Bone morphogenetic proteins. Medical search

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from TGF-BETA RECEPTORS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS; and other surface receptors to the CELL NUCLEUS. They were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, Drosophila and sma proteins from CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and is essential for PHYSIOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.

A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE.

A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

An inhibitory Smad protein that negatively regulates the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS from BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. Smad6 inhibits PHOSPHORYLATION of SMAD2 PROTEIN and SMAD3 PROTEIN.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a regulatory role as a paracrine factor for a diverse array of cell types during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult tissues. Growth differentiation factor 2 is also a potent regulator of CHONDROGENESIS and was previously referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 9.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

A family of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-related proteins that are primarily involved in regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in early CHONDROGENESIS and joint formation.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the neural differentiation, specifically in the retinal development of the EYE.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Diseases of BONES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

A negative regulator of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that blocks activation of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and is de-regulated in a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A family of smad proteins that undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS in response to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ACTIVIN; or BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A family of metalloproteases that are related to the DROSOPHILA protein tolloid, which is a gene product necessary for dorsal-ventral patterning in early Drosophila embryogenesis. Many members of the group may play a significant role in intercellular signaling.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.

An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

Forms of hepcidin, a cationic amphipathic peptide synthesized in the liver as a prepropeptide which is first processed into prohepcidin and then into the biologically active hepcidin forms, including in human the 20-, 22-, and 25-amino acid residue peptide forms. Hepcidin acts as a homeostatic regulators of iron metabolism and also possesses antimicrobial activity.

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

Breaks in bones.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.

Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Congenital anomaly of abnormally short fingers or toes.

Inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. They inhibit CELL DIFFERENTIATION and induce CELL PROLIFERATION by modulating different CELL CYCLE regulators.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

A growth differentiation factor that is closely-related in structure to BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 3. Growth differentiation factor 10 is found at high levels in BONE, however it plays an additional roles in regulating EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Breaks in CARTILAGE.

Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

Broadly distributed glycoproteins that are homologous to the activin-binding protein, FOLLISTATIN. These follistatin-related proteins are encoded by a number of genes.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.

The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/3840)

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (2/3840)

The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (3/3840)

A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (4/3840)

Mutations in GDF-5, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, result in the autosomal recessive syndromes brachypod (bp) in mice and Hunter-Thompson and Grebe-type chondrodysplasias in humans. These syndromes are all characterised by the shortening of the appendicular skeleton and loss or abnormal development of some joints. To investigate how GDF-5 controls skeletogenesis, we overexpressed GDF-5 during chick limb development using the retrovirus, RCASBP. This resulted in up to a 37.5% increase in length of the skeletal elements, which was predominantly due to an increase in the number of chondrocytes. By injecting virus at different stages of development, we show that GDF-5 can increase both the size of the early cartilage condensation and the later developing skeletal element. Using in vitro micromass cultures as a model system to study the early steps of chondrogenesis, we show that GDF-5 increases chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. We did not detect changes in proliferation. However, cell suspension cultures showed that GDF-5 might act at these stages by increasing cell adhesion, a critical determinant of early chondrogenesis. In contrast, pulse labelling experiments of GDF-5-infected limbs showed that at later stages of skeletal development GDF-5 can increase proliferation of chondrocytes. Thus, here we show two mechanisms of how GDF-5 may control different stages of skeletogenesis. Finally, our data show that levels of GDF-5 expression/activity are important in controlling the size of skeletal elements and provides a possible explanation for the variation in the severity of skeletal defects resulting from mutations in GDF-5. (+info)

Isolation of zebrafish gdf7 and comparative genetic mapping of genes belonging to the growth/differentiation factor 5, 6, 7 subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (5/3840)

The Growth/differentiation factor (Gdf) 5, 6, 7 genes form a closely related subgroup belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily. In zebrafish, there are three genes that belong to the Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup that have been named radar, dynamo, and contact. The genes radar and dynamo both encode proteins most similar to mouse GDF6. The orthologous identity of these genes on the basis of amino acid similarities has not been clear. We have identified gdf7, a fourth zebrafish gene belonging to the Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup. To assign correct orthologies and to investigate the evolutionary relationships of the human, mouse, and zebrafish Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup, we have compared genetic map positions of the zebrafish and mammalian genes. We have mapped zebrafish gdf7 to linkage group (LG) 17, contact to LG9, GDF6 to human chromosome (Hsa) 8 and GDF7 to Hsa2p. The radar and dynamo genes have been localized previously to LG16 and LG19, respectively. A comparison of syntenies shared among human, mouse, and zebrafish genomes indicates that gdf7 is the ortholog of mammalian GDF7/Gdf7. LG16 shares syntenic relationships with mouse chromosome (Mmu) 4, including Gdf6. Portions of LG16 and LG19 appear to be duplicate chromosomes, thus suggesting that radar and dynamo are both orthologs of Gdf6. Finally, the mapping data is consistent with contact being the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian GDF5/Gdf5. (+info)

Cloning and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. (6/3840)

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is involved in bone formation, organogenesis or pattern formation during development. The expression of BMP-2 is regulated accurately and coordinately with that of other transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the regulation of BMP-2 expression, a 6.7 kb SpeI-SalI fragment, from the P1 phage library, encompassing the 5'-flanking region of the human BMP-2 gene, was isolated and sequenced. Transcription start sites were mapped by the 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. It has been found that the human BMP-2 gene contains, largely, two promoter regions surrounded by GC-rich sequences with several Sp1 consensus motifs. The proximal promoter possesses a single start site, whereas several start sites are clustered in the distal promoter region. Neither TATA nor CAAT consensus sequences are found in the proximity of the start sites for either promoter. Interestingly, in no case is the transcription-initiation site common between the human and mouse BMP-2 genes, although the sequence of the BMP-2 gene is well conserved in the promoter region between two species. Transient transfection experiments with the reporter fused with various lengths of the BMP-2 promoter sequence demonstrated that there exist enhancer elements in an 1.1 kb GC-rich fragment covering both promoter regions. It is noteworthy that the enhancer elements are 5'-flanked by a 790 bp strong repressor element that is characterized by numerous AT stretches. This intriguing organization may be amenable to the tight control of the expression of BMP-2 that is essential for development or bone morphogenesis. (+info)

Convergence of transforming growth factor-beta and vitamin D signaling pathways on SMAD transcriptional coactivators. (7/3840)

Cell proliferation and differentiation are regulated by growth regulatory factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and the liphophilic hormone vitamin D. TGF-beta causes activation of SMAD proteins acting as coactivators or transcription factors in the nucleus. Vitamin D controls transcription of target genes through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Smad3, one of the SMAD proteins downstream in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, was found in mammalian cells to act as a coactivator specific for ligand-induced transactivation of VDR by forming a complex with a member of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 protein family in the nucleus. Thus, Smad3 may mediate cross-talk between vitamin D and TGF-beta signaling pathways. (+info)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (8/3840)

