Brachiocephalic veins. Medical search

Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava.

A double gliding joint formed by the CLAVICLE, superior and lateral parts of the manubrium sterni at the clavicular notch, and the cartilage of the first rib.

The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.

Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins.

The venous trunk which returns blood from the head, neck, upper extremities and chest.

A condition that occurs when the obstruction of the thin-walled SUPERIOR VENA CAVA interrupts blood flow from the head, upper extremities, and thorax to the RIGHT ATRIUM. Obstruction can be caused by NEOPLASMS; THROMBOSIS; ANEURYSM; or external compression. The syndrome is characterized by swelling and/or CYANOSIS of the face, neck, and upper arms.

The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

A vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava.

A congenital heart defect characterized by the narrowing or complete absence of the opening between the RIGHT VENTRICLE and the PULMONARY ARTERY. Lacking a normal PULMONARY VALVE, unoxygenated blood in the right ventricle can not be effectively pumped into the lung for oxygenation. Clinical features include rapid breathing, CYANOSIS, right ventricle atrophy, and abnormal heart sounds (HEART MURMURS).

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

A bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.

Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.

The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect.

The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in exercise and sports activities.

Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods.

A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.

Inferior and external epigastric arteries arise from external iliac; superficial from femoral; superior from internal thoracic. They supply the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, iliac region, and groin. The inferior epigastric artery is used in coronary artery bypass grafting and myocardial revascularization.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles, mammary gland and the axillary aspect of the chest wall.

A branch of biology dealing with the structure of organisms.

Placement of an intravenous CATHETER in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein.

Catheters that are inserted into a large central vein such as a SUBCLAVIAN VEIN or FEMORAL VEIN.

Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Right atrial bypass grafting for central venous obstruction associated with dialysis access: another treatment option. (1/149)

PURPOSE: Central venous obstruction is a common problem in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo maintenance hemodialysis. We studied the use of right atrial bypass grafting in nine cases of central venous obstruction associated with upper extremity venous hypertension. To better understand the options for managing this condition, we discuss the roles of surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent placement. METHODS: All patients had previously undergone placement of bilateral temporary subclavian vein dialysis catheters. Severe arm swelling, graft thrombosis, or graft malfunction developed because of central venous stenosis or obstruction in the absence of alternative access sites. A large-diameter (10 to 16 mm) externally reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (GoreTex) graft was used to bypass the obstructed vein and was anastomosed to the right atrial appendage. This technique was used to bypass six lesions in the subclavian vein, two lesions at the innominate vein/superior vena caval junction, and one lesion in the distal axillary vein. RESULTS: All patients except one had significant resolution of symptoms without operative mortality. Bypass grafts remained patent, allowing the arteriovenous grafts to provide functional access for 1.5 to 52 months (mean, 15.4 months) after surgery. CONCLUSION: Because no mortality directly resulted from the procedure and the morbidity rate was acceptable, this bypass grafting technique was adequate in maintaining the dialysis access needed by these patients. Because of the magnitude of the procedure, we recommend it only for the occasional patient in whom all other access sites are exhausted and in whom percutaneous dilation and/or stenting has failed. (+info)

Volume flow measurement in hemodialysis shunts using time-domain correlation. (2/149)

Volume flow was measured in 58 hemodialysis shunts (32 grafts and 26 radial fistulas) using the color velocity imaging-quantification method. This method is based on time-domain correlation for velocity calculation and integration of time-varying velocity profiles generated by M-mode sampling. Measurements were made in the brachial artery to estimate radial fistula flow or directly in the grafts. Intraoperator reproducibility was 14.9% for fistulas and 11.6% for grafts. Flow rate was significantly lower in abnormal shunts associated with a functional disorder or a morphologic complication (808 ml/min +/- 484) than in shunts associated with no abnormalities (1401 ml/min +/- 562). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that a flow rate of 900 ml/min for fistulas and 1300 ml/min for grafts provided 81% and 79% sensitivity and 79% and 67% specificity, respectively. A functional disorder or a morphologic complication was associated with all fistulas and grafts in which flow rates were lower than 500 ml/min and 800 ml/min, respectively. (+info)

The snuffbox arteriovenous fistula for vascular access. (3/149)

OBJECTIVES: to determine the applicability, patency rates and factors influencing patency of snuffbox arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access. DESIGN: retrospective non-randomised study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: patency was determined by reference to an ongoing database and dialysis records of 645 vascular access procedures between 1985 and 1997, including 210 snuffbox fistulae in 201 patients. RESULTS: snuffbox fistulae comprised 189/376 (50%) primary procedures. Records of 208 snuffbox fistulae were available for patency analysis by the life-table method. Twenty-two (11%) thrombosed within 24 hours of operation. After six weeks 80% were used for dialysis. Cumulative patency was 65% at 1 year and 45% at 5 years. After thrombosis of snuffbox fistulae, ipsilateral wrist fistulae could be constructed in 45%. Fistula patency was significantly better in men than women (p<0.001) and for left- than right-sided fistulae (p<0.001). Diabetes, age >70 years, and the prior commencement of haemodialysis did not significantly affect fistula survival. CONCLUSIONS: the snuffbox AV fistula gives a long segment of arterialised vein for needling and preserves proximal vessels. It is feasible in 50% of patients requiring primary access and has good long-term patency, especially in men. A more proximal fistula may be preferable in women with smaller vessels. (+info)

Minimally invasive thymoma with extensive intravascular growth. (4/149)

A 70-year-old male with grossly non-invasive thymic tumor associated with myasthenia gravis was subjected to thymothymectomy. Microscopic examination showed extensive intravascular tumor extensions into veins of thymic tissue and surrounding muscles and a minute direct invasion of the thymic tissue. Histologically, the tumor showed mixed-type thymoma with polygonal epithelial cells. These pathological findings indicated that the tumor cells extended mainly into vessels beyond the tumor capsule via tumor drainage veins rather than invading neighboring structures. After chemotherapy and mediastinal irradiation, the patient is now in complete remission of myasthenia gravis and is recurrence-free 15 months after surgery. (+info)

Occlusion of azygos vein via direct percutaneous puncture of innominate vein following cavopulmonary anastomosis. (5/149)

A 2-year-10-month-old boy was diagnosed with a complex congenital heart disease: right atrial isomerism, left superior vena cava (LSVC), complete atrioventricular septal defect, secundum type atrial septal defect, transposition of the great arteries with pulmonary atresia, patent ductus arteriosus, absence of a right superior vena cava (RSVC), and dextrocardia. He had received a left Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt at the age of 3 months and a left bidirectional Glenn shunt one year after BT shunt. Progressive cyanosis was noted after the second operation and cardiac catheterization showed a functional Glenn shunt with an engorged azygos vein, which was inadvertently skipped for ligation. Because of the absence of RSVC, transcatheter occlusion of the azygos vein was performed successfully via direct puncture of the innominate vein. (+info)

Crushed stents in benign left brachiocephalic vein stenoses. (6/149)

Two hemodialysis patients presenting with left venous arm congestion due to benign catheter-induced stenosis of the left brachiocephalic vein were treated by angioplasty and stent placement. External compression of the stents was responsible for rapid recurrence of the symptoms. No osseous or vascular malformation could be identified. Mechanical constraints induced by respiratory chest wall motion and aortic arch flow-related pulsation are proposed to explain this observation. This potential hazard should be considered when stent placement into the left brachiocephalic vein is advocated. (+info)

Stent placement for treatment of central and peripheral venous obstruction: a long-term multi-institutional experience. (7/149)

