Bone patellar tendon bone grafting. Medical search

A band of fibrous tissue that attaches the apex of the PATELLA to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA. The ligament is actually the caudal continuation of the common tendon of the QUADRICEPS FEMORIS. The patella is embedded in that tendon. As such, the patellar ligament can be thought of as connecting the quadriceps femoris tendon to the tibia, and therefore it is sometimes called the patellar tendon.

Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.

Injuries to the fibrous cords of connective tissue which attach muscles to bones or other structures.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.

A fibrous cord that connects the muscles in the back of the calf to the HEEL BONE.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance. Distinguishing tendinosis from tendinitis is clinically difficult and can be made only after histopathological examination.

Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease.

Fixation of the ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT, during surgical reconstruction, by the use of a bone-patellar tendon graft.

Conservative contouring of the alveolar process, in preparation for immediate or future denture construction. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.

A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.

Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.

The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.

The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p2001)

A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for removal of new growth or other abnormal tissue, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. It is performed with a curet (curette), a spoon-shaped instrument designed for that purpose. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Dorland, 27th ed)

Diseases of BONES.

The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.

A team sport in which two teams hit an inflated ball back and forth over a high net using their hands.

Surgical procedure to add bone to the ALVEOLAR RIDGE in children born with a CLEFT LIP and a CLEFT PALATE.

Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.

Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.

The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.

Surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity that is caused by congenital or acquired shortening of a muscle (Stedman, 27th ed). Tenotomy is performed in order to lengthen a muscle that has developed improperly, or become shortened and is resistant to stretching.

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

A region of the lower extremity immediately surrounding and including the KNEE JOINT.

The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)

Numerical expression indicating the measure of stiffness in a material. It is defined by the ratio of stress in a unit area of substance to the resulting deformation (strain). This allows the behavior of a material under load (such as bone) to be calculated.

Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.

Breaks in bones.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE of the anterior compartment of the THIGH that has its origins on the anterior aspect of the iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine, and its insertion point on the iliotibial tract. It plays a role in medial rotation of the THIGH, steadying the trunk, and in KNEE extension.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.

Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.

Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.

Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to stretching, which stimulates muscle proprioceptors.

The eight bones of the wrist: SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; TRIQUETRUM BONE; PISIFORM BONE; TRAPEZIUM BONE; TRAPEZOID BONE; CAPITATE BONE; and HAMATE BONE.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

A number of ligaments on either side of, and serving as a radius of movement of, a joint having a hingelike movement. They occur at the elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.

Fractures of the femur.

Rebuilding of the ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT to restore functional stability of the knee. AUTOGRAFTING or ALLOGRAFTING of tissues is often used.

A family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.

A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A competitive team sport played on a rectangular court having a raised basket at each end.

Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

The articulation between the articular surface of the PATELLA and the patellar surface of the FEMUR.

Aseptic or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The major types are idiopathic (primary), as a complication of fractures or dislocations, and LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE.

A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

Fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. Although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.

Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)

A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.

Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.

The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.

Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.

The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.

Individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in SPORTS or other physical activities.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Intraoral OSTEOTOMY of the lower jaw usually performed in order to correct MALOCCLUSION.

The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.

Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge.

The second largest of the TARSAL BONES. It articulates with the TIBIA and FIBULA to form the ANKLE JOINT.

The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.

A type of strength-building exercise program that requires the body muscle to exert a force against some form of resistance, such as weight, stretch bands, water, or immovable objects. Resistance exercise is a combination of static and dynamic contractions involving shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.

Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.

The shaft of long bones.

Injuries to the lower jaw bone.

Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.

One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.

The part of the pelvis that comprises the pelvic socket where the head of FEMUR joins to form HIP JOINT (acetabulofemoral joint).

Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.

Replacement of the hip joint.

Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.

Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)

Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.

The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.

The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Replacement for a knee joint.

The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone.

Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.

Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.

Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. The implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment.

The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive.

The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.

Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the HUMERUS in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the SHOULDER JOINT about its longitudinal axis.

Replacement for a hip joint.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.

Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A bone fixation technique using an external fixator (FIXATORS, EXTERNAL) for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthroses and other deformities, and assisting the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis. The method was devised by the Russian orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (1921-1992). (From Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1992 Summer;52(1):1)

Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

The amount of force generated by MUSCLE CONTRACTION. Muscle strength can be measured during isometric, isotonic, or isokinetic contraction, either manually or using a device such as a MUSCLE STRENGTH DYNAMOMETER.

Replacement of the knee joint.

A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.

A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.

The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.

A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)

The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.

Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

The bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. It includes the FEMUR; PATELLA; TIBIA; and FIBULA.

A thick, fibrocartilaginous ligament at the metacarpophalageal joint.

A dead body, usually a human body.

The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.

Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.

The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.

Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Surgical insertion of BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESES, or transplanted BLOOD VESSELS, or other biological material to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.

Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.

Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).

The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.

Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.

Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.

Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.

General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.

The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.

A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.

Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Resorbable screws versus pins for optimal transplant fixation (SPOT) in anterior cruciate ligament replacement with autologous hamstring grafts: rationale and design of a randomized, controlled, patient and investigator blinded trial [ISRCTN17384369]. (1/41)

BACKGROUND: Ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are common injuries to the knee joint. Arthroscopic ACL replacement by autologous tendon grafts has established itself as a standard of care. Data from both experimental and observational studies suggest that surgical reconstruction does not fully restore knee stability. Persisting anterior laxity may lead to recurrent episodes of giving-way and cartilage damage. This might at least in part depend on the method of graft fixation in the bony tunnels. Whereas resorbable screws are easy to handle, pins may better preserve graft tension. The objective of this study is to determine whether pinning of ACL grafts reduces residual anterior laxity six months after surgery as compared to screw fixation. DESIGN/METHODS: SPOT is a randomised, controlled, patient and investigator blinded trial conducted at a single academic institution. Eligible patients are scheduled to arthroscopic ACL repair with triple-stranded hamstring grafts, conducted by a single, experienced surgeon. Intraoperatively, subjects willing to engage in this study will be randomised to transplant tethering with either resorbable screws or resorbable pins. No other changes apply to locally established treatment protocols. Patients and clinical investigators will remain blinded to the assigned fixation method until the six-month follow-up examination. The primary outcome is the side-to-side (repaired to healthy knee) difference in anterior translation as measured by the KT-1000 arthrometer at a defined load (89 N) six months after surgery. A sample size of 54 patients will yield a power of 80% to detect a difference of 1.0 mm +/- standard deviation 1.2 mm at a two-sided alpha of 5% with a t-test for independent samples. Secondary outcomes (generic and disease-specific measures of quality of life, magnetic resonance imaging morphology of transplants and devices) will be handled in an exploratory fashion. CONCLUSION: SPOT aims at showing a reduction in anterior knee laxity after fixing ACL grafts by pins compared to screws. (+info)

