be unambiguous, understandable, and infallible. It is equally important to physicians that accurate, infallible criteria define death. Physicians need to know that a clear line can be drawn between life and death so that patients who are dead are not treated as though they are alive. Such criteria enable us to terminate expensive medical care to corpses. Clear criteria for death also allow us to ethically request the gift of vital organs. Clear, infallible criteria allow us to assure families and society that one living person will not be intentionally or unintentionally killed for the sake of another. The pressure of organ scarcity must not lead physicians to allow the criteria for life and death to become blurred because of the irreparable harm this would cause to the patient-physician relationship and the devastating impact it could have on organ transplantation. As the cases presented here illustrate, anesthesiologists have an important responsibility in the process of assuring that some living patients are not sacrificed to benefit others. Criteria for declaring death should be familiar to every anesthesiologist participating in organ retrieval. Before accepting the responsibility of maintaining a donor for vital organ collection, the anesthesiologist should review data supplied in the chart supporting the diagnosis of brain death and seriously question inconsistencies and inadequate testing conditions. Knowledge of brain death criteria and proper application of these criteria could have changed the course of each of the cases presented. (+info)

Donor catecholamine use reduces acute allograft rejection and improves graft survival after cadaveric renal transplantation. (3/411)

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data implicate that renal transplants from living unrelated donors result in superior survival rates as compared with cadaveric grafts, despite a higher degree of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching. We undertook a center-based case control study to identify donor-specific determinants affecting early outcome in cadaveric transplantation. METHODS: The study database consisted of 152 consecutive cadaveric renal transplants performed at our center between June 1989 and September 1998. Of these, 24 patients received a retransplant. Donor kidneys were allocated on the basis of prospective HLA matching according to the Eurotransplant rules of organ sharing. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of a cyclosporine-based triple-drug regimen. In 67 recipients, at least one acute rejection episode occurred during the first month after transplantation. They were taken as cases, and the remaining 85 patients were the controls. Stepwise logistic regression was done on donor-specific explanatory variables obtained from standardized Eurotransplant Necrokidney reports. In a secondary evaluation, the impact on graft survival in long-term follow-up was further measured by applying a Cox regression model. The mean follow-up of all transplant recipients was 3.8 years (SD 2.7 years). RESULTS: Donor age [odds ratio (OR) 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08], traumatic brain injury as cause of death (OR 2.75; 95% CI, 1.16 to 6. 52), and mismatch on HLA-DR (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.47 to 6.12) were associated with an increased risk of acute rejection, whereas donor use of dopamine (OR 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.51) and/or noradrenaline (OR 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.60) independently resulted in a significant beneficial effect. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, both donor treatment with dopamine (HR 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.84) and noradrenaline (HR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.87) remained a significant predictor of superior graft survival in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our data strongly suggest that the use of catecholamines in postmortal organ donors during intensive care results in immunomodulating effects and improves graft survival in long-term follow-up. These findings may at least partially be explained by down-regulating effects of adrenergic substances on the expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM, E-selectin) in the vessel walls of the graft. (+info)

N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indicator of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. (4/411)

OBJECTIVES: To record N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) for deeply comatose or brain dead patients and to demonstrate the usefulness of N18 for the diagnosis of brain death in comparison with auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) and P13/14 in median SEPs, which have been conventionally used as complementary tests for the diagnosis of brain death. METHODS: Subjects were 19 deeply comatose or brain dead patients. Thirteen recordings were performed in deeply comatose but not brain dead conditions, and 12 recordings were performed in brain death. N18 was evaluated in the CPi-C2S lead (or other scalp-C2S leads) to obtain a flat baseline. RESULTS: N18 was preserved in 12 of 13 non-brain dead comatose recordings whereas it was completely lost for all of the 12 brain death recordings. P13/14 in median SEPs was preserved for all the comatose recordings, whereas apparent P13/14-like potentials, usually of low amplitude, were seen in nine of 12 brain death recordings-that is, frequent false positives. The ABRs already showed features which were characteristic for brain death (loss of components other than wave 1 or small wave 2) for four comatose recordings, in three of which N18 was preserved. The last result not only corresponds with the fact that ABRs can evaluate pontine and midbrain functions and not medullary function, but further supports the medullary origin of N18. In the four patients followed up for the course of progression from coma to brain death, N18s preserved in normal size during the comatose state were completely lost after brain death was established. CONCLUSIONS: The N18 potential is generated by the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata in the preceding studies. N18 is suggested to be a promising tool for the diagnosis of brain death because there were no false positives and rare false negatives in the present series for detecting the remaining brain stem function. (+info)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (5/411)

In the latter half of the twentieth century, developed countries of the world have made tremendous strides in organ donation and transplantation. However, in this area of medicine, Japan has been slow to follow. Japanese ethics, deeply rooted in religion and tradition, have affected their outlook on life and death. Because the Japanese have only recently started to acknowledge the concept of brain death, transplantation of major organs has been hindered in that country. Currently, there is a dual definition of death in Japan, intended to satisfy both sides of the issue. This interesting paradox, which still stands to be fully resolved, illustrates the contentious conflict between medical ethics and medical progress in Japan. (+info)

Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. (6/411)

The data reviewed here suggest the possibility that a global reduction of blood supply to the whole brain or solely to the infratentorial structures down to the range of ischemic penumbra for several hours or a few days may lead to misdiagnosis of irreversible brain or brain stem damage in a subset of deeply comatose patients with cephalic areflexia. The following proposals are advanced: 1) the lack of any set of clinically detectable brain functions does not provide a safe diagnosis of brain or brain stem death; 2) apnea testing may induce irreversible brain damage and should be abandoned; 3) moderate hypothermia, antipyresis, prevention of arterial hypotension, and occasionally intra-arterial thrombolysis may contribute to good recovery of a possibly large subset of cases of brain injury currently regarded as irreversible; 4) confirmatory tests for brain death should not replace or delay the administration of potentially effective therapeutic measures; 5) in order to validate confirmatory tests, further research is needed to relate their results to specific levels of blood supply to the brain. The current criteria for the diagnosis of brain death should be revised. (+info)

Brain death diagnosis in misleading conditions. (7/411)

The necessity of defining brain death (BD) arose from technological development in medical science. The definition of this concept had practical consequences and opened the way to organ donation from BD patients. Nowadays, the imbalance between the number of organs available for transplantation and the size of the demand is becoming critical. In most laboratories, a BD diagnosis is made according to precise criteria and in a well-defined process. BD diagnosis should be improved, not only to assure the safety and to preserve the human dignity of the patient, but also in order to increase the rate of organ donation. By analysing some epidemiological parameters in BD diagnosis and organ donation, it appears that BD diagnoses can be made more often and more rapidly if one has a reliable, accurate, and safe confirmatory test, especially under misleading conditions (hypothermia, drugs, metabolic disturbances). In our experience, the use of multimodality evoked potentials (MEPs) to confirm a BD diagnosis has many advantages: MEPs can be rapidly performed at the patient's bedside, assess the brain stem as well as the cerebral cortex, and are innocuous for the patient. Moreover, their insensitivity to the aforementioned misleading factors is sufficient to distinguish BD from clinical and EEG states that mimic BD. They give an immediate diagnosis, and no delay is required in BD confirmation if there is sufficient cause to account for BD. MEPs are a safe, accurate, and reliable tool for confirming a BD diagnosis, and their use can improve the organ donation rate while preserving the safety of the patient. (+info)

Re-examining death: against a higher brain criterion. (8/411)

While there is increasing pressure on scarce health care resources, advances in medical science have blurred the boundary between life and death. Individuals can survive for decades without consciousness and individuals whose whole brains are dead can be supported for extended periods. One suggested response is to redefine death, justifying a higher brain criterion for death. This argument fails because it conflates two distinct notions about the demise of human beings--the one, biological and the other, ontological. Death is a biological phenomenon. This view entails the rejection of a higher brain criterion of death. Moreover, I claim that the justification of the whole brain (or brain stem) criterion of death is also cast into doubt by these advances in medical science. I proceed to argue that there is no need to redefine death in order to identify which treatments ought to be provided for the permanently and irreversibly unconscious. There are already clear treatment guidelines. (+info)

The committee defined "brain death" as follows:

* The absence of any clinical or electrophysiological signs of consciousness, including the lack of response to pain, light, sound, or other stimuli.
* The absence of brainstem reflexes, such as pupillary reactivity, oculocephalic reflex, and gag reflex.
* The failure of all brain waves, including alpha, beta, theta, delta, and epsilon waves, as detected by electroencephalography (EEG).
* The absence of any other clinical or laboratory signs of life, such as heartbeat, breathing, or blood circulation.

The definition of brain death is important because it provides a clear and consistent criteria for determining death in medical settings. It helps to ensure that patients who are clinically dead are not inappropriately kept on life support, and that organ donation can be performed in a timely and ethical manner.

In medical terms, death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all bodily functions that are necessary for life. This includes the loss of consciousness, the absence of breathing, heartbeat, and other vital signs. Brain death, which occurs when the brain no longer functions, is considered a definitive sign of death.

The medical professionals use various criteria to determine death, such as:

1. Cessation of breathing: When an individual stops breathing for more than 20 minutes, it is considered a sign of death.
2. Cessation of heartbeat: The loss of heartbeat for more than 20 minutes is another indicator of death.
3. Loss of consciousness: If an individual is unresponsive and does not react to any stimuli, it can be assumed that they have died.
4. Brain death: When the brain no longer functions, it is considered a definitive sign of death.
5. Decay of body temperature: After death, the body's temperature begins to decrease, which is another indicator of death.

In some cases, medical professionals may use advanced technologies such as electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to confirm brain death. These tests can help determine whether the brain has indeed ceased functioning and if there is no hope of reviving the individual.