PURPOSE: The clinical success and patency of central and peripheral venous stents in patients with symptomatic venous obstruction (SVO) were assessed. METHODS: The records of patients with SVO treated with venous stents from 1992 to 1999 were reviewed. Demographic and procedural variables were analyzed to determine their effect on clinical success, primary patency, and secondary patency. Patency was determined by means of a follow-up duplex scan or venogram. RESULTS: Forty central venous (CV) and 14 peripheral venous (PV) obstructions were treated in 49 patients. Sixty-five stents were placed (50 CV and 15 PV), 54 in previously unstented lesions and 11 in previously stented lesions. Causes of CV lesions included catheter placement (82%), tumor compression (6%), arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and no prior catheter (2%), and other (10%). All PV lesions resulted from complications of dialysis. Indications for CV stents included limb edema (46%), AVF malfunction (30%), both limb edema and AVF malfunction (14%), and other (10%). PV stent indications were AVF malfunction (86%) and limb edema (14%). Thirteen CV stents indicated to treat tumor compression (three cases), May-Thurner syndrome (one case), deep venous thrombosis (three cases), superior vena cava syndrome (one case), and lower-extremity catheter-related lesions (five cases) were excluded from the analysis of clinical outcome. Fifty-two stents (37 CV and 15 PV) were included in the analysis of clinical outcome. All CV lesions included in the analysis were complications of prolonged catheterization. Eighty-nine percent of patients had end-stage renal disease and an AVF. Complications developed in 26% of patients with PV stents and in no patients with CV stents (P <.002). The mean follow-up period was 16 months. Sixty-two percent of patients required a reintervention for recurrent SVO. Only 32% of the interventions resulted in sustained symptomatic improvement. For CV stents, the primary patency rate was 85%, 27%, and 9% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively; the secondary patency rate was 91%, 71%, and 39% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively; and the clinical success rate was 94%, 94%, and 79%, at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively. For PV stents, the primary patency rate was 73%, 17% and 17% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively; the secondary patency rate was 80%, 56%, and 35% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively; and the clinical success rate was 92%, 75%, and 42% at 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Stents provide a temporary benefit in most patients with central or peripheral upper-extremity SVO. Regular follow-up and reinterventions are required to maintain patency and achieve long-term clinical success. Stents used for CV lesions have higher clinical success rates than stents used for PV lesions. Patients with a reasonable life expectancy or who are unable to return for subsequent procedures should be considered for undergoing alternative therapy. (+info)

Arteriovenous fistulae complicating cardiac pacemaker lead extraction: recognition, evaluation, and management. (8/149)

Transvenous pacemaker lead extraction has become a commonly performed procedure that is associated with a small but significant risk. We report two cases where lead extraction was complicated by arteriovenous fistulae between branches of the aortic arch and the left brachiocephalic vein. Presenting signs and symptoms included severe chest or back pain, persistent or copious bleeding from the venous puncture site, unexplained hypotension or anemia, superior vena cava syndrome, and signs of central venous hypertension or acute heart failure. One patient whose injury was not recognized immediately and who did not undergo repair died rapidly, whereas the other patient who was diagnosed quickly underwent successful repair. Immediate diagnosis with arteriography and rapid intervention with surgery or percutaneous techniques are indicated and may prevent mortality. (+info)

... brachiocephalic, and vertebral veins; thyroid vessels), and nervous system anatomy (spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunshot_wound

... and the left brachiocephalic vein. The deep cardiac plexus and lymph nodes are also positioned in front of the lower trachea. ... Several other structures pass over or sit on the trachea; the jugular arch, which joins the two anterior jugular veins, sits in ... The upper part of trachea receives and drains blood through the inferior thyroid arteries and veins; the lower trachea receives ... The 18-hour procedure included harvesting a trachea from a donor and implanting it in the patient, connecting numerous veins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea

Axillary, subclavian and brachiocephalic vein obstruction. Surgery 1977; 82:816. Comerota, AJ; Katz, ML et al. Venous duplex ... Deep vein thrombosis: US assessment using vein compression. Radiology 1987;162:191. Cohan, RH; Leder, RA et al. Extravascular ... To strip or not to strip the long saphenous vein: a varicose veins trial. Br J Surg 1981;68:426-8. Nicolaides, AN; Zukowski, A ... Surgery for primary troncular varicose veins without stripping the saphenous vein: pre- and post-operative evaluationby duplex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_translucence

"Vein wall dissection: a rare puncture-related complication of brachiocephalic fistula. Gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic ... Usually, a dissection is an arterial wall dissection, but rarely it may be a vein wall dissection (VWD). By separating a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection_(medical)

The veins of the thymus end in the left brachiocephalic vein, internal thoracic vein, and in the inferior thyroid veins. ... The left brachiocephalic vein may even be embedded within the thymus. In the neck, it lies on the front and sides of the ... Lymphatic vessels travel only away from the thymus, accompanying the arteries and veins. These drain into the brachiocephalic, ... Sometimes the veins end directly in the superior vena cava. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

The external vertebral venous plexuses travel inferiorly from this suboccipital region to drain into the brachiocephalic vein. ... The occipital vein joins in the formation of the plexus deep to the musculature of the back and from here drains into the ... external jugular vein. The plexus surrounds segments of the vertebral artery. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suboccipital_venous_plexus

The inferior thyroid veins originate in a network of veins and drain into the left and right brachiocephalic veins. Both ... The venous blood is drained via superior and middle thyroid veins, which drain to the internal jugular vein, and via the ... arteries and veins form a plexus between the two layers of the capsule of the thyroid gland. Lymphatic drainage frequently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid

The diaphragm drains blood into the brachiocephalic veins, azygos veins, and veins that drain into the inferior vena cava and ... Arteries and veins above and below the diaphragm supply and drain blood. From above, the diaphragm receives blood from branches ... left suprarenal vein. The sternal portion of the muscle is sometimes wanting and more rarely defects occur in the lateral part ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm

A shallower groove in front of the artery and near the edge of the lung, lodges the left brachiocephalic vein. The esophagus ... and above this is a wide groove for the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein; behind this, and close to the top of ... The lungs filter out small blood clots from veins and prevent them from entering arteries and causing strokes. The lungs also ... The majority of emboli arise because of deep vein thrombosis in the legs. Pulmonary emboli may be investigated using a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung

To its right side below is the brachiocephalic trunk, and above, the trachea, the inferior thyroid veins, and the remains of ... The superior thyroid vein crosses the artery near its termination, and the middle thyroid vein a little below the level of the ... the left brachiocephalic vein, and the remains of the thymus; behind, it lies on the trachea, esophagus, left recurrent ... the vein lying lateral to the artery, and the nerve between the artery and vein, on a plane posterior to both. On opening the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carotid_artery

... at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein. When the duct ruptures, the resulting flood of liquid into the pleural cavity ... at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein. The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen from the confluence of the right ... at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein, below the clavicle, near the shoulders. The thoracic duct collects most of the ... in the vicinity where the thoracic duct empties into the left brachiocephalic vein, right between where the left subclavian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_duct

... and the inferior thyroid vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein. Lymphatic vessels from the parathyroid glands drain into ... Each parathyroid vein drains into the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins. The superior and middle thyroid veins drain ... "a small compact yellow glandular body attached to the thyroid at the point where the veins emerged". The glands were first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_gland

The thoracic duct drains lymph into the circulatory system at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and ... A lymph duct is a great lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into one of the subclavian veins. There are two lymph ducts in the ... left internal jugular veins. Lymphatic system Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_duct

In PLSVC, the left brachiocephalic vein does not develop fully and the left upper limb and head & neck drain into the right ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_left_superior_vena_cava

... which joins the thoracic duct on the left side and the brachiocephalic vein on the right side. This article incorporates text ... lymph nodes lie under the sternocleidomastoid muscle in close relation with the accessory nerve and the internal jugular vein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_deep_cervical_lymph_nodes

... covered by the endothoracic fascia and parietal pleura right stellate ganglion is in relation with right brachiocephalic vein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellate_ganglion

The superior vena cava is formed by the left and right brachiocephalic or innominate veins, which receive blood from the upper ... It is a large-diameter (24 mm) short length vein that receives venous return from the upper half of the body, above the ... Obstruction can lead to enlarged veins in the head and neck, and may also cause breathlessness, cough, chest pain, and ... As a result, the (right) atrial and (right) ventricular contractions are conducted up into the internal jugular vein and, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cava

... thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct into the systemic venous system at the venous angle and into the brachiocephalic veins, ... Because of their thinner walls, veins are more frequently invaded than are arteries, and metastasis tends to follow the pattern ... For example, colorectal cancer spreads primarily through the portal vein to the liver. Some tumors, especially carcinomas may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis

... vein Oblique vein of left atrium Middle cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Pulmonary veins Superior vena cava Brachiocephalic vein ... veins Lumbar veins Ascending lumbar vein Hepatic veins Renal veins Left suprarenal vein Left ovarian vein Left testicular vein ... vein Popliteal vein Sural veins Anterior tibial veins Posterior tibial veins Fibular veins Hepatic portal vein Cystic vein Para ... Diploic veins Emissary veins Cerebral veins Superficial cerebral veins Deep cerebral veins Basal vein Great cerebral vein Veins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy

... creating enough repetitive pressure against the brachiocephalic and external jugular veins to cause thrombosis. Symptoms may ... Paget-Schroetter disease, is a form of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a medical condition in which blood clots ... These DVTs typically occur in the axillary and/or subclavian veins. The condition is relatively rare. It usually presents in ... Drapanas, T; Curran, WL (1966). "Thrombectomy in the treatment of "effort" thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget–Schroetter_disease

... and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, which contain blood from the head and the arms. ... The venae cavae (/ˈviːni ˈkeɪvi/; from the Latin for "hollow veins", singular "vena cava" /ˈviːnə ˈkeɪvə/) are two large veins ... It is the largest vein in the human body. The superior vena cava (or cranial vena cava in animals) is above the heart, ... The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood through coronary sinus and two large veins called venae cavae. The inferior vena ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venae_cavae

... retinal vein MeSH A07.231.908.077 - axillary vein MeSH A07.231.908.106 - azygos vein MeSH A07.231.908.130 - brachiocephalic ... femoral vein MeSH A07.231.908.380 - hepatic veins MeSH A07.231.908.427 - iliac vein MeSH A07.231.908.498 - jugular veins MeSH ... umbilical veins MeSH A07.231.908.713 - pulmonary veins MeSH A07.231.908.752 - renal veins MeSH A07.231.908.783 - retinal vein ... mesenteric veins MeSH A07.231.908.670.567 - portal vein MeSH A07.231.908.670.730 - splenic vein MeSH A07.231.908.670.874 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A07)

... and right common carotid arteries left subclavian arteries veins internal jugular veins brachiocephalic veins subclavian veins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_inlet

... (from Latin: innominatus "nameless") may refer to: The brachiocephalic artery The brachiocephalic veins The three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innominate

... which ascends behind the esophagus to drain into the left brachiocephalic vein. If normal thoracic duct drainage is disrupted, ... For example, placement of a central venous catheter can potentially disrupt drainage of lymph into the subclavian veins, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylothorax

... veins at each side of the neck merge to form the corresponding brachiocephalic vein. The left venous angle receives lymph from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_angle

... blood brain barrier body bone bone marrow bony labyrinth Bowman's capsule brachial artery brachial plexus brachiocephalic vein ... internal carotid artery internal cerebral vein internal ear internal iliac artery internal iliac vein internal jugular vein ... trigone colliculus collum colon columns of the fornix commissure common carotid artery common facial vein communicating veins ... pons pontine nuclei pontocerebellum popliteal artery popliteal bursa popliteal fossa popliteal vein popliteus portal vein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

The growing tumor can cause compression of a brachiocephalic vein, subclavian artery, phrenic nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve ... vein, branches of the brachial plexus, ribs and vertebral bodies), as well as mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Surgical access may ... causes facial swelling cyanosis and dilatation of the veins of the head and neck.[citation needed] A Pancoast tumor is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancoast_tumor

The right phrenic nerve passes over the brachiocephalic artery, posterior to the subclavian vein, and then crosses the root of ... rather than its typical position posterior to the vein (between the subclavian vein and artery). This variant may predispose ... On both sides, the phrenic nerve usually runs posterior to the subclavian vein as it enters the thorax where it runs anterior ... It descends obliquely with the internal jugular vein across the anterior scalene, deep to the prevertebral layer of deep ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenic_nerve

The brachiocephalic artery supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck. The left and right brachiocephalic veins merge to ... Brachiocephalic is not an alternate spelling but misspelling of brachycephalic, a grouping within the cephalic index describing ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Brachiocephalic. If an internal link led you here, you may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiocephalic

Talk:Brachial veins. *Talk:Brachialis muscle. *Talk:Brachiocephalic artery. *Talk:Brachioradialis. *Talk:Brain asymmetry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_Anatomy_articles

The brachiocephalic trunk supplies the right side of the head and neck as well as the right arm and chest wall, while the ... Vein. Combination of coronary sinus, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. ... Brachiocephalic trunk. Left common carotid artery. Left subclavian artery. Descending aorta, thoracic part: Left bronchial ... The aortic arch has three major branches: from proximal to distal, they are the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta

Veins *Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein. ... In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the saturation of hemoglobin is about 75%.[citation needed] (The values are ... The arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins: *The inner layer ... The outer layer is Tunica adventitia and the thickest layer in veins. It is entirely made of connective tissue. It also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular

2.1 brachiocephalic artery. *2.2 left common carotid artery (directly from arch of aorta on left mostly) *2.2.1 internal ... Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_tree

pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and ... Brachiocephalic artery (Innominate).. L.C.C. Left common carotid artery.. L.S. Left subclavian artery.. L.V. Left ventricle.. P ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_muscle

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasize

A shallower groove in front of the artery and near the edge of the lung, lodges the left brachiocephalic vein. The esophagus ... and above this is a wide groove for the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein; behind this, and close to the top of ... The lungs include the bronchial airways that terminate in alveoli, the lung tissue in between, and veins, arteries, nerves and ... The majority of emboli arise because of deep vein thrombosis in the legs. Pulmonary emboli may be investigated using a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccular_stage

The inferior thyroid veins originate in a network of veins and drain into the left and right brachiocephalic veins.[4] Both ... The venous blood is drained via superior and middle thyroid veins, which drain to the internal jugular vein, and via the ... arteries and veins form a plexus between the two layers of the capsule of the thyroid gland.[10] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_isthmus

From here it joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein (also known as "innominate vein"). The angle ... Subclavian vein. The thyroid gland and its relations. (Right subclavian vein visible at bottom left, left subclavian vein ... Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer border of the first rib to the medial ... The subclavian vein is a paired large vein, one on either side of the body. Their diameter is approximately that of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_vein

The diaphragm drains blood into the brachiocephalic veins, azygos veins, and veins that drain into the inferior vena cava and ... greater and lesser right splanchnic nerves and the azygos vein two lesser apertures of left crus. greater and lesser left ... Arteries and veins above and below the diaphragm supply and drain blood. ... left suprarenal vein.[5] Variation[edit]. The sternal portion of the muscle is sometimes wanting and more rarely defects occur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_

... brachiocephalic, and vertebral veins; thyroid vessels), and nervous system anatomy (spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunshot_wounds

Vein. pericardiacophrenic veins. Supplies. pericardium, thoracic diaphragm. Identifiers. Latin. arteria pericardiacophrenica. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiacophrenic_artery

Veins of the thorax and abdomen. The internal thoracic veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins.] ... In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest ... accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. ... Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, ... Smallest cardiac veins. *Right atrial veins. *Right ventricular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_thoracic_vein

The superior sagittal sinus receives the superior cerebral veins, veins from the diploë and dura mater, and, near the posterior ... Dural veins (superior sagittal sinus at top, labeled "sin. sagittalis sup." for Latin sinus sagittalis superior) ... Commencing at the foramen cecum, through which it receives emissary veins from the nasal cavity, it runs from anterior to ... Its inner surface presents the openings of the superior cerebral veins, which run, for the most part, obliquely forward, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus

... and the inferior thyroid vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein.[4]. Lymphatic drainageEdit. Lymphatic vessels from the ... Vein. superior thyroid vein, middle thyroid vein, inferior thyroid vein,. Nerve. middle cervical ganglion, inferior cervical ... Each parathyroid vein drains into the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins. The superior and middle thyroid veins drain ... "a small compact yellow glandular body attached to the thyroid at the point where the veins emerged". The glands were first ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid

Vein. Combination of superior and inferior vena cava. Supplies. From its branches, the upper body, arms, head and neck. As a ... In others, the brachiocephalic artery and left common carotid artery share an origin.[13] This variant is found in ... The first, and largest, branch of the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic trunk, which is to the right and slightly ... Next, the left common carotid artery originates from the aortic arch to the left of the brachiocephalic trunk, then ascends ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_arch

Venous obstruction (e.g. deep vein thrombosis). Differential cyanosis[edit]. Differential cyanosis is the bluish coloration of ... The upper extremity remains pink because the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid trunk and the left subclavian trunk is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis

Vein. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava,[d] right and left pulmonary veins,[e] great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, ... It usually then travels in front of the ascending aorta and then ends in a brachiocephalic node.[32] ... It receives blood from the great cardiac vein (receiving the left atrium and both ventricles), the posterior cardiac vein ( ... and small cardiac veins.[31] The anterior cardiac veins drain the front of the right ventricle and drain directly into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart

... Veins of orbit. (Central retinal vein not labeled, but region is visible - the vein is inside the optic ... The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve, leaves the optic nerve 10 mm from ... Central retinal vein not labeled, but region is visible. The central retinal vein is at bottom running away from the retina ... The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_retinal_vein

1 Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk Left Common Carotid Left Subclavian Toilet Paper My Ass, or They Pay Me ... SICVD:p. 34 Symmetry of leg musculature Integrity of skin Color of toenails Varicose veins Distribution of hair PATCH MED:p. 34 ... 30 Diminished heart sounds Distended jugular veins Decreased arterial pressure Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium:p ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardiology_mnemonics

... are veins which drain the thymus. They are tributaries of the left brachiocephalic vein. Keynes, G (1967). "The ... Thymic Vein". British Medical Journal. 1 (5540): 634. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5540.634-b. PMC 1841430. "Thymic vein". Medcyclopaedia ... http://www.instantanatomy.net/thorax/vessels/vinsuperiormediastinum.html https://radiopaedia.org/cases/thymic-vein-on-ct v t e ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic_veins

However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. The brachiocephalic artery arises, on a level with the upper border of the second ... The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood ... Brachiocephalic artery Brachiocephalic trunk This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 548 of the 20th ... There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiocephalic_artery

It usually drains into the brachiocephalic vein. Alternatively, it drains into the superior intercostal vein, or the vertebral ... superior intercostal vein posterior intercostal vein azygos vein Instant Anatomy - Thorax - Vessels - Veins - Upper intercostal ... The supreme intercostal vein (highest intercostal vein) is a paired vein that drains the first intercostal space on its ... This vein does not have valves, this is an important point when it comes to spread of cancerous secondaries. Diagram showing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_intercostal_vein

Right Brachiocephalic vein Right& Left Brachiocephalic vein Right& Left Brachiocephalic vein The brachiocephalic veins, ... The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic vein is formed by ... The left and right brachiocephalic veins (or innominate veins) are major veins in the upper chest, formed by the union of each ... drains into the left brachiocephalic vein The left brachiocephalic vein forms from the anastomosis formed between the left and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiocephalic_vein

... is a vein that returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart. There is a brachiocephalic vein ... The brachiocephalic vein, also known as an innominate vein, ... The brachiocephalic vein, also known as an innominate vein, is ... There is a brachiocephalic vein on the left side of the neck and one on the right. The brachiocephalic vein on the left side of ... Brachiocephalic vein. Brachiocephalic vein. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network - Written by the Healthline ...

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/brachiocephalic-vein/male

... nounEither of two large veins in the neck, each formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, that join to ... brachiocephalic vein. brachiocephalic vein. noun. Either of two large veins in the neck, each formed by the union of the ... Brachiocephalic vein. (n.d.). In YourDictionary. Retrieved from https://www.yourdictionary.com/brachiocephalic-vein ... Brachiocephalic vein. (n.d.). In YourDictionary. Retrieved from https://www.yourdictionary.com/brachiocephalic-vein ...

https://www.yourdictionary.com/brachiocephalic-vein

What is brachiocephalic veins? Meaning of brachiocephalic veins medical term. What does brachiocephalic veins mean? ... Looking for online definition of brachiocephalic veins in the Medical Dictionary? brachiocephalic veins explanation free. ... brachiocephalic veins. Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.. Related to brachiocephalic veins: innominate vein, vena ... Formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins; other tributaries of the right brachiocephalic vein are the ...

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/brachiocephalic+veins

1. brachiocephalic vein (n.). veins formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins ... 5. vein (n.). any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a ... 7. vein (n.). one of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect ... 2. vein (n.). a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart ...

http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/brachiocephalic-vein

We describe two such unusual incidents involving cannulation of the small tributaries of left brachiocephalic vein. Malposition ... Erroneous positioning of central venous catheters in small tributaries of large central veins is a rare occurrence. ... We describe two such unusual incidents involving cannulation of the small tributaries of left brachiocephalic vein. Malposition ... Erroneous positioning of central venous catheters in small tributaries of large central veins is a rare occurrence. ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Malposition-central-venous-catheter-in/22090752.html

Anomalous subaortic position of the brachiocephalic vein (innominate vein): an echocardiographic study. ... Anomalous subaortic position of the brachiocephalic vein (innominate vein): an echocardiographic study. ... The anomalous course of the brachiocephalic vein from the neck to the junction of the superior vena cava was shown by cross ... In 24 (0.98%) of 2457 patients with congenital heart disease the brachiocephalic vein was in an anomalous position below the ...

http://heart.bmj.com/content/64/6/385

A short vein in the area of the clavicle on the right side of the body that joins with the left innominate vein to form the ... Right brachiocephalic vein. Known as: Right innominate vein, Vena brachiocephalica dextra A short vein in the area of the ... Doppler-guided cannulation of internal jugular vein, subclavian vein and innominate (brachiocephalic) vein-a case-control ... Life-threatening hemothorax resulting from right brachiocephalic vein perforation during right internal jugular vein ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Right-brachiocephalic-vein/2608289

Accessory hemiazygos vein draining into left brachiocephalic vein. Case contributed by Assistant Prof. Essam G Ghonaim ... reaching upwards to drain into left brachio-cephalic vein (white arrows). Right sided azygous lobe and fissure are also noted. ...

https://radiopaedia.org/cases/accessory-hemiazygos-vein-draining-into-left-brachiocephalic-vein

You are at:Home»Intravenous Literature»Supraclavicular central catheterization of the brachiocephalic vein ... Placement of a central venous catheter (CVC) in the brachiocephalic vein (BCV) via the ultrasound (US)-guided supraclavicular ... Placement of a central venous catheter (CVC) in the brachiocephalic vein (BCV) via the ultrasound (US)-guided supraclavicular ... Ultrasound (US)-guided supraclavicular catheterization of the brachiocephalic vein (BCV) is feasible in infants and children. ...

https://www.ivteam.com/intravenous-literature/supraclavicular-central-catheterization-of-the-brachiocephalic-vein/

Dialysis catheter placement via the left internal jugular vein: risk of brachiocephalic vein perforation. The Journal of ... You are at:Home»Intravenous Literature»Central venous catheter insertion and brachiocephalic vein perforation ... We discuss a case of a brachiocephalic vein (BCV) perforation after Tesio® central venous catheter insertion" Winkes et al ( ... Purpose: We discuss a case of a brachiocephalic vein (BCV) perforation after Tesio® central venous catheter insertion. ...