Quantitative evaluation of anterior tibial translation during isokinetic motion in knees with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using either patellar or hamstring tendon grafts. (2/41)

We studied 79 patients with unilateral injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The patients were randomly allocated to reconstruction with autologous patellar bone-tendon-bone (BTB) grafts (49 knees) or hamstring tendon (ST) grafts (30 knees). We measured anterior tibial translation (ATT) during isokinetic concentric contraction exercise 18-20 months after surgery using a computerized electrogoniometer. In both groups the highest ATT during exercise was observed at a knee flexion of about 20 degrees and was 13.5+/-3.0 mm in the BTB group and 13.9+/-3.4 mm in the ST group. There was no difference in the ATT between the reconstructed and healthy knees. For a range of knee flexion between 30 and 50 degrees the ATT in the ST group was significantly higher on the reconstructed side than on the healthy side. In the BTB group, the mean ATT in the reconstructed group was similar to that on the healthy side at a knee flexion angle between 0 and 90 degrees . (+info)

Evaluation of tibial bone-tunnel changes with X-ray and computed tomography after ACL reconstruction using a bone-patella tendon-bone autograft. (3/41)

Thirteen patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with bone-patella tendon-bone autografts (BTB) using interference screws were the subjects of this study. We analysed the relationship between bone-tunnel changes and clinical results 2 years after ACL reconstruction. To investigate changes, X-ray images were used to evaluate bone-tunnel enlargement, and computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate the sclerotic area around the bone tunnel. The KT-2000 was used to measure the discrepancy of tibial anterior displacement between the affected and nonaffected sides (DTAD). There was no correlation between bone-tunnel enlargement and DTAD. On the other hand, in the CT evaluation, there was a significant correlation between the sclerotic area and DTAD. Our results suggest that it is more significant to analyse the area of sclerotic change than bone-tunnel enlargement for clinical evaluation. We cannot evaluate bone-tunnel changes correctly with two-dimensional X-rays and cannot analyse the sclerotic area using X-rays. Therefore, we recommend that CT, with which it is possible to analyse the sclerotic area, be used to evaluate bone-tunnel changes and clinical results. (+info)

Bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts versus hamstring autografts for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: meta-analysis. (4/41)

OBJECTIVES: To compare bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts with hamstring autografts for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. DATA SOURCES: Medline, WebSPIRS, Science Citation Index, Current Contents databases, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Review methods All randomised controlled trials reporting one or more outcome related to stability (instrumented measurement of knee laxity, Lachman test, or pivot shift test) and morbidity (anterior knee pain, kneeling test, loss of extension, or graft failure). Study quality was assessed by using a 5 point scale. Random effect models were used to pool the data. Heterogeneity in the effect of treatment was tested on the basis of study quality, randomisation status, and number of tendon strands used. RESULTS: 24 trials of 18 cohorts (1512 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Study quality was poor for nine studies and fair for nine studies. The weighted mean difference of the instrumented measurement of knee laxity was 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.71; P = 0.04). Relative risk of a positive Lachman test was 1.22 (1.01 to 1.47; P = 0.04), of anterior knee pain 0.57 (0.44 to 0.74; P < 0.0001), of a positive kneeling test 0.26 (0.14 to 0.48; P < 0.0001), and of loss of extension 0.52 (0.34 to 0.80; P = 0.003). Other results were not significant. CONCLUSION: Morbidity was lower for hamstring autografts than for patellar tendon autografts. Evidence that patellar tendon autografts offer better stability was weak. The poor quality of the studies calls into question the robustness of the analyses. (+info)

The effect of interference screw diameter on soft tissue graft fixation. (5/41)

Tibial fixation of soft-tissue grafts is a weak link in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Previous studies have examined varying interference screw lengths, screw types and tunnel sizes as means to improve graft fixation. We hypothesized that increasing interference screw diameter would significantly increase the maximum load to failure of the graft and decrease the graft's initial slippage. Seventy tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior tendons were divided, looped, trimmed, and sutured to simulate 4-strand hamstring grafts. These grafts were then inserted into composite bone blocks having pre-drilled 8 mm holes and fixed with 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, or 12 mm interference screws. Fourteen grafts were tested for each screw size. The graft was first cyclically loaded from 50 N to 250 N at 0.3 Hz for 100 cycles to measure graft slippage. The graft was then tested to failure at 0.5 mm/sec to determine the maximum load to failure and mode of failure. Graft slippage was not affected by screw diameter. Maximum load to failure increased with increasing screw diameter up to 11 mm; 11 mm screw fixation was 20% stronger than 8 mm screw fixation. In this model, no increase in graft fixation was seen in by increasing interference screw diameter beyond 3 mm of the tunnel diameter. (+info)

The interaction between the whipstitch sutures of multi-strand ACL grafts and interference screw fixation. (6/41)

In a recent experiment examining the effect of interference screw sizing on the fixation stability of multi-strand anterior cruciate ligament grafts, we noticed a large variation in fixation strengths and attributed it to the suturing of the grafts and its interaction with the screw. We performed an experiment using interference screws for fixation of hamstring grafts within a bone tunnel model to compare how the presence of sutures affected graft fixation. We found that having sutures along the region of the graft that contacts the screw within the bone tunnel can increase graft fixation strength 100%. (+info)

The effect of graft choice on functional outcome in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. (7/41)

A prospective, randomised, 5-year follow-up study was designed to compare the functional results between patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Primary reconstruction was performed in 32 patients using the central third of the patellar ligament and in 32 patients using double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. All reconstructions were performed by a single surgeon, with identical surgical technique and rehabilitation protocol. Of the total 64 patients in the study, 54 (85%) were available for the 5-year follow-up. No statistically significant differences were seen with respect to Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) classification, clinical and KT-2000 arthrometer laxity testing, single-legged hop test and anterior knee pain. Graft rupture occurred in two patients (8%) in the patellar tendon group and in two patients (7%) in the hamstring tendon group; 23 patients (88%) in the patellar tendon group and 23 patients (82%) in the hamstring tendon group returned to their pre-injury activity level. Good subjective outcome and stability can be obtained by using either graft; no statistically significant differences were found in functional outcome between the grafts. (+info)

Proprioceptive skills and functional outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone-tendon-bone graft. (8/41)