In many organisms the allocation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is determined by the inheritance of maternal factors deposited in the egg. However, in mammals, inductive cell interactions are required around gastrulation to establish the germ line. Here, we show that Bmp4 homozygous null embryos contain no PGCs. They also lack an allantois, an extraembryonic mesodermal tissue derived, like the PGCs, from precursors in the proximal epiblast. Heterozygotes have fewer PGCs than normal, due to a reduction in the size of the founding population and not to an effect on its subsequent expansion. Analysis of beta-galactosidase activity in Bmp4(lacZneo) embryos reveals that prior to gastrulation, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic ectoderm. Later, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic mesoderm, but not in PGCs. Chimera analysis indicates that it is the Bmp4 expression in the extraembryonic ectoderm that regulates the formation of allantois and primordial germ cell precursors, and the size of the founding population of PGCs. The initiation of the germ line in the mouse therefore depends on a secreted signal from the previously segregated, extraembryonic, trophectoderm lineage. (+info)

Spinal Fusion and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Reddi AH (1997). "Bone morphogenetic proteins: an unconventional approach to ... BMP: The What and the Who BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins at the US National Library ... Blázquez-Medela, Ana M.; Jumabay, Medet; Boström, Kristina I. (2019-01-04). "Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein ... "Bone Morphogenetic Protein" in the scientific literature in the Journal of Dental Research in 1971. Bone induction is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein

There are four bone morphogenetic protein receptors: Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1: ACVR1 BMPR1A BMPR1B Bone ... Bone morphogenetic protein Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M (January 2010). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and signal ... Bone morphogenetic protein receptors are serine-threonine kinase receptors. Transforming growth factor beta family proteins ... morphogenetic protein receptor, type 2 Both type 1 and 2 bone morphogenetic protein receptors have a single transmembrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP6 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce the growth of bone and cartilage. BMP6 is able to induce all ... The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. BMPs ... 2001). "Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-6 on haemopoietic stem cells and cytokine production in normal human bone marrow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6

... (BMP-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP15 gene. It is involved in ... Developmental genes and proteins, Bone morphogenetic protein, TGFβ domain). ... Bragdon B, Moseychuk O, Saldanha S, King D, Julian J, Nohe A (April 2011). "Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review". ... Persani L, Rossetti R, Di Pasquale E, Cacciatore C, Fabre S (2014-11-01). "The fundamental role of bone morphogenetic protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15

... , also known as osteogenin, is a protein in humans that is encoded by the BMP3 gene. The protein ... It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's) is known for its ability to induce bone and cartilage development. It is a ... "Bone morphogenetic protein-3 is a negative regulator of bone density". Nature Genetics. 27 (1): 84-8. doi:10.1038/83810. PMID ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 4 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3

... or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. Like other members of the bone morphogenetic protein ... Reddi AH (July 2000). "Bone morphogenetic proteins and skeletal development: the kidney-bone connection". Pediatric Nephrology ... bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) versus autologous bone grafting for tibial fractures]". Der Unfallchirurg (in German). 110 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7

... (BMP10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP10 gene. BMP10 is a polypeptide ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP10 is categorized as a BMP ... Developmental genes and proteins, Bone morphogenetic protein, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 2 gene stubs). ... "Entrez Gene: bone morphogenetic protein 10". Neuhaus H, Rosen V, Thies RS (February 1999). "Heart specific expression of mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10

... , also known as BMP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMP1 gene. There are seven ... Although other bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, BMP1 encodes a protein that is not closely ... 1993). "Mapping of the bone morphogenetic protein 1 gene (BMP1) to 8p21: removal of BMP1 from candidacy for the bone disorder ... BMP1 belongs to the peptidase M12A family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). It induces bone and cartilage development. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_1

... or BMP-2 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins. BMP-2 like other bone morphogenetic ... Bone morphogenetic protein 2 has been shown to interact with BMPR1A. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is shown to stimulate the ... As an adjuvant to allograft bone or as a replacement for harvested autograft, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) appear to ... Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Boström KI (January 2019). "Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in adipose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... "Effect of bone morphogenetic proteins-4, -5 and -6 on DNA synthesis and expression of bone-related proteins in cultured human ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP5 may play a role in ... Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5

... (BMP8) may refer to: Bone morphogenetic protein 8A (BMP8A) Bone morphogenetic protein 8B (BMP8B) ... Bone morphogenetic protein This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bone morphogenetic protein 8. If ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8

... (BMP8A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP8A gene. BMP8A is a polypeptide member ... It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), is involved in the development of bone and cartilage. BMP8A may be involved ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 1 gene stubs). ... "Entrez Gene: bone morphogenetic protein 8a". Human BMP8A genome location and BMP8A gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8A

"Entrez Gene: BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4". Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M (January 2010). "Bone morphogenetic protein ... type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein-4 that forms differential heteromeric complexes with bone morphogenetic protein ... Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23. BMP4 ... It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP8B gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many ... "Entrez Gene: BMP8B bone morphogenetic protein 8b (osteogenic protein 2)". Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. (2006). "The ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 1 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8B

Bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors are single pass, type I transmembrane proteins. They belong to a class of receptor ... Bone+Morphogenetic+Protein+Receptors,+Type+I at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: ... Bone morphogenetic protein, EC 2.7.11, All stub articles, Transmembrane receptor stubs). ... serine/threonine kinases that bind members of the TGF beta superfamily of ligands-the Bone morphogenetic proteins. The three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor,_type_1

Cerberus inhibits the proteins bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), Xnr1, and Xwnt8. This gene encodes a cytokine member of the ... The cerberus-related cytokines, together with Dan and DRM / Gremlin, represent a group of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ... Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR (December 2004). "Bone morphogenetic proteins". Growth Factors. 22 (4): 233-41. doi:10.1080/ ... Gazzerro E, Canalis E (June 2006). "Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)

... which is an antagonistic protein to bone morphogenic protein 4. This gene encodes an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein 4 ... Kane R, Godson C, O'Brien C (June 2008). "Chordin-like 1, a bone morphogenetic protein-4 antagonist, is upregulated by hypoxia ... Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR (December 2004). "Bone morphogenetic proteins". Growth Factors. 22 (4): 233-41. doi:10.1080/ ... Gazzerro E, Canalis E (June 2006). "Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordin-like_1

Ducy P, Karsenty G (2000). "The family of bone morphogenetic proteins". Kidney Int. 57 (6): 2207-14. doi:10.1046/j.1523- ... 2010). "Mutation of the bone morphogenetic protein GDF3 causes ocular and skeletal anomalies". Hum. Mol. Genet. 19 (2): 287-98 ... Expression of GDF3 occurs in ossifying bone during embryonic development and in the brain, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and ... Chen C, Ware SM, Sato A, Houston-Hawkins DE, Habas R, Matzuk MM, Shen MM, Brown CW (January 2006). "The Vg1-related protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF3

Ducy P, Karsenty G (2000). "The family of bone morphogenetic proteins". Kidney Int. 57 (6): 2207-14. doi:10.1046/j.1523- ... Growth differentiation factor 1 (GDF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF1 gene. GDF1 belongs to the ... Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 19 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF1

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B also known as CDw293 (cluster of differentiation w293) is a protein that in humans ... "Bone morphogenetic protein type IA receptor signaling regulates postnatal osteoblast function and bone remodeling". J. Biol. ... "Entrez Gene: bone morphogenetic protein receptor". Mishina Y, Starbuck MW, Gentile MA, Fukuda T, Kasparcova V, Seedor JG, Hanks ... BMPR1B is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMPR1B

