Bovine papillomavirus 4. Medical search

A species of DELTAPAPILLOMAVIRUS infecting cattle.

A type of XIPAPILLOMAVIRUS causing alimentary carcinoma in cattle. It is related to Bovine papillomavirus 3.

Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.

A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Products of viral oncogenes, most commonly retroviral oncogenes. They usually have transforming and often protein kinase activities.

A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS especially associated with malignant tumors of the CERVIX and the RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.

ONCOGENE PROTEINS from papillomavirus that deregulate the CELL CYCLE of infected cells and lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. Papillomavirus E7 proteins have been shown to interact with various regulators of the cell cycle including RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and certain cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A type of human papillomavirus especially associated with malignant tumors of the genital and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS causing recurrent respiratory PAPILLOMATOSIS; GENITAL WARTS; and other neoplasms.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The type species of KAPPAPAPILLOMAVIRUS. It is reported to occur naturally in cottontail rabbits in North America.

A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE causing fibropapillomas in their respective ungulate hosts. Species infected include cattle, European elk, deer, and sheep.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE. They preferentially infect the anogenital and ORAL MUCOSA in humans and primates, causing both malignant and benign neoplasms. Cutaneous lesions are also seen.

A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS usually associated with GENITAL WARTS; and LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.

A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS associated with high risk for anogenital neoplasms.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A PDGF receptor that binds specifically to the PDGF-B chain. It contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA REPLICATION is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

DNA probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Pathological processes of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Proteins transcribed from the E2 region of ADENOVIRUSES. Several of these are required for viral DNA replication.

Ruminants of the family Bovidae consisting of Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer. This concept is differentiated from BISON, which refers to Bison bison and Bison bonasus.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Specific receptors on cell membranes that react with PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR, its analogs, or antagonists. The alpha PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA) and the beta PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA) are the two principle types of PDGF receptors. Activation of the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors occurs by ligand-induced dimerization or heterodimerization of PDGF receptor types.

A family of hoofed MAMMALS consisting of HORSES, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Methods for detecting or typing the DNA of an ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS in biological tissues and fluids.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.

Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.

Cytological preparation of cells collected from a mucosal surface and stained with Papanicolaou stain.

Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS and other associated syndromes in CATTLE.

A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.

Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.

The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE, which cause cutaneous lesions in humans. They are histologically distinguishable by intracytoplasmic INCLUSION BODIES which are species specific.

A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE, causing cutaneous lesions in humans. Infections exist in latent form in the general population and are activated under conditions of IMMUNOSUPPRESSION.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The type species of DELTARETROVIRUS that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) or persistent lymphocytosis.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A mutational analysis of the transforming functions of the E8 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 4. (1/28)

The E8 protein of BPV-4 contributes to transformation of primary bovine cells (PalFs) by inducing anchorage-independent growth and by down-regulating gap junction intercellular communication, likely due to its binding to 16K ductin. We show here that, in addition, E8 confers on PalF cells the ability to grow in low serum and to escape from contact inhibition (focus formation). E8 also transactivates an exogenous human cyclin A gene promoter, suggesting that overexpression of cyclin A is responsible for the transformed phenotype. Mutant forms of E8 were generated to establish whether the transforming functions of the protein could be segregated. Mutations were introduced both in the hydrophobic domain and in the hydrophilic C-terminal "tail", and chimeras with BPV-1 E5 were constructed. Cells expressing either wild-type E8 or mutant forms were analyzed for their ability to grow in low serum and in suspension and to form foci. Wild-type E8 and its mutants were also analyzed for their ability to transactivate the cyclin A promoter. We show here that the transforming functions of E8 can be segregated and that both the hydrophilic C-terminal tail and the residue at position 17 in the hydrophobic domain are crucial for E8 functions and for the transactivation of the cyclin A promoter. These results support the hypothesis that the different aspects of cellular transformation brought about by E8 might be due to interaction with different cellular targets. They suggest that E8 might function differently from BPV-1 E5 and demonstrate that the separate domains of E5 and E8 are not functionally interchangeable. (+info)

An enhanced epithelial response of a papillomavirus promoter to transcriptional activators. (2/28)

Mucosal epitheliotropic papillomaviruses have a similar long control region (LCR) organization: a promoter region, an enhancer region, and a highly conserved distribution of E2 DNA binding sites. The enhancer of these viruses is epithelial-specific, as it fails to activate transcription from heterologous promoters in nonepithelial cell types (Gloss, B., Bernard, H. U., Seedorf, K., and Klock, G. (1987) EMBO J. 6, 3735-3743; Morgan, I. M., Grindlay, G. J., and Campo, M. S. (1999) J. Gen. Virol. 80, 23-27). Studies on E2 transcriptional regulation of the human mucosal epitheliotropic papillomaviruses have been hindered by poor access to the natural target cell type and by the observation that some of the human papillomavirus promoters, including human papillomavirus-16, are repressed in immortalized epithelial cells. Here we present results using the bovine papillomavirus-4 (BPV-4) LCR and a bovine primary cell system as a model to study the mechanism of E2 transcriptional regulation of mucosal epitheliotropic papillomaviruses and the cell type specificity of this regulation. E2 up-regulates transcription from the BPV-4 LCR preferentially in epithelial cells (Morgan, I. M., Grindlay, G. J., and Campo, M. S. (1998) J. Gen. Virol. 79, 501-508). We demonstrate that the epithelial-specific enhancer element of the BPV-4 LCR is not required for the enhanced activity of E2 in epithelial cells and that the BPV-4 promoter is more responsive, not only to E2, but to other transcriptional activators in epithelial cells. This is the first time a level of epithelial specificity has been shown to reside in a papillomavirus promoter region. (+info)

alpha6 integrin is not the obligatory cell receptor for bovine papillomavirus type 4. (3/28)

Recently, alpha6 integrin has been proposed as the epithelial cell receptor for papillomavirus. This study investigated whether alpha6 integrin is the cellular receptor for bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4), which is strictly epitheliotropic and infects the mucous epithelium of the upper digestive tract. Primary bovine mucosal keratinocytes from the palate of a foetus (PalK) displayed high levels of alpha6 integrin; matched primary fibroblasts from the same biopsy (PalF) expressed almost no alpha6 integrin. However, BPV-4 bound both PalK and PalF to similar, saturable levels. Native BPV-4 virions infected PalK in vitro, as detected by RT-PCR of E7 RNA. Infection could be blocked by excess virus-like particles (VLPs) and by neutralizing antisera against L1-L2 and L1 VLPs or by denaturation of the virions, supporting the view that infection in vitro mimics the process in vivo. alpha6 integrin-negative human keratinocyte cell lines were derived from patients affected by junctional epidermolysis bullosa presenting genetic lesions in their hemidesmosomes. The level of alpha6 integrin expression was determined in these cell lines by in situ immunofluorescence and FACS. Despite the absence of alpha6 integrin expression by BO-SV cells, they were bound by BPV-4 to similar, saturable levels as normal keratinocytes, KH-SV. Furthermore, BO-SV and KH-SV cells were both infected by BPV-4 to apparently the same extent as PalK cells. These results are consistent with the conclusion that alpha6 integrin is not the obligatory receptor for a bovine mucosotropic papillomavirus. (+info)

A novel silencer element in the bovine papillomavirus type 4 promoter represses the transcriptional response to papillomavirus E2 protein. (4/28)

The long control regions (LCRs) of mucosal epitheliotropic papillomaviruses have similar organizations: a promoter region, an enhancer region, and a highly conserved distribution of E2 DNA binding sites (C. Desaintes and C. Demeret, Semin. Cancer Biol. 7:339--347, 1996). The enhancer of these viruses is epithelial cell specific, as it fails to activate transcription from heterologous promoters in nonepithelial cell types (B. Gloss, H. U. Bernard, K. Seedorf, and G. Klock, EMBO J. 6:3735--3743, 1987). Using the bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4) LCR and a bovine primary cell system, we have shown previously that a level of epithelial specificity resides in a papillomavirus promoter region. The BPV-4 promoter shows an enhanced response to transcriptional activators in epithelial cells compared with that of fibroblasts (K. W. Vance, M. S. Campo, and I. M. Morgan, J. Biol. Chem. 274:27839--27844, 1999). A chimeric lcr/tk promoter suggests that the upstream BPV-4 promoter region determines the cell-type-selective response of this promoter in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Promoter deletion analysis identified two novel repressor elements that are, at least in part, responsible for mediating the differential response of this promoter to upstream activators in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. One of these elements, promoter repressor element 2 (PRE-2), is conserved in position and sequence in the related mucosal epitheliotropic papillomaviruses, BPV-3 and BPV-6. PRE-2 functions in cis to repress the basal activity of the simian virus 40 promoter and binds a specific protein complex. We identify the exact nucleotides necessary for binding and correlate loss of binding with loss of transcriptional repression. We also incorporate these mutations into the BPV-4 promoter and demonstrate an enhanced response of the mutated promoter to E2 in fibroblasts. The DNA binding protein in the detected complex is shown to have a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa. The PRE-2 binding protein represents a novel transcriptional repressor and regulator of papillomavirus transcription. (+info)

Quercetin, E7 and p53 in papillomavirus oncogenic cell transformation. (5/28)

Bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4) infects the upper alimentary canal of cattle causing benign papillomas which can progress to squamous carcinomas in cattle grazing on bracken fern (BF). We have previously shown that quercetin, a well characterized and potent mutagen found in BF, causes cell cycle arrest of primary bovine cells (PalF), but that a single exposure to quercetin can cause full oncogenic transformation of PalF cells partially transformed by BPV-4. Here we show that cell cycle arrest correlates with an increase in p53 protein levels and transcriptional activity. However, in cells transformed but non-tumorigenic, p53 protein is elevated and transcriptionally activated in response to quercetin or other DNA damaging stimuli, but the cells bypass quercetin-induced G1 arrest likely due to E7 expression. In transformed tumorigenic cells, p53 is elevated in response to quercetin but its transcriptional activity is inhibited due to mutation, and the cells fail to stop in G1 in the presence of quercetin. (+info)

Cell transformation by the E5/E8 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 4. p27(Kip1), Elevated through increased protein synthesis is sequestered by cyclin D1-CDK4 complexes. (6/28)

The E5/E8 hydrophobic protein of BPV-4 is, at only 42 residues, the smallest transforming protein identified to date. Transformation of NIH-3T3 cells by E5/E8 correlates with up-regulation of both cyclin A-associated kinase activity and, unusually, p27(Kip1) (p27) but does not rely on changes in cyclin E or cyclin E-CDK2 activity. Here we have examined how p27 is prevented from functioning efficiently as a CDK2 inhibitor, and we investigated the mechanisms used to achieve elevated p27 expression in E5/E8 cells. Our results show that normal subcellular targeting of p27 is not subverted in E5/E8 cells, and p27 retains its ability to inhibit both cyclin E-CDK2 and cyclin A-CDK activities upon release from heat-labile complexes. E5/E8 cells also have elevated levels of cyclins D1 and D3, and high levels of nuclear p27 are tolerated because the inhibitor is sequestered within an elevated pool of cyclin D1-CDK4 complexes, a significant portion of which retain kinase activity. In agreement with this, pRB is constitutively hyperphosphorylated in E5/E8 cells in vivo. The increased steady-state level of p27 is achieved largely through an increased rate of protein synthesis and does not rely on changes in p27 mRNA levels or protein half-life. This is the first report of enhanced p27 synthesis as the main mechanism for increasing protein levels in continuously cycling cells. Our results are consistent with a model in which E5/E8 promotes a coordinated elevation of cyclin D1-CDK4 and p27, as well as cyclin A-associated kinase activity, which act in concert to allow continued proliferation in the absence of mitogens. (+info)

Down-regulation of MHC class I by bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoproteins. (7/28)

The papillomavirus E5 protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA) of the host cell. Transformed bovine fibroblasts expressing bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E5 are highly vacuolated and have a much enlarged, distorted and fragmented GA. Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) is processed and transported to the cell surface through the GA. Given the cellular localization of E5 in the GA and the morphologically abnormal GA, we investigated the expression of MHC I in cells transformed by E5 from BPV-1 and BPV-4. Two cell lines were used: bovine cells that also express E6, E7 and activated ras, and NIH3T3 cells that express only E5. In addition, PalF cells acutely infected with a recombinant retrovirus expressing E5 were also examined. In contrast to non-transformed normal cells, or transformed cells expressing other papillomavirus proteins, cells expressing E5 do not express MHC I on their surface, but retain it intracellularly, independently of the presence of other viral or cellular oncogenes, or of whether the cells are long-term transformants or acutely infected. We conclude that expression of E5 prevents expression of MHC I to the cell surface and causes its retention within the cell. In addition, lower amounts of total MHC I heavy chain and of heavy chain RNA are detected in E5-transformed cells than in control cells. As surface expression of another glycosylated membrane protein, the transferrin receptor, is not affected, it appears that E5 targets MHC I with at least a degree of specificity. In papillomavirus lesions this effect would have important implications for antigen presentation by, and immunosurveillance of, virally infected cells. (+info)

Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I in bovine papillomas. (8/28)

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) induces papillomas in cattle; in the great majority of cases, these regress due to the host immune response, but they can persist and progress to malignancy. Even in the absence of malignant transformation, BPV infection persists for a significant period of time before activation of the host immune system, suggesting that the host immune system is unaware of, or disabled by, BPV. E5 is the major oncoprotein of BPV, which, in addition to its transforming properties, downregulates the expression and transport to the cell surface of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I). Here, it is shown that co-expression of MHC I and E5 in papillomas caused by BPV-4 infection is mutually exclusive, in agreement with the inhibition of surface MHC I expression by E5 that is observed in vitro. The inhibition of MHC expression in E5-expressing papilloma cells could explain the long period that is required for activation of the immune response and has implications for the progression of papillomas to the malignant stage; absence of peptide presentation by MHC I to cytotoxic T lymphocytes would allow the infected cells to evade the host cellular immune response and allow the lesions to persist. (+info)

1980 Law, M. F.; Lowy, D. R.; Dvoretzky, I.; Howley, P. M. (1981). "Mouse cells transformed by bovine papillomavirus contain ... 1995 Tong, X.; Howley, P. M. (1997). "The bovine papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein interacts with paxillin and disrupts the actin ... 1982 Yang, Y. C.; Okayama, H.; Howley, P. M. (1985). "Bovine papillomavirus contains multiple transforming genes". Proceedings ... "In vitro tumorigenic transformation by a defined sub-genomic fragment of bovine papilloma virus DNA". Nature. 287 (5777): 72-74 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M._Howley

Several studies have found an association between the presence of Bovine papillomavirus-1 and 2 and associated viral growth ... "Association of bovine papillomavirus with the equine sarcoid". Journal of General Virology. 84 (5): 1055-1062. doi:10.1099/vir. ... "Intralesional bovine papillomavirus DNA loads reflect severity of equine sarcoid disease". Equine Veterinary Journal. 42 (4): ... Equine papillomavirus-2 has also been found within penile SCCs, but has not been determined to cause SCC. Before treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer_in_horses

Schiller, J. T.; Vass, W. C.; Vousden, K. H.; Lowy, D. R. (1986). "E5 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus type 1 ... Lechner, M. S.; Mack, D. H.; Finicle, A. B.; Crook, T.; Vousden, K. H.; Laimins, L. A. (1992). "Human papillomavirus E6 ... Vousden's early work focused on the molecular biology of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical ... she led the Human Papillomavirus Group at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK. In 1995, she joined the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Vousden

The E5 protein of some animal papillomavirus types (mainly bovine papillomavirus type 1) functions as an oncogene primarily by ... Four papillomaviruses are known to infect birds: Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus 1, Francolinus leucoscepus papillomavirus 1, ... Jackson ME, Pennie WD, McCaffery RE, Smith KT, Grindlay GJ, Campo MS (1991). "The B subgroup bovine papillomaviruses lack an ... Inter-species transmission has also been documented for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1. In its natural host (cattle), BPV-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridae

Vande Pol SB, Brown MC, Turner CE (January 1998). "Association of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E6 oncoprotein with the focal ... 47 (4): 520-7. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.06.006. PMC 3427732. PMID 19540241. Mackinnon AC, Tretiakova M, Henderson L, Mehta RG, ... 4 (1): 146-52. doi:10.4161/cam.4.1.10973. PMC 2852571. PMID 20139696. Wood CK, Turner CE, Jackson P, Critchley DR (February ... Côté JF, Turner CE, Tremblay ML (July 1999). "Intact LIM 3 and LIM 4 domains of paxillin are required for the association to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillin

Pseudocowpox Warts caused by bovine papillomavirus Teat-end hyperkeratosis Dermatitis Frostbite Udder sores or necrotic ... ISBN 978-0-13-046256-5. Ruegg, Pamela L. "Diseases of Bovine Teats and Skin - Reproductive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. ... The number of teats varies from 2 (in most primates) to 18 (in pigs). Marsupials usually have 4 to 12 teats, but the Virginia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teat

"Roles of the hinge region and the DNA binding domain of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 protein in initiation of DNA ... 20 (4): R184-7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.053. PMID 20178765. S2CID 1490419. Citation error. See inline comment how to fix.[ ... 18 (4): 479-84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303. Mirabal S, Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, ... 4 (8): 598-612. doi:10.1038/nrg1124. PMID 12897772. S2CID 13508130. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia

Battlefield Planning Visualization Bovine papillomavirus BQ (s) British Antarctic Territory (former ISO 3166 digram; merged ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, better known as mad cow disease BSE - (i) Buku Sekolah Elektronik (screw thread), BSF - (i) ... Bovine somatotropin (i) British Summer Time BSW - (i) British Standard Whitworth (screw thread) BSX - (i) Bendigo Stock ... FIPS 10-4 country code; ISO 3166 digram) (i) BitTorrent British Telecom, the former name of the company now known as BT Group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acronyms:_B

With Bill, she and her colleagues investigated in detail the biology of bovine papillomaviruses, especially BPV-1, -2 and -4, ... bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4). In older cattle, he noted that cancers could develop from existing papillomas and ... These results laid the conceptual framework for the production of vaccines against the subtypes of human papillomaviruses that ... and developed recombinant vaccines of BPV-4 proteins that protected cattle from developing papillomas when challenged, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fleming_Hoggan_Jarrett