Several studies have shown that patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have an improved proprioceptive function compared to subjects with ACL-deficient knees. The measurement of functional scores and proprioception potentially provides clinicians with more information on the status of the ACL-reconstructed knees. To evaluate proprioception in patients following ACL reconstruction with a bone-tendon-bone (BTB) graft, we used the angle reproduction in the sitting, lying and standing positions and the one-leg hop test. Forty-five patients between 19 and 52 years of age were investigated in a 36-month period after the operation. For functional performance measurement, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was used. Very good and good results were seen in 95% of cases. All patients returned to the same activity level as seen before ACL repair. There was a significant difference in the active angle reproduction test between the ACL-reconstructed knees and normal knees in the active sitting position. Tests with passive angle adjustment in the sitting, lying and active standing positions did not show any differences in proprioceptive skills. Good to very good results in the one-leg hop test we found in 95% of patients. After ACL reconstruction, deficiencies in the active angle reproduction test were very small but, nevertheless, were still observed. Overall, the functional and proprioceptive outcomes demonstrate results to recommend the procedure. (+info)

There are several types of tendon injuries, including:

1. Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive strain or overuse.
2. Tendon rupture: A complete tear of a tendon, which can be caused by trauma or degenerative conditions such as rotator cuff tears in the shoulder.
3. Tendon strain: A stretch or tear of a tendon, often caused by acute injury or overuse.
4. Tendon avulsion: A condition where a tendon is pulled away from its attachment point on a bone.

Symptoms of tendon injuries can include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the severity of the injury and may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or surgery. Preventive measures such as proper warm-up and cool-down exercises, stretching, and using appropriate equipment can help reduce the risk of tendon injuries.

Tendinopathy can affect any tendon in the body but is most common in the tendons of the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, and ankles. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, warmth, and limited mobility in the affected area.

Tendinopathy can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

1. Overuse or repetitive strain injuries: Tendons can become inflamed or degenerated due to repetitive movements, especially in sports or occupations that involve repetitive arm or leg movements.
2. Age-related wear and tear: As we age, our tendons can become less flexible and more prone to injury or degeneration.
3. Trauma or acute injuries: Tendon injuries can occur from sudden or severe impacts, such as falls or direct blows to the affected area.
4. Systemic diseases: Certain systemic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout, can affect tendons and cause inflammation or degeneration.
5. Poor posture or biomechanics: Poor posture or biomechanics can place excessive stress on tendons, leading to inflammation or degeneration over time.

There are several types of tendinopathy, including:

1. Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive strain or acute injury.
2. Tendinosis: Degenerative changes in a tendon, often due to age-related wear and tear or chronic overuse.
3. Tendon rupture: A complete tear of a tendon, which can be caused by acute trauma or degenerative changes.
4. Tennis elbow: A common condition characterized by inflammation of the tendons on the outside of the elbow, often caused by repetitive gripping or twisting motions.
5. Golfer's elbow: A similar condition to tennis elbow, but affecting the tendons on the inside of the elbow.
6. Achilles tendinopathy: Inflammation or degeneration of the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone.
7. Patellar tendinopathy: Inflammation or degeneration of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the shinbone.

Treatment for tendinopathy depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Rest and avoidance of aggravating activities.
2. Physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, and biomechanics.
3. Anti-inflammatory medications or injections.
4. Orthotics or bracing to support the affected area.
5. Surgery in severe cases, such as when there is a complete tear of the tendon.

Examples:

1. A ruptured Achilles tendon occurs when the tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone is stretched too far and tears.
2. A ruptured appendix occurs when the appendix suddenly bursts, leading to infection and inflammation.
3. A ruptured aneurysm occurs when a weakened blood vessel bulges and bursts, leading to bleeding in the brain.
4. A ruptured eardrum occurs when there is sudden pressure on the eardrum, such as from an explosion or a blow to the head, which causes it to tear.
5. A ruptured ovarian cyst occurs when a fluid-filled sac on the ovary bursts, leading to pain and bleeding.

Symptoms of rupture can include sudden and severe pain, swelling, bruising, and bleeding. Treatment for rupture depends on the location and severity of the injury and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions.

Also known as nonunion or malunion.

Note: This term is not intended to be used as a substitute for proper medical advice. Do you have a specific question about your condition? Please ask your healthcare provider for more information.

1. Meniscal tears: The meniscus is a cartilage structure in the knee joint that can tear due to twisting or bending movements.
2. Ligament sprains: The ligaments that connect the bones of the knee joint can become stretched or torn, leading to instability and pain.
3. Torn cartilage: The articular cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the knee joint can tear due to wear and tear or trauma.
4. Fractures: The bones of the knee joint can fracture as a result of a direct blow or fall.
5. Dislocations: The bones of the knee joint can become dislocated, causing pain and instability.
6. Patellar tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the shinbone.
7. Iliotibial band syndrome: Inflammation of the iliotibial band, a ligament that runs down the outside of the thigh and crosses the knee joint.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition in which a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached from the end of a bone in the knee joint.
9. Baker's cyst: A fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee, usually as a result of a tear in the meniscus or a knee injury.

Symptoms of knee injuries can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. Treatment for knee injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may range from conservative measures such as physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention.

There are several factors that can contribute to bone resorption, including:

1. Hormonal changes: Hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin can regulate bone resorption. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to excessive bone resorption.
2. Aging: As we age, our bones undergo remodeling more frequently, leading to increased bone resorption.
3. Nutrient deficiencies: Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients can impair bone health and lead to excessive bone resorption.
4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase bone resorption, leading to bone loss and weakening.
5. Genetics: Some genetic disorders can affect bone metabolism and lead to abnormal bone resorption.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can increase bone resorption.
7. Diseases: Conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and bone cancer can lead to abnormal bone resorption.

Bone resorption can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing: This test measures the density of bone in specific areas of the body. Low BMD can indicate bone loss and excessive bone resorption.
2. X-rays and imaging studies: These tests can help identify abnormal bone growth or other signs of bone resorption.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain hormones and nutrients that are involved in bone metabolism.
4. Bone biopsy: A bone biopsy can provide a direct view of the bone tissue and help diagnose conditions such as Paget's disease or bone cancer.

Treatment for bone resorption depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other medications can help slow or stop bone resorption.
2. Diet and exercise: A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, can help maintain strong bones.
3. Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to improve bone strength and mobility.
4. Surgery: In severe cases of bone resorption, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Some common types of bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by brittle, porous bones that are prone to fracture.
2. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that causes pain and stiffness in the joints.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
4. Bone cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the bones.
5. Paget's disease of bone: A condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and deformity.
6. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone and can cause brittle bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare condition characterized by abnormal growth and development of bone tissue.
8. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
9. Bone cysts: Fluid-filled cavities that can form in the bones and cause pain, weakness, and deformity.
10. Bone spurs: Abnormal growths of bone that can form along the edges of joints and cause pain and stiffness.