The protein encoded by this gene is closely related to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and is a member of the TGF- ... 1998). "Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins and osteogenic protein-1 differentially regulate osteogenesis". J. Bone Miner ... Ducy P, Karsenty G (2000). "The family of bone morphogenetic proteins". Kidney Int. 57 (6): 2207-14. doi:10.1046/j.1523- ... Reddi AH (1997). "Cartilage morphogenesis: role of bone and cartilage morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes and extracellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF5

Growth differentiation factor 10 (GDF10) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 3B (BMP-3B) is a protein that in humans is ... Hino J, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Nohno T, Nishimatsu S (2004). "Bone morphogenetic protein-3 family members and their biological ... GDF10 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that is closely related to bone morphogenetic protein-3 (BMP3 ... Ducy P, Karsenty G (2000). "The family of bone morphogenetic proteins". Kidney Int. 57 (6): 2207-14. doi:10.1046/j.1523- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF10

... and bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. Other LU domain proteins are small globular proteins such as CD59 antigen, ... Three-finger proteins or three-finger protein domains (3FP or TFPD) are a protein superfamily consisting of small, roughly 60- ... Protein articles without symbol, Protein folds, Protein families). ... Members of the family have no enzymatic activity, but are capable of forming protein-protein interactions with high specificity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-finger_protein

... and bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. Other LU domain proteins are small globular proteins such as CD59 antigen, ... The LU domain (Ly-6 antigen/uPAR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein domain of the three-finger protein superfamily. This ... Protein domains, Membrane proteins, Blood antigen systems, Transfusion medicine). ... Among these proteins, most contain only a single LU domain, though small numbers of exceptions are known; well-studied family ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU_domain

C-proteinase enhancer protein 1 and differs from bone morphogenetic protein 1 in the functional roles of homologous protein ... 2000). "Bone morphogenetic protein-1 processes probiglycan". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (39): 30504-11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004846200. ... 2001). "Multiple bone morphogenetic protein 1-related mammalian metalloproteinases process pro-lysyl oxidase at the correct ... with high sequence similarity to mammalian tolloid/bone morphogenetic protein-1". Genomics. 34 (2): 157-65. doi:10.1006/geno. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLL1

There is a potential association between RGMs and cancer bone metastasis, as RGMs coordinate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ... is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) co-receptor of the repulsive guidance molecule family. In humans this protein is encoded ... Li J, Ye L, Kynaston HG, Jiang WG (February 2012). "Repulsive guidance molecules, novel bone morphogenetic protein co-receptors ... a bone morphogenetic protein co-receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (14): 14122-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410034200. PMID 15671031. Severyn ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repulsive_guidance_molecule_B

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein-1: The Type I Procollagen C-Proteinas". Scott, Ian C.; Blitz, Ira L.; Pappano, William N.; Maas, ... In a study in 1996, Greenspan's lab showed that Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 (BMP-1) is a protease responsible for the ... Kessler, E., Takahara, K., Biniaminov, L., Brusel, M., & Greenspan, D. S. (1996). Bone morphogenetic protein-1: the type I ... Hopkins, Delana R.; Keles, Sunduz; Greenspan, Daniel S. (2007). "The bone morphogenetic protein 1/Tolloid-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_S._Greenspan

A. Hari Reddi entitled Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine.). Reddi AH, Reddi A (2009). "Bone ... Babitt JL, Huang FW, Xia Y, Sidis Y, Andrews NC, Lin HY (2007). "Modulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in vivo ... Based on this definition, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are metabologens, since they are involved in iron homeostasis, ... Schulz TJ, Tseng YH (2009). "Emerging Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Adipogenesis and Energy Metabolism". Cytokine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabologen

2000). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor complexes on the surface of live cells: a new oligomerization mode for serine/ ... Vitt U, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh A (2002). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth ... Vitt UA, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh AJ (2003). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth ... The cell surface receptor through which GDF9 generates a signal is the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor-9

Meanwhile, the overlying ectoderm secretes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete ... The vertebral bones or intervertebral disks can shatter, causing the spinal cord to be punctured by a sharp fragment of bone. ... Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is ... the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and then enters the spinal canal at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cell signaling plays a key role in diverse aspects of cardiac differentiation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_node

1990). "Interaction of osteogenin, a heparin binding bone morphogenetic protein, with type IV collagen". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (28 ... Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A2 gene. This gene encodes one of the six subunits ... The C-terminal portion of the protein, known as canstatin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Like the other ... Gupta S, Batchu RB, Datta K (1992). "Purification, partial characterization of rat kidney hyaluronic acid binding protein and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IV,_alpha_2

... a novel endothelial cell precursor-derived protein, antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein signaling and endothelial cell ... "Human Crossveinless-2 is a novel inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ... "BMPER is an endothelial cell regulator and controls bone morphogenetic protein-4-dependent angiogenesis". Circulation Research ... BMP binding endothelial regulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMPER gene. KLF15 is a strong and direct ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_binding_endothelial_regulator

... served as the 3rd largest site in the nation for the trial of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) - the first use of biologics in ... Disc Disease by Using Stand Alone Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cages and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: as ... of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis with Use of Interbody Fusion Cages and recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 ... of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis with Use of Interbody Fusion Cages and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schuler

... bone morphogenetic protein - bradykinin - bradykinin receptor - BRCA1 - buffer solution C-terminus - C4 photosynthesis - ... protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - ... protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - ... proto-oncogene protein C-kit - proto-oncogene proteins c-abl - proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 - Proto-oncogene proteins c-fos ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... a common blood test Bone morphogenetic proteins, a family of growth factors influencing bone and tissue growth within animals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP

Developmental research in 2004 found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and its differential expression during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin's_finches

Core AB, Canali S, Babitt JL (2014). "Hemojuvelin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in iron homeostasis". ... hereditary hemochromatosis protein, transferrin receptor 2, bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP6), matriptase-2, neogenin, BMP ... Hepcidin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAMP gene. Hepcidin is a key regulator of the entry of iron into the ... NMR studies showed a new model for hepcidin: at ambient temperatures, the protein interconverts between two conformations, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepcidin

... dorsalizes the developing embryo by binding ventralizing TGFβ proteins such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) ... "Not.S - Xnot protein - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - not.S gene & protein". Larraín J, Bachiller D, Lu B, Agius E, ... There are five named isoforms of this protein that are produced by alternative splicing. CHRD is 23 exons long and has a length ... Chordin (from Greek χορδή, string, catgut) is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal-ventral patterning during early ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordin

2004). "Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel ... Lymphocyte-specific protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSP1 gene. This gene encodes an intracellular F- ... Huang CK, Zhan L, Ai Y, Jongstra J (1997). "LSP1 is the major substrate for mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein ... Harrison RE, Sikorski BA, Jongstra J (2005). "Leukocyte-specific protein 1 targets the ERK/MAP kinase scaffold protein KSR and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSP1