https://www.ivteam.com/intravenous-literature/central-venous-catheter-insertion-and-brachiocephalic-vein-perforation/

innominate or brachiocephalic artery 12. left sublclavian artery 13. ligamentum arteriosum 14. coronary arteries 15. ... Unformatted text preview: 9. aorta 1 0. pulmonary veins 11. innominate or brachiocephalic artery 12. left sublclavian artery 13 ... Lab 8 - 9 aorta 1 0 pulmonary veins 11 innominate or.... This preview shows document pages 1 - 40. Sign up to view the full ... 6 Thoracic duct 7 Thoracic aorta 8 Diaphragm 9 Brachiocephalic a 10 Left ...

https://www.coursehero.com/file/5877608/Lab-8/

Right brachiocephalic vein aka Vena brachiocephalica dextra in the latin terminology and part of lungs in situ seen from the ... AnatomyThoraxLungsLungs in situRight brachiocephalic vein Right brachiocephalic vein This feature is available to Premium ... Right brachiocephalic vein This feature is available to Premium subscribers only.. More Info data-html=true data-placement= ... Pulmonary Arteries and Veins This is an article covering the anatomy, function and related clinical notes of the pulmonary ...

https://www.kenhub.com/en/atlas/vena-brachiocephalica-dextra-2

... brachiocephalic, and vertebral veins; thyroid vessels), and nervous system anatomy (spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunshot_wound

The Orthopedics PERL Channel contains hundreds of items, including full-color medical illustrations, medical animations and patient education articles. The Orthopedics Channel covers topics relevant to skeletal and muscular anatomy, orthopedic injury and repair, and general sports medicine. Health Animation channels are produced by Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

http://prenateperl.com/search?q=brachiocephalic%20veins

Brachiocephalic vein. Other Terms: Innominate vein, Brachiocephalic venous tree, Vena brachiocephalica, Veines ... The brachiocephalic veins, right and left, are formed by the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veins of the ... The left brachiocephalic vein, is longer and larger than the right, being about 7 1/2 centimeters (3 inches) in length, and ... The right brachiocephalic vein is the shorter and smaller, being about 3 3/4 centimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length; it commences ...

http://www.anatomyexpert.com/app/structure/8665/1495/

Previously undiagnosed left brachiocephalic vein obstruction, with large anterior collateral between left subclavian vein ( ... Computerised tomography of the thorax demonstrated a chronic left brachiocephalic vein obstruction (fig.1). A large anterior ... from left subclavian vein to right internal jugular and down the right brachiocephalic (arrow) into the superior vena cava with ... and that a large collateral vessel had formed from the left subclavian vein to the right internal jugular vein. A right ...

https://cardiovascmed.ch/article/doi/CVM.2021.w10047

Anatomy Tables-Veins of the Head and Neck - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides ... head; neck; upper at its origin, the left brachiocephalic v. receives limb; anterior chest the thoracic duct; at its origin, ... ANATOMY TABLES , VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK. Med.bramjnet.com. Selected Veins of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically. ... Vein angular v. Tributaries supraorbital v., supratrochlear v. Drains Into facial vein at the inferior margin of the orbit ...

https://www.scribd.com/document/138105338/Anatomy-Tables-Veins-of-the-Head-and-Neck

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_vein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_thoracic_vein

Figure 2A. Chest radiogram (P-A view); B. The position of the left brachiocephalic vein (BCV) in relation to large vessels of ... Left brachiocephalic vein occlusion in a patient with an aortic arch aneurysm: rare cause of obstraction for a pacemaker ... An abnormal position of the left brachiocephalic vein (BCV) in the mediastinum may increase the risk of injury to the vessel ... Left brachiocephalic vein perforation: computed tomographic features and treatment considerations. Am J Emerg Med. 2007; 25(9 ...

https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_cardiologica/article/view/FC.2017.0075/44083

Anomalous subaortic left brachiocephalic vein: Prevalence and associated anomalies. This is a temporary file and hence do not ...

https://www.jasi.org.in/downloadpdf.asp?issn=0003-2778

Massive thrombosis of brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma ... Massive thrombosis of brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma ... The possible pathogenetic causes of thrombosis of the brachiocephalic veins and SVC syndrome in this case are discussed. It is ... The possible pathogenetic causes of thrombosis of the brachiocephalic veins and SVC syndrome in this case are discussed. It is ...

https://iris.unife.it/handle/11392/495084

Yamaguchi, S., Yamada, S., Takesako, M., Nakano, T., & Kitazono, T. (2020). Brachiocephalic vein compression caused by a ... Yamaguchi, S, Yamada, S, Takesako, M, Nakano, T & Kitazono, T 2020, Brachiocephalic vein compression caused by a mediastinal ... Brachiocephalic vein compression caused by a mediastinal cystic tumor presenting with rapidly progressive upper limb swelling ... Brachiocephalic vein compression caused by a mediastinal cystic tumor presenting with rapidly progressive upper limb swelling ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/brachiocephalic-vein-compression-caused-by-a-mediastinal-cystic-t

... the left superior intercostal vein in the first two cases, the thymic vein in the third, and the azygos vein in the last three ... Six children are reported in whom a central venous catheter from the internal jugular or the subclavian vein migrated to an ... Adolescent, Azygos Vein, anatomy & histology, Brachiocephalic Veins, Catheterization, Central Venous, adverse effects, ... the left superior intercostal vein in the first two cases, the thymic vein in the third, and the azygos vein in the last three ...

http://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=139542568

Portal hepatic vein and superior mesenteric vein. Right brachiocephalic vein. Left brachiocephalic vein. ... Part of ascending aorta and aortic arch, proximal portion of brachiocephalic a.. ...

https://www.sporcle.com/games/Cadderly18/Embryo

5.) Cut the left brachiocephalic v. at its midpoint. Reflect both ends of the left brachiocephalic vein (and their tributaries ... Typically, three branches - brachiocephalic trunk, L. common carotid a., & L. subclavian a. - originate from the arch of the ... 6.) Gently clean the fascia from the L. brachiocephalic v. at its division into left IJV and subclavian v. In this vicinity, ... 7.) Reflect the distal portion of the L. brachiocephalic v. (along with the origins of the IJV and subclavian v.) laterally ( ...

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/curricula/first-year-dental-curriculum/session-2-posterior-neck/lablink

Brachiocephalic vein. Venous thrombosis secondary to compression of the subclavian vein at the thoracic inlet is known as ... The brachial vein becomes the axillary vein at the confluence with which vein?. Basilic vein. ... What vessel connects the basilic and cephalic veins?. Medial cubital vein. The _______________ veins of the arms are more ... Thrombosis in the upper extremity veins is most commonly a result of frequent introduction of ________ and ___________ in to ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1603795