Bone diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and bone biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

Example Sentences:

1. The star quarterback suffered a serious athletic injury during last night's game and is out for the season.
2. The athlete underwent surgery to repair a torn ACL, one of the most common athletic injuries in high-impact sports.
3. The coach emphasized the importance of proper technique to prevent athletic injuries among his team members.
4. After suffering a minor sprain, the runner was advised to follow the RICE method to recover and return to competition as soon as possible.

There are several types of bone cysts, including:

1. Simple bone cysts: These are the most common type of bone cyst and typically occur in children and young adults. They are filled with air or fluid and do not contain any cancerous cells.
2. Angiomatous cysts: These are smaller than simple bone cysts and are usually found near the ends of long bones. They are also filled with blood vessels and do not contain any cancerous cells.
3. Unicameral (simple) bone cysts: These are similar to simple bone cysts but are larger and may be more complex in shape.
4. Multicameral bone cysts: These are larger than unicameral bone cysts and may contain multiple chambers filled with air or fluid.
5. Enchondromas: These are benign tumors that occur within the cartilage of a bone. They are usually found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
6. Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that occur in the cartilage of a bone. They are typically found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
7. Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the cartilage and bone of a joint. They are usually found near the ends of long bones.
8. Malignant bone cysts: These are rare and can be cancerous. They may occur in any bone of the body and can be aggressive, spreading quickly to other areas of the body.

The symptoms of bone cysts can vary depending on their size and location. They may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. In some cases, they may also lead to fractures or deformities.

Diagnosis of bone cysts usually involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions.

Treatment for bone cysts depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require any treatment, while larger cysts may need to be drained or surgically removed. In some cases, medication such as bisphosphonates may be used to help reduce the risk of fractures.

In conclusion, bone cysts are abnormalities that can occur in any bone of the body. They can be benign or malignant and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests, and treatment may involve observation, draining, or surgical removal.

There are several types of joint instability, including:

1. Ligamentous laxity: A condition where the ligaments surrounding a joint become stretched or torn, leading to instability.
2. Capsular laxity: A condition where the capsule, a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds a joint, becomes stretched or torn, leading to instability.
3. Muscular imbalance: A condition where the muscles surrounding a joint are either too weak or too strong, leading to instability.
4. Osteochondral defects: A condition where there is damage to the cartilage and bone within a joint, leading to instability.
5. Post-traumatic instability: A condition that develops after a traumatic injury to a joint, such as a dislocation or fracture.

Joint instability can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Trauma: A sudden and forceful injury to a joint, such as a fall or a blow.
2. Overuse: Repeated stress on a joint, such as from repetitive motion or sports activities.
3. Genetics: Some people may be born with joint instability due to inherited genetic factors.
4. Aging: As we age, our joints can become less stable due to wear and tear on the cartilage and other tissues.
5. Disease: Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, can cause joint instability.

Symptoms of joint instability may include:

1. Pain: A sharp, aching pain in the affected joint, especially with movement.
2. Stiffness: Limited range of motion and stiffness in the affected joint.
3. Swelling: Swelling and inflammation in the affected joint.
4. Instability: A feeling of looseness or instability in the affected joint.
5. Crepitus: Grinding or crunching sensations in the affected joint.

Treatment for joint instability depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Rest and ice: Resting the affected joint and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling.
2. Physical therapy: Strengthening the surrounding muscles to support the joint and improve stability.
3. Bracing: Using a brace or splint to provide support and stability to the affected joint.
4. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce pain and inflammation.
5. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or reconstruct the damaged tissues and improve joint stability.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

Pseudarthrosis is also known as "false joint" or "pseudoarthrosis." It is a relatively rare condition but can be challenging to diagnose and treat. Treatment options for pseudarthrosis may include further surgery, bone grafting, or the use of orthobiologics such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to promote healing.

In some cases, pseudarthrosis can be associated with other conditions such as osteomyelitis (bone infection) or bone cancer. It is essential to seek medical attention if there are signs of pseudarthrosis, such as persistent pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected limb, to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.

It's important to note that the term "pseudarthrosis" should not be confused with "osteoarthritis," which is a degenerative joint disease that affects the cartilage and bone of the joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. While both conditions can cause joint pain, they have different underlying causes and require distinct treatment approaches.

Tibial fractures can range in severity from minor cracks or hairline breaks to more severe breaks that extend into the bone's shaft or even the joint. Treatment for these injuries often involves immobilization of the affected leg with a cast, brace, or walking boot, as well as pain management with medication and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

Heterotopic ossification can cause a range of symptoms depending on its location and severity, including pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the affected limb or joint. Treatment options for heterotopic ossification include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to maintain range of motion, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth.

In medical imaging, heterotopic ossification is often diagnosed using X-rays or other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. These tests can help identify the presence of bone growth in an abnormal location and determine the extent of the condition.

Overall, heterotopic ossification is a relatively rare condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life if left untreated. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

The hallmark of GCTB is its large size, with tumors often measuring several centimeters in diameter. The tumor cells are giant cells, which are larger than normal osteoblasts, and they have a distinctive "salt and pepper" appearance under the microscope due to the mixture of light and dark-staining cytoplasmic granules.

The clinical presentation of GCTB varies depending on the location and size of the tumor. Large tumors can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. Smaller tumors may not cause any symptoms and may be incidentally discovered on imaging studies performed for other reasons.

GCTB is a slow-growing tumor, and the exact cause of its development is unknown. Genetic mutations have been identified in some cases, but the exact mechanisms underlying GCTB remain unclear. Treatment options for GCTB include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the size and location of the tumor and the patient's overall health.

In conclusion, giant cell tumor of bone is a rare and benign bone tumor that can occur in any bone of the body. It is characterized by its large size and distinctive histopathological features. Treatment options vary depending on the size and location of the tumor and the patient's overall health.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

* Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.
* Rickets: A vitamin D-deficient disease that causes softening of the bones in children.
* Osteomalacia: A condition similar to rickets, but affecting adults and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
* Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in bone metabolism and an increase in bone resorption.
* Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, leading to low levels of calcium and vitamin D and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases, metabolic are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate bone metabolism. Treatment depends on the specific underlying cause of the disease and may include medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

This can cause pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking. In severe cases, it can lead to complete hip joint dislocation. FHN is typically caused by trauma or aseptic conditions such as osteonecrosis (death of bone cells due to lack of blood supply), sickle cell disease, Gaucher's disease, and long-term use of steroids. Treatment options include conservative management with pain management, physical therapy, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition; or surgical intervention such as femoral head osteotomy (cutting and realigning the bone) or hip replacement.