... and skeletal development may also go awry when GPC3 mutations inhibit regulations of responses to bone morphogenetic proteins, ... The function of this gene is to produce a protein that acts as a cell surface receptor that binds to transcription factors. ... Macrosomia Macroglossia Advanced bone age Organomegaly Neonatal hypoglycemia Neoplasms Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ( ... of the transcription factors allows regulation of cellular responses to growth factors such as members of the hedgehog protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson–Golabi–Behmel_syndrome

Alliston T, Ko TC, Cao Y, Liang YY, Feng XH, Chang C, Derynck R (Jun 2005). "Repression of bone morphogenetic protein and ... Alliston T, Ko TC, Cao Y, Liang YY, Feng XH, Chang C, Derynck R (Jun 2005). "Repression of bone morphogenetic protein and ... MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or ... along with other TGF-β family ligands such as bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and activin are involved in regulating important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECOM

She is an inventor on a patent describing growing bone using microencapsulated cells releasing bone morphogenetic proteins. She ... She works on speciality of bone and human tissue. She is working with Mae Jemison on 100 Year Starship, an interdisciplinary ... "Bone Formation through Biomineralization and Bioengineering (Postdoctoral Fellowship) - NSBRI". NSBRI. Retrieved 2018-09-07. " ... "Scientists are using seashells to regrow bones". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-09-07. "NSF Award Search: Award#1752079 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronke_Olabisi

Msx2 induces Sp7 directly, whereas bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) induces it indirectly through either Dlx5 or Runx2. Once ... Accelerated bone fracture healing was found when researchers implanted Sp7 overexpressing bone marrow stroma cells at a site of ... It was found that the mechanism by which Sp7 expression accelerated bone healing was through triggering new bone formation by ... Along similar mechanistic lines as bone repair is the integration of dental implants into alveolar bone, since the insertion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp7_transcription_factor

Therefore, LGR5 might be a receptor for a member of the large family of bone morphogenetic protein antagonists. Moreover, R- ... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGR5 gene. It is a member of GPCR class A receptor proteins. R-spondin proteins ... Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 49 (GPR49) or G- ... "LGR5 leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5". Entrez Gene. "LGR5 leucine-rich repeat containing G protein- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGR5

An Animal Model With and Without Bone Morphogenetic Protein". Spine. Lippincott-Raven. 23 (7): 758-765. doi:10.1097/00007632- ... and the Cortical Bone Dowel, which is cut from allograft femur. The cages can be packed with autologous bone material in order ... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. 81 (6): 859-880. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbody_fusion_cage

C-proteinase enhancer protein 1 and differs from bone morphogenetic protein 1 in the functional roles of homologous protein ... "Identification of the minimal domain structure of bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) for chordinase activity: chordinase ... 2002). "Interaction properties of the procollagen C-proteinase enhancer protein shed light on the mechanism of stimulation of ... 1994). "Type I procollagen COOH-terminal proteinase enhancer protein: identification, primary structure, and chromosomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCOLCE

"Identification and functional characterization of distinct critically important bone morphogenetic protein-specific response ... DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... E proteins heterodimerize with tissue restricted bHLH proteins such as Myod, NeuroD, etc. to form active transcription ... October 2001). "Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs". Genome Research. 11 (10): 1758-65. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID1

Meanwhile, the overlying ectoderm secretes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete ... The neural crest cells that are found outside of a given neuromere will express the same proteins as the cells that are found ... Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is ... The Hox genes contain the 183-bp homeobox, which encodes a particular portion of the Hox proteins called the homeodomain. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromere

... gradient of pituitary morphogenesis is dependent on neuroectodermal signals from the infundibular bone morphogenetic protein 4 ... Other essential proteins necessary for pituitary cell proliferation are Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), Wnt4, and Wnt5. ... An assortment of genes and proteins - such as WNT4, RSPO1, FOXL2, and various estrogen receptors - have been shown to prevent ... May 1, 2002). "Parathyroid hormone is essential for normal fetal bone formation". J Clin Invest. 109 (9): 1173-1182. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system

January 2006). "Bone morphogenetic protein-4 inhibits corticotroph tumor cells: involvement in the retinoic acid inhibitory ... February 2003). "Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in pituitary prolactinoma pathogenesis through a Smad/ ... October 2007). "RSUME, a small RWD-containing protein, enhances SUMO conjugation and stabilizes HIF-1alpha during hypoxia". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Arzt

"The RING domain of PIASy is involved in the suppression of bone morphogenetic protein-signaling pathway". Biochem. Biophys. Res ... E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS4 is one of several protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) proteins. It is also known as protein ... "Entrez Gene: PIAS4 Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 4". Imoto, Seiyu; Sugiyama Kenji; Muromoto Ryuta; Sato Noriko; Yamamoto ... 2002). "Protein inhibitors of activated STAT resemble scaffold attachment factors and function as interacting nuclear receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAS4

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt signals. These molecular signals direct the growth of the surrounding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel_knot

2004). "Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel ... PDZ domain-containing RING finger protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDZRN3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release ... The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 6 (3): 197-205. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDZRN3

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Inhibits Differentiation and Mineralization of Cementoblasts in vitro". Journal of Dental Research ... Unlike those in bone, however, these canals in cementum do not contain nerves, nor do they radiate outward. Instead, the canals ... Thus cementoblasts resemble bone-forming osteoblasts but differ functionally and histologically. The cells of cementum are the ... Each cementocyte lies in its lacuna (plural, lacunae), similar to the pattern noted in bone. These lacunae also have canaliculi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementoblast

In 2006, while examining the available literature on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), used to stimulate bone growth in ... for his research and campaigning which were instrumental in uncovering the harmful side effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Smoljanović

Read medical definition of Placental bone morphogenetic protein ... Placental bone morphogenetic protein: See: MIC-1.. CONTINUE ... Medical Definition of Placental bone morphogenetic protein. *Medical Editor: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/placental_bone_morphogenetic_protein/definition.htm

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Endomyocardial Fibrosis, Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins, Smad3 Protein ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Antagonizes Myocardial Fibrosis Induced by Atrial Fibrillation by Restraining Transforming Growth ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/897560

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates Runx2 acetylation.. 119. 21247344. 2011. High doses of bone morphogenetic protein 2 ... Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor ... Bone morphogenetic protein 2 functions via a conserved signaling pathway involving Wnt4 to regulate uterine decidualization in ... expression in human mesenchymal stem cells via the MAPK and protein kinase D signaling pathways.. 94. ...

https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/809/bmp2

Interaction between soluble type I receptor for bone morphogenetic protein and bone morphogenetic protein-4. Natsume, T., ... Distribution of genes for bone morphogenetic protein-4, -6, growth differentiation factor-5, and bone morphogenetic protein ... Distribution of genes for bone morphogenetic protein-4, -6, growth differentiation factor-5, and bone morphogenetic protein ... Bone morphogenetic proteins in bone stimulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts during bone development. Okamoto, M., Murai, J., ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/12159.html