It's important to note that while death is a natural part of life, it can be a difficult and emotional experience for those who are left behind. It's essential to provide support and care to the family members and loved ones of the deceased during this challenging time.

There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:

1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.

The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of apnea that can occur during sleep, including:

1. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): This is the most common type of apnea and occurs when the airway is physically blocked by the tongue or other soft tissue in the throat, causing breathing to stop for short periods.
2. Central sleep apnea (CSA): This type of apnea occurs when the brain fails to send the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing, resulting in a pause in breathing.
3. Mixed sleep apnea (MSA): This type of apnea is a combination of OSA and CSA, where both central and obstructive factors contribute to the pauses in breathing.
4. Hypopneic apnea: This type of apnea is characterized by a decrease in breathing, but not a complete stop.
5. Hypercapnic apnea: This type of apnea is caused by an excessive buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can lead to pauses in breathing.

The symptoms of apnea can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Difficulty concentrating or feeling tired during the day
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease

Treatment options for apnea depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime, and sleeping on your side
* Oral appliances or devices that advance the position of the lower jaw and tongue
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which involves wearing a mask during sleep to deliver a constant flow of air pressure into the airways
* Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy, which involves two levels of air pressure: one for inhalation and another for exhalation
* Surgery to remove excess tissue in the throat or correct physical abnormalities that are contributing to the apnea.

In medical terminology, coma is defined as a state of prolonged unconsciousness that lasts for more than 24 hours and is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to stimuli, including pain, light, sound, or touch. Coma can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:

1. Traumatic brain injury: Coma can result from a severe head injury that causes damage to the brain.
2. Stroke: A stroke can cause coma if it affects a large part of the brain.
3. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can spread to the brain and cause coma.
4. Poisoning: Toxic substances, such as drugs or chemicals, can cause coma by damaging the brain.
5. Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen to the brain can cause coma.
6. Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar can cause coma.
7. Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or hypothyroidism, can cause coma.
8. Electrolyte imbalance: An imbalance of electrolytes, such as sodium or potassium, can cause coma.
9. Chronic conditions: Certain chronic conditions, such as brain tumors or degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, can cause coma over time.

It is important to note that a coma is different from a vegetative state, which is characterized by awakening and opening one's eyes but lacking any meaningful response to stimuli. A comatose patient may also exhibit automatic responses, such as breathing or reacting to pain, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate.

The diagnosis of coma is typically made by a neurologist based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and results of diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment of coma depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, medication, or surgical intervention.

The diagnosis of PVS is made by a team of healthcare professionals, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, and rehabilitation specialists. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination and medical imaging studies, such as electroencephalograms (EEGs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

There are three main criteria for diagnosing PVS:

1. Lack of awareness: The patient is unable to open their eyes or respond purposefully to stimuli.
2. Lack of purposeful movement: The patient is unable to move voluntarily, except for possibly some reflex movements.
3. Abnormal sleep-wake cycle: The patient exhibits a persistent vegetative state sleep-wake cycle, characterized by periods of sleep and wakefulness that are not consistent with normal sleep patterns.

Treatment for PVS is focused on supporting the patient's basic needs, such as breathing and nutrition, and managing any underlying medical conditions. However, there is no cure for PVS, and the condition is often permanent. Some patients may eventually recover some cognitive and behavioral functions over time, but many will remain in a state of persistent vegetative state for the rest of their lives.

In summary, the definition of persistent vegetative state (PVS) in the medical field refers to a severe loss of cognitive and behavioral function, resulting from traumatic brain injury or other causes, characterized by a lack of awareness, purposeful movement, and abnormal sleep-wake cycle. The diagnosis is made by a team of healthcare professionals, and treatment focuses on supporting the patient's basic needs and managing any underlying medical conditions.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

DGF can occur in various types of transplantations, including kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplants. The symptoms of DGF may include decreased urine production, decreased respiratory function, and abnormal liver enzymes. Treatment for DGF typically involves supportive care such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, management of infections, and immunosuppressive medications to prevent rejection. In some cases, additional surgical interventions may be necessary.

The diagnosis of DGF is based on clinical evaluation and laboratory tests such as blood chemistry, urinalysis, and biopsy findings. The prognosis for DGF varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In general, prompt recognition and treatment of DGF can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

In summary, delayed graft function is a common complication in transplantation that can result from various factors. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for the transplanted organ or tissue.

The word "edema" comes from the Greek word "oidema", meaning swelling.

The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.

There are different types of brain ischemia, including:

1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.

The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.

15 September 2020). "Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project". JAMA. 324 (11 ... "Brain death". Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved 25 March 2014. Young, G Bryan. "Diagnosis of brain death". UpToDate. ... "brain death evaluations are performed infrequently, even in large PICUs." Medicine portal Brainstem death Clinical death Death ... For example, although one major medical dictionary considers "brain death" to be synonymous with "cerebral death" (death of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death

... is a 1990 video game published by The Software Toolworks. Life & Death II: The Brain is a game in ... Jesse W. Chen reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Life & Death II: The Brain is not simply humorous ... Jesse W. (August 1991). "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: Life & Death II - The Brain". Computer Gaming World. Vol. 1, no. ... Once you've reached the top of your profession and successfully performed your first brain-job, there is little left to come ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_&_Death_II:_The_Brain

... occurs when a brain dead patient is pregnant and their body is kept alive to deliver ... The difference between the two states is that brain death means "death of the brainstem" which can be clinically diagnosed and ... Field, D.R.; Gates, E.A.; Creasy, R.K.; Jonsen, A.R.; Laros, R.K. (1988). "Maternal Brain Death During Pregnancy: Medical and ... July 2004). "Maternal brain death: medical, ethical, and legal issues". Intensive Care Medicine. 30 (7): 1484-6. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_somatic_support_after_brain_death

In some countries there is also a defined syndrome of brainstem death. Declaration of brain death can have profound ... Brain of human embryo at 4.5 weeks, showing interior of forebrain Brain interior at 5 weeks Brain viewed at midline at 3 months ... As a hominid brain, the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey. The sequence ... In science fiction, brain transplants are imagined in tales such as the 1942 Donovan's Brain. The adult human brain weighs on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain

Brain death is the irreversible loss of measurable brain function, with loss of any integrated activity among distinct areas of ... "Brain death" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary. Arlinghaus KA, Shoaib AM, Price TR (2005). "Neuropsychiatric assessment". In ... Traumatic brain injury (TBI, physical trauma to the brain) can cause a variety of complications, health effects that are not ... A vegetative state can result from diffuse injury to the cerebral hemispheres of the brain without damage to the lower brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_traumatic_brain_injury

... can cause severe disability or death. In fact, when herniation is visible on a CT scan, the prognosis for a ... Causes of brain herniation include: Brain edema Hematoma Stroke Tumour Infection The tentorium is an extension of the dura ... these include traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, or brain tumor. Herniation can also occur in the absence of high ... a hematoma which is putting local pressure on a part of the brain. Brain herniation frequently presents with abnormal posturing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_herniation

"Death by Higgs rids cosmos of space brain threat". New Scientist. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Boddy, K. K ... not disembodied brains, are typical observers." Some argue that brains produced via quantum fluctuation, and maybe even brains ... including a functioning human brain. In this thought experiment, a Boltzmann brain is a fully formed brain, complete with ... The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it might be more likely for a single brain to spontaneously form in a void ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain

Élégie for Horn and Piano to commemorate Brain's death. It was premiered by the BBC in a broadcast on 17 February 1958, played ... Brain was killed in a car crash at the age of 36. Brain was born in Hammersmith, London on 17 May 1921 to a musical family. His ... As well as the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, Britten wrote Canticle III: Still falls the rain with Brain in mind; Brain ... Alfred Edwin Brain, Sr., and elder brother, Alfred Edwin Brain Jr., had been prominent horn players in Britain, and in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brain

Upon the death of Finsnechta, Muiredach mac Brain and Muiredach mac Ruadrach were returned to rule. In 814 a battle is recorded ... The battle was won by the sons of Bran, probably Muiredach and his brother Cellach mac Brain (died 834). Upon the death of ... Muiredach mac Brain (died 818) was a King of Leinster of the Uí Muiredaig sept of the Uí Dúnlainge branch of the Laigin. This ... He is given the title leth-ri (one of two kings) at his death in 818 (Annals of Ulster) and ruled in conjunction with Muiredach ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiredach_mac_Brain_(died_818)

... death can also be defined as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the whole brain, including brainstem, and brain death ... of deaths by year List of expressions related to death Memento mori Near-death experience Origin-of-death myth Spiritual death ... Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses ... "Brain Failure and Brain Death". Scientific American Surgery, Critical Care, April 2005. Archived from the original on 24 June ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death

cite news}}: Missing or empty ,title= (help) Langford, David (June 1984). "Brain Death". White Dwarf. No. 54. also in Langford ... It is discovered that all Psychlos have a deep brain-stimulation device implanted in their brains to make them controllable. ... That meant that Jonnie, as the recognized leader of Earth with the death of Brown Limper, now owned what was left of the entire ... Depressed by the recent death of his father and both the lethargy and sickness of most of the surviving adults in his tribe, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(novel)

Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379-407. doi: ... Brain Sci. 12 (8). doi:10.3390/brainsci12081052. PMID 36009115. Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (2022). "The Convergence Model of Brain ... Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 17 (2): 139-170. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b. PMID 1356551. S2CID 14277779. ... this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in gray matter volume in several brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379-407. doi: ... They are present in the organs that mediate the actions of METH (e.g. brain, heart, lungs) [5]. In the brain, METH acts ... Overdose Death Rates Archived 13 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). "US overdose ... Death from methamphetamine poisoning is typically preceded by convulsions and coma. Use of methamphetamine can result in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine

Shortly after Einstein's death in 1955, Harvey removed and weighed the brain at 1230g. Harvey then took the brain to a lab at ... brain and other brains tend to get published while results showing that in many respects Einstein's brain was like other brains ... was removed after his death in 1871; in 1972, it was still the second largest brain on record. Relics: Einstein's Brain, a 1994 ... Albert Einstein's brain was removed within seven and a half hours of his death. His apparent regularities or irregularities in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein's_brain

Brain later became chairman of Brains Brewery between 1955 and his death in 1971. Brain's brother, Pat, father William and ... Brain's cricketing career started when he played for the Repton XI in 1928 and 1929, while his club career saw him play for ... Michael Benjamin Brain (13 April 1910 - 24 August 1971) was a Welsh cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper ... Brain appeared in one first-class match, during the 1930 season, against Oxford University. He scored 9 runs in the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brain

"Brain Stem Death". Gender Justice Uncovered Awards. Women's Link Worldwide. Retrieved 13 June 2017. Judgments: P.P -v- Health ... The ruling also stated "when the mother who dies is bearing an unborn child at the time of her death, the rights of that child ... Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Abortion in the Republic of Ireland A, B and C v Ireland Death of Savita ... In September 2015, an inquest jury returned an open verdict into the cause of her death. In November 2016, the family commenced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP_v._HSE

"Brain Death Bill". San Diego Jewish World (Volume 2, Number 73). San Diego, California. 2008-03-25. Archived from the original ... Dixon Arnett (R-Redwood City) introduced emergency legislation to recognize death when brain activity ceased. He was three ... 2007 deaths, Deaths from Parkinson's disease, People from Montebello, California, Jewish American state legislators in ... Criminal defense attorneys argued that harvesting a victim's organs while his heart was still beating caused death, not their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_R._Fenton

... "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; brain death being defined as the complete and irreversible ... "Brain death". Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved 25 March 2014. Young, G Bryan. "Diagnosis of brain death". UpToDate. ... Scientific research has established that the physiological functioning of the brain, the cessation of which defines brain death ... including brain death Dualism (philosophy of mind) Eternal oblivion Information-theoretic death Life extension Neural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_after_death

The Moment of Death and the Morally Safer Path. In: Beyond Brain Death. Philosophy and Medicine, vol 66. Springer, Dordrecht. ... "Statement opposing brain death criteria". www.lifestudies.org. Retrieved 2022-11-09. "50 , Universalism Pt. 1 with Archbishop ... he is a signatory of the Statement Opposing Brain Death Criteria released by Citizens United Resisting Euthanasia. In 2021, he ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Haverland

... assessment of brain death is slightly more nuanced. Per the United Kingdom Medical Royal Colleges, a diagnosis of brain death ... ISBN 978-1-4398-2192-3. Sarbey, Ben (1 December 2016). "Definitions of death: brain death and what matters in a person". ... Death at the level of cells, called molecular death or cell death, follows a matter of hours later. These distinctions, and the ... "Diagnosis of brain death. Statement issued by the honorary secretary of the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stages_of_death

Brain death: a reappraisal. Springer. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-387-38975-2. "Practice Parameters: Determining Brain Death in Adults" ( ... Lazarus syndrome "Brain death and brainstem failure". The Egyptian Society of Medical Ethics. 2009. Archived from the original ... 2006). "Reflex Movements in Patients with Brain Death: A Prospective Study in A Tertiary Medical Center". Journal of Korean ... suspension of external breathing and motion of the lung muscles-which is one of the criteria for determining brain death used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_sign

Donation after brain death. A person is declared brain dead if there is complete loss of all brain function Donation after ... Brain stem death (brain dead) is controversial in Islam. This, along with burial customs of Muslims being they have to be ... Brain death is also controversial for Buddhists as they believe the spirit remains in the body days after death and interfering ... The body must also be buried within 24 hours of death. It is custom in Judaism to not interfere with death; organ donation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation_in_Australia

Brain lived in Paris with his partner from 1986 until his death. He was divorced and had two children. He began his career as a ... He was a professional conductor from 1990 until his death. Brain was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand on 12 August 1943. ... Brain was a foundation member of the Manawatu Youth Orchestra and was also a member of the Wellington Youth Orchestra and New ... Brain played as a percussionist with the National Orchestra of Wales and the Ulster Orchestra in Ireland and as timpanist with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Brain

Focal brain ischemia reduces blood flow to a specific brain region, increasing the risk of cell death to that particular area. ... If hypoxia lasts for long periods of time, coma, seizures, and even brain death may occur. Symptoms of brain hypoxia are ... During brain ischemia, the brain cannot perform aerobic metabolism due to the loss of oxygen and substrate. The brain is not ... Similar to cerebral hypoxia, severe or prolonged brain ischemia will result in unconsciousness, brain damage or death, mediated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_ischemia

Brain donors may donate their brains after death to aid in the understanding of neural diseases. Brain banks differ from other ... After his death, Hernandez's brain was donated to the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank, where Boston University researchers, led by Dr. Ann ... A brain bank is designed to act as a central resource for the collection and distribution of brain and brain tissue samples. ... Currently, the Brain Bank contains over 600 brains, including 325 brains that have been diagnosed with CTE since the formation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_CTE_Center_and_Brain_Bank

This invention having warped his mind, Brain Storm witnessed his brother Fred's apparent death. In his twisted ideals, Brain ... After the battle, Brain Storm restored all the JLA members back to normal. Brain Storm retaliated though and used his power to ... Brain Storm is the name of three fictional characters appearing in the comics published by DC Comics. The first Brain Storm ... Brain Storm, or someone dressed like Brain Storm, was one of many costumed villains who attended Roulette's "House of Pain", ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Storm_(character)

Hendry, Robert; Crippen, David (2014). "Brain Failure and Brain Death". ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice critical care. ... "Brain Freeze: Can putting faith in cryonics deliver life after death?". Toronto Sun. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original ... won the Small Animal Brain Preservation Prize of the Brain Preservation Foundation by demonstrating to the satisfaction of ... but he changed his mind shortly before his death and was not cryopreserved. Brain in a vat Cryptobiosis Extropianism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics

"Brain Death Really Is Death". Time. Retrieved 2016-11-30. "Researchers customize stem-cell lines". The Today Show. NBC News. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Magnus

... is more common in this group compared to other causes of death. Brain death may result in legal death, but still ... and if brain death is acceptable, whether the person's whole brain needs to have died, or if the death of a certain part of the ... Brain death may result in legal death, but still with the heart beating and with mechanical ventilation, keeping all other ... However, in Japan this is a fraught point, and prospective donors may designate either brain death or cardiac death - see organ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation

"Denial of Death - Brain Surgeons". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-07-06. (Articles with short description, Short description is ... and originally appear on the Brain Surgeons 2006 album, "Denial of Death". Band Ross the Boss - guitar, keyboards Patrick Fuchs ... were co-written by Ross for the Brain Surgeons, with Albert Bouchard (former Blue Öyster Cult drummer), and Deborah Frost., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Metal_Leader

Williams, Ruth (2008-06-30). "Paul Mischel: All about brains". The Journal of Cell Biology. 181 (7): 1044-1045. doi:10.1083/jcb ... "An LXR Agonist Promotes Glioblastoma Cell Death through Inhibition of an EGFR/AKT/SREBP-1/LDLR-Dependent Pathway". Cancer ... These studies, focused primarily on the highly lethal brain cancer, glioblastoma, resulted in new understandings of the ... top brain tumor research award given jointly by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Society for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mischel

Seago died of a brain tumour in London on 19 January 1974. In his will he requested that one-third of his paintings currently ... 1974 deaths, Camoufleurs, British war artists, People from Brooke, Norfolk, Members of the Royal Society of British Artists, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seago

In 1890, Trewhitt began experiencing symptoms of what was later described as "softening of the brain." He died at his home in ... His death sparked considerable outrage among East Tennessee's Unionists. Having joined the 2nd Tennessee Volunteer Infantry ... "Other Deaths," Indianapolis Journal, 6 January 1891, p. 1. (Articles with short description, Short description is different ... from Wikidata, AC with 0 elements, 1823 births, 1891 deaths, Politicians from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Tennessee state court ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Trewhitt

One of his American students is James H. Austin, author of Zen and the Brain.[2] Austin writes of his teacher, "This remarkable ... 1992 deaths, Japanese Zen Buddhists, Rōshi, 20th-century Buddhist monks, All stub articles, Buddhist clergy stubs, Zen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobori_Nanrei_Sohaku

ISBN 978-81-223-1016-0. Dedhia, Sonil (5 August 2013). "Hrithik: I have a hole in my brain but my spirit is intact". Rediff. ... But sometime later, Nirmal building collapses and all the residents are crushed to death. Thakur, the original signer of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Bazaar

At King of Pro-Wrestling, Robinson wrestled Tiger Mask W as Red Death Mask, a character based in the anime series Tiger Mask W ... Brain. "CZWrestling.com - Online Home of Combat Zone Wrestling and Women Superstars Uncensored ~ Wrestling That's Like Nothing ... At the end of the year, Robinson formed a tag team named "Death Juice" with the debuting Sami Callihan in the 2017 World Tag ... Powell, John (November 19, 2017). "NJPW Tag League Day One: Death Juice, Chaos victorious". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_Robinson