Similar papillomaviruses of ungulates (e.g. deer papillomavirus, European elk papillomavirus, ovine papillomavirus 1,2) are ... Campo, MS (2006). "Bovine papillomavirus: old system, new lessons?". In Campo, MS (ed.). Papillomavirus Research: From Natural ... Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, Reid SW, Love S, Campo MS, Nasir L (2003). "Association of bovine papillomavirus with the ... Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a paraphyletic group of DNA viruses of the subfamily Firstpapillomavirinae of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_papillomavirus

Allshire, Robin Campbell (1985). Construction and analysis of vectors based on bovine papilloma virus (PhD thesis). University ... doi:10.1016/0076-6879(79)68011-4. ISBN 9780121819682. PMID 232210. Maskos, U.; Southern, E. M. (1992). "Oligonucleotide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Southern

Construction and analysis of vectors based on bovine papilloma virus (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/11176. ... obtained his PhD in 1985 under the guidance of Chris Bostock and Edwin Southern investigating the use of bovine papillomavirus ... 4 (4): 140043. doi:10.1098/rsob.140043. PMC 4043117. PMID 24789708. Folco, H. D; Pidoux, A. L; Urano, T; Allshire, R. C (2008 ... 137 (7): 1173-4. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.010. PMC 4397584. PMID 19563746. Subramanian, L; Toda, N. R. T; Rappsilber, J; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Allshire

You J, Croyle JL, Nishimura A, Ozato K, Howley PM (Apr 2004). "Interaction of the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein with Brd4 ... Abbate EA, Voitenleitner C, Botchan MR (Dec 2006). "Structure of the papillomavirus DNA-tethering complex E2:Brd4 and a peptide ... Baxter MK, McPhillips MG, Ozato K, McBride AA (Apr 2005). "The mitotic chromosome binding activity of the papillomavirus E2 ... "Amino acid substitutions that specifically impair the transcriptional activity of papillomavirus E2 affect binding to the long ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRD4

"Bovine leukemia virus linked to breast cancer but not coinfection with human papillomavirus: Case-control study of women in ... Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus which causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle. It is closely related to the human ... Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal "ICTV Taxonomy history: Bovine leukemia virus". International Committee on Taxonomy ... Meas S, Usui T, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M (January 2002). "Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus and bovine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_leukemia_virus

deer papillomavirus. *European elk papillomavirus. *bovine papillomavirus - 1. *Epsilonpapillomavirus *bovine papillomavirus - ... Human papillomavirus, HPV findes i over hundrede forskellige arter. De kan bl.a være årsag til vorter, kønsvorter og ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridae

Fibropapillomas are present in other animal groups, but are caused by different viruses, for example the bovine papillomavirus ... 2012). "A Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Study of Cutaneous Bovine Papillomatosis". Kafkas Univ Vet Fak ... 103 (4): 27-30. doi:10.2307/3432408. JSTOR 3432408. PMC 1519284. PMID 7556020. Lutz, P. L.; Cray, C.; Sposato, P. L. (2001). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_fibropapillomatosis

See also: Papillomavirus and Bovine papillomavirus. This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) ... Warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). There are about 130 known types of human papilloma viruses.[8] HPV infects ... a b Human Papillomavirus Archived 2015-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.. Public Health Agency of Canada ... Warts are caused by infection with a type of human papillomavirus (HPV).[1] Factors that increase the risk include use of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warts

"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer , CDC". 2019-08-21. Münger K, Baldwin A, Edwards KM, Hayakawa H, Nguyen CL, Owens M, et ... Buehring GC, Shen HM, Jensen HM, Jin DL, Hudes M, Block G (2 September 2015). "Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated ... In Western developed countries, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most ... Closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus, is another deltaretrovirus, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which recently has met ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_causes_of_cancer

The best-studied example is the association between Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: almost all cases of cervical ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow disease"), are caused by prions, hepatitis D is due to ... Harald zur Hausen had shown that two strains of Human papillomavirus (HPV) cause most cases of cervical cancer. Two vaccines ... p. 4. ISBN 978-0199574858. Cann, Alan (2011). Principles of Molecular Virology (5 ed.). London: Academic Press. ISBN 978- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology

... papillomavirus MeSH B04.280.535.600.650 - papillomavirus, bovine MeSH B04.280.535.600.660 - papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit ... papillomavirus MeSH B04.909.204.210.655.600.650 - papillomavirus, bovine MeSH B04.909.204.210.655.600.660 - papillomavirus, ... papillomavirus MeSH B04.909.574.204.655.600.650 - papillomavirus, bovine MeSH B04.909.574.204.655.600.660 - papillomavirus, ... papillomavirus MeSH B04.909.624.600.650 - papillomavirus, bovine MeSH B04.909.624.600.660 - papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

Such benefits include male insects transferring nutrients to females via their ejaculate; in both humans and bovines, the fluid ... This includes transmission risk for sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV) or herpes, especially for ... 26 (4): 459-69. doi:10.2164/jandrol.04104. PMID 15955884. "HealthCentral.com - Trusted, Reliable and Up To Date Health ... ISBN 978-0-19-875114-4. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Onians, R. B. (1951). The Origins of European Thought. Cambridge. p. 203. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen

... , Benes L. Trus & Stephen C. Harrison (2002). An atomic model of the papillomavirus capsid. EMBO J., 21, 4754-4762 ... Yue Li, Jimin Wang, Ryuta Kanai & Yorgo Modis (2013). Crystal structure of glycoprotein E2 from bovine viral diarrhea virus. ... 4 years) 1995 Bateman Scholarship- First Class Honors Degree, Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge, U.K. 1995 Kareen Thorne ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorgo_Modis

The human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the U.S. (as of 2011) and UK (as of 2009). Vaccine recommendations for the ... Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice.[citation needed] Considerable efforts are ongoing to apply ... "HPV Vaccine , Human Papillomavirus , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-06-14. Williamson, E. D.; Eley, S. M.; ... In the case of a few relatively new vaccines such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, the patents may impose an additional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine

"Human papillomavirus infection in head and neck cancer: the role of the secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor". Oncology ... crystal structure of the acid-stable proteinase inhibitor from human mucous secretions analysed in its complex with bovine ... it has been shown that there is an inverse correlation between the levels of SLPI and high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) ... "The role of the antileukoprotease SLPI in smoking-induced human papillomavirus-independent head and neck squamous cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLPI

... is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).[4] Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and ... An HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family, of which over 170 types are ... "Pink Book (Human Papillomavirus)" (PDF). CDC.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.. ... "Human Papillomavirus". Medscape. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.. *^ "Photos of larynx Papillomas - Voice ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus

If biotin was used as a probe label, non-specific binding sites must first be blocked using bovine serum albumin (BSA). Then, ... Apart from cancers, CISH has also been shown to be useful in detecting human papillomavirus infections. SISH uses a similar ... 15 (4): 519-27. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2005.09.008. PMID 16290155. Garimberti, E; Tosi, S (2010). "Fluorescence in situ ... 86 (4): 398-408. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700390. PMID 16446704. Summersgill, B. M.; Shipley, J. M. (2010). "Fluorescence in Situ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogenic_in_situ_hybridization

The human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the U.S. (as of 2011)[63] and UK (as of 2009).[64] Vaccine recommendations ... Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice. Other DIVA vaccines (under development). Scientists have ... "HPV Vaccine , Human Papillomavirus , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-06-14.. ... In the case of a few relatively new vaccines such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, the patents may impose an additional ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine

One area of particular interest is the study of human papilloma viruses (HPV) and their role in cervical cancers. Researchers ... Having finally lost completely its virulence, the bovine tuberculosis germ grown with their method was the principal ... he focused on creating a vaccine using the bacillus responsible for bovine tuberculosis, very similar to the human one, as it ... The institute was founded on June 4, 1887, and inaugurated on November 14, 1888. For over a century, the Institut Pasteur has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Institute

a b Human Papillomavirus at eMedicine *^ Egawa K, Kitasato H, Honda Y, Kawai S, Mizushima Y, Ono T (1998). "Human ... They are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).[2] A break in the skin is required for infection to occur.[2] Risk factors ... "Human Papillomaviruses Compendium" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-02-05.. ... Plantar warts are benign epithelial tumors generally caused by infection by human papillomavirus types 1, 2, 4, 60, or 63,[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_plantar_warts

Family 1.G.17 The Bovine Leukemia Virus Envelop Glycoprotein (BLV-Env) Family 1.G.18 The SARS-CoV Fusion Peptide in the Spike ... Family 1.A.97 The Human Papillomavirus type 16 E5 Viroporin (HPV-E5) Family 1.A.98 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 P13 protein ( ... Family 1.A.86 The Human Papilloma Virus type 16 (HPV16) L2 Viroporin (L2 Viroporin) Family 1.A.87 The Mechanosensitive Calcium ... Family 4.A.5 The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family 4.A.6 The PTS Mannose-Fructose-Sorbose (Man) Family 4.A.7 The PTS L-Ascorbate (L- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Institute

Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts (condyloma), Penile cancer, Anal cancer (Human papillomavirus (HPV)) ... Wart (caused by the Human papillomavirus; also similar in appearance to molluscum) ... Molluscum contagiosum virus spread by direct contact or contaminated objects[4]. Risk factors. Weak immune system, atopic ... Ramdass, P; Mullick, S; Farber, HF (December 2015). "Viral Skin Diseases". Primary Care (Review). 42 (4): 517-67. doi:10.1016/j ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum

Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts (condyloma), Penile cancer, Anal cancer (Human papillomavirus (HPV)) ... 187 (4): 559-68. doi:10.1086/367985. PMID 12599072.. *^ He, J; Bhat, G; Kankasa, C; Chintu, C; Mitchell, C; Duan, W; Wood, C ( ... 4 (2): 265-273. doi:10.1007/BF01830024.. Translated in Kaposi, M (2008). "Idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin". ... In 1872, Moritz Kaposi described a blood vessel tumor[4] (originally called "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma_herpesvirus

人類乳突病毒（Human Papillomavirus，HPV）是一种DNA病毒，属于乳头瘤病毒科乳头瘤病毒属。該類病毒感染人體的表皮與黏膜組織，目前約有170种類型的HPV被判別出來，有些时候HPV入侵人體後會引起疣甚至癌症，但大多数时候則沒有任

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV

Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. The Lancet. 2007;370( ... bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow" disease) in cattle, and chronic wasting disease in deer; in humans, prionic ... de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004;324(1):17-27 ... Human papillomaviruses are an established cause of cancers of cervix, skin, anus, and penis.[182] Within the Herpesviridae, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_structure

Human papillomavirus (HPV). *Genital warts (condyloma). *Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B virus). *Herpes simplex *HSV-1 & HSV-2 ... 194 (4): 420-27. doi:10.1086/505879. PMID 16845624.. *^ a b Mertz, G.J. (1993). "Epidemiology of genital herpes infections". ... 24 (4): 10-15. ISSN 1209-1367. PMID 24258059.. *^ "Herpes virus has infected nearly one in five Canadians over age 35, most ... 4 (10): 1809-19. doi:10.1517/14656566.4.10.1809. PMID 14521490.. *^ Robert L. LaFemina (2009). Antiviral research : strategies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection One of the Human papillomaviruses Human parainfluenza virus infection Human parainfluenza ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. *Camel spongiform encephalopathy. *Scrapie. *Chronic wasting disease. *Transmissible mink ... Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts (condyloma), Penile cancer, Anal cancer (Human papillomavirus (HPV)) ... Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) - Flaviviruses ... Retrieved on August 4, 2009.. External links[edit]. *List of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infectious_diseases

Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice.[citation needed] Considerable efforts are ongoing to apply ... The human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the U.S. (as of 2011)[87] and UK (as of 2009).[88] Vaccine recommendations ... "HPV Vaccine , Human Papillomavirus , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-06-14.. ... In the case of a few relatively new vaccines such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, the patents may impose an additional ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_platform

Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts (condyloma), Penile cancer, Anal cancer (Human papillomavirus (HPV)) ... Bovine immunodeficiency virus. *Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. *Equine infectious anemia virus. *Feline immunodeficiency ... 4): 573-593। ডিওআই:10.1002/sim.1342। পিএমআইডি 12590415।. উদ্ধৃতি শৈলী রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ: ও অন্যান্য স্পষ্টভাবে ব্যবহার করছে (link) ... 4): 217-26। ডিওআই:10.1021/cb600131q। পিএমআইডি 17163676।. উদ্ধৃতি শৈলী রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ: একাধিক নাম: লেখকগণের তালিকা (link) ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/এইচআইভি

Lebwohl MG; Rosen; Stockfleth (November 2010). "The role of human papillomavirus in common skin conditions: current viewpoints ... B virus infection Boston exanthem disease Bovine papular stomatitis Bowenoid papulosis Buffalopox Butcher's wart Chikungunya ... 28 (4): 795-805. doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.007. PMID 20883921. Petrescu I, Condrea C, Alexandru A, et al. (2010). "Diagnosis ... 113 (4 Suppl): 1114-9. doi:10.1542/peds.113.4.S1.1114 (inactive 10 January 2021). PMID 15060207.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

... the use of less abundant bovine ribs may indicate a specific preference for bovine ribs. Potential lissoirs have also been ... The modern human papillomavirus variant 16A may descend from Neanderthal introgression. A Neanderthal at Cueva del Sidrón, ... "Transmission between archaic and modern human ancestors during the evolution of the oncogenic human papillomavirus 16". ... 71 (1): 4-7. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.12.014. PMID 18280671. Sullivan, A. P.; de Manuel, M.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Perry, G. H. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal

Bovine papillomavirus type 4 in oesophageal papillomas of cattle from the south of Italy ... Bovine papillomavirus type 4 in oesophageal papillomas of cattle from the south of Italy. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 128 ...

https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/27479/

A Peptide Encoding a B-cell Epitope from the N-Terminus of the Capsid Protein L2 of Bovine Papillomavirus-4 Prevents Disease ... A Peptide Encoding a B-cell Epitope from the N-Terminus of the Capsid Protein L2 of Bovine Papillomavirus-4 Prevents Disease. ... Calves vaccinated with the three peptides together showed no evidence of papillomavirus infection; those vaccinated with ... The first 200 N-terminus amino acids of the L2 capsid protein of BPV-4 (designated L2a) are an effective prophylactic vaccine ...

https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/51952/

Similar papillomaviruses of ungulates (e.g. deer papillomavirus, European elk papillomavirus, ovine papillomavirus 1,2) are ... Campo, MS (2006). "Bovine papillomavirus: old system, new lessons?". In Campo, MS (ed.). Papillomavirus Research: From Natural ... Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, OBrien PM, Reid SW, Love S, Campo MS, Nasir L (2003). "Association of bovine papillomavirus with the ... Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a paraphyletic group of DNA viruses of the subfamily Firstpapillomavirinae of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_papillomavirus

Unlike other papillomaviruses, the non-coding region upstream of the early ORFs (ncr-1) is short (385 base pairs), but there is ... Like the E5 ORF of human papillomavirus type 6 the E5 ORF of BPV-4 is discontinuous. ... have been identified both on the basis of amino acid comparison with other papillomaviruses and on their transcriptional ... Summary The nucleotide sequence of bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4) was determined. The viral genome is 7261 base pairs ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2117

Bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and the E2 transactivator protein are closely associated with mitotic chromatin. J. Virol. ... In bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1), the E2 gene encodes three different polypeptides (22). The largest protein, expressed ... Conditional Mutations in the Mitotic Chromosome Binding Function of the Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E2 Protein. Peng-Sheng ... Bovine papillomavirus mutant temperature sensitive for transformation, replication, and transactivation. EMBO J.7:1197-1204. ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/79/3/1500

Functional Interaction of the Bovine Papillomavirus E2 Transactivation Domain with TFIIB. Jun-Mei Yao, David E. Breiding, ... Functional Interaction of the Bovine Papillomavirus E2 Transactivation Domain with TFIIB. Jun-Mei Yao, David E. Breiding, ... Functional Interaction of the Bovine Papillomavirus E2 Transactivation Domain with TFIIB. Jun-Mei Yao, David E. Breiding, ... Functional Interaction of the Bovine Papillomavirus E2 Transactivation Domain with TFIIB Message Subject (Your Name) has ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/72/2/1013/article-info

The three-dimensional structure of bovine papillomavirus has been determined to 9 A resolution by reconstruction of high ... Novel structural features of bovine papillomavirus capsid revealed by a three-dimensional reconstruction to 9 A resolution Nat ... The three-dimensional structure of bovine papillomavirus has been determined to 9 A resolution by reconstruction of high ... 1997 May;4(5):413-20. doi: 10.1038/nsb0597-413. Authors B L Trus 1 , R B Roden, H L Greenstone, M Vrhel, J T Schiller, F P Booy ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9145113/?dopt=Abstract

An existing bovine papilloma virus-based expression vector, pBV-1MTHA, was modified to allow transformed X63Ag8-653 myeloma ... An existing bovine papilloma virus-based expression vector, pBV-1MTHA, was modified to allow transformed X63Ag8-653 myeloma ... The established cell lines secreting IL2, 3, 4 or 5 at high rate should be useful sources for these interleukins in the ... Establishment of mouse cell lines which constitutively secrete large quantities of interleukin 2, 3, 4 or 5, using modified ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2831066/?dopt=Abstract

A papillomatous cyst was induced by implanting bovine foetal palate epithelium, infected in vitro with bovine papillomavirus ... Malignant tranformation of a papilloma induced by bovine papillomavirus type 4 in the nude mouse renal capsule. Journal of ... Malignant tranformation of a papilloma induced by bovine papillomavirus type 4 in the nude mouse renal capsule. / Gaukroger, J ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Malignant tranformation of a papilloma induced by bovine papillomavirus type 4 in ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/malignant-tranformation-of-a-papilloma-induced-by-bovine-papillom