The left and right brachiocephalic veins (or innominate veins) are major veins in the upper chest, formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. (wikipedia.org)
The subclavian vein is not easily compressed due to the overlying clavicle, and the central portions of the brachiocephalic veins are not routinely visualized, so reliance is made on color Doppler and on secondary signs, including absence of pulsatility and respiratory variation in positive cases. (thefreedictionary.com)
Possible radiographic catheter tip positions were divided according to Figure 1 into eight zones--(1) right atrium, (2) caudal third of SCV, (3) cranial two thirds of SCV or brachiocephalic veins , (4) intrathoracic part of right subclavian vein, (5) intrathoracic part of left subclavian vein, (6) right internal jugular vein, (7) left internal jugular vein and (8) other position. (thefreedictionary.com)
Access was gained to the left subclavian vein without difficulty. (cardiovascmed.ch)
After injection of contrast, it was thought that the patient might have a congenital absence of the left innominate vein, and that a large collateral vessel had formed from the left subclavian vein to the right internal jugular vein. (cardiovascmed.ch)
A right ventricular defibrillation lead (Boston Scientific, Model 0593, 64-cm active fixation) was passed through this collateral and through the right subclavian vein into the superior vena cava and connected to a single chamber ICD lead (Boston Scientific Resonate EL D432) (fig.1). (cardiovascmed.ch)
A) Chest radiograph after the procedure showing the ICD lead traversing the midline collateral vein anomaly (arrow) from left subclavian vein to right internal jugular and down the right brachiocephalic (arrow) into the superior vena cava with the lead in the right ventricle (arrow). (cardiovascmed.ch)
Previously undiagnosed left brachiocephalic vein obstruction, with large anterior collateral between left subclavian vein (arrow) and right internal jugular vein (arrow). (cardiovascmed.ch)
On literature review, we found numerous instances of subclavian vein stenosis, mainly in cases with history of previous pacemaker/ICD insertions or central venous access for dialysis. (cardiovascmed.ch)
Right subclavian vein visible at bottom left, left subclavian vein visible at bottom right. (wikipedia.org)
Subclavian vein labeled at right, third from top. (wikipedia.org)
The subclavian vein is a paired large vein , one on either side of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer border of the first rib to the medial border of anterior scalene muscle . (wikipedia.org)
The subclavian vein follows the subclavian artery and is separated from the subclavian artery by the insertion of anterior scalene . (wikipedia.org)
Thus, the subclavian vein lies anterior to the anterior scalene while the subclavian artery lies posterior to the anterior scalene (and anterior to the middle scalene). (wikipedia.org)
The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein, near its junction with the left internal jugular vein . (wikipedia.org)
The right lymphatic duct drains its lymph into the junction of the right internal jugular vein, and the right subclavian vein. (wikipedia.org)
As the subclavian vein is large, central and relatively superficial, it is often used to place central venous lines . (wikipedia.org)
Six children are reported in whom a central venous catheter from the internal jugular or the subclavian vein migrated to an anomalous position: the left superior intercostal vein in the first two cases, the thymic vein in the third, and the azygos vein in the last three. (naver.com)
An unusual malposition of a subclavian vein catheter. (naver.com)
The hazards of subclavian vein catheterization. (naver.com)
Complications and failures of subclavian-vein catheterization. (naver.com)
Placement of multiple catheters, longer duration, location in subclavian vein, and placement on the left-hand side of neck seem to predispose to the development of central vein stenosis. (nih.gov)
C , Conventional angiogram, late arterial phase, shows early filling of left subclavian vein ( large arrow ) due to ipsilateral AV fistula and retrograde flow in the left jugular vein (with the left common carotid artery superimposed) ( small arrow ). (ajnr.org)
Contrast injection of the aortic arch revealed normal great vessels, but the late arterial phase showed early flow into the left subclavian vein, as expected with AV fistula. (ajnr.org)
The right subclavian vein allows blood to travel along the brachiocephalic vein back to the heart. (innerbody.com)
During the stent deployment, an intraoperative venogram demonstrated normal internal jugular vein refluxing to the external jugular vein with additional refluxing to the brachiocephalic and right subclavian vein, which were both noted to be highly diseased. (ctsnet.org)
Subsequently, grayscale ultrasound and spectral Doppler examination of the upper extremities were also done which showed thrombi of the right external jugular vein, left subclavian vein, and left brochiocephalic vein. (thefreelibrary.com)

Right Brachiocephalic vein Right& Left Brachiocephalic vein Right& Left Brachiocephalic vein The brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein and their tributaries. (wikipedia.org)
This type may be considered a primitive type as the two longitudinal veins appear to be similar to the azygos lines present during development. (thefreedictionary.com)
The venæ cavæ and azygos veins, with their tributaries. (wikipedia.org)
and on the inferior epigastric vein, the azygos vein, the iliac vein, and even the inferior vena cava in adults. (biomedsearch.com)
In this specimen the thoracic viscera have been removed and the azygos system of veins has been dissected to show the relations of its parts to the intercostal arteries and nerves, the sympathetic trunks, and the vertebral column and ribs. (stanford.edu)
On the right they extend from the lower rim of the azygos vein to the interlobar region. (radiologyassistant.nl)
lower border of azygos vein. (radiologyassistant.nl)

These veins merge to form the superior vena cava, a great vessel, posterior to the junction of the first costal cartilage with the manubrium of the sternum. (wikipedia.org)
The two brachiocephalic veins merge together with the azygous vein , which carries deoxygenated blood from the rib cage, to form the superior vena cava . (healthline.com)
Either of two large veins in the neck, each formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, that join to form the superior vena cava. (yourdictionary.com)
A short vein in the area of the clavicle on the right side of the body that joins with the left innominate vein to form the superior vena cava. (semanticscholar.org)
It crosses the left subclavian and left common carotid arteries, the trachea, and the brachiocephalic artery, as well as the left vagus, left phrenic, and cardiac nerves to unite with the right brachiocephalic and form the superior vena cava. (anatomyexpert.com)
it commences behind the medial end of the clavicle and descends vertically to unite with the left brachiocephalic vein behind the junction of the first right costal cartilage with the sternum, to form the superior vena cava. (anatomyexpert.com)

They include problems with the veins of the liver as they join the inferior vena cava. (thisisms.com)
Lower down still there are veins that connect the vertebral veinous plexuses to lumbar veins, ascending lumbar veins, and the inferior vena cava and lots of other veins. (thisisms.com)
The posterior cardinal vein right brachiocephalic vein left renal vein thrombus inferior vena cava, most of this arrangement. (iahf.com)

Grayscale ultrasound and spectral Doppler examination of the lower extremities revealed acute deep venous thrombosis of the right distal femoral and popliteal veins and left posterior tibial vein. (thefreelibrary.com)
There is only one reported case of deep venous thrombosis (right brachiocephalic vein) in the literature that has been related to sarcoidosis. (thefreelibrary.com)

innominate or brachiocephalic artery 12. (coursehero.com)
Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein , accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein . (wikipedia.org)
These are known as the brachiocephalic artery and brachiocephalic vein. (healthline.com)
59 features are number coded and identified in an accompanying key including: the coronary arteries, circumflex artery, coronary veins and coronary sinus, segments of the esophagus and trachea, lower portion of the pericardium, diaphragm section, flexible tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve and aortic valve. (buyamag.com)
Either of usually two veins that accompany each internal thoracic artery, fusing together at the upper part of the chest and emptying into the brachiocephalic vein. (dictionary.com)

The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. (wikipedia.org)
The anomalous course of the brachiocephalic vein from the neck to the junction of the superior vena cava was shown by cross sectional echocardiography. (bmj.com)
Aneurysm of the superior mediastinal veins. (semanticscholar.org)
The lungs and pleura were removed, superior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins cleared then pericardium opened to expose heart and ascending aorta. (thefreedictionary.com)
tributaries: vertebral v., thymic v., inferior thyroid v., internal thoracic v., 1st posterior intercostal v., left superior intercostal v. (to the left brachiocephalic v.) superior ophthalmic v., cerebral vv. (scribd.com)
Massive thrombosis of brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma treated with the epidermal growth factor inhibitor erlotinib. (unife.it)
Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed that the left brachiocephalic vein was compressed at the junction of the superior vena cava by a mediastinal cystic tumor. (elsevier.com)
The left superior intercostal vein. (naver.com)
Bilateral central vein stenosis or superior vena cava stenosis can produce a clinical picture of superior vena cava syndrome, associated with engorgement of face and neck. (nih.gov)
Superior cerebral veins (vv. (bionity.com)
Noncontrast MR imaging of the head revealed prominence of the left superior ophthalmic vein and mild left proptosis. (ajnr.org)
Intracranial time-of-flight MR angiography (MRA) was also performed ( Fig 1 A ). This showed abnormally increased signal intensity within the left cavernous sinus, the left transverse sinus, the left inferior petrosal sinus, and the ipsilateral superior ophthalmic vein. (ajnr.org)
The study showed resolution of the abnormal signal intensity within the left cavernous sinus, petrosal sinus, and superior ophthalmic vein. (ajnr.org)
An MRA was obtained which demonstrated complete obstruction of the superior vena cava below the brachiocephalic junction (Figure 1) . (ctsnet.org)
The use of spiral vein grafting in benign SVC obstruction is superior to either PTFE grafting or nonsurgical interventions such as PTCA or stenting [4,5]. (ctsnet.org)
Fetal echocardiography showed slight cardiomegaly and slightly distended superior cava, brachiocephalic, and internal jugular veins. (ajnr.org)