... brain cancer. Abdullah Hussain, 94, Malaysian novelist (Interlok). Michael Kennedy, 88, British biographer, journalist and ... "Yvonne COSSART Death Notice - Sydney, New South Wales , Sydney Morning Herald". Tidenes toppscorer er død Archived 2014-12-30 ... death announced on this date) Sita Murt, 68, Spanish fashion designer and businesswoman, cancer. Aleksandar Petrović, 55, ... George Ardisson, 83, Italian actor (The Long Hair of Death, Agent 3S3: Passport to Hell). Roger Bielle, 86, French Olympic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_December_2014

... on their brains and in all but one the brain autopsy results matched the diagnosis based on the PET scan taken before death. ... of patients diagnosed with the disease are found after examination of the brain following death to not have had the condition. ... magnetic resonance imaging scans looking for brain shrinkage and PET scans looking at how glucose was used in the brain, had ... would cross the blood-brain barrier and attach itself to amyloid protein deposits in the brain. The firm raised $500,000 from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avid_Radiopharmaceuticals

He also wrote lyrics for rock bands, and is a member of the acid punk group Brain Damage, active since 1977. Asteroid 428102 ... 2012 deaths, People from Bab El Oued, Pieds-Noirs, French science fiction writers, German-French translators, French male ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Charles_Wagner

Deaths from cancer in Alberta, Neurological disease deaths in Alberta, Deaths from brain tumor, Edmonton Oilers coaches, New ... Fleming died of brain cancer on March 25, 2013, at the age of 62, at his home in Calgary. "Wayne Fleming profile". Calgary ... "Former Edmonton Oilers assistant coach Wayne Fleming dies of brain cancer , Edmonton Journal". Blogs.edmontonjournal.com. ... 2013 deaths, Arizona Coyotes coaches, Calgary Flames coaches, Canada men's national ice hockey team coaches, Canadian ice ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Fleming

He also studied personality correlates of brain function. Gale was very active in the British Psychological Society and held a ... 2006 deaths, 20th-century psychologists). ... Gale's principal research was the use of EEG to measure brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Anthony_Gale

Joe began suffering all the classic signs of a recurrence of his brain tumor. When Joe learned he had only a few weeks left, he ... After Victor's mysterious death in 1976, the shadow of suspicion surrounded Dorian for decades. As social issue-oriented ... Mark Toland (Tommy Lee Jones) conspired to cover up their complicity in the death of patient, Rachel Wilson (Nancy Barrett). ... Tragically, she died of a brain aneurysm in 1973, leaving Larry crushed. Merrie's sister Victoria Lord (originated by Gillian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1968–1979)

Having seen Till Death Us Do Part on TV while there, he uses the term "Randy Scouse Git" from the programme for the title of ... Billion Dollar Brain directed by Ken Russell, starring Michael Caine. The Boy Friend (Sandy Wilson) - London revival opens at ... along with a follow-up article on the death of Guinness heir Tara Brown in a car accident, inspires lyrics for The Beatles song ... are informed of the death of their manager Brian Epstein, and they return to London at once. 31 August - Paul McCartney calls a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_British_music

He took control of the organization after the death of the Gentleman and is now often referred to as "Mr. Carpenter." Compared ... At the end of the original series, Nancy suffered extensive brain damage as a result of oxygen deprivation; the result was that ... Disappointed by the decline of British global influence following the Gentleman's death, Joker implements a scheme to regain ... and Drake attempts to avenge her death. Richard Voiced by: Matsuo Matsuo (Japanese); Arthur Russell (English) Another British ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.O.D_the_TV

In the early 1920s Ukhtomsky began to publish on the foundations of the principle of dominance as a new theory of brain ... In 1922, after the death of Vvedensky he took charge of the Faculty of Human and Animal Physiology of the University of ... Later, in his autobiography Ukhtomsky wrote: "my Ph.D. thesis put closer study of the physiology of the brain, neural activity ... which he prepared a week before his death. He was buried at the Literatorskie Mostki cemetery. The theory of the dominant focus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Ukhtomsky

The Legionnaires fear acting directly against the Brain-Globes, who might subvert their will again. Noticing the Brain-Globes ... Superman returns to the Fortress of Solitude from a month in space to find the pets have all frozen to death because their ... After the Brain-Globes are defeated, the team members go their separate ways but the comic book narration promised the Legion ... They then return the animals to their proper time periods, not telling Superboy how the Brain-Globes were defeated since he ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Pets

There must be an intention to cause death. An act must be done to cause death. There must be death, as the result of the said ... Violent Computer games boost brain processing power. The Times. 29 May 2003. Gamespot Game of the Year 2012. 25 December 2012. ... Discussion of the impact of violence in video games came as early as 1976's Death Race arcade game (a game with black and white ... This category contains games characterized by lack of the death of characters, lack of sudden noise or movement, and often lack ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game

... "cudgeling his brain to recall a longissima melodia, as he tells us he did in the preface to his Liber Hymnorum". Less common ... 912 deaths, Year of birth uncertain, Frankish Benedictines, 10th-century Latin writers, Medieval Latin poets, 9th-century Latin ... was later Bishop of Constance from 890 until his death in 912. Notker was often called upon for council from outside the Abbey ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer

After Thompson's death, his students Schnier, Morafka and some of his former patients joined together to create the ... "Epilepsy not due to injured brain cells is caused by the suppression of hate in childhood". While in D.C., Thompson undertook a ... "Mental diseases are not caused by actual physical injury to the brain [...] are a result of some suppression of thought in the ... 1943 deaths, American spies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni, American herpetologists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cheesman_Thompson

The group broke up after Paskow's death in 1994. They reunited for one more concert at New York City's The Bottom Line, hosted ... picked the brains of veteran folksingers, and pooled their money to send Goodkind to Washington, D.C. to do research on folk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Squares

1996 deaths, Deaths from cancer in Egypt, Former Muslim critics of Islam, Critics of Sunni Islam, Persecution of atheists, ... The occupation of our brains by gods is the worst form of occupation. What is the nature of the creator who forces his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Qasemi

The developers received death threats over the last delay. The final delay was decided suddenly, with discussions commencing a ... However, the process destroyed the target's brain. Arasaka kidnapped Cunningham and forced her to create their own version of ... Clayton, Natalie (28 October 2020). "Cyberpunk 2077 devs are getting death threats over the delay". PC Gamer. Archived from the ... Video games about death, Video games about mass surveillance, Video games about revenge, Video games about robots, Video games ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077

A fall on the ice in January of that year caused traumatic injuries to William's brain and a leg, resulting in extreme ... William Harrison, of Samlesbury Hall" Manchester Courier, 19 February 1880, "Death of Mr. Joseph Harrison, of Galligreaves Hall ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samlesbury_Hall

A music video, "To Play Caesar (Is To Be Stabbed To Death)" from the Revolution Spring album was released in 2020 as well. In ... This lineup reduced the band's name to The Suicide Machines and recorded the Skank for Brains split album with The Rudiments. ... "Skank for Brains". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-01-22. "Live! Live! Live!". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-01-22. "The Suicide Machines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_Machines

Burke v. Lewis, 122 P.3d 533, 535 (Utah 2005) Athan Montgomery sustained serious brain damage at the time of his birth. The ... Found at "Ellis v. Estate of Ellis: The Unequivocal Death of Interspousal Immunity in Utah (Utah Bar Journal)". Archived from ... The Unequivocal Death of Interspousal Immunity in Utah." Utah State Bar. Utah Bar Journal, 21 September 2010. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_B._Durrant

In 1980 George Sprinkle died of a brain tumor. In 1982 Richard Arnold died; that same year, there was a fire at the office. The ... 1984 deaths, Architects from Arizona, University of California, Berkeley alumni). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_M._Guirey

Brain MRI scans can reveal any brain anomalies that could be associated with the syndrome. Methods of genetic detection include ... ranging from only mild learning disability and microcephaly with no other features in some families to death in utero with ... The eye anomalies can result in an inability to focus (astigmatism) as well as amblyopia, in which the brain begins to fail to ... A large minority also have pachygyria (fewer ridges in the brain) or lissencephaly (shallower ridges). Developmental delay is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strømme_syndrome

Technical death metal band Gorod included a song called "Hina" on their 2018 album Æthra. Dema deity List of lunar deities ... In Mangaian tradition, the coconut's white flesh is called "Tuna's brains", and it is said that one can see a face when one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_(goddess)

2014 deaths, Sportspeople from Tepic, Nayarit, Boxers from Nayarit, Deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing, Sport deaths in ... "Oscar Gonzalez dies of brain injury". ESPN. Retrieved 19 February 2020. Boxing record for Oscar Gonzalez from BoxRec ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Óscar_González_(boxer)

Perry Wilson comments on a fascinating study that shines a light on the electrochemistry of the dying brain. ... But their deaths provide us with a fascinating window into the complex electrochemistry of the dying brain. What we might be ... This figure is not a map of raw brain electrical output like the one I showed before, but of coherence between brain regions in ... Though the heart was restarted, the brain damage was severe. The fourth had a large brain hemorrhage. All four patients were ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991370

Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury. New York, NY: Brain Injury Foundation ... Surveillance for Traumatic Brain Injury Deaths --- United States, 1989--1998. Nelson Adekoya, Dr.P.H.1. David J. Thurman, M.D.2 ... TBI-Related Deaths by Age, Sex, and Race During 1989--1998, an annual average of 53,288 deaths among U.S. residents were ... Firearm-Related TBI Deaths by Age, Sex, Intentionality, and Race The highest firearm-related TBI death rates were among persons ...

https://www.cdc.gov/MMWr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5110a1.htm

... provides evidence-based criteria and recommends clinical and apnea testing for the determination of brain death or death by ... The concept of whole brain death was advanced as an equivalent to biological death, "such that when the brain dies, the body ... He and his co-editorialists argue that the concept of whole brain death should be replaced with that of brainstem death. ... The document, a result of the World Brain Death Project, surveys the clinical aspects of this determination, such as clinical ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/935379

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Brain+Death&type=mesh

ABC of brain stem death. Diagnosis of brain stem death--II. Pallis C. Pallis C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982 Dec 4;285(6355): ... ABC of brain stem death. Diagnosis of brain stem death--I. Pallis C. Pallis C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982 Nov 27;285(6354): ... The brain stem in brain death: a critical review. Byrne PA, Nilges RG. Byrne PA, et al. Issues Law Med. 1993 Summer;9(1):3-21. ... ABC of brain stem death. The declaration of death. Pallis C. Pallis C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Jan 1;286(6358):39. doi: ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8745375/

Physical damage to the brain and the spinal cord can also kill or disable neurons. Damage to the brain caused by shaking or ... Glia, cells that provide structure in the brain. In some parts of the brain, there are many more glia than neurons, but neurons ... Some diseases of the brain are the result of the unnatural deaths of neurons. ... Many neuroscientists disagree about how many and how often new neurons are created in the brain. Most of the brains neurons ...