The prognosis for FHN depends on the severity of the condition, with more severe cases carrying a worse prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving outcomes.

Surgery is often necessary to treat bone cysts, aneurysmal, and the type of surgery will depend on the size and location of the cyst. The goal of surgery is to remove the cyst and any associated damage to the bone. In some cases, the bone may need to be repaired or replaced with a prosthetic.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are relatively rare and account for only about 1% of all bone tumors. They can occur in people of any age but are most commonly seen in children and young adults. Treatment is usually successful, but there is a risk of complications such as infection or nerve damage.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are also known as bone aneurysmal cysts or BACs. They are different from other types of bone cysts, such as simple bone cysts or fibrous dysplasia, which have a different cause and may require different treatment.

Overall, the prognosis for bone cysts, aneurysmal is generally good if they are treated promptly and effectively. However, there is always a risk of complications, and ongoing follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to monitor for any signs of recurrence or further problems.

The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.

Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.

In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:

* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer

Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

Surgery is typically required to repair a cleft palate, and may involve the use of bone grafts or other techniques to restore the normal anatomy and function of the mouth. Speech and language therapy may also be necessary to help improve communication skills. In some cases, hearing loss or ear infections may occur as a result of the cleft palate and may require additional treatment.

Terms related to 'Humeral Fractures' and their definitions:

Displaced Humeral Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken and out of place.

Non-Displaced Humeral Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken but still in its proper place.

Greenstick Fracture: A type of fracture that occurs in children, where the bone bends and partially breaks but does not completely break through.

Comminuted Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken into several pieces.

Open Fracture: A fracture that penetrates the skin, exposing the bone.

Closed Fracture: A fracture that does not penetrate the skin.

Operative Fracture: A fracture that requires surgery to realign and stabilize the bones.

Conservative Fracture: A fracture that can be treated without surgery, using immobilization and other non-surgical methods.

It is important to identify and address prosthesis failure early to prevent further complications and restore the functionality of the device. This may involve repairing or replacing the device, modifying the design, or changing the materials used in its construction. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct issues related to the implantation of the prosthetic device.

Prosthesis failure can occur in various types of prosthetic devices, including joint replacements, dental implants, and orthotic devices. The causes of prosthesis failure can range from manufacturing defects to user error or improper maintenance. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to prosthesis failure to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

In conclusion, prosthesis failure is a common issue that can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals who rely on prosthetic devices. Early identification and addressing of prosthesis failure are crucial to prevent further complications and restore functionality. A comprehensive understanding of the causes of prosthesis failure is necessary to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

Sources:

1. MedlinePlus. (2019). Cleft lip and palate. Retrieved from
2. American Cleft Lip and Palate Association. (n.d.). What is a cleft? Retrieved from
3. Mayo Clinic. (2019). Cleft lip and palate. Retrieved from
4. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2019). Cleft Lip and Palate: Background and Treatment. Retrieved from

Mandibular Injuries can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the jaw bone, including the symphysis (the joint between the two halves of the mandible), the condyle (the rounded end of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone of the skull), and the ramus (the outer portion of the mandible).

Some common types of Mandibular Injuries include:

1. Fractures: These are breaks in the bone that can be caused by direct trauma or a sudden impact.
2. Luxation injuries: These occur when the jaw bone becomes dislocated or moves out of its normal position.
3. Avulsions: These occur when a piece of bone is torn away from the rest of the mandible.
4. Subluxations: These occur when the jaw bone partially dislocates or slips out of place.
5. Contusions: These are bruises that occur when the mandible hits another object or surface.
6. Stretching and tearing of the soft tissue surrounding the mandible, such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Symptoms of Mandibular Injuries can include pain, swelling, difficulty opening or closing the mouth, difficulty speaking or eating, and difficulty moving the jaw. Treatment for these injuries may involve immobilization of the mandible with a splint or cast, medication to manage pain and inflammation, and in some cases surgery to realign or repair the bone.

Types of Wrist Injuries:

1. Sprains and Strains: These are common wrist injuries that occur when the ligaments or muscles are stretched or torn due to sudden movements or overuse.
2. Fractures: A fracture is a break in one or more of the bones in the wrist, which can be caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand or by a direct blow to the wrist.
3. Tendinitis: This is inflammation of the tendons, which connect muscles to bones. Wrist tendinitis can occur due to repetitive movements such as typing or gripping.
4. Carpal tunnel syndrome: This is a condition where the median nerve, which runs down the arm and into the hand through a narrow passageway in the wrist, becomes compressed or pinched. It can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and wrist.
5. Wrist fracture-dislocations: This is a type of injury where a bone in the wrist is broken and displaced from its normal position.
6. Ganglion cysts: These are non-cancerous lumps that can develop on the top of the wrist, usually due to repetitive movement or inflammation.
7. De Quervain's tenosynovitis: This is a condition that affects the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist, causing pain and stiffness in the wrist and thumb.

Symptoms of Wrist Injuries:

1. Pain
2. Swelling
3. Bruising
4. Limited mobility or stiffness
5. Difficulty gripping or grasping objects
6. Numbness or tingling in the hand or fingers
7. Weakness in the wrist or hand

Treatment of Wrist Injuries:

The treatment for wrist injuries depends on the severity of the injury and can range from conservative methods such as rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to surgical intervention. Some common treatments include:

1. Immobilization: A cast or splint may be used to immobilize the wrist and allow it to heal.
2. Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help improve mobility and strength in the wrist.
3. Medications: Pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or steroid injections may be prescribed to manage pain and inflammation.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or realign bones.
5. Rest: Avoid activities that aggravate the injury and give your wrist time to heal.
6. Ice: Apply ice to the affected area to reduce pain and inflammation.
7. Compression: Use a compression bandage to help reduce swelling.
8. Elevation: Keep your hand elevated above the level of your heart to reduce swelling.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

* Severe pain that doesn't improve with medication
* Swelling or bruising that gets worse over time
* Difficulty moving your wrist or fingers
* Deformity or abnormal alignment of the wrist
* Numbness or tingling in your hand or fingers
* Weakness or difficulty gripping objects

If you suspect that you have a wrist injury, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms and provide an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Note: A malunited fracture is sometimes also referred to as a "nonunion fracture" or "fracture nonunion".

Comminuted fractures are often more complex and difficult to treat than other types of fractures because they involve multiple breaks that may require different treatment approaches. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments, and the healing process can take longer for comminuted fractures compared to simple fractures.