From Human papillomavirus type 16.. E6. P06931. 3. EBI-8516738,EBI-7281937. From Bovine papillomavirus type 1. ... "Interaction of oncogenic papillomavirus E6 proteins with fibulin-1.". Du M., Fan X., Hong E., Chen J.J.. Biochem. Biophys. Res ... Microbial infection) Interacts with human papillomavirus/HPV type 16, 18 and 31 proteins E6.1 Publication. ,p>Manually curated ... Cited for: INTERACTION WITH HIGH-RISK HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES E6 PROTEIN (MICROBIAL INFECTION), INHIBITION OF E6-MEDIATED ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P23142

BPV, bovine papillomavirus; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; AKT, protein kinase B; p, phospho; NF, nuclear factor; Ctrl, ... BPV, bovine papillomavirus; Ctrl, control; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein. ... or 10 µM bovine papillomavirus (BPV; both Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) for different time points. Cells were then ... fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 100 µg/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Beyotime Institute of ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2018.8377

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M._Howley

Virus-like particles of Bovine Papillomavirus type 4 in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization. Virology. 219:37-44. View ... bovine papillomavirus type 4 [BPV-4], which induced benign oral mucosal lesions), it did not induce their regression, although ... Chapter 8: human papillomavirus and skin cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 31:52-56. View this article via: PubMed Google ... Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines. Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/28607

Differential expression of microRNAs in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells. ... The impact of tick-borne pathogen infection in Indian bovines is determined by host type but not the genotype of Theileria ... Characterization of HSP90 isoforms in transformed bovine leukocytes infected with Theileria annulata. ... 2015 Aug 29;4(3):333-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.08.006. eCollection 2015 Dec. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Weir+W%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

Keywords: papillomavirus, peripheral blood lymphocytes, tumor cell cultures, chromosome aberrations, genomic instability ... Chromosome Aberrations as a Biomarker for Genomic Instability in Cell Cultures Originated From Bovines, Canines and Equines ... Chromosomal abnormalities or aberrations were investigated in ten bovines, three canines and three equines presenting cutaneous ... Canines and Equines Infected With Papillomavirus. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 4(1), 104-112. ...

https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT/article/view/14727

Effects of the missing wedge on the image quality in tomograms illustrated on bovine Papilloma virus capsids. Tomograms are ... 4; Bouchet-Marquis et al. 2012), but so far we have been able to load intracellular MTH only with zinc. Zinc, however, has a ... 1 and 4). A plain 2-D image of a vitreous section that has been recorded under low-dose conditions (~1-5 electrons per Å2) may ... 1 and 4). With a maximum tilt of ±60°, the missing wedge reduces resolution along the projection direction and tilt axis by 50 ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00709-013-0600-1

bovine papillomavirus type 1 (synthetic). Aethiops sabeus (African Green Monkey). No. SIE. HTML , XML. ... human papillomavirus (HPV-16). Homo sapiens. Yes. UE. HTML , XML. 147. E2 (16 E2-dm). Wang 2003. human papillomavirus (HPV-16) ... human papillomavirus (HPV-16). Homo sapiens. No. SIE. HTML , XML. 149. L2h. Leder 2001. human papillomavirus (HPV-16). Homo ... Human papillomavirus (HPV). Solanum tuberosum. No. UE. HTML , XML. 268. L1s. Warzecha 2003. Human papillomavirus (HPV). Solanum ...

http://www.umbc.edu/codon/sgdb/browse.php?submitter=&113=113&sort=TargetSpecies

A Peptide Encoding a B-Cell Epitope from the N-Terminus of the Capsid Protein L2 of Bovine Papillomavirus-4 Prevents Disease ... Induction of human papillomavirus type 16-specific immunologic responses in a normal and an human papillomavirus-infected ... Gene gun-mediated intracutaneous vaccination with papillomavirus E7 gene delays cancer development of papillomavirus-induced ... Human papillomavirus type 16 nucleoprotein E7 is a tumor rejection antigen. L P Chen, E K Thomas, S L Hu, I Hellström, K E ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/88/1/110/tab-article-info

Read chapter 4 Doubling Up: How the Genetic Code Replicates Itself: A Positron Named Priscilla is a book of wonder, offering a ... California, Berkeley, that the bovine papilloma virus initiator proteins, E1 and E2, recognize their origin of replication ... In particular, they looked at Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common intestinal bacterium with a genome of about 4 million base ... "4 Doubling Up: How the Genetic Code Replicates Itself." National Academy of Sciences. 1994. A Positron Named Priscilla: ...

https://www.nap.edu/read/2110/chapter/6

Interacts with bovine papillomavirus type 1 regulatory protein E2 and human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) protein LANA. These ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/O60885

... and a cytoplasmic domain coding for the syndecan-4 polypeptide. The prepared DNA sequence unitary fragment may be delivered to ... means and methods for stimulation of angiogenesis via enhanced endothelial expression of core proteins having a syndecan-4 ... 241000701822 Bovine papillomavirus Species 0.000 description 2 * 210000000170 Cell Membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2 ... fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco-BRL), 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37° C. in 5% CO[0091] 2 ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20040013653

There is also strong evidence supporting a causal role for bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-2 in the development of bladder cancer ... Of the types described, more than 70 are human papillomaviruses (HPV) and approximately 20 are animal papillomaviruses. The ... Some animal papillomaviruses cause cancer in their natural hosts. Overall evaluation HPV types 16 and 18 are carcinogenic to ... HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES (HPV). HPV types 16 and 18 (Group 1). HPV types 31 and 33 (Group 2A). Some HPV types other than 16, 18, ...

http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol64/hpv.html

Bovine papillomavirus type 4 L1 gene transfection in a Drosophila S2 cell expression system: absence of L1 protein expression. ... Low prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in normal oral mucosa by hybrid capture 2. González-Losa, Maria del Refugio; ...

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_issuetoc&pid=1517-838220080001&lng=en&nrm=iso

The E5 protein of some animal papillomavirus types (mainly bovine papillomavirus type 1) functions as an oncogene primarily by ... Inter-species transmission has also been documented for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1.[9] In its natural host (cattle), ... Jackson ME, Pennie WD, McCaffery RE, Smith KT, Grindlay GJ, Campo MS (1991). "The B subgroup bovine papillomaviruses lack an ... Coggins LW, Ma JQ, Slater AA, Campo MS (1985). "Sequence homologies between bovine papillomavirus genomes mapped by a novel low ...

http://wikidoc.org/index.php/Papillomavirus

Bovine papillomavirus is considered to be the main cause of these tumors. Sarcoids may be transmitted by direct contact from ... It is also possible that insects may spread papillomaviruses. There are several distinct papillomaviruses. Among companion ... Congenital papillomas of foals are rare and are probably a developmental defect rather than a result of papilloma virus ... Warts are caused by papillomaviruses. The virus is transmitted by direct contact or by contact with infected items such as ...

https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/skin-disorders-of-horses/tumors-of-the-skin-in-horses

... of type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing conformational epitopes on the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus ... Neutralization of bovine papillomavirus by antibodies to L1 and L2 capsid proteins ... Virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 4 in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization ... Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Walboomers, JM; Jacobs, MV; Manos, MM; Bosch, ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer_journal/identification-of-type-specific-and-cross-reactive-neutralizing-sejfkvIVrr

To investigate the efficiency of encapsidation of plasmid by papillomavirus virus-like particles (PV VLPs), and the infectivity ... Efficiency of delivery of DNA to cells by bovine papillomavirus type-1 L1/L2 pseudovirions. ... To investigate the efficiency of encapsidation of plasmid by papillomavirus virus-like particles (PV VLPs), and the infectivity ... and infected with bovine PV (BPV-1) L1/L2 recombinant vaccinia virus to produce BPV1 pseudovirions. Approximately 1 in 1.5×104 ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002530100655

Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV ... 2010 Mar;110(4):339-49. doi: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.01.006. Epub 2010 Jan 20. ... 2009 Feb;4(2):179-85. doi: 10.1002/biot.200800131. No abstract available. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Salmons+B%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

Vectors that contain the replicons from bovine papillomavirus or Epstein-Barr virus replicate extrachromosomally at "low copy ... bovine mammary epithelial cells (ATCC CRL 10274; bovine mammary epithelial cells); monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 ( ... An Avr II site is found in the second intron of bovine α-lactalbumin and a Dra I site is found in the third intron of the gene. ... To create the test vector the genomic clone of the bovine α-lactalbumin was used. α-Lactalbumin is a milk protein that is ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7384738?dq=5,966,702

Design and characterization of a novel vector system based on the stable replicator of bovine papillomavirus type 1. - Tartu : ... Virus-cell interactions in the replication cycle of bovine papillomavirus type 1. - Tartu : Tartu University Press, 2003. - 88 ... ISBN 9985-9469-4-4 (CD 2). UDK 81. 148. Kuuse, Asti.. Väga värviline. - Tartu : A. Kuuse, 2003. - 72 lk. : ill.. ISBN 9949-10- ... ISBN 9985-4-0357-6. UDK 004. 124. Kask, Inna-Mare.. Kes, mis lehises peeglis. - Tallinn : I.-M. Kask, 2003. - 69 lk. : ill. ...