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/public-education/brain-basics/brain-basics-life-and-death-neuron

"Brain Death" as Criteria for Organ Donation is a "Deception": Bereaved Mother. "Brain Death" as Criteria for Organ Donation is ... "Brain death is not death" and "organ donation is very deceptive," the bereaved mother told LifeSiteNews.com in an interview on ... "Brain death is not death" and "organ donation is very deceptive," the bereaved mother told LifeSiteNews.com in an interview on ... Jones said that in her research after her sons death that "there is no scientific validation for brain death. Absolutely ...

https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/brain-death-as-criteria-for-organ-donation-is-a-deception-bereaved-mother/

... "brain death" standard for declaration was introduced as an accepted standard for declaration of death in hospitals where ... including the brain stem, have ceased. For many people, this accepted ethical, legal, and medical definition of death by ... and ethical challenges that ensue when religious and/or cultural beliefs result in rejection of the concept of brain death and ... As experts in end-of-life care, hospice and palliative care nurses must be knowledgeable about declaration of death by ...

https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=4643902&Journal_ID=260877&Issue_ID=4643645

Home News & Events Direct link shown between brain inflammation, neuron death, and cognitive changes in mice ... Direct link shown between brain inflammation, neuron death, and cognitive changes in mice March 24, 2022. ... To do this, they tested two drug candidates that can reduce inflammation in the brain by lowering TNF-α levels. One drug was ... For example, in the very early stage of Alzheimers, as harmful beta-amyloid plaques begin to form in the brain, immune cells ...

https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/direct-link-shown-between-brain-inflammation-neuron-death-and-cognitive-changes-mice

Elderly people may die in their sleep because they gradually lose brain cells that control breathing. ... A Slumber Not So Sweet: Loss of brain cells that regulate breathing may cause death during sleep. ... A new study in rats suggests that in elderly people, the brain gradually loses the cells that tell the body to breathe. ... Sleep disorder tied to brain ills in kids By Bruce Bower. September 5, 2006. ...

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/slumber-not-so-sweet-loss-brain-cells-regulate-breathing-may-cause-death-during-sleep

Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death, and Brain Surgery.. Citation Text:. Marsh H. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books; 2015. ISBN: ... Closing Deaths Door: Legal Innovations to End the Epidemic of Healthcare Harm. ... FDA begins inquiry after death and illness from saline bags meant for training. ...

https://psnet.ahrq.gov/issue/do-no-harm-stories-life-death-and-brain-surgery

Home » Study: Brain stents linked to higher stroke and death rates. Study: Brain stents linked to higher stroke and death rates ... Stroke patients who received artery-widening brain stents had higher rates of stroke and death than patients who took only ... but stenting in the brain is more challenging because brain arteries are more delicate than those of the heart, Cedars-Sinai ... Brain-spine digital bridge allows spinal cord injury patient to walk - and enjoy a beer. A wireless "digital bridge" between ...

https://www.massdevice.com/study-brain-stents-linked-higher-stroke-and-death-rates/

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly appreciated to be highly prevalent and deleterious to neurological function. At ... Transcranial amelioration of inflammation and cell death after brain injury Theodore L Roth 1 , Debasis Nayak 1 , Tatjana ... Transcranial amelioration of inflammation and cell death after brain injury Theodore L Roth et al. Nature. 2014. . ... Prevention of traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal death by inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation. Choi BY, Jang BG, Kim JH ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24317693

The brains of dying people may spark to sudden life in their final moments. ... Human brains show larger-than-life activity at moment of death by: Saul Elbein, The Hill ... That could lead to a reappraisal of the way the heart and brain work together to stave off the point of death - and therefore, ... In the moments right before death, the brains of the rats hooked up to their machines displayed a sudden surge in serotonin, a ...

https://www.woodtv.com/news/nexstar-media-wire/human-brains-show-larger-than-life-activity-at-moment-of-death/

It is possible to be a donor after the declaration of brain death or circulatory death. Read more about the definition of each ... Brain Death. Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including the brain and brain stem. The brain ... The time of brain death determination is the legal time of death. The physician who determines brain death cannot be the ... Evidence-based Guideline Update: Determining brain death in adults. Circulatory Death. Donation after Circulatory death (DCD) ...

https://www.dnaz.org/partners/hospital/pathways-to-organ-donation/

https://www.bioedge.org/images/2008images/hands_in_death.jpeg. brain death. uniform determination of death act ... The issue of brain death is as much metaphysics as medicine. It requires a deep understanding of both to define the necessary ... UDDA and RUDDA: uproar over possible change in brain death criteria Michael Cook ... brain death] in a non-BD patient, provides no benefit to the patient, does not reliably accomplish its intended purpose, and is ...

https://bioedge.org/uncategorized/udda-and-rudda-uproar-over-possible-change-in-brain-death-criteria/

... affects brain cells differently depending on their developmental stage. Neurons-the primary brain cells of the central nervous ... which can cause inflammation of the brain in children, ... Neurons-the primary brain cells of the central nervous system- ... Cerebral Organoid Model Provides Clues About How to Prevent Virus-Induced Brain Cell Death. November 26, 2019 ... Scientists have determined that La Crosse virus (LACV), which can cause inflammation of the brain in children, affects brain ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/cerebral-organoid-model-provides-clues-about-how-prevent-virus-induced-brain-cell-death

https://www.wvnstv.com/news/national-news/human-brains-show-larger-than-life-activity-at-moment-of-death/

Brain Cancer Death Rates Among Children and Teens Aged 1-19 Years by Sex and Age Group - United States, 2013-2015 - Featured ... The death rate for brain cancer, the most common cancer cause of death for children and teens aged 1-19 years, was 24% higher ... QUICKSTATS: Brain Cancer Death Rates Among Children and Teens Aged 1-19 Years by Sex and Age Group - United States, 2013-2015. ... Death rates caused by brain cancer were highest at ages 5-9 years (0.98 for males and 0.85 for females). ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/?p=3583

... Creator. Unknown author. Bibliographic Citation. Nursing Mirror 1975 February 6; 140(6): 33 ... The Mind, the Brain, and the Moment of Death Fertziger, Allen P. (1987-11) ...

https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/770609

Now brain scientists have made a discovery that could lead to potent pain drugs that dont affect breathing. ... A brain circuit linking pain and breathing may offer a path to prevent opioid deaths ... Now scientists have discovered a brain circuit in mice that appears to explain how opioids affect both pain and breathing, a ... The finding has practical implications because both groups of brain cells - the ones for breathing and the ones for pain - ...

https://www.wemu.org/2021-12-22/a-brain-circuit-linking-pain-and-breathing-may-offer-a-path-to-prevent-opioid-deaths

Subscribe to Spockos Brain Blog via Email. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new ... Subscribe to Spockos Brain Blog via Email. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new ... ElieNYC I want legal accountability for Trump for his role in the death of 100s of thousands.. How do we make that happen?. We ... We have proof the rallies led to large scale infections and deaths. The media has reported on this in their news coverage and ...

https://www.spockosbrain.com/2021/12/15/how-can-we-hold-trump-legally-accountable-for-covid-deaths/

Six years ago Saturday (Aug. 19), Damien Echols woke for the last time on the wrong side of a set of jail bars. He spent 18 years in prison, convicted of the murders of three 8-year-old boys in West Memphis in 1993. He, along with Jason Baldwin and Jessie

https://katv.com/news/local/echols-says-he-suffered-brain-injuries-on-death-row-his-wife-calls-for-end-to-executions

Big Brains: All Episodes From green burials to DIY funerals, how death in America is changing with Shannon Lee Dawdy (Ep. 92) ... viewing the embalmed body and creating this kind of Sleeping Beauty type of death was a kind of Disneyfication of death, as if ... Tape: Its the death of denial, because when you wrap a body in a shroud, you see the outline of grandma, you know that grandma ... Matt Hodapp: Big Brains is a production of the University of Chicago Podcast Network. If you like what you heard, please leave ...

https://news.uchicago.edu/green-burials-diy-funerals-how-death-america-changing?utm_source=uc_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=UChicago_News_M05_17_2022&mkt_tok=MjUwLUNRSC05MzYAAAGEcf_c_a68dQ4Ro-Hrtgmbx-H1zM4vkdg5CAbAgqSXa0MfeolpQ6Q451uB77epb68loUoBQW4HDLyyqXChaUYCEC4eOXfX10xYSg3zoowC7Rv3

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have contributed to approximately one million deaths in the U.S. over the last 2 decades (1). ... Title : Differences in State Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Deaths by Principal Mechanism of Injury, Intent, and Percentage of ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) "Differences in State Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Deaths by Principal ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) "Differences in State Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Deaths by Principal ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/110372