In an effort to understand the function of this variant protein, we generated a mouse line in which BMP2 is expressed and ... L. C. Bridgewater, J. L. Mayo, B. G. Evanson et al., "A novel bone morphogenetic protein 2 mutant mouse, nBmp2NLS. tm. , ... J. E. Felin, J. L. Mayo, T. J. Loos et al., "Nuclear variants of bone morphogenetic proteins," BMC Cell Biology, vol. 11, ... J. M. Wozney, "The bone morphogenetic protein family and osteogenesis," Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 32, no. 2 ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/975789/

Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells. Int J Med Sci. 9(2):184-192. ... Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells Junjie Zhang#, Yanli Ge#, Longe ... Zhang J, Ge Y, Sun L, Cao J, Wu Q, Guo L, Wang Z. Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of ... Zhang J, Ge Y, Sun L, Cao J, Wu Q, Guo L, Wang Z. Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of ...

https://www.medsci.org/v09p0184

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6" was a major or ... A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL ... Prostate cancer induces bone metastasis through Wnt-induced bone morphogenetic protein-dependent and independent mechanisms. ... "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/122974

Inflammatory Cytokines Stimulate Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Expression and Release from Pancreatic Beta Cells. Publikation: ... We have recently showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and -4 are expressed in pancreatic islets and inhibit beta-cell ...

https://forskning.ku.dk/soeg/result/?pure=da/publications/inflammatory-cytokines-stimulate-bone-morphogenetic-protein2-expression-and-release-from-pancreatic-beta-cells

A Study of INFUSE Bone Graft (Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/Absorbable Collagen Sponge) in the Treatment of ... Official Title: A Study of INFUSE Bone Graft (Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/Absorbable Collagen Sponge) in the ... Research InnovationClinical Studies INFUSE Bone Graft (recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/absorable collegen sponge ... at the time of surgical repair of TPA in NF1 patients will result in improved bone healing; 2) to document safety of BMP-2 in a ...

https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/research/clinical-studies/infuse-bone-graft-recombinant-human-bone-morphogenetic-protein-2absorable-collegen-sponge-in-the-treatment-of-tibial-psudarthrosis-in-neurofibromatosis-1-nf1/

Minimally Effective Dose of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) in Minimally Invasive (MIS) Lumbar Interbody Fusions: 714 Patients ...

https://www.cns.org/meetings/archived-abstracts-detail/congress-of-neurological-surgeons-2017-annual-meeting-21655

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4" was a major or ... A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation ... "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Masterson JC, Molloy EL, Gilbert JL, McCormack N, Adams A, ODea S. Bone morphogenetic protein signalling in airway epithelial ...

https://profiles.ucdenver.edu/display/219772

Animals, Binding Sites, Bone and Bones, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, Cartilage, Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit, Core ... Transcriptional regulation of gilthead seabream bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 gene by bone- and cartilage-related ... Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of cytokines and growth ... Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1, Sea Bream, SOX9 Transcription Factor, Transcription Factors, Zebrafish Proteins. ...

https://www.ccmar.ualg.pt/en/biblio/transcriptional-regulation-gilthead-seabream-bone-morphogenetic-protein-bmp-2-gene-bone-and

Comparative analysis of zebrafish bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 16: molecular and evolutionary perspectives. ...

https://ccmar.ualg.pt/en/node/1045

Effect of a bioglass based bone substitute material with a growth-stimulating protein (bone morphogenetic protein) on bone ... Two different types of bioactive implant material were coated with BMP (bone morphogenetic protein). One material consists of ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein) auf das Knochenwachstum beim Kaninchen. Title: Untersuchung der Wirkung eines auf Bioglas ... basierenden Knochenersatzmaterials mit einem wachstumsstimulierenden Protein (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) auf das ...

https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/8127

The osteogenic human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2) and its Drosophila DPP homolog were the early successful cases of ... has been instrumental to produce the recombinant proteins for biochemical studies and exploring the potential of protein ... the presence of aggregation suppressors and the concentrations of protein, salt and detegent. These results add to the current ... including the concentrations of protein, salt, detergent and redox agents, pH, refolding duration and the presence of ...

https://microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2859-13-29/figures/2

Carlsbad CA Oral Surgeon offers Bone Morphogenetic Protein to produce new bone & start the healing process. 760-730-9333 ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein. Bone morphogenetic protein is an isolated protein that induces specific cells in our body to form ... As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenetic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. The BMP also goes away once ... Complications from the graft harvest site are also eliminated with the use of bone morphogenetic protein. ...

https://www.carlsbadoralsurgery.com/procedures/bone-morphogenetic-protein/

... CORRADINI, Elena;GARUTI, ... The bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)-SMAD signaling pathway is an important endogenous regulator of hepcidin expression. We ... The bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)-SMAD signaling pathway is an important endogenous regulator of hepcidin expression. We ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Is Impaired in an Hfe Knockout Mouse Model of Hemochromatosis / Corradini, Elena; Garuti, ...

https://iris.unimore.it/handle/11380/613388

... the G8 antigen and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin (Nog) are present in the epiblast before gastrulation ... Cells that express MyoD mRNA, the G8 antigen and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin (Nog) are present in the ... Myo/Nog Cell Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in the Blastocyst Is Essential for Normal Morphogenesis and ... "Myo/Nog Cell Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in the Blastocyst Is Essential for Normal Morphogenesis and ...

https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/scholarly_papers/1790/

Dive into the research topics of Temporal and spatial expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in extracorporeal shock wave- ... Temporal and spatial expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in extracorporeal shock wave-promoted healing of segmental ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/temporal-and-spatial-expression-of-bone-morphogenetic-proteins-in/fingerprints/

"Bone Morphogenetic Proteins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins" was a major or minor ... Engineered bridge protein with dual affinity for bone morphogenetic protein-2 and collagen enhances bone regeneration for ... The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins. ... "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/26527

PACHECO, Cristianne Ribeiro et al. Dental implants in humans using recombinant bone morphogenetic protein -2. RGO, Rev. gaúch. ... Keywords : dental implants; bone morphogenetic protein 2; radiography. · abstract in Portuguese · text in Portuguese · pdf in ... the conditions of bone density around the experimental bioactive implants that are covered with Bone Morphogenetic Protein ... coated implants can stimulated bone formation around dental implants and may be an alternative in treatment for low bone ...

http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1981-86372010000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5" was a major or ... A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of ... "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.ouhsc.edu/display/21640

Lancaster OH Oral Surgeon offers Bone Morphogenetic Protein to produce new bone & start the healing process. ... Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) is an isolated protein that induces specific cells in our body to form new cartilage and bone. ... As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. The BMP also goes away once it ... Complications from the graft harvest site are also eliminated with the use of bone morphogenic protein. ...

https://www.michaelsoralsurgery.com/procedures/bone-morphogenetic-protein/

Facial Surgery uses bone morphogenic protein to stimulate the cells to produce new bone during bone grafting surgery. ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Solvang CA. Bone morphogenic protein is an isolated protein that induces specific cells in our body ... As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. The BMP also goes away once it ... BMP provides predictable bone formation and eliminates the need for bone harvest from the patient. It has been used for years ...