http://www.nlib.ee/kirjastajale/index.php?id=14795

The first 200 N-terminus amino acids of the L2 capsid protein of BPV-4 (designated L2a) are an effective prophylactic vaccine against BPV-4 infection. (lancs.ac.uk)
The papillomavirus E2 protein is required for viral transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and genome segregation. (asm.org)
The X-ray crystal structure of the transactivation domain of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E2 protein was recently determined and was found to consist of an cashew-shaped domain made up of two regions ( 4 ). (asm.org)
Interacts with bovine papillomavirus type 1 regulatory protein E2 and human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) protein LANA. (rcsb.org)
We analysed the epitopes on the major capsid protein (L1) of Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 31 using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) generated against HPV-31 virus-like particles (VLPs). (deepdyve.com)
To investigate the efficiency of encapsidation of plasmid by papillomavirus virus-like particles (PV VLPs), and the infectivity of the resultant PV pseudovirions, Cos-1 cells were transfected with an 8-kb plasmid incorporating a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene (pGSV), and infected with bovine PV (BPV-1) L1/L2 recombinant vaccinia virus to produce BPV1 pseudovirions. (springer.com)
The hemidesmosomal protein bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and the integrin beta 4 subunit bind to ERBIN. (fondation-r-touraine.org)
The bovine papilloma virus E2 protein is the master regulator of papillomavirus replication and transcription. (abcam.cn)
Immunization with L2 protein in animal models has been shown to provide cross-protection against distant papillomavirus types, suggesting that the L2 protein contains cross-neutralizing epitopes. (biomedcentral.com)
The AU1 sequence represents the amino acid sequence DTYRYI derived from the major capsid protein of bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1). (qedbio.com)
We have reported that the papillomavirus E2 protein binds the nuclear factor AMF1 (also called G-protein pathway suppressor 2 or GPS2) and that their interaction is necessary for transcriptional activation by E2. (asm.org)
Bromodomain protein 4 (Brd4) plays critical roles in development, cancer progression, and virus-host pathogenesis. (asm.org)
The PePV genome (7304 basepairs) differs from other papillomaviruses, in that it has a unique organization of the early protein region lacking classical E6 and E7 open reading frames. (biomedcentral.com)
The PePV genome has a unique layout of the early protein region which represents a novel prototypic genomic organization for avian papillomaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Chang OK, Lee BO, Humbert G, Saulnier F. Nutritional advantage of protein fraction in equine milk as compared to bovine milk. (cavalor.com)
Virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by the human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid protein are currently being tested in clinical trials as prophylactic vaccines against genital warts and cervical cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
2017). Integrated analysis of recombinant BPV-1 L1 protein for the production of a bovine papillomavirus VLP vaccine. (rsdjournal.org)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer, the second most common cause of death from cancer among women worldwide. (jci.org)
The impact of tick-borne pathogen infection in Indian bovines is determined by host type but not the genotype of Theileria annulata. (nih.gov)
Clinical aspects of HPV infection are outlined in the main article human papillomavirus . (wikidoc.org)
[3] Most papillomavirus types are adapted to infection of particular body surfaces. (wikidoc.org)
[4] HPV types 6 and 11 are adapted to infection of the genitals, where they can cause irregular warts known as condyloma accuminata . (wikidoc.org)
However, the authors note that the chimpanzee-specific papillomavirus sequence could have been the result of surface contamination of the zookeeper's skin, as opposed to productive infection. (wikidoc.org)
Persistent infection by one of 15 high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types is a necessary but not sufficient cause of 5% of all human cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
Cervical cancer, the second most common malignancy in women worldwide, is almost invariably associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). (aacrjournals.org)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution and co-infection occurrence was studied in cervical specimens from the city of Madrid (Spain), as a contribution to the knowledge of Human Papillomavirus genotype distribution and prevalence of carcinogenic HPV types in cervical lesions in Spain. (biomedcentral.com)
Bovine papillomatosis is a common viral infection in Brazil that is caused by a bovine papillomavirus(BPV). (bvsalud.org)
Human papillomavirus is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infection in the world and can also cause cancer. (caister.com)
Most papillomaviruses appear to be species-specific or at least restricted to infection of closely related animals within the same genus. (biomedcentral.com)
Anderson JA, Irish JC, McLachlin CM, Ngan BY (1994) H-ras oncogene mutation and human papillomavirus infection in oral carcinomas. (springer.com)
HPV16 infection was shown to decrease in the presence of the lysosomotrophic neutralizing agent ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl). (biomedcentral.com)
In this manuscript we propose that the observed decrease in infection of PV in the presence of NH 4 Cl was due to a loss of movement of reporter-virions to caveosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
We present data that suggest HPV16 infection is in part mediated by cysteine proteases, and that NH 4 Cl blocks the intracellular trafficking of infectious viral particles. (biomedcentral.com)
The invention can be used to inhibit papillomavirus infection or infection by another virus that utilizes the same binding receptors during the infection process. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
and contacting a tissue of an individual with the composition under conditions effective to substantially block papillomavirus binding receptors on the surface or vicinity of cells in the tissue, wherein said contacting is effective to inhibit virus infection of the individual. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the virus infection inhibited by said contacting is a papillomavirus infection. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the individual is a human and the inhibited papillomavirus infection is by a human papillomavirus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the inhibited human papillomavirus infection is one which is caused by a genital-specific genotype of human papillomavirus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Cervical dysplasia is a premalignant lesion associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection which, over time, can turn cancerous. (biomedcentral.com)

An existing bovine papilloma virus-based expression vector, pBV-1MTHA, was modified to allow transformed X63Ag8-653 myeloma cells, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and C127 mammary tumor cells to stably carry multiple copies of the vector, to express the inserted cDNA encoding a single interleukin constitutively, and to secrete the interleukin in high quantities. (nih.gov)
Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). (nih.gov)
Marked variations in susceptibility of individual calves to bovine papilloma virus were observed, as well as differences in the histologic development of warts produced by virus administered intradermally and by scarification. (aacrjournals.org)
Bovine Papilloma Virus Plasmids Replicate Randomly in Mouse Fibroblasts throughout S Phase of the Cell Cycle," Cell 50:59-68 (1987). (patentgenius.com)
Messenger RNAs present in C127 mouse cells transformed by bovine papilloma virus type 1 (BPV-1) were studied by the S1 nuclease protection technique, Northern blotting, and electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis. (cshl.edu)

Like other papillomaviruses, BPVs are small non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid around 50-60 nm in diameter. (wikipedia.org)
Arrangement of L2 within the papillomavirus capsid. (nih.gov)
Papillomaviruses are small non-enveloped DNA viruses and their icosahedral capsid is constituted of L1 and L2 proteins, which encapsidate a closed circular, double-stranded DNA of about 8 kbp. (biomedcentral.com)
NH 4 Cl neutralizes acidic endo-lysosome compartments, thus suggesting that pH was responsible for PV capsid conformational changes leading endosome escape. (biomedcentral.com)
Like other papillomaviruses, BPVs are small non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid around 50-60 nm in diameter.The capsid is formed of the L1 and L2 structural proteins, with the L1 C-terminus exposed. (violinet.org)

The transactivation domain contains many residues that are invariant among all papillomavirus E2 sequences examined. (asm.org)
The transactivation domain contains many residues that are invariant among all papillomavirus E2 sequences examined thus far. (asm.org)
[7] Although a wide variety of papillomavirus sequences were identified in the study, the authors found little evidence for inter-species transmission. (wikidoc.org)
Four novel papillomavirus sequences support a broad diversity among equine papillomaviruses. (uzh.ch)
Identification of two novel equine papillomavirus sequences suggests three genera in one cluster. (uzh.ch)
In this work , we used in situhybridization to detect BPV DNA sequences in bovine reproductive tissues and cells . (bvsalud.org)
The detection ofBPV in these tissues strongly suggests that these sequences could be an important alternative of viraltransmission that could contribute to the widespread incidence of bovine papillomatosis and its complexpathology. (bvsalud.org)
Phylogenetic comparison of the PePV sequence with partial E1 and L1 sequences of the chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs ) papillomavirus (FPV) reveals that these two avian papillomaviruses form a monophyletic cluster with a common branch that originates near the unresolved center of the papillomavirus evolutionary tree. (biomedcentral.com)
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA sequences were detected in different tissues, in addition to epithelium. (bvsalud.org)
BPV 1, 2, and 4 DNA sequences were found in three females of the herd and in their offspring. (bvsalud.org)
Not only do the papillomavirus loop sequences display potentially virus-neutralizing B cell epitopes, but the manner in which they are presented to the host immune system makes them highly immunogenic. (biomedcentral.com)

Campo, M. S. / Malignant tranformation of a papilloma induced by bovine papillomavirus type 4 in the nude mouse renal capsule . (elsevier.com)

There is still controversy in the scientific field about whether certain types of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). (frontiersin.org)
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect the skin and mucous membranes. (biomedcentral.com)