Abbott blood test predicts death, unfavorable outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients, study finds ... The death, unfavorable outcome and incomplete recovery figures for UCH-L1 were 0.89, 0.86 and 0.61, respectively. ... Using Abbott Laboratories technology to measure two blood-based biomarkers on the day a patient suffers a traumatic brain ... GFAPs area under the curve for predicting death at six months in all patients was 0.87, for unfavorable outcome was 0.86 and ...

https://www.medtechdive.com/news/abbott-blood-test-predicts-death-traumatic-brain-injury/629564/

I should revise my comment from "brain death defining death" to "brain death being the determinant that the organism is dead." ... Re: brain death.. Definition 1 - take whole (physiological, not necessarily every cell) brain death.. Definition 2 - What does ... Not only RSZA (who ruled that the brain dead patient is potentially alive), but even RMF (who ruled that brain death=death) ... Based on science alone, I dont think anyone can prove that brain death is death. There is weighty evidence, but not conclusive ...

https://www.torahmusings.com/2011/02/symposium-on-the-ethics-of-brain-death-and-organ-donation-iv/

Paul Brain Injury Attorney. Many motorcycle accidents result in serious injuries and unfortunately, sometimes even death. ...

https://www.mcfay.com/motor-vehicle-accidents/motorcycle-accidents/

Brain death scintigraphy is indicated for the assessment of brain blood flow in patients suspected of brain death (5-12). This ... Confirmation of brain death using brain radionuclide perfusion imaging technique. Med Princ Pract. 2004;13:267-272. ... Residual brain viability, evaluated by 99mTc-ECD SPECT in patients with suspected brain death and with confounding clinical ... In order for the diagnosis of brain death to be made in studies using brain-specific agents, delayed planar or SPECT images ...

https://tech.snmjournals.org/content/40/3/198.short

Alternate Text: The figure above shows injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related death rates, by age group in the United ... QuickStats: Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)-Related Death Rates, by Age Group --- United States, 2006* ... In 2006, nearly one third of all injury deaths involved TBI. Overall injury and TBI-related death rates vary across age groups ... In 2006, nearly one third of all injury deaths involved TBI. Overall injury and TBI-related death rates vary across age groups ...

https://tools.cdc.gov/podcasts/download.asp?m=320959&c=358654

Mrs. Jones said that the diagnosis of brain death is a sham. (lifesitenews.com)
A hospital physician, in accordance with accepted medical standards and following the hospital policy, must make the diagnosis of brain death. (dnaz.org)
In a specific case, with a reasonable previous record of catastrophic brain damage and cert … absence of clinical brain function when the proximate cause is known and demonstrably irreversible 1) clinical or neuroimaging evidence of an acute CNS catastrophe that is compatible with the clinical diagnosis of brain death 2) exclusion of complicating medical conditions that may confound clinical The diagnosis of brain death is primarily clinical. (aggflow.com)

Falls can cause serious injuries, including a traumatic brain injury (TBI). (cdc.gov)
Among all age groups, falls can cause serious injury and are the second leading cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related deaths ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
As a next step, the researchers are planning to study inflammation as a potential Alzheimer's drug target and are expanding exploration of 3,6'-DP as a drug candidate for other degenerative conditions, including traumatic brain injury and stroke. (nih.gov)
Using Abbott Laboratories technology to measure two blood-based biomarkers on the day a patient suffers a traumatic brain injury (TBI) can provide insights into their prospects, researchers say. (medtechdive.com)
The study enrolled 2,552 patients from the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury observational cohort study, 1,696 of whom were included in the analysis because they had baseline and six-month data. (medtechdive.com)
In patients with severe injuries, adding GFAP and UCH-L1, alone or in combination, to International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in traumatic brain injury models improved predictions of death and unfavorable outcome. (medtechdive.com)
Protect your head: Traumatic brain injuries can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. (knowridge.com)

Brain Death" as Criteria for Organ Donation is a "Deception": Bereaved Mother by LifeSiteNews.com By Hilary White, Rome correspondent ROME, February 23, 2009 (LifeSiteNews.com) - Bernice Jones came to Rome last week to tell the world that doctors killed her son by removing his organs. (lifesitenews.com)
Brain death is not death" and "organ donation is very deceptive," the bereaved mother told LifeSiteNews.com in an interview on Thursday. (lifesitenews.com)
Most organ donation occurs after brain death declaration. (dnaz.org)
A scintigraphic cerebral perfusion study was ordered to confirm brain death before preparing for organ donation and discontinuation of life support. (snmjournals.org)

These results suggest that, once instigated, brain inflammation is a key intermediate step in the neuropathological pathway leading to neuron and cognitive loss in Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)

Determination must begin by establishing that the patient has sustained an irreversible brain injury that resulted in the loss of all brain function, according to the authors. (medscape.com)
An evaluation for brain death should be considered in patients who have suffered a massive, irreversible brain injury of identifiable cause. (aggflow.com)

A group of experts representing various international professional societies has drafted a consensus statement on the determination of brain death or death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC). (medscape.com)
As experts in end-of-life care, hospice and palliative care nurses must be knowledgeable about declaration of death by neurologic criteria, understand beliefs that do not support the concept, and collaborate with the health care team in providing compassionate end-of-life care. (nursingcenter.com)

Until recently, most neuroscientists (scientists who study the brain) thought we were born with all the neurons we were ever going to have. (nih.gov)
As children, we might grow some new neurons to help build the pathways-called neural circuits-that act as information highways between diﬀerent areas of the brain. (nih.gov)
In 1962, scientist Joseph Altman challenged this belief when he saw evidence of neurogenesis (the birth of neurons) in a region of the adult rat brain called the hippocampus. (nih.gov)
He later reported that newborn neurons traveled from their birthplace in the hippocampus to other parts of the brain. (nih.gov)
and in 1983, he found special kinds of cells-called neural precursor cells-with the ability to become brain cells like neurons, in adult monkeys. (nih.gov)
Why did these bird brains add neurons at such an important time in learning? (nih.gov)
If birds made new neurons to help them remember and learn, Nottebohm thought the brains of mammals -like humans-might too. (nih.gov)
Other scientists, like Elizabeth Gould, later found evidence of newborn neurons in a distinct area of the brain in monkeys, and Fred Gage and Peter Eriksson showed that the adult human brain produced new neurons in a similar area. (nih.gov)
Still, scientists are intrigued by current research on neurogenesis and the possible role of new neurons in the adult brain for learning and memory. (nih.gov)
In some parts of the brain, there are many more glia than neurons, but neurons are the key players in the brain. (nih.gov)
Sensory neurons carry information from the sense organs (such as the eyes and ears) to the brain. (nih.gov)
Motor neurons control voluntary muscle activity, such as walking and talking, and carry messages from nerve cells in the brain to the muscles. (nih.gov)
For example, in the very early stage of Alzheimer's, as harmful beta-amyloid plaques begin to form in the brain, immune cells such as microglia help to remove cellular debris and toxins while supporting the survival of neurons. (nih.gov)
Assuming that people also have separate populations of neurons involved in pain and breathing, Yackle says, it should be possible to develop opioid-like drugs that don't affect the brain cells that keep us alive. (wemu.org)
But researchers believed that when a neural circuit ended up being set up, including any brand brand new neurons would disrupt the movement of data and disable the brainвЂ™s interaction system. (olivavesteinpelle.com)
Scientist Joseph Altman challenged this belief as he saw proof of neurogenesis (the delivery of neurons) in an area associated with hippocampus was called by the adult rat brain. (olivavesteinpelle.com)

The declaration of brain death "is a deception, a violent deception, that your loved one is dead. (lifesitenews.com)
In 1968, the neurologic or "brain death" standard for declaration was introduced as an accepted standard for declaration of death in hospitals where heartbeat and breathing are being sustained by technology, but functions of the brain, including the brain stem, have ceased. (nursingcenter.com)
Now Israel Stinson has faced the same inaccurate declaration of "brain death" as a means to deny medical treatment. (prolifehealthcare.org)

Brandon Jones was given, without his family's consent, what is called an "apnea test" by doctors, to determine brain death. (lifesitenews.com)

TBI is a head injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body or a penetrating head injury that results in disruption of normal brain function. (cdc.gov)
While physicians can use glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) to help assess whether to perform brain CT scans after TBI, they lack evidence to support the use of the biomarkers to predict the functional outcomes of patients on the day of injury. (medtechdive.com)
The researchers found the predictive figures were higher for patients with severe brain injury, as defined by the Glasgow Coma Scale, than for individuals with minor brain injury. (medtechdive.com)
These findings were compatible with hypoxic brain injury. (snmjournals.org)
In 2006, nearly one third of all injury deaths involved TBI. (cdc.gov)
Overall injury and TBI-related death rates vary across age groups. (cdc.gov)
This is most often the result of brain swelling or bleeding from a head injury, stroke , or brain tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
People who have a brain herniation usually have a serious brain injury. (medlineplus.gov)
Call 911 or the local emergency number or take the person to a hospital emergency room if they develop decreased alertness or other symptoms, especially if there has been a head injury or if the person has a brain tumor or blood vessel problem. (medlineplus.gov)
As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death. (cdc.gov)

The physician who determines brain death cannot be the physician who recovers the donated organs. (dnaz.org)
Patients who die through circulatory death can, in some cases, donate organs, tissues and eyes. (dnaz.org)
In some of these cases, it may be possible to recover organs for transplantation after support is withdrawn and after circulatory determination of death. (dnaz.org)
We performed eight transplantations using the organs of these two brain-dead donors: one heart, one bipulmonary, three kidneys, one kidney-pancreas, and two livers. (nih.gov)