https://www.syvoralsurgery.com/procedures/bone-morphogenetic-protein/

Sarasota FL Oral Surgeon offers Bone Morphogenetic Protein to produce new bone & start the healing process. ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Sarasota. Bone morphogenic protein is an isolated protein that induces specific cells in our body ... Your bone graft may contain bone morphogenetic protein (BMP, Infuse). The use of this product is extremely beneficial in ... As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. The BMP also goes away once it ...

https://www.sarasotaoralsurgery.com/procedures/bone-morphogenetic-protein/

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2" was a major or ... Sub-clinical dose of bone morphogenetic protein-2 does not precipitate rampant, sustained inflammatory response in bone wound ... "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/105651/

Bone morphogenetic proteins - Potential role in periodontal regeneration.. Authors: Kamath, Deepa G. Swati. Nayak, Sangeeta ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors and cytokines which are known for their ability to induce the ... Bone morphogenetic proteins - Potential role in periodontal regeneration. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine. ... formation of bone and cartilage and have now evoked interest among researchers in this field. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/152290

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Breast Neoplasms Female Genetic Predisposition To Disease Haplotypes Healthcare Disparities ... Genetic Variation in Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the Breast ... Genetic Variation in Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the Breast ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are thought to be important in breast cancer promotion and progression. We evaluated genetic ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33559

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Market CAGR%. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Market Trends, Key Players, Overview, Competitive ...

https://www.beetribune.com/tag/bone-morphogenetic-proteins-market-cagr/

... offered by Santa Barbara CA Oral Surgeon to produce new bone & start the healing process. Call Dr. Wallace today! ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein. What Is BMP , Santa Barbara. Bone morphogenic protein is an isolated protein that induces specific ... As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. The BMP also goes away once it ... Complications from the graft harvest site are also eliminated with the use of bone morphogenic protein. ...

https://www.shorelineoralsurgerysb.com/procedures/bone-morphogenetic-protein/

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors and cytokines which are known for their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage and have now evoked interest among researchers in this field. (who.int)
Here, we investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on breast cancer cell proliferation caused by estrogen using human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. (elsevier.com)
The interplay between bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists governs developmental and cellular processes as diverse as establishment of the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis, induction of neural tissue, formation of joints in the skeletal system and neurogenesis in the adult brain. (nature.com)

It is a genetically produced protein called recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), or just BMP for short. (scoliosisassociates.com)
Periodontal regenerative potential of space-providing expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes and recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins. (elsevier.com)
We herein review studies using the critical size supraalveolar periodontal defect model in which clinically meaningful periodontal regeneration was achieved following reconstructive surgery, including space provision by reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes or including surgical implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. (elsevier.com)
Local sustained delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). (edu.sa)

Signal peptide -CUB- EGF domain-containing protein 3 (SCUBE3) is a member of a small family of multifunctional cell surface-anchored glycoproteins functioning as co-receptors for a variety of growth factors . (bvsalud.org)
while others, such as the G-protein coupled receptors , cross as many as seven times. (ipfs.io)
[2] [3] Many membrane receptors include transmembrane proteins . (ipfs.io)
In certain receptors, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor , the transmembrane domain forms a protein pore through the membrane, or around the ion channel . (ipfs.io)

Dietary proteins provide the amino acids necessary for the growth and repair of animal tissue. (tabers.com)
About 20 different amino acids make up human proteins, which may contain other minerals such as iron or copper. (tabers.com)
A protein consists of from 50 to thousands of amino acids arranged in a specific sequence. (tabers.com)
An incomplete protein lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. (tabers.com)

In an effort to understand the function of this variant protein, we generated a mouse line in which BMP2 is expressed and functions normally, but nBMP2 is excluded from the nucleus. (hindawi.com)
Had it entered the secretory pathway, the protein would have been cleaved at a furin-type proprotein convertase recognition sequence to release the mature BMP2 growth factor. (hindawi.com)
While it plays important roles in embryo morphogenesis and organogenesis, BMP2 is also critical to bone and cartilage formation. (ualg.pt)
Protein structure and function have been remarkably conserved throughout evolution and BMP2 transcription has been proposed to be tightly regulated, although few data is available. (ualg.pt)
In silico analysis of seabream BMP2 promoter revealed several binding sites for bone and cartilage related transcription factors (TFs) and their functionality was evaluated using promoter-luciferase constructions and TF-expressing vectors. (ualg.pt)
Data reported here provides new insights toward the better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of BMP2 gene in a bone and cartilage context. (ualg.pt)
Although both Smad1/5 and mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by BMP2, the hierarchical relationship between them is unclear. (snu.ac.kr)

BMP-2 and insulin-like growth factor-I mediate Osterix (Osx) expression in human mesenchymal stem cells via the MAPK and protein kinase D signaling pathways. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Estradiol rapidly activated MAPK phosphorylation including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways and BMP6, BMP7, and activin preferentially inhibited estradiol-induced p38 phosphorylation. (elsevier.com)
In this study, we found ten point mutations in the gene encoding homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 4 (HIPK4) in patients with NOA, and using in vitro studies, we determined a premature termination point mutation (p. (jbc.org)
Sequencing of mutations in the serine/threonine kinase domain of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 gene causing pulmonary arterial hypertension. (edu.au)

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates Runx2 acetylation. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
It could be shown that the treatment of defects in the femur of rabbits with BMP Adsorption-surface-coating on bioglass ® like implants stimulates bone growth. (fu-berlin.de)
As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenetic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. (carlsbadoralsurgery.com)
This remarkable material stimulates the body to grow new bone. (scoliosisassociates.com)
A protein that stimulates the expression of a gene. (tabers.com)

Receptor-mediated osteoblastic differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and supportive function of its heparin binding has been proposed, direct role of the heparin binding site of BMP-4 on osteogenesis has not yet been fully investigated. (ewha.ac.kr)
A new diketopiperazine-like inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoblastic differentiation produced by marine-derived Aspergillus sp. (olmdiagnostics.com)

Cells that express MyoD mRNA, the G8 antigen and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin (Nog) are present in the epiblast before gastrulation. (pcom.edu)
The BMP-7-binding affinity of site-specific variants of Noggin is correlated with alterations in bone formation and apoptosis in chick limb development, showing that Noggin functions by sequestering its ligand in an inactive complex. (nature.com)
Figure 5: Binding affinity of Noggin proteins for BMP-7. (nature.com)
Zimmerman, L. B., De Jesus-Escobar, J. M. & Harland, R. M. The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4. (nature.com)

Complications from the graft harvest site are also eliminated with the use of bone morphogenetic protein. (carlsbadoralsurgery.com)
Your bone graft may contain bone morphogenetic protein (BMP, Infuse). (sarasotaoralsurgery.com)
In some patients, the bone graft harvest site can remain a permanent source of discomfort. (scoliosisassociates.com)
Numerous clinical trials have determined that BMP is a safe and effective alternative to bone graft. (scoliosisassociates.com)
Distraction osteogenesis eliminates the need for a second surgical site to harvest bone graft material. (vsoms.org)

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor sertraline inhibits bone healing in a calvarial defect model. (musc.edu)
2013) Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel and selective bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMP) inhibitor derived from the pyrazolo[1.5-a]pyrimidine scaffold of dorsomorphin: the discovery of ML347 as an ALK2 versus ALK3 selective MLPCN probe. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