The development of a bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vaccine is an outstanding challenge. (bireme.br)
Indeed, this promise is being realized with the introduction of preventive vaccines against Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, and complements both cervical cytology screening efforts and chemoprevention via drug treatments for Helicobacter pylori , Hepatitis C, and HIV ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Sentinel study populations have been established by vaccine companies as phase 4 postlicensure evaluations to forewarn public health authorities and practitioners if such boosters will be needed. (aappublications.org)
In this timely book leading scientists review current aspects of papillomavirus research providing a fascinating insight into papillomavirus molecular biology, interactions with the host, immunology and vaccine development. (caister.com)
Essential reading for scientists and researchers working on papillomavirus and a recommended text for anyone involved with antiviral drug and vaccine development. (caister.com)
A multimeric L2 vaccine for prevention of animal papillomavirus infections. (violinet.org)

The specificity of the types differs: BPV-1 infects paragenital areas, including penis, teats and udders BPV-2 infects skin, alimentary canal and urinary bladder Xipapillomavirus or epitheliotropic BPVs (formerly known as subgroup B), including types 3, 4 and 6, have a smaller genome of around 7.3 kb and are unique among papillomaviruses in lacking the E6 oncoprotein. (wikipedia.org)
Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, viruses that contain a double-stranded, circular 8 kb DNA genome. (inchem.org)
The papillomavirus genome can be divided into three regions. (inchem.org)
To illustrate the applicability of the method, we have chosen two viral datasets, namely papillomaviruses and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates, largely dissimilar in genome, evolutionary distance and biology. (biomedcentral.com)
In the quantitative real-time PCR assay, limits of detection and quantification were about 2 and 8 haploid genome copies, respectively, the latter of which is 2.5-4-fold lower than other reported wheat endogenous reference genes. (jove.com)
The E1 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) has been shown previously to encode trans-acting functions, M and R, that are involved in extrachromosomal replication of the viral genome. (elsevier.com)
An avian papillomavirus genome has been cloned from a cutaneous exophytic papilloma from an African grey parrot ( Psittacus erithacus ). (biomedcentral.com)
The nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and phylogenetic position of the Psittacus erithacus papillomavirus (PePV) were determined. (biomedcentral.com)
This PePV sequence represents the first complete avian papillomavirus genome defined. (biomedcentral.com)
To date no complete avian papillomavirus genome had been sequenced. (biomedcentral.com)
The PCR internal control that amplified a 626 bp fragment of the ND5 gene of the bovine mitochondrial genome was amplified in all analyzed samples and excluded false-negatives or invalid results in the semi-nested PCR. (bvsalud.org)
Human papillomavirus integration into the genome leads to inactivation of the p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) pathways by the action of primary papillomaviral oncoproteins E6 and E7. (askjpc.org)

Papillomavirus research has been revolutionised in recent years with the advent of new technologies such as organotypic raft cultures, virus-like particles and transgenic mice. (caister.com)
Serological studies of papillomavirus virus like particles (VLPs) demonstrate that antibodies cross-reactive with multiple HPV VLP types recognize type-common epitopes and generally are not neutralizing. (biomedcentral.com)
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the papillomavirus virus-like particles or capsomeres comprise an L1 polypeptide and optionally an L2 polypeptide, which L1 and L2 polypeptides are from a non-human papillomavirus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition does not contain an adjuvant that would contribute to induction of an immune response against the papillomavirus virus-like particles or capsomeres. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
20. A composition comprising a contraceptive agent, a plurality of papillomavirus virus-like particles or capsomeres, and a pharmaceutically suitable delivery vehicle. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
24. The composition according to claim 20, wherein the papillomavirus virus-like particles comprise an L1 polypeptide and optionally an L2 polypeptide. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
28. A composition comprising a plurality of papillomavirus virus-like particles or capsomeres and a delivery vehicle, wherein the composition does not contain a separate adjuvant that would contribute to induction of an immune response against the papillomavirus virus-like particles or capsomeres. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Individual papillomavirus types tend to be highly adapted to replication in a single animal species. (wikidoc.org)
Crystal structures of two intermediates in the assembly of the papillomavirus replication initiation complex. (cathdb.info)
Random-Choice Replication of Extrachromosomal Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) Molecules in Heterogeneous, Clonally Derived BPV-Infected Cell Lines," J. Virol. (patentgenius.com)
The major focus of my laboratory is in understanding the molecular machines that make up the DNA replication forks of the small human DNA viruses, polyoma- and papillomaviruses. (buffalo.edu)

The present invention relates to polypeptides that immunologically mimic papillomavirus latent proteins and to antibodies and monoclonal antibodies that immunoreact with papillomavirus latent proteins. (freepatentsonline.com)
Several different viruses target the individual BET proteins for a variety of purposes but often to regulate viral and cellular transcription ( 4 , 7 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 45 , 57 , 60 ). (asm.org)
The papillomavirus E2 proteins bind to Brd4, and some utilize this interaction in tethering the viral genomes to mitotic chromosomes ( 1 , 3 , 57 , 59 ). (asm.org)
To investigate the molecular determinants of the HPV16 L1 conformational epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 16A, we utilized a domain-swapping approach to generate a series of L1 proteins composed of a canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) L1 backbone containing different regions of HPV16 L1. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence alignment of 52 papillomavirus L1 proteins from different host species demonstrates that there is considerable homology with the exception of 5 hypervariable regions, each ranging from 10 to 30 amino acids in length and located within a surface-exposed loop. (biomedcentral.com)

In bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1), the E2 gene encodes three different polypeptides ( 22 ). (asm.org)
O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos e as análises filogenéticas realizadas nos fragmentos E5L2 resultaram na identificação de BPV1, 2 e 13 em 14 (70%), 2 (10%) e em 4 (20%) amostras de sarcoides, respectivamente. (scielo.br)
The phylogenetic analyses of E5L2 resulted in the identification of BPV1, 2, and 13 in 14 (70%), 2 (10%), and 4 (20%) sarcoids, respectively. (scielo.br)
Two horses demonstrated multiple lesions: the sarcoids of one of these contained only BPV1 DNA and those of the other contained three types of bovine Deltapapillomavirus (BPV1, 2, and 13). (scielo.br)

Chromosomal abnormalities or aberrations were investigated in ten bovines, three canines and three equines presenting cutaneous papillomatosis. (nepjol.info)
Cutaneous Papillomaviruses and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Causal Agents or Innocent Bystanders? (frontiersin.org)
Bovine papilloma antigen detected by fluorescent antibody was correlated with the appearance of infectious virus and with epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratinization in the developing bovine cutaneous papilloma. (aacrjournals.org)
Two novel bovine papillomavirus type 7 (BPV-7) variants have been identified in teat cutaneous papillomas affecting dairy cows in northern Italy. (usda.gov)
This report describes the first complete nucleotide sequence of an avian papillomavirus from a cutaneous lesion of an African grey parrot: PePV. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiple bovine papillomavirus infections associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in brazilian cattle herds. (rsdjournal.org)

Papillomavirus genomes have been cloned from 20 mammalian host species. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus far, only two avian papillomavirus genomes were cloned, one from a chaffinch and the second from a parrot papilloma. (biomedcentral.com)

In the case of papillomaviruses, gene clusters match well our knowledge on viral biology and life cycle, illustrating the potential of our approach. (biomedcentral.com)

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, infectious and neoplastic disease, characterized by the presence of multiple papillomas that can regress spontaneously or to persist and progress to malignancies when in association with environmental cofactors. (openaccesspub.org)
Bovine papilomavírus (BPVs) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, a disease that triggers warts throughout the skin, udder, roofs, genitalia and in more severe cases can develop extensive papillomas, cause neoplasia in the digestive tract and bladder, cause losses in productivity and losses to livestock. (rsdjournal.org)
2013). Molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomatosis and the identification of a putative new virus type in Brazilian cattle. (rsdjournal.org)

Canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), also known as Canine Papillomavirus type 1 (CPV1), induces papillomas at the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and at the haired skin of dogs. (bvsalud.org)

The tissue samples were tested for immunoexpression of p53 and p16 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bovine herpesvirus and papillomavirus. (veterinaryworld.org)
Bovine herpesvirus and papillomavirus were not detected by PCR. (veterinaryworld.org)
Glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) confers an extended host range to BoHV-1 but does not contribute to invasion of the brain. (uzh.ch)
Cloning of Bovine herpesvirus type 1 and type 5 as infectious bacterial artifical chromosomes. (uzh.ch)

Several overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified both on the basis of amino acid comparison with other papillomaviruses and on their transcriptional pattern. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The papillomavirus E2 transcriptional activation functions are also mediated through Brd4 ( 35 , 41 , 42 ). (asm.org)

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a paraphyletic group of DNA viruses of the subfamily Firstpapillomavirinae of Papillomaviridae that are common in cattle. (wikipedia.org)
BPVs have been used as a model for studying papillomavirus molecular biology and for dissecting the mechanisms by which this group of viruses cause cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Comparison between the polypeptides of BPV-4 and other papillomaviruses showed that BPV-4 is evolutionarily closer to the epitheliotropic human and rabbit viruses than to BPV-1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Papillomavirus are small DNA viruses that cause persistent epithelial lesions called papillomas ( 15 ). (asm.org)
It is now recognized that papillomaviruses are a diverse group of non- enveloped DNA viruses that infect animals ranging from birds to manatees . (wikidoc.org)
Early virus classification depended heavily on morphology as shown by EM ( 2 , 4 , 60 ), and many of the intestinal viruses were discovered by EM examination of feces after negative staining ( 32 , 46 , 54 , 96 ). (asm.org)
Any of a group of DNA viruses of the family Papillomavirus that can cause warts and certain types of cancer in mammals. (thefreedictionary.com)
Papillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA tumour viruses that infect humans and animals. (caister.com)
The human papillomaviruses (HPV) came into the play as members of a family of animal tumor viruses and because of their known association with genital infections. (caister.com)
BPV provides an excellent model for studying papillomavirus molecular biology, and also allows the dissection of the processes by which this group of viruses cause cancer. (violinet.org)
Papillomaviruses are a diverse group of epitheliotropic double-stranded DNA viruses, of which more than 75 have been identified in 20 species. (askjpc.org)