They use electrical and chemical signals to send information between diﬀerent areas of the brain, as well as between the brain, the spinal cord, and the entire body. (nih.gov)
It can lead to deafness, swelling of the brain and/or spinal cord covering, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and, very rarely, death. (nih.gov)
It can lead to skin infections, pneumonia, inflammation of the blood vessels, swelling of the brain and/or spinal cord covering, and infection of the blood, bones, or joints. (nih.gov)

Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including the brain and brain stem. (dnaz.org)
Despite several interventions, the patient eventually showed no brain stem reflexes and had an isoelectric electroencephalogram. (snmjournals.org)
The patient must be in a deep coma with total absence of brain stem reflexes and spontaneous respiration. (snmjournals.org)
A coma is an "eyes-closed, depressed consciousness from which they cannot be aroused," but there are "purposeful" brain stem responses and spontaneous (natural) breathing. (aggflow.com)
A persistent vegetative state means the person has lost higher brain functions, but their undamaged brain stem still allows essential functions like heart rate and respiration to continue. (aggflow.com)

Drug candidates that lower tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an immune system protein that leads to brain inflammation, protected lab mice from cognitive decline, a new study shows. (nih.gov)
Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago Medical Center's Brain Tumor Center have developed a way to target brain cancer cells using inorganic titanium dioxide nanoparticles bonded to antibodies. (news-medical.net)

CDC estimated national and state-specific rates and trends for TBI-related deaths (TBI deaths) caused by unintentional falls (fall-related TBI deaths) among U.S. residents during 2008-2017, by selected decedent characteristics. (cdc.gov)
During 2008-2017, the national age-adjusted rate of fall-related TBI deaths increased by 17%, from 3.86 per 100,000 persons to 4.52 ( Table 1 ), representing 17,408 fall-related TBI deaths in 2017. (cdc.gov)
Considering only the study endpoint years (2008 and 2017), the number of fall-related TBI deaths increased in 49 of 51 jurisdictions (50 states and DC), and corresponding age-adjusted rates increased in 45 of these 49 jurisdictions (Supplementary Table, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/85245 ). (cdc.gov)

Brain death - anguish for the family As noted before, brain death is the absence of brain activity, with no hope for revival - the patient is clinically dead. (aggflow.com)

Paul Rand: From the University of Chicago Podcast Network, this is Big Brains, a podcast about the pioneering research and the pivotal breakthroughs that are reshaping our world. (uchicago.edu)
Combining data acquired using 1H NMR and targeted DI-LC-MS/MS, we have identified fatty acid oxidation as a pivotal biochemical pathway perturbed in the brains of those infants who have from SIDS (p = 0.0016). (bvsalud.org)

We present a case illustrating how cerebral perfusion scintigraphy can be used to assist in crucial medical decision making in the intensive care setting for patients who are maintained on life support but are clinically suspected to have brain death. (snmjournals.org)
A patient properly determined to be brain dead is legally and clinically dead. (aggflow.com)

The document, a result of the World Brain Death Project, surveys the clinical aspects of this determination, such as clinical testing, apnea testing, and the number of examinations required, as well as its social and legal aspects, including documentation, qualifications for making the determination, and religious attitudes toward BD/DNC. (medscape.com)
The time of brain death determination is the legal time of death. (dnaz.org)
The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) is not an Act and is not uniform. (bioedge.org)
The latest version of this is called the RUDDA, the Revised Uniform Determination of Death Act, proposed by three physicians, and published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in early 2020. (bioedge.org)
Prerequisites for the clinical Determination of Brain Death 4.1 The proximate cause must be known, and must be known to be irreversible. (aggflow.com)

The study provides evidence that brain inflammation - which occurs decades before dementia symptoms are noticeable - is an important disease pathway to pursue in finding treatments for Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
Brain herniation occurs when something inside the skull produces pressure that moves brain tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
The outlook varies, depending on where in the brain the herniation occurs. (medlineplus.gov)

Includes deaths from intentional and unintentional injuries, and from injuries of undetermined intent. (cdc.gov)

41 (Paolin), sensitivity is 53%, but the specificity is not calculated as the article is a study of consecutive There must be clinical or neuro-imaging evidence of an acute central nervous system catastrophe that is compatible with the clinical diagnosis of death by brain criteria. (aggflow.com)

Donation after Circulatory death (DCD) is the irreversible cessation of all circulatory and respiratory function. (dnaz.org)

The process our bodies and brains go through when we die remains poorly understood. (woodtv.com)
It is a model state law agreed upon in 1981 by a number of expert bodies which gives criteria for deciding whether a severely brain-damaged person is dead or not. (bioedge.org)

Depending on the severity of the herniation and the part of the brain that is being pressed on, there will be problems with one or more brain-related reflexes and nerve functions. (medlineplus.gov)

Unintentional falls represent the second leading cause of TBI-related death. (cdc.gov)
To identify cases, an initial screen for International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) underlying-cause-of-death codes in the range W00-W19 was performed, indicating an unintentional fall as the underlying cause of death. (cdc.gov)

However, long-term effects may result from damage caused by the poisoning (for example, brain damage from low oxygen, kidney failure). (cdc.gov)

The test, he said, which cuts off oxygen to the brain, will bring about severe, irreversible brain damage in patients who, with proper care, would otherwise have had a good chance of survival. (lifesitenews.com)
Stroke patients who received artery-widening brain stents had higher rates of stroke and death than patients who took only medication and received lifestyle change advice, researchers said. (massdevice.com)
After one year, the stroke and death rate rose to 12.2 percent for the non-stented group and 20 percent for the patients who received the device, according to a new study published in the online edition of the New England Journal of Medicine . (massdevice.com)
The study looked at patients with narrowed arteries in the brain who had suffered a stroke and were at high risk for another stroke based on the location and severity of the plaque in the arteries. (massdevice.com)
In a small study of four patients taken off life support, Borjigin's team found something surprising: the brains of two out of the four burst to life in the moments before death. (woodtv.com)
In particular, the patients displayed a sudden surge in the specific type of brain waves that usually indicate conscious thought. (woodtv.com)
In the last 5 years in our centers, we have had two multiorgan donors who died from ecstasy-induced brain edema and three patients who required urgent orthotopic liver transplantation for treatment of severe acute hepatocellular failure induced by this drug. (nih.gov)
GFAP's area under the curve for predicting death at six months in all patients was 0.87, for unfavorable outcome was 0.86 and for incomplete recovery was 0.62. (medtechdive.com)
The researchers sought to investigate whether there was a surge of activity in the brain correlated with consciousness in dying patients. (knowridge.com)
The researchers note that larger studies including ICU patients who survive cardiac arrest could help to determine whether bursts in gamma activity are evidence of hidden consciousness even near death. (knowridge.com)
Despite their disagreement on the definition of death, the 3 institutions agreed that forgoing LSTs for patients diagnosed with brain death is justified from an Islamic perspective because brain-dead people would have no life to sustain. (who.int)
In the Islamic world, based on widespread agreement, albeit for different reasons, that CPR and PPMV can be withheld from brain-dead people, the discussion broadened to address optimum care for patients with end-stage cancer or major organ failure who are not brain dead but whose best, or only available, therapeutic option appears to be palliative care. (who.int)
A minority position, advocated by some individual scholars, entails opposition to withholding/withdrawing LSTs for terminally ill (cancer) patients, including brain-dead persons, because these scholars consider them to be alive. (who.int)

That dying patient's gamma wave patterns reached levels higher than those found in normal conscious brains. (woodtv.com)
That professional doesn't make that call based on a searching inventory of the patient's subjective mental state - but based on the persistent absence of either a heartbeat or brain waves. (woodtv.com)
Some of those who did not recognize brain death as real death accepted the limitation of LSTs because of the irreversibility (lā yurjā burʾuh لا يرجى برؤه) of the patient's terminal condition. (who.int)

Later investigation revealed that the hospital had told the family her son was "brain dead" but, without the family's knowledge, had kept him alive on a respirator for 20 hours while flooding his body with fluids and drugs in preparation for what his mother described as a live "dissection" that brought about his death. (lifesitenews.com)

For many people, this accepted ethical, legal, and medical definition of death by neurologic standards can seem to blur the line between life and death as the heart is still beating, the lungs are still moving air albeit by mechanical ventilation, and the body is still warm. (nursingcenter.com)
A new study in rats suggests that in elderly people, the brain gradually loses the cells that tell the body to breathe. (sciencenews.org)
The Hill ) - The brains of dying people may spark to sudden life in their final moments. (woodtv.com)
Two apparently brain-dead people taken off of life-support showed sudden spikes in neural activity, according to a study published on Monday. (woodtv.com)
TNF-α is important for the start and progression of inflammation in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
Shannon Dawdy: Well, I think that death rituals really reveal a lot about the cosmology, the way that people think about the world and about the human relationship to the cosmos. (uchicago.edu)

The group that received aggressive medical therapy alone did far better than predicted with a 30 day stroke and death rate of only 5.8 percent. (massdevice.com)

The heart rate decreases and after two minutes without oxygen, "brain death" is declared. (lifesitenews.com)
The brain has an extremely sensitive mechanism to sense oxygen levels in your body," she said. (wvnstv.com)
Even tiny drops of oxygen levels - the brain knows about that and constantly regulates the supply of oxygen. (wvnstv.com)

They found that lowering levels of TNF-α in the brains of mice could lessen excessive inflammation and, thereby, improve memory and thinking ability and cellular changes associated with Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
In addition to improved cognition in treated mice, the researchers found, nerve cells of these mice had more connections in areas of the brain that are crucial for memory and attention. (nih.gov)

Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death, and Brain Surgery. (ahrq.gov)