Comminuted fractures are classified based on the number and distribution of the breaks in the bone. For example, a comminuted fracture may be described as being "segemental" if it involves multiple breaks in the same segment of the bone, or "non-segmental" if it involves breaks in multiple segments.

Treatment for comminuted fractures typically involves immobilization of the affected limb to allow the bone fragments to heal, as well as pain management and physical therapy to restore strength and range of motion. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments or to remove any loose pieces of bone that may be causing complications.

Osteolysis can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause osteolysis by secreting enzymes that break down bone tissue.
2. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, causing osteolysis.
3. Tumors: Malignant tumors like multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma can cause osteolysis by producing enzymes that destroy bone tissue.
4. Degenerative conditions: Conditions like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Paget's disease can lead to osteolysis due to the gradual breakdown of bone tissue.

Symptoms of osteolysis may include:

1. Bone pain or tenderness
2. Fractures or fracture risk
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in affected joints
4. Swelling or redness in the affected area
5. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections

Treatment for osteolysis depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infections
2. Pain management with medication or physical therapy
3. Surgery to repair or replace damaged bone tissue
4. Orthotics or assistive devices to support affected joints
5. Medications to slow down or stop bone loss, such as bisphosphonates or denosumab

In conclusion, osteolysis is a condition where there is a gradual loss or destruction of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone density and structural integrity. It can be caused by various factors, including infection, inflammation, tumors, and degenerative conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain management, surgery, orthotics, and medications to slow down or stop bone loss.

The term "osteomyelitis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "myelitis," meaning inflammation of the spinal cord. The condition is caused by an infection that spreads to the bone from another part of the body, such as a skin wound or a urinary tract infection.

There are several different types of osteomyelitis, including:

1. Acute osteomyelitis: This type of infection occurs suddenly and can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Chronic osteomyelitis: This type of infection develops slowly over time and is often caused by bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. Pyogenic osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by bacteria that enter the body through a skin wound or other opening.
4. Tubercular osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is often associated with tuberculosis.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis can include fever, chills, fatigue, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to fight the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged bone.

Preventing osteomyelitis involves taking steps to avoid infections altogether, such as practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated against certain diseases, and seeking medical attention promptly if an infection is suspected.

Terms related to 'Fractures, Open':

1. Closed fracture: A fracture where the skin is not broken and there is no exposure of the bone.
2. Comminuted fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken into several pieces.
3. Greenstick fracture: A type of fracture in children where the bone bends and partially breaks, but does not completely break.
4. Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not extend all the way through the bone.
5. Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

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More Medical Definitions

Types of Radius Fractures:

1. Stable fracture: The bone is broken but still in place.
2. Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of place.
3. Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into several pieces.
4. Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone.

Symptoms:

1. Pain in the arm or forearm.
2. Swelling and bruising.
3. Limited mobility or deformity of the arm.
4. Difficulty moving the arm or wrist.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment:

1. Minor fractures may be treated with immobilization in a cast or brace.
2. Displaced or comminuted fractures may require surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the bone.
3. Physical therapy may be necessary to regain strength and mobility in the arm.

Complications:

1. Infection.
2. Nerve damage.
3. Delayed healing.
4. Malunion or nonunion of the fracture, which can cause long-term complications.

Prevention:

1. Wear protective gear during sports and physical activities.
2. Use proper lifting techniques to avoid strain on the arm.
3. Maintain good bone density through a balanced diet and exercise.

Symptoms of spinal tuberculosis may include:

* Back pain
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If left untreated, spinal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications such as paralysis, nerve damage, and infection of the bloodstream. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove infected tissue.

Spinal TB is a rare form of TB, but it is becoming more common due to the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible to TB infections. Spinal TB can be difficult to diagnose as it may present like other conditions such as cancer or herniated discs.

The prognosis for spinal tuberculosis is generally good if treated early, but the condition can be challenging to treat and may require long-term management.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

Synonyms: cartilage tumor, chondroid tumor, chondromatosis.

Etymology: From the Greek words "chondros," meaning cartilage, and "oma," meaning tumor.

Examples of Chondroma in a sentence:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a chondroma in their knee joint, which was causing pain and stiffness.
2. The surgeon removed the chondroma from the patient's lung, which had been compressing the bronchus and causing difficulty breathing.
3. The chondroma in the patient's heart was monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure it did not grow or cause any further complications.
4. The patient was advised to avoid heavy lifting or bending to prevent exacerbating their chondroma in the spine.

The tumor usually appears as a well-defined lump or mass that is surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The surface of the tumor may be smooth or rough, and it may be covered with cartilage or bone. Chondroblastoma tends to grow slowly over time, but it can sometimes become malignant and invade surrounding tissues.

Chondroblastoma is most commonly found in young adults, typically between the ages of 20 and 40. The exact cause of chondroblastoma is not known, but it may be linked to genetic factors or environmental exposures. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Some of the common symptoms of Chondroblastoma include:

* Painless lump or mass in the affected limb
* Limited mobility and stiffness in the affected joint
* Swelling and redness in the affected area
* Warmth and tenderness to touch

Some of the common diagnostic tests for Chondroblastoma include:

* X-rays
* CT scans
* MRI scans
* Biopsy

It's important to note that while chondroblastoma is a benign tumor, it can recur in some cases. Therefore, regular follow-up appointments with your doctor are essential to monitor the condition and detect any signs of recurrence early on.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

Examples of 'Fractures, Closed' in a sentence:

* The patient suffered a closed fracture of his wrist after falling from a bike.
* The doctor diagnosed a closed fracture of the ankle and prescribed rest and physical therapy for recovery.
* The athlete was unable to continue playing due to a closed fracture of the collarbone.

These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms such as pain, swelling, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment options for bone marrow neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Here are some examples of bone marrow neoplasms:

1. Osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the bone-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

2. Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the cartilage-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

3. Myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells produce antibodies to fight infections, but with myeloma, the abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of antibodies that can cause a variety of symptoms.

4. Ewing's sarcoma: A rare malignant tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

5. Askin's tumor: A rare malignant tumor that arises from the fat cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

These are just a few examples of the many types of bone marrow neoplasms that can occur. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a bone marrow neoplasm, such as pain or swelling in the affected area, fatigue, fever, or weight loss. A healthcare professional can perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Types of Finger Injuries
-----------------------

1. Cuts and Lacerations: These are the most common type of finger injury and can occur when the skin is cut or torn due to a sharp object or blunt force.
2. Sprains and Strains: These injuries occur when the ligaments or muscles in the fingers are stretched or torn, causing pain and swelling.
3. Fractures: Finger fractures can occur when the bones in the finger are broken due to a direct blow or crushing force.
4. Dislocations: This occurs when the bones in the finger are forced out of their normal position.
5. Tendon Injuries: Tendons connect muscles to bones and can become injured due to overuse or sudden strain.
6. Nerve Injuries: Finger injuries can also affect the nerves, causing numbness, tingling, or pain in the fingers.