To investigate the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of normal human gastric mucosal cells and gastric cancer cells. (medsci.org)
A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS. (musc.edu)
Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP15) are critical paracrine regulators of female fertility and are predominantly expressed by oocytes. (medscape.com)
The oocyte-secreted factors growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), both members of the TGF-β superfamily, are critical for folliculogenesis and oocyte quality. (medscape.com)

Masterson JC, Molloy EL, Gilbert JL, McCormack N, Adams A, O'Dea S. Bone morphogenetic protein signalling in airway epithelial cells during regeneration. (ucdenver.edu)
Engineered bridge protein with dual affinity for bone morphogenetic protein-2 and collagen enhances bone regeneration for spinal fusion. (uchicago.edu)
Bone morphogenetic proteins - Potential role in periodontal regeneration. (who.int)
The use of PRP in surgical practice could have beneficial outcomes, reducing bleeding and enhancing soft tissue healing and bone regeneration. (winchesteroralsurgerycenter.com)
This review suggests that the use of PRP in the alveolar socket after tooth extractions is certainly capable of improving soft tissue healing and positively influencing bone regeneration, but the latter effect seems to decrease a few days after the extraction. (winchesteroralsurgerycenter.com)

Antibodies to encephalitogenic basic protein in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (jns-journal.com)

After publication of the results gained for the regulators of cartilage metabolism bFGF and IGF-I [ 3 ], this article focuses on the role of the Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 (BMP-2, BMP-7) that both are recognized as candidate growth factors with good potential in cartilage tissue engineering as well as cartilage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
First, Dr. Grenier will cut around each tooth of the affected area to release the gum tissue from the bone. (andregrenierdmd.com)

A Multicenter Trial Demonstrating Presence or Absence of Bacterial Contamination at the Screw-Bone Interface Owing to Absence or Presence of Pedicle Screw Guard, Respectively, During Spinal Fusion. (neo-medical.com)

The immune system's inflammatory response prompted by periodontal bacteria can lead to bone loss in the jaw region, and cause teeth to fall out. (andregrenierdmd.com)

Prostate cancer induces bone metastasis through Wnt-induced bone morphogenetic protein-dependent and independent mechanisms. (umassmed.edu)
Bone morphogenetic protein is an isolated protein that induces specific cells in our body to form new cartilage and bone. (carlsbadoralsurgery.com)
Induces cartilage and bone formation. (genebiosystems.com)

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 functions via a conserved signaling pathway involving Wnt4 to regulate uterine decidualization in the mouse and the human. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
The bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)-SMAD signaling pathway is an important endogenous regulator of hepcidin expression. (unimore.it)
Adapter proteins participate in the immune response by acting as a bridge for enzymes in the signaling pathway needed to activate lymphocytes and initiate a response to an antigen. (tabers.com)

When ERK activation was induced by constitutively active MEK1 expression, the protein level and activation of Smad1 increased. (snu.ac.kr)
ATP and UTP stimulate bone morphogenetic protein-2,-4 and -5 gene expression and mineralization by rat primary osteoblasts involving PI3K/AKT pathway. (uba.ar)
Expression of PIM1 protein in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. (uchicago.edu)

Wahdan-Alaswad RS, Song K, Krebs TL, Shola DT, Gomez JA, Matsuyama S, Danielpour D. Insulin-like growth factor I suppresses bone morphogenetic protein signaling in prostate cancer cells by activating mTOR signaling. (ucdenver.edu)
Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) suppresses inflammatory genes in renal proximal tubular cells and regulates iron metabolism by inducing hepcidin. (ox.ac.uk)

Myo/Nog Cell Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in the" by Jacquelyn Gerhart, Victoria L Scheinfeld et al. (pcom.edu)
The three categories of changes examined include (a) immune-related molecules, (b) neurotrophins, growth factors and structural proteins, and (c) molecules associated with metabolism, signaling and regulation. (jns-journal.com)

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. (umassmed.edu)
It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. (ouhsc.edu)
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 is a potent osteogenic factor. (snu.ac.kr)

Xie C, Jiang W, Lacroix JJ, Luo Y, Hao J. Insight into Molecular Mechanism for Activin A-Induced Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. (uchicago.edu)
Using RACE, they obtained a full-length cDNA encoding a predicted 152-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 17 kD. (jetaninchina.com)

Loss of endogenous bone morphogenetic protein-6 aggravates renal fibrosis. (ox.ac.uk)

Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor cell proliferation. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)

SCUBE3 loss-of-function causes a recognizable recessive developmental disorder due to defective bone morphogenetic protein signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Developmental stage-specific effects of Pim-1 dysregulation on murine bone marrow B cell development. (uchicago.edu)

Likewise, bone grafting requires additional time in the operating room, which increases many surgical risks such as infection and bleeding, as well as prolongs the patient's hospital stay and recovery time. (scoliosisassociates.com)
Today, there is a new alternative to bone grafting that alleviates these problems. (scoliosisassociates.com)
Bone grafting is used in combination with this procedure to regrow as much bone as possible that was lost to infeciton. (andregrenierdmd.com)
Bone grafting may also be necessary to fill in large defects. (andregrenierdmd.com)
In these situations, bone can actually be rebuilt with grafting procedures as part of the implant process. (oofs.net)
Dr. Whitman and his team offer oral surgery procedures like Dental Implants using YOMI Robotics , Wisdom Teeth Removal , Bone Grafting , and more. (oofs.net)

Bone binding bioactive implants play an important role in bone reconstruction. (fu-berlin.de)
Evaluate clinically and radiographically the conditions of bone density around the experimental bioactive implants that are covered with Bone Morphogenetic Protein recombinant human type-2 (rhBMP-2) (IE) and to compare it to that obtained whit rough- surface implants (IC). (bvsalud.org)

However, levels of hepatic phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8 protein (an intracellular mediator of Bmp6 signaling) and Id1 mRNA (a target gene of Bmp6) were inappropriately low for the body iron burden and Bmp6 mRNA levels in Hfe KO, compared with WT mice. (unimore.it)
BMP is a naturally occurring human protein that has been isolated and reproduced as a result of cutting edge human gene research. (scoliosisassociates.com)
The adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) gene is a tumor suppressor gene, and mutations resulting in loss of APC protein function are associated with carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
Bone mineral mass is associated with interleukin 1 receptor autoantigen and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms in post-menopausal Mediterranean women. (cdc.gov)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha, CYP 17, urokinase, and interleukin 10 gene polymorphisms in postmenopausal women: correlation to bone mineral density and susceptibility to osteoporosis. (cdc.gov)
Adiposity and bone mineral density of Chilean elderly women in relation to toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms. (cdc.gov)
The influence of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women]. (cdc.gov)

The results found here are important for the possible introduction and approval for clinical application of the studied implants in the reconstruction of bone defects in orthopedics and for anchoring of endoprostheses for example in dentistry. (fu-berlin.de)
Biomechanical Integrity in Craniofacial Surgery: Calvarial Reconstruction in Favorable and Infected Defects with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2. (musc.edu)
Scube3-/- mice showed craniofacial and dental defects, reduced body size , and defective endochondral bone growth due to impaired BMP-mediated chondrogenesis and osteogenesis , recapitulating the human disorder. (bvsalud.org)

