Bone morphogenetic proteins. Medical search

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from TGF-BETA RECEPTORS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS; and other surface receptors to the CELL NUCLEUS. They were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, Drosophila and sma proteins from CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and is essential for PHYSIOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.

A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE.

A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

An inhibitory Smad protein that negatively regulates the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS from BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. Smad6 inhibits PHOSPHORYLATION of SMAD2 PROTEIN and SMAD3 PROTEIN.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a regulatory role as a paracrine factor for a diverse array of cell types during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult tissues. Growth differentiation factor 2 is also a potent regulator of CHONDROGENESIS and was previously referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 9.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

A family of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-related proteins that are primarily involved in regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in early CHONDROGENESIS and joint formation.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the neural differentiation, specifically in the retinal development of the EYE.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Diseases of BONES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

A negative regulator of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that blocks activation of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and is de-regulated in a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A family of smad proteins that undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS in response to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ACTIVIN; or BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A family of metalloproteases that are related to the DROSOPHILA protein tolloid, which is a gene product necessary for dorsal-ventral patterning in early Drosophila embryogenesis. Many members of the group may play a significant role in intercellular signaling.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.

An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

Forms of hepcidin, a cationic amphipathic peptide synthesized in the liver as a prepropeptide which is first processed into prohepcidin and then into the biologically active hepcidin forms, including in human the 20-, 22-, and 25-amino acid residue peptide forms. Hepcidin acts as a homeostatic regulators of iron metabolism and also possesses antimicrobial activity.

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

Breaks in bones.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.

Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Congenital anomaly of abnormally short fingers or toes.

Inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. They inhibit CELL DIFFERENTIATION and induce CELL PROLIFERATION by modulating different CELL CYCLE regulators.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

A growth differentiation factor that is closely-related in structure to BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 3. Growth differentiation factor 10 is found at high levels in BONE, however it