Causes of Finger Injuries
-------------------------

1. Accidents: Car accidents, falls, and other accidents can cause finger injuries.
2. Sports: Contact sports such as basketball, football, and hockey can lead to finger injuries due to collisions or falls.
3. Work-related Activities: Jobs that involve manual labor or heavy machinery can increase the risk of finger injuries.
4. Overuse: Repetitive movements or overuse of the fingers can lead to injuries such as tendonitis or sprains.
5. Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions such as arthritis, gout, and diabetes can increase the risk of finger injuries.

Symptoms of Finger Injuries
--------------------------

1. Pain: Pain is the most common symptom of finger injuries, ranging from mild to severe.
2. Swelling: Swelling in the affected finger or fingers can occur due to inflammation or bruising.
3. Limited Mobility: Finger injuries can limit mobility and make it difficult to move the fingers or perform everyday activities.
4. Deformity: In severe cases, finger injuries can cause deformities such as bone misalignment or muscle imbalance.
5. Numbness or Tingling: Finger injuries can cause numbness or tingling sensations in the affected fingers.

Treatment of Finger Injuries
-------------------------

1. Rest: Resting the injured finger and avoiding activities that exacerbate the injury is essential for recovery.
2. Ice: Applying ice to the affected area can reduce swelling and relieve pain.
3. Compression: Wrapping the injured finger with a bandage or compression glove can help reduce swelling and stabilize the joints.
4. Elevation: Elevating the injured hand above heart level can reduce swelling and promote healing.
5. Medications: Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
6. Immobilization: Immobilizing the injured finger with a splint or cast can help promote healing and prevent further injury.
7. Physical Therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help improve mobility and strength in the affected finger.
8. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or realign bones.

Prevention of Finger Injuries
-----------------------------

1. Warm-up Exercises: Performing warm-up exercises before engaging in physical activities can help prevent finger injuries by increasing blood flow and flexibility.
2. Proper Equipment: Using proper equipment such as gloves or protective gear can help prevent finger injuries, especially in sports or high-risk activities.
3. Careful Lifting: Lifting objects with proper technique and using the legs instead of the fingers can help prevent strains and sprains.
4. Finger Stretching: Regular stretching exercises can help improve flexibility and reduce the risk of finger injuries.
5. Strengthening Exercises: Strengthening the muscles in the hand and fingers through exercises such as grip strengthening can help prevent injuries.
6. Avoiding Overuse: Taking regular breaks and avoiding overuse can help prevent fatigue and reduce the risk of finger injuries.

The symptoms of tenosynovitis can vary depending on the location of the affected tendon, but common symptoms include:

* Pain and tenderness in the affected area
* Swelling and redness in the affected area
* Stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected joint
* Difficulty moving the affected limb or joint
* Clicking or snapping sensation in the affected joint

Tenosynovitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Overuse or repetitive strain on the tendon
* Injury or trauma to the affected area
* Age-related wear and tear on the tendons
* Certain medical conditions, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment for tenosynovitis usually involves rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged tendon. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated tenosynovitis can lead to chronic pain and limited mobility.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

There are several types of spinal fractures, including:

1. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the vertebrae collapses due to pressure, often caused by osteoporosis or trauma.
2. Fracture-dislocations: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and displaced from its normal position.
3. Spondylolysis: This is a type of fracture that occurs in the spine, often due to repetitive stress or overuse.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a type of fracture where a vertebra slips out of its normal position and into the one below it.
5. Fracture-subluxation: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and partially dislocated from its normal position.

The diagnosis of spinal fractures typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to confirm the presence of a fracture and determine its severity and location. Treatment options for spinal fractures depend on the severity of the injury and may include pain management, bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to stabilize the spine and promote healing. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign the vertebrae and prevent further damage.

Overall, spinal fractures can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of kyphosis, including:

1. Postural kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by poor posture and is often seen in teenagers.
2. Scheuermann's kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by a structural deformity of the spine and is most common during adolescence.
3. Degenerative kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by degenerative changes in the spine, such as osteoporosis or degenerative disc disease.
4. Neuromuscular kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Symptoms of kyphosis can include:

* An abnormal curvature of the spine
* Back pain
* Difficulty breathing
* Difficulty maintaining posture
* Loss of height
* Tiredness or fatigue

Kyphosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, X-rays, and other imaging tests. Treatment options for kyphosis depend on the type and severity of the condition and can include:

* Physical therapy
* Bracing
* Medication
* Surgery

It is important to seek medical attention if you or your child is experiencing any symptoms of kyphosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further progression of the condition and improve quality of life.

Surgical wound dehiscence is a condition where the incision or wound made during a surgical procedure fails to heal properly and starts to separate, leading to an open wound. This complication can occur due to various factors, such as poor wound care, infection, or excessive tension on the wound edges.

Types of Surgical Wound Dehiscence

There are several types of surgical wound dehiscence, including:

1. Superficial dehiscence: This type of dehiscence occurs when the skin over the incision starts to separate but does not extend into the deeper tissue layers.
2. Deep dehiscence: This type of dehiscence occurs when the incision starts to separate into the deeper tissue layers, such as muscles or organs.
3. Full-thickness dehiscence: This type of dehiscence occurs when the entire thickness of the skin and underlying tissues separates along the incision line.

Causes of Surgical Wound Dehiscence

Surgical wound dehiscence can occur due to a variety of factors, including:

1. Poor wound care: Failure to properly clean and dress the wound can lead to infection and delay healing.
2. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause the wound edges to separate.
3. Excessive tension on the wound edges: This can occur due to improper closure techniques or excessive tightening of sutures or staples.
4. Poor surgical technique: Improper surgical techniques can lead to inadequate tissue approximation and delayed healing.
5. Patient factors: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or poor circulation, can impair the body's ability to heal wounds.

Symptoms of Surgical Wound Dehiscence

The symptoms of surgical wound dehiscence may include:

1. Redness and swelling around the incision site
2. Increased pain or discomfort at the incision site
3. Discharge or fluid leaking from the incision site
4. Bad smell or foul odor from the incision site
5. Increased heart rate or fever
6. Reduced mobility or stiffness in the affected area

Treatment of Surgical Wound Dehiscence

The treatment of surgical wound dehiscence depends on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. Treatment options may include:

1. Antibiotics: To treat any underlying infections.
2. Dressing changes: To promote healing and prevent infection.
3. Debridement: Removal of dead tissue or debris from the wound site to promote healing.
4. Surgical revision: In some cases, the wound may need to be reclosed or revisited to correct any defects in the initial closure.
5. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: To promote wound healing and reduce the risk of infection.
6. Surgical mesh: To reinforce the wound edges and prevent further separation.
7. Skin grafting: To cover the exposed tissue and promote healing.