Brain herniation is the shifting of the brain tissue from one space in the skull to another through various folds and openings. (medlineplus.gov)

Borjigin points out there remains the possibility that a "covert consciousness" - a conscious experience we aren't currently able to detect - continues below the surface, and springs to urgent life as death approaches. (woodtv.com)
What an enticing means declaring "brain death" provides to escape any possibility of a large malpractice award down the road. (prolifehealthcare.org)
In this paper, we present some concepts, forged by Freud, as anxiety, helplessness and death drive, as indicators of the possibility of intervening in psychological distress through different perspectives of those who promise the exclusion of evil from life. (bvsalud.org)
Quickly moving to an area where fresh air is available is highly effective in reducing the possibility of death from exposure to a chemical that has been released into the air. (cdc.gov)
Although they regarded brain-dead persons as still living from an Islamic perspective, they conceded that these persons are in the process of dying, with no possibility to bring them back to stable life (ḥayāh mustaqirra حياة مستقرة] [1-5). (who.int)

National Vital Statistics System multiple-cause-of-death database on death certificates filed in 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) were analyzed to determine the incidence of fall-related TBI deaths among U.S residents by year, decedent characteristics (sex, age group, race/ethnicity, and urban/rural residence classification status § ), and state of residence. (cdc.gov)
A fall-related death was further identified as a TBI death when any of the ICD-10 multiple-cause-of-death codes indicated a TBI-related diagnosis ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
The death rate for brain cancer, the most common cancer cause of death for children and teens aged 1-19 years, was 24% higher in males (0.73 per 100,000) than females (0.59) aged 1-19 years during 2013-2015. (cdc.gov)
Mortality data, multiple cause-of-death public-use data files, 2006 data. (cdc.gov)

Abbott is pursuing clearance from the Food and Drug Administration for the breakthrough-designated TBI test to expand access to a diagnostic that predicted death and severe disability in the study published in the Lancet. (medtechdive.com)

These discoveries about neurogenesis in the adult brain were surprising to other researchers who thought they were not true in humans. (nih.gov)
SYK ) Wingspan brain stent in addition to the medication and guidance, but researchers aren't ready to give up on the technology just yet. (massdevice.com)
The stent implantation procedure may have dislodged some plaque from the original brain site and set it loose to block other narrower arteries, researchers suggested. (massdevice.com)

Analysis of state-specific rate trends determined that rates of fall-related TBI deaths increased significantly in 29 states over the 10-year study period. (cdc.gov)
This article will use a case study to describe the legal and ethical challenges that ensue when religious and/or cultural beliefs result in rejection of the concept of brain death and propose ethically sound strategies to navigate these challenges within a framework of culturally congruent care that includes a 4-step process to progressively appreciate, accommodate, negotiate, and/or explicate the differences. (nursingcenter.com)
Angioplasty and stenting procedures have become commonplace in treating blocked heart arteries, but stenting in the brain is more challenging because brain arteries are more delicate than those of the heart,' Cedars-Sinai director Dr. Michael Alexander, a member of the initial NIH steering committee for the study and a consultant and device proctor for Stryker Neurovascular, said in prepared remarks . (massdevice.com)
For this study, the team set out to investigate whether prolonged inflammation in the brain could directly cause cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
While the small sample size of the study means that caution must be taken in interpreting the results, the findings suggest that there may be a neurophysiological basis for near-death experiences. (knowridge.com)
The study sheds new light on the mysterious and often-unexplained experiences reported by individuals who have come close to death. (knowridge.com)
This is the first reported study to use targeted metabolomics for the study of PM brain from infants who have died from SIDS . (bvsalud.org)

Eat a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help protect the brain from damage and improve cognitive function. (knowridge.com)
Manage stress: Chronic stress can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive decline. (knowridge.com)
There can be damage to parts of the brain that control breathing and blood flow. (medlineplus.gov)
Rarely, measles can cause brain damage or death. (nih.gov)

The findings published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences provide scientific support for accounts of "near-death experiences" - powerful and often mystical experiences that happen when a patient is about to die. (woodtv.com)
Production of those brain waves - called gamma waves - spiked up to three hundred times in their previous levels in one patient in the moments before death. (woodtv.com)
No hospital contacted in the U.S. stepped forward to accept Israel as a patient--even after doctors who disagreed with the "brain death" diagnosis stepped forward. (prolifehealthcare.org)
The death of brain cells in clinical conditions is recorded after the patient leaves this state - with a working heart and breathing with the aid of an artificial lung ventilation device. (aggflow.com)

The findings, which were published March 2 in Alzheimer's & Dementia , provide evidence that brain inflammation is a key neuropathological pathway of interest in the cognitive loss associated with Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
Clinical findings of brain death must be present for a defined period of observation (usually 6-24 h). (snmjournals.org)
Another scientist, Michael Kaplan, verified AltmanвЂ™s findings into the rat brain, and then he discovered precursor that is neural within the forebrain of a grownup monkey. (olivavesteinpelle.com)

However, if proceeding down the donation after circulatory death (DCD) pathway, there are some things that are different. (dnaz.org)

The gamma activity was detected in the "hot zone" of neural correlates of consciousness in the back of the brain, an area that has been linked to dreaming, visual hallucinations, and altered states of consciousness in previous studies. (knowridge.com)

For the last 18 months I've been trying to figure out ways to hold Trump and his administration accountable for the infections and deaths directly related to their actions & non-actions spreading COVID with their rallies. (spockosbrain.com)
We have proof the rallies led to large scale infections and deaths. (spockosbrain.com)

Studies have shown that regular exercise can improve brain function, boost memory, and reduce the risk of cognitive decline. (knowridge.com)

Nine years ago, Mrs. Jones's son suffered an accidental gunshot wound to the head and was declared "brain dead" upon arrival at the hospital. (lifesitenews.com)
First there was Jahi McMath , who is still alive over two years later, after barely escaping from a California hospital where she was declared "brain dead" and called a corpse. (prolifehealthcare.org)
Complications from treatment required transfer to another hospital that quickly declared him "brain dead. (prolifehealthcare.org)
The "brain dead" diagnosis was removed and his care team expects Israel to be released to home care provided he receives three weeks of treatment. (prolifehealthcare.org)

How can we hold Trump legally accountable for COVID deaths? (spockosbrain.com)
Why aren't we holding Trump legally accountable for COVID deaths. (spockosbrain.com)
Okay Elie, what CAN WE DO to hold them legally accountable for all this sickness and death? (spockosbrain.com)

Clinical death typically leads to brain death, but these terms are not synonymous. (aggflow.com)

The brain dies from lack of blood/oxygenation. (dnaz.org)

Death rates were higher for males than females for all age groups, but the difference did not reach statistical significance for the age group 5-9 years. (cdc.gov)
Death rates caused by brain cancer were highest at ages 5-9 years (0.98 for males and 0.85 for females). (cdc.gov)

There are two types of death: clinical death and biological death. (aggflow.com)

Neurogenesis in the adult human brain is still tricky for neuroscientists to show, let alone learn about, how it impacts the brain and its functions. (nih.gov)
Reports of near-death experiences have long been a part of human culture, with individuals describing experiences such as seeing a white light or being visited by departed loved ones. (knowridge.com)

Note: Donor Network of Arizona does not determine brain death. (dnaz.org)

Anatomy2

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities5

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care8

The case for a statutory 'definition of death'. (1/411)

A matter of life and death: what every anesthesiologist should know about the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of declaring brain death. (2/411)

Donor catecholamine use reduces acute allograft rejection and improves graft survival after cadaveric renal transplantation. (3/411)

N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indicator of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. (4/411)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (5/411)

Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. (6/411)

Brain death diagnosis in misleading conditions. (7/411)

Re-examining death: against a higher brain criterion. (8/411)

Brain Death

Death

Tissue Donors

Tissue and Organ Procurement

Cell Death

Cause of Death

Brain Injuries

Brain Chemistry

Tissue and Organ Harvesting

Apnea

Coma

Personhood

Persistent Vegetative State

Brain Neoplasms

Organ Transplantation

Life

Brain Stem

Brain Mapping

Attitude to Death

Jurisprudence

Brain

Ethics, Medical

Life Support Care

Caloric Tests

Beginning of Human Life

Withholding Treatment

Electroencephalography

Third-Party Consent

Time Factors

Delayed Graft Function

Oximes

Mevinphos

Brain Edema

Philosophy, Medical

Organ Preservation

Brain Ischemia

The case for a statutory 'definition of death'. (1/411)

A matter of life and death: what every anesthesiologist should know about the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of declaring brain death. (2/411)

Donor catecholamine use reduces acute allograft rejection and improves graft survival after cadaveric renal transplantation. (3/411)

N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indicator of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. (4/411)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (5/411)

Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. (6/411)

Brain death diagnosis in misleading conditions. (7/411)

Re-examining death: against a higher brain criterion. (8/411)

Brain death

Life & Death II: The Brain

Maternal somatic support after brain death

Human brain

Complications of traumatic brain injury

Brain herniation

Boltzmann brain

Dennis Brain

Muiredach mac Brain (died 818)

Death

Battlefield Earth (novel)

Stimulant

Methamphetamine

Albert Einstein's brain

Michael Brain

PP v. HSE

Jack R. Fenton

Consciousness after death

Mark Haverland

Stages of death

Lazarus sign

Organ donation in Australia

Gary Brain

Brain ischemia

Boston University CTE Center and Brain Bank

Brain Storm (character)

Cryonics

David Magnus

Organ donation

New Metal Leader

Paul Mischel

Edward Seago

Daniel C. Trewhitt

Kobori Nanrei Sohaku

Kala Bazaar

Juice Robinson