Papillomavirus infections are thought to be the probable reason for the higher incidence of cancer of the cervix in women with many sexual partners. (thefreedictionary.com)
The rhesus papillomavirus type D (RhPV-d) is the most common isolate associated with genital infections in macaques, and was associated with 60% of genital lesions diagnosed in rhesus macaques,(7) which include vaginal papillomas, varying stages of intraepithelial dysplasia, and invasive cervical carcinoma. (askjpc.org)

They are highly host-specific, cannot be propagated in tissue culture and, with the exception of some ungulate papillomaviruses, infect only epithelial cells. (inchem.org)

Template:Taxobox group i entry Template:Taxobox familia entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox section subdivision Template:Taxobox image Template:Taxobox end Papillomaviruses were first identified in the early 20th century, when it was shown that skin warts , or papillomas , could be transmitted between individuals by a filterable infectious agent. (wikidoc.org)
EcPV2 DNA in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology. (uzh.ch)
Canine inverted papillomas associated with DNA of four different papillomaviruses. (uzh.ch)
and BPV-6 causes frond epithelial papillomas of the bovine udder and teats. (thefreedictionary.com)

The research identified papillomavirus oncogenes and the molecular mechanisms of their damaging effects. (wikipedia.org)
This work is considered fundamental for the understanding of the pathogenesis of papillomaviruses at the molecular level. (wikipedia.org)

The bovine origin of both the renal and splenic cancers was confirmed by the presence of bovine major histocompatibility complex class I antigens in the cancer cells and by sequencing the Harvey-ras 1 gene, which was shown to be of bovine origin. (elsevier.com)
Howley and his co-workers created gene maps of many species of papillomaviruses and analyzed their transcription patterns and systems of transcription regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Archives of Disease in Childhood, The Journal of the British Paediatric Association, Annotations, "Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis," vol. 68(4), Apr. (patentgenius.com)
The human papillomavirus type 16 E6 gene alone is sufficient to induce carcinomas in transgenic animals. (smokershistory.com)

Although papillomaviruses were initially discovered because of their ability to cause warts, sampling of apparently normal skin and mucosal surfaces has revealed that many papillomavirus types tend not to cause overt symptoms. (wikidoc.org)
Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can cause protuberant warts (see images ) in its native host, the North American rabbit genus Sylvilagus . (wikidoc.org)
What are 4 components of surgical treatment for penile papilloma (warts)? (brainscape.com)
human papillomavirus any of numerous species that cause warts, particularly plantar and venereal warts , on the skin and mucous membranes in humans, transmitted by either direct or indirect contact. (thefreedictionary.com)

Detection of antibodies against epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated canine Papillomavirus 3 in sera of dogs from Europe and Africa by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (uzh.ch)

1999 Apr ;112(4):411-8. (fondation-r-touraine.org)
Radiat Res 1999 Apr;151(4):385-390. (smokershistory.com)

A papillomatous cyst was induced by implanting bovine foetal palate epithelium, infected in vitro with bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4), beneath the renal capsule of a nude mouse. (elsevier.com)

Genomic comparison of bovine papillomavirus 1 isolates from bovine, equine and asinine lesional tissue samples. (uzh.ch)
Entire genomic sequence of novel canine papillomavirus type 13. (uzh.ch)

A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. (smokershistory.com)

Bovine papillomavirus 24: A novel member of the genus Xipapillomavirus detected in the Amazon region. (rsdjournal.org)

In 1969, a virus isolated from cultured lymphocytes of cattle in an afflicted herd was identified as the agent of bovine leukosis ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Epub 2018 Oct 4. (nih.gov)
2018). Papillomaviruses in ruminants: An update. (rsdjournal.org)

This suggests that different papillomavirus genotypes may represent different serotypes and that neutralizing antibody responses to different papillomaviruses are type-specific. (biomedcentral.com)

The nucleotide sequence of bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4) was determined. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Inter-species transmission has also been documented for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1. (wikidoc.org)
The close relationship between PePV and FPV, and between their Psittaciformes and Passeriformes hosts, supports the hypothesis that papillomaviruses have co-evolved and speciated together with their host species throughout evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
Papillomaviruses are a large group of pathogens that cause epithelial proliferations in a wide spectrum of vertebrate species. (biomedcentral.com)

Bovine leukosis (B-cell leukemia/lymphoma), first described in 1871 in Lithuania, was believed to be an infectious disease because it spread through herds of cattle. (cdc.gov)
The infectious pathway of the non-enveloped Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV16) includes binding to the cell surface, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and penetration into an endosome. (biomedcentral.com)

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus, causes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in cattle and is prevalent in herds globally. (cdc.gov)
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a worldwide oncogenic virus, present in at least 60% of Brazilian cattle herd 1 , 2 . (openaccesspub.org)

Relationships between 80 human papillomavirus genotypes and different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: association and causality. (smokershistory.com)

Compositions containing papillomavirus VLPs or capsomeres are used, alone or in combination with other agents, as microbicides that substantially block papillomavirus binding receptors on the surface or vicinity of cells in a tissue to be treated with the composition. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Immune response to bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine sarcoid. (rsdjournal.org)
Bovine papillomavirus type 13 dna in equine sarcoids. (rsdjournal.org)
BPV-1 and BPV-2 can also induce sarcomas and fibrosarcomas in other mammals, including equids (equine sarcoid) and, experimentally, rabbits, hamsters and mice ( Wiki: Bovine papillomavirus ). (violinet.org)

2000 Dec 4 ;192(11):1535-44. (fondation-r-touraine.org)

6. Naghshineh, R., Hagdoost, S.I. and Mokhber-Dezfuli, M.R. (1991) A retrospective study of the incidence of bovine neoplasm in Iran. (veterinaryworld.org)

BPV-4 causes squamous cell carcinomas of the alimentary tract, and BPV-1/2 causes carcinomas and haemangioendotheliomas of the urinary bladder, in both cases in animals that have fed on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). (wikipedia.org)

Prior to separation, amino acids were derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole using as a mobile phase 50 mM phosphate (pH 2.5), water, and acetonitrile in the ratio of 1:1:8. (saladgaffe.ml)

Anatomy13

Organisms21

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes26

Information Science3

A mutational analysis of the transforming functions of the E8 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 4. (1/28)

An enhanced epithelial response of a papillomavirus promoter to transcriptional activators. (2/28)

alpha6 integrin is not the obligatory cell receptor for bovine papillomavirus type 4. (3/28)

A novel silencer element in the bovine papillomavirus type 4 promoter represses the transcriptional response to papillomavirus E2 protein. (4/28)

Quercetin, E7 and p53 in papillomavirus oncogenic cell transformation. (5/28)

Cell transformation by the E5/E8 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 4. p27(Kip1), Elevated through increased protein synthesis is sequestered by cyclin D1-CDK4 complexes. (6/28)

Down-regulation of MHC class I by bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoproteins. (7/28)

Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I in bovine papillomas. (8/28)

Bovine papillomavirus 1

Bovine papillomavirus 4

Papillomavirus Infections

Papillomaviridae

Oncogene Proteins, Viral

Human papillomavirus 16

Papillomavirus E7 Proteins

Papillomavirus Vaccines

DNA, Viral

Human papillomavirus 18

Tumor Virus Infections

Human papillomavirus 11

Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Viral Proteins

Cell Transformation, Viral

Papilloma

Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus

Deltapapillomavirus

Cattle

Warts

Molecular Sequence Data

DNA-Binding Proteins

Genes, Viral

Base Sequence

Alphapapillomavirus

Human papillomavirus 6

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Cell Line

DNA Replication

Cattle Diseases

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Plasmids

Horse Diseases

Capsid Proteins

Condylomata Acuminata

Human papillomavirus 31

Cervix Uteri

Cell Line, Transformed

Virus Replication

Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta

Vaginal Smears

Amino Acid Sequence

Replication Origin

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Repressor Proteins

Binding Sites

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

Keratinocytes

DNA Probes, HPV

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Transcription, Genetic

Genome, Viral

Capsid

Uterine Cervical Diseases

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Adenovirus E2 Proteins

Buffaloes

Transfection

Horses

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Cloning, Molecular

Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Equidae

Open Reading Frames

Mutation

Antibodies, Viral

Virion

Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

RNA, Viral

Trans-Activators

Protein Binding

Restriction Mapping

Uterine Cervical Dysplasia

Penile Neoplasms

Papanicolaou Test

Vulvar Neoplasms

Transcription Factors

Transcriptional Activation

Serum Albumin, Bovine