Intercostal vein is a term that is used to describe the numerous veins that function to drain the rib cage's intercostal spaces. (healthline.com)
A new technique is described involving percutaneous catheterisation of the innominate vein via a right second intercostal space approach. (biomedsearch.com)
lower down in the thoracic spine these plexuses drain into veins that connect to intercostal veins and hemiazygous and azygous veins. (thisisms.com)

Erroneous positioning of central venous catheters in small tributaries of large central veins is a rare occurrence. (biomedsearch.com)
We describe two such unusual incidents involving cannulation of the small tributaries of left brachiocephalic vein. (biomedsearch.com)
Vein angular v. Tributaries supraorbital v., supratrochlear v. Drains Into facial vein at the inferior margin of the orbit external jugular v. it unites with the posterior division of the retromandibular v. to form the external jugular internal vertebral venous plexus the left and right brachiocephalic vv. (scribd.com)
Reflect both ends of the left brachiocephalic vein (and their tributaries) laterally to expose the arch of the aorta and its branches. (google.com)

Vascular structure is seen ascending behind and to the left of thoracic aorta, reaching upwards to drain into left brachio-cephalic vein (white arrows). (radiopaedia.org)
Lab 8 - 9 aorta 1 0 pulmonary veins 11 innominate or. (coursehero.com)
Part of ascending aorta and aortic arch, proximal portion of brachiocephalic a. (sporcle.com)
The left brachiocephalic vein can be seen crossing diagonally over the cephalad end of the exposed aorta. (vesalius.com)

A case of left brachiocephalic vein stenosis due to the insertion and function of a temporary right subclavian hemodialysis catheter is presented. (thefreedictionary.com)
Central vein stenosis is commonly associated with placement of central venous catheters and devices. (nih.gov)
Central vein stenosis can jeopardize the future of arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft in the ipsilateral extremity. (nih.gov)
Occurrence of central vein stenosis in association with indwelling intravascular devices including short-term, small-diameter catheters such as peripherally inserted central catheters, long-term hemodialysis catheters, as well as pacemaker wires, has been recognized for over two decades. (nih.gov)
Endothelial injury with subsequent changes in the vessel wall results in development of microthrombi, smooth muscle proliferation, and central vein stenosis. (nih.gov)
Central vein stenosis is often asymptomatic in nondialysis patients, but can result in edema of ipsilateral extremity and breast when challenged by increased flow from an arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous graft. (nih.gov)
Endovascular interventions are the mainstay of management of central vein stenosis. (nih.gov)
Further study of mechanisms of development of central vein stenosis and search for a targeted therapy is likely to lead to better ways of managing central vein stenosis. (nih.gov)
Prevention of central vein stenosis is the key to avoid access failure and other complications from central vein stenosis and relies upon avoidance of central vein stenosis placement and timely placement of arteriovenous fistula in prospective dialysis patient. (nih.gov)

The primary outcome was a composite of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and deep-vein thrombosis (CLAT) according to the CVC site. (ivteam.com)
A CT scan of the chest demonstrated a massive thrombosis of both brachiocephalic veins and the SVC. (unife.it)
The possible pathogenetic causes of thrombosis of the brachiocephalic veins and SVC syndrome in this case are discussed. (unife.it)
Even more rarely, these methods may be unsuccessful or contraindicated because of vein thrombosis, infection overlying the insertion site, or patient instability. (biomedsearch.com)
There were also significant collaterals through the intercostals and internal mammary veins, but no evidence of intrathoracic mass, adenopathy, or evidence of vein thrombosis. (ctsnet.org)
Several studies have assessed the risk of venous thrombosis (a collective term for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) in women using oral contraceptive pills, but few studies have assessed the risk in users of non-oral hormonal contraceptives. (thefreedictionary.com)
Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity (DVT-UE) can occur in any of the veins of the upper extremity or thoracic inlet. (aerzteblatt.de)
DVT-UE must be distinguished from thrombosis of the superficial veins, i.e., the cephalic and basilic veins ( 1 ). (aerzteblatt.de)

The proximal anastomosis was constructed below the level of the obstruction at the entry area of the azygous vein. (ctsnet.org)

Method and results: An 80-year-old patient underwent an ultrasound-guided hemodialysis (HD) catheter placement via his left internal jugular vein (IJV). (ivteam.com)
Venous access can be obtained in the majority of patients by a variety of safe and accepted measures such as peripheral venepuncture, central vein catheterisation by the subclavian or internal jugular vein, or by a cutdown. (biomedsearch.com)
Pathologic structures (membranaceous or netlike septa, or inverted valves) in the junction of internal jugular vein with brachiocephalic vein were found in 41 patients (58.6%), in 15 patients (21.4%) on one side only and in 26 patients (37.1%) bilaterally. (nih.gov)
We encountered an unusual case of arterialized blood flow in the cavernous sinus on MR angiography resulting from arterialized retrograde venous flow in the internal jugular vein. (ajnr.org)
Venous phase images showed that the left brachiocephalic vein was occluded and virtually the entire early left-sided venous contrast return flowed in a retrograde fashion through the left internal jugular vein ( Fig 1 C ). Therefore, the arterialized intracranial venous flow was attributable to retrograde flow in the left jugular vein system. (ajnr.org)
Following recanalization, normal antegrade flow returned to the left jugular vein. (ajnr.org)
learners can practice performing full venous catheterization using ultrasound guided or blind/landmark insertion approaches at the subclavian, and internal jugular vein sites. (simulab.com)
These veins can drain upward into the brain and then back down the venous sinues to the jugular vein. (thisisms.com)
There are also veins that connect the cervical plexuses to the upper jugular vein itself. (thisisms.com)
The technique is widely versatile and has been used to replace a number of venous passages of varying sizes including the internal jugular vein, portal vein, renal vein, and common femoral vein [2]. (ctsnet.org)
A variable interval between the two heads of origin (fig. 50-1 ) lies over the termination of the internal jugular vein. (dartmouth.edu)
The sternomastoid muscle lies deep to the platysma and the external jugular vein, and it covers the great vessels of the neck, the cervical plexus, and the cupola of the parietal pleura. (dartmouth.edu)

Ultrasound (US)-guided supraclavicular catheterization of the brachiocephalic vein (BCV) is feasible in infants and children. (ivteam.com)

6.) Gently clean the fascia from the L. brachiocephalic v. at its division into left IJV and subclavian v. In this vicinity, locate the thoracic duct. (google.com)

At the transverse fissure, the vein divides into two vessels, one larger than the other. (bionity.com)

Computerised tomography of the thorax demonstrated a chronic left brachiocephalic vein obstruction (fig.1). (cardiovascmed.ch)

venae brachiocephalicae [TA] , innominate veins . (thefreedictionary.com)
The cervical venous plexus also drains into the vertebral veins and they connect to the subclavian or innominate veins. (thisisms.com)

Abnormalities in the neck, such as compression of the trachea (windpipe) by the brachiocephalic vein on either or both sides of the neck, have been associated with apnea in infants. (healthline.com)
to its medial side, and on a plane posterior to it, are the right subclavian and the brachiocephalic arteries, the right vagus nerve, and the trachea. (anatomyexpert.com)
From upper border of manubrium to the intersection of caudal margin of innominate (left brachiocephalic) vein with the trachea. (radiologyassistant.nl)
intersection of caudal margin of innominate (left brachiocephalic) vein with the trachea. (radiologyassistant.nl)