These findings suggest that rhBMP-2-coated implants can stimulated bone formation around dental implants and may be an alternative in treatment for low bone density sites. (bvsalud.org)
Association between TNFRSF1B polymorphisms and bone mineral density, bone loss and fracture. (cdc.gov)
ALDH2 polymorphisms and bone mineral density in an elderly Japanese population. (cdc.gov)
Increased serum osteoprotegerin levels associated with decreased bone mineral density in familial Mediterranean fever. (cdc.gov)
Association between polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor genes and circulating TNF, soluble TNF receptor levels, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. (cdc.gov)
C influence bone mineral density in young and elderly Japanese women. (cdc.gov)

Cellular and extracellular matrix of bone, with principles of synthesis and dependency of mineral deposition on cell membrane transport. (uchicago.edu)

Hogan, B. L. Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development. (nature.com)

This alternate translation results in a truncated protein that lacks the N-terminal signal peptide and is thus not recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP) for delivery to the secretory pathway. (hindawi.com)
Bone morphogenetic protein binding peptide mechanism and enhancement of osteogenic protein-1 induced bone healing. (edu.sa)

Prior to ligand binding, the extracellular protein loses flexibility while the intracellular portion gains it. (ipfs.io)
The intracellular domain communicates via protein-protein interactions against effector proteins , which in turn pass a signal to the destination. (ipfs.io)

A protein that works with another protein, e.g., in helping it to fold into its normal shape or become anchored into its preferred location in a cell membrane. (tabers.com)

Our findings identify a human disease caused by defective function of a member of the SCUBE family , and link SCUBE3 to processes controlling growth , morphogenesis , and bone and teeth development through modulation of BMP signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Human myxomatous mitral valve prolapse: role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in valvular interstitial cell activation. (phalanxbiotech.com)
E7 from human papil omavirus type 16 cooperate to cancer: the European prospective investigation into doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp321 PMID:20047954 target the PDZ protein Na/H exchange regulatory cancer and nutrition study. (who.int)

In the absence of such cleavage, however, a bipartite nuclear localization signal that overlaps the proprotein convertase recognition sequence directs translocation of the variant protein to the nucleus [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

We have recently showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and -4 are expressed in pancreatic islets and inhibit beta-cell growth and function. (ku.dk)
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of cytokines and growth factors. (ualg.pt)
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. (uchicago.edu)
Other studies have demonstrated that skeletal tissues represent a significant reservoir of growth factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins. (elsevier.com)
On the other hand, dental implants are made of titanium, which actually integrates with the jawbone, strengthening it and stimulating bone growth. (advancedoms.com)

A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. (ouhsc.edu)
Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears. (ouhsc.edu)

Genetic studies in humans and mice have shown that the secreted protein sclerostin is a key negative regulator of bone formation, although the magnitude and extent of sclerostin's role in the control of bone formation in the aging skeleton is still unclear. (nih.gov)
Taken together, these preclinical results establish sclerostin's role as a pivotal negative regulator of bone formation in the aging skeleton and, furthermore, suggest that antibody-mediated inhibition of sclerostin represents a promising new therapeutic approach for the anabolic treatment of bone-related disorders, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
If the binding site itself plays role on osteogenesis, the site domain can be useful in bone formation in combination with biomaterial. (ewha.ac.kr)
We will also do a thorough medical evaluation, as your overall health and history plays a big role in how well your implant will heal and fuse to the bone. (oofs.net)

Death of bone marrow occurs within 6-12 hours after vascular insult. (medscape.com)
This osteoarthritis is often accompanied by a coinciding bone marrow lesion (BML) which has been shown to result in poorer patient outcomes. (faoj.org)
Although this technique has primarily been described in literature to treat bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in the knee joint, this technique has recently been applied to the foot and ankle with comparably successful outcomes. (faoj.org)
These abnormalities can be identified both histologically and on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as bone marrow lesions (BMLs) [4-7]. (faoj.org)

Kwan CW, Gavin-Smyth J, Ferguson EL, Schmidt-Ott U. Functional evolution of a morphogenetic gradient. (uchicago.edu)

Zhang J, Ge Y, Sun L, Cao J, Wu Q, Guo L, Wang Z. Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells. (medsci.org)

Sub-clinical dose of bone morphogenetic protein-2 does not precipitate rampant, sustained inflammatory response in bone wound healing. (musc.edu)

Two different types of bioactive implant material were coated with BMP (bone morphogenetic protein). (fu-berlin.de)
The highest implant-bone- contact could be observed in the glasses with BMP and after 84 days the glasses with BMP still had the highest implant-bone-contact. (fu-berlin.de)
In the glass-ceramics however, there were some unpredictable results, for example the lower implant-bone-contact in the glass-ceramics with BMP starting from 84 days in comparison to the glass-ceramics without BMP. (fu-berlin.de)
Once the bone has formed, the second stage on implant placement can proceed. (syvoralsurgery.com)
This CAT scan allows for the generation of a three-dimensional model of the jaw bone that can then be used with virtual reality software to plan the implant placement without the presence of the patient. (taylorandratliff.com)

Anatomy57

Organisms11

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/3840)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (2/3840)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (3/3840)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (4/3840)

Isolation of zebrafish gdf7 and comparative genetic mapping of genes belonging to the growth/differentiation factor 5, 6, 7 subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (5/3840)

Cloning and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. (6/3840)

Convergence of transforming growth factor-beta and vitamin D signaling pathways on SMAD transcriptional coactivators. (7/3840)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (8/3840)

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II

Bone and Bones

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5

Smad1 Protein

Smad Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3

Smad5 Protein

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Bone Remodeling

Smad6 Protein

Smad8 Protein

Signal Transduction

Osteogenesis

Growth Differentiation Factor 2

Cell Differentiation

Osteoblasts

Bone Regeneration

Bone Density

Receptors, Growth Factor

Growth Differentiation Factors

Growth Differentiation Factor 5

Bone Development

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Growth Differentiation Factor 9

Bone Matrix

Bone Resorption

Activin Receptors, Type I

Growth Differentiation Factor 6

Activins

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Smad4 Protein

Bone Neoplasms

Activin Receptors, Type II

Cells, Cultured

Bone Marrow

Bone Diseases

Bone Marrow Cells

Follistatin

Body Patterning

Mesoderm

Activin Receptors

Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1

Carrier Proteins

Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated

In Situ Hybridization

Alkaline Phosphatase

Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases

Trans-Activators

Bone Transplantation

MSX1 Transcription Factor

Proteins

Xenopus Proteins

Ossification, Heterotopic

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit

Chondrogenesis

Stem Cells

RNA, Messenger

Calcification, Physiologic

Hypertension, Pulmonary

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Myositis Ossificans

Smad7 Protein

Hedgehog Proteins

Bone Substitutes

Wnt Proteins

Hepcidins

Chondrocytes

Homeodomain Proteins

Osteocalcin

Chick Embryo

Cell Proliferation