Prevention of Surgical Wound Dehiscence

Preventing surgical wound dehiscence is crucial to ensure a successful outcome. Here are some measures that can be taken to prevent this condition:

1. Proper wound closure: The incision should be closed carefully and securely to prevent any gaping or separation.
2. Appropriate dressing: The wound should be covered with an appropriate dressing to promote healing and prevent infection.
3. Good surgical technique: The surgeon should use proper surgical techniques to minimize tissue trauma and promote healing.
4. Proper postoperative care: Patients should receive proper postoperative care, including monitoring of vital signs and wound status.
5. Early recognition and treatment: Any signs of dehiscence should be recognized early and treated promptly to prevent further complications.

Conclusion

Surgical wound dehiscence is a serious complication that can occur after surgery, resulting in unstable or gaping wounds. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent further complications and promote healing. Proper wound closure, appropriate dressing, good surgical technique, proper postoperative care, and early recognition and treatment can help prevent surgical wound dehiscence. By taking these measures, patients can achieve a successful outcome and avoid potential complications.

Examples of how 'Tissue Adhesions' is used in the medical field:

1. In gastrointestinal surgery, tissue adhesions can form between the intestines and other organs, leading to bowel obstruction, inflammation, or other complications.
2. In cardiovascular surgery, tissue adhesions can form between the heart and surrounding tissues, causing impaired heart function and increasing the risk of postoperative complications.
3. In gynecological surgery, tissue adhesions can form between the uterus and other pelvic organs, leading to pain, bleeding, and infertility.
4. In oncologic surgery, tissue adhesions can form between cancerous tissues and surrounding normal tissues, making it difficult to remove the tumor completely.
5. In chronic diseases such as endometriosis, tissue adhesions can form between the uterus and other pelvic structures, leading to pain and infertility.
6. Tissue adhesions can also form within the skin, causing keloids or other types of scarring.

Treatment options for tissue adhesions depend on the location, size, and severity of the adhesions, as well as the underlying cause. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgical removal of adhesions: This involves surgically removing the fibrous bands or scar tissue that are causing the adhesions.
2. Steroid injections: Injecting steroids into the affected area can help reduce inflammation and shrink the adhesions.
3. Physical therapy: Gentle stretching and exercise can help improve range of motion and reduce stiffness in the affected area.
4. Radiofrequency ablation: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to break down and remove the fibrous bands causing the adhesions.
5. Laser therapy: Laser therapy can be used to break down and remove the fibrous bands causing the adhesions, or to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
6. Natural remedies: Some natural remedies such as turmeric, ginger, and omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce inflammation and improve symptoms.

Preventing tissue adhesions is not always possible, but there are some measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of their formation. These include:

1. Proper wound care: Keeping wounds clean and dry, and using sterile dressings can help prevent infection and reduce the risk of adhesion formation.
2. Minimizing trauma: Avoiding unnecessary trauma to the affected area can help reduce the risk of adhesion formation.
3. Gentle exercise: Gentle exercise and stretching after surgery or injury can help improve range of motion and reduce stiffness in the affected area.
4. Early mobilization: Early mobilization after surgery or injury can help reduce the risk of adhesion formation.
5. Avoiding smoking: Smoking can impede wound healing and increase the risk of adhesion formation, so avoiding smoking is recommended.
6. Using anti-adhesive agents: Applying anti-adhesive agents such as silicone or hydrogel to the affected area after surgery or injury can help reduce the risk of adhesion formation.

It's important to note that the most effective method for preventing or treating tissue adhesions will depend on the specific cause and location of the adhesions, as well as the individual patient's needs and medical history. A healthcare professional should be consulted for proper evaluation and treatment.

Anatomy60

Organisms2

Diseases52

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment72

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Named Groups1

Health Care7

Resorbable screws versus pins for optimal transplant fixation (SPOT) in anterior cruciate ligament replacement with autologous hamstring grafts: rationale and design of a randomized, controlled, patient and investigator blinded trial [ISRCTN17384369]. (1/41)

Quantitative evaluation of anterior tibial translation during isokinetic motion in knees with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using either patellar or hamstring tendon grafts. (2/41)

Evaluation of tibial bone-tunnel changes with X-ray and computed tomography after ACL reconstruction using a bone-patella tendon-bone autograft. (3/41)

Bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts versus hamstring autografts for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: meta-analysis. (4/41)

The effect of interference screw diameter on soft tissue graft fixation. (5/41)

The interaction between the whipstitch sutures of multi-strand ACL grafts and interference screw fixation. (6/41)

The effect of graft choice on functional outcome in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. (7/41)

Proprioceptive skills and functional outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone-tendon-bone graft. (8/41)

Patellar Ligament

Tendons

Tendon Injuries

Bone and Bones

Bone Transplantation

Patella

Achilles Tendon

Bone Remodeling

Tendinopathy

Tendon Transfer

Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting

Alveoloplasty

Rupture

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Bone Density

Fractures, Ununited

Knee Injuries

Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

Biomechanical Phenomena

Bone Resorption

Bone Neoplasms

Bone Marrow

Knee Joint

Ilium

Range of Motion, Articular

Bone Marrow Cells

Bone Regeneration

Bone Development

Tibia

Tensile Strength

Curettage

Bone Diseases

Weight-Bearing

Volleyball

Alveolar Bone Grafting

Athletic Injuries

Bone Matrix

Bone Substitutes

Transplantation, Autologous

Bone Cysts

Scaphoid Bone

Tenotomy

Fracture Healing

Knee

Quadriceps Muscle

Treatment Outcome

Bone Plates

Elastic Modulus

Joint Instability

Fractures, Bone

Stress, Mechanical

Osseointegration

Pseudarthrosis

Fracture Fixation, Internal

Tibial Fractures

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Fascia Lata

Femur

Arthroscopy

Bone Cements

Wound Healing

Reflex, Stretch

Carpal Bones

Follow-Up Studies

Collateral Ligaments

Reoperation

Ossification, Heterotopic

Alveolar Process

Femoral Fractures

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Fibrillar Collagens

Orthopedic Procedures

Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

Basketball

Bone Screws

Postoperative Complications

Patellofemoral Joint

Bone Diseases, Metabolic

Femur Head Necrosis