Malposition of central venous catheter in a small tributary of left brachiocephalic vein. (biomedsearch.com)
Placement of a central venous catheter (CVC) in the brachiocephalic vein (BCV) via the ultrasound (US)-guided supraclavicular approach was recently described in children. (ivteam.com)
We discuss a case of a brachiocephalic vein (BCV) perforation after Tesio® central venous catheter insertion" Winkes et al (2016). (ivteam.com)

However, we were unable to advance the VDD lead through the junction of the right subclavian and brachiocephalic veins due to vessel tortuosity. (thefreedictionary.com)
In human anatomy , the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein ) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and breasts . (wikipedia.org)
We present a case report of pacemaker implantation in a patient with a significantly reduced patency of the left brachiocephalic vein due to mechanical compression of the vessel by the brachiocephalic trunk and the sternum. (viamedica.pl)
An abnormal position of the left brachiocephalic vein (BCV) in the mediastinum may increase the risk of injury to the vessel itself as well as to adjacent anatomical structures [1]. (viamedica.pl)
What vessel connects the basilic and cephalic veins? (studystack.com)
Chiu and colleagues ingeniously devised the new method by harvesting autologous saphenous vein, opening the vessel longitudinally, wrapping it in spiral fashion around a temporary tubular stent such as a chest tube, and then running a monofilament suture to construct the tube graft. (ctsnet.org)
the umbilical vein is the large, red vessel at the far left. (bionity.com)
The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus . (bionity.com)

On June 2, 2017, a cardiac lead was introduced via cephalic vein (CV) cut-down through the left deltopectoral approach. (viamedica.pl)
renal physician or the brachio-cephalic veins. (tribrendan.com)

CHAPTER 2 - Venous Embryology and Anatomy", The Vein Book, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 15-25, doi:10.1016/b978-012369515-4/50005-3, ISBN 978-0-12-369515-4, retrieved 2020-11-20 Long, Chandler A. (wikipedia.org)

the obliterated left common cardinal vein that extends from the left brachiocephalic vein to the oblique vein of the left atrium. (drugs.com)

In 24 (0.98%) of 2457 patients with congenital heart disease the brachiocephalic vein was in an anomalous position below the aortic arch. (bmj.com)

The internal thoracic veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins . (wikipedia.org)

The facial vein, also referred to as the anterior vein of the face, begins from the angular vein at the bottom of the nose. (healthline.com)
En bloc removal of the whole thymus, perithymic fatty tissue, both epiphrenic fat pads, and the sheets of right and left anterior mediastinal pleura is important for a radical resection of the tumor. (ctsnet.org)

An arteriovenous graft (AVG) was selected because superficial veins in his bilateral upper limbs were not suitable for arteriovenous fistula (AVF). (elsevier.com)

Inadvertent Swan-Ganz catheter placement in the left pericardiophrenic vein. (naver.com)
X-ray verified catheter tip placement in the brachiocephalic vein. (nurse.com)
The test results showed the catheter tip had punctured the vein wall, and the medication was injected into the left chest cavity, resulting in permanent scarring of the left lobes of the lung. (nurse.com)
Anil G, Taneja M. Revascularization of an occluded brachiocephalic vein using Outback-LTD re-entry catheter. (springer.com)

The brachiocephalic vein , also known as an innominate vein , is a vein that returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart. (healthline.com)
Congenital venous anomalies, post-thrombotic lesions, or compression by upper mediastinal lesions may alter the dia-meter and shape of the lumen in systemic veins. (viamedica.pl)
The morphometry and/or topography of the left BCV may be altered by post-thrombotic venous lesions, congenital systemic vein anomalies, or compression by upper mediastinal lesions [2 - 4]. (viamedica.pl)

Anomalous subaortic position of the brachiocephalic vein (innominate vein): an echocardiographic study. (bmj.com)
The scan showed the ICD lead traversing this anomalous vein from left to right. (cardiovascmed.ch)

The thymus was dissected from caudal toward the cranial direction (toward the brachiocephalic vein) and both phrenic nerves laterally. (ctsnet.org)

The brachial vein becomes the axillary vein at the confluence with which vein? (studystack.com)

basilar venous plexus brachiocephalic v. (scribd.com)

Long-term graft patency after replacement of the brachiocephalic veins combined with resection of mediastinal tumors. (semanticscholar.org)
Doty, et al, have reported on their experience of SVC bypass using the spiral vein graft and demonstrated excellent long-term patency rates (87.5% patency at a mean of 10.9 years) [3]. (ctsnet.org)

The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. (bioportfolio.com)

Access for patients suffering from haemorrhagic shock can be facilitated by multiple catheters in one or more subclavian veins. (biomedsearch.com)

There is a brachiocephalic vein on the left side of the neck and one on the right. (healthline.com)
The brachiocephalic vein on the left side of the neck is approximately 6 to 8 cm in length, while the brachiocephalic vein on the right is approximately two centimeters long. (healthline.com)
When the tissues all over the body, especially the brain, organs, and muscles, have used the oxygen, the blood returns to the heart through veins, such as the jugular veins in the neck and the axillary veins in the arms. (healthline.com)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is usually associated to conduction gaps in pulmonary veins (PVs). (bioportfolio.com)
Delayed Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detected Anatomic Gap Length in Wide Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Ablation Lesions Is Associated With Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation. (bioportfolio.com)

The altered left BCV morphometry resulted from an unusual proximity between the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) and the sternum. (viamedica.pl)

Some then drain out into larger more defined veins. (thisisms.com)

Significant morphometric and/or topographic anomalies of the veins used during cardiac implantable electronic device implantation procedures may affect the course of the procedure and increase the risk of postoperative complications. (viamedica.pl)
When asymptomatic, any anomalies of the veins used during cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation procedures are difficult to detect in the preoperative period. (viamedica.pl)

If both brachiocephalic veins are involved in the obstruction, the patients may benefit from a unilateral stent implantation. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized PULMONARY VEINS and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. (bioportfolio.com)

The left brachiocephalic vein was visualized and dissected, and the thymic veins are divided after applying a hemlock clip. (ctsnet.org)

Typically, three branches - brachiocephalic trunk, L. common carotid a. (google.com)

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Right atrial bypass grafting for central venous obstruction associated with dialysis access: another treatment option. (1/149)

Volume flow measurement in hemodialysis shunts using time-domain correlation. (2/149)

The snuffbox arteriovenous fistula for vascular access. (3/149)

Minimally invasive thymoma with extensive intravascular growth. (4/149)

Occlusion of azygos vein via direct percutaneous puncture of innominate vein following cavopulmonary anastomosis. (5/149)

Crushed stents in benign left brachiocephalic vein stenoses. (6/149)

Stent placement for treatment of central and peripheral venous obstruction: a long-term multi-institutional experience. (7/149)

Arteriovenous fistulae complicating cardiac pacemaker lead extraction: recognition, evaluation, and management. (8/149)

Brachiocephalic Veins

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Jugular Veins

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Azygos Vein

Pulmonary Atresia

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Right atrial bypass grafting for central venous obstruction associated with dialysis access: another treatment option. (1/149)

Volume flow measurement in hemodialysis shunts using time-domain correlation. (2/149)

The snuffbox arteriovenous fistula for vascular access. (3/149)

Minimally invasive thymoma with extensive intravascular growth. (4/149)

Occlusion of azygos vein via direct percutaneous puncture of innominate vein following cavopulmonary anastomosis. (5/149)

Crushed stents in benign left brachiocephalic vein stenoses. (6/149)

Stent placement for treatment of central and peripheral venous obstruction: a long-term multi-institutional experience. (7/149)

Arteriovenous fistulae complicating cardiac pacemaker lead extraction: recognition, evaluation, and management. (8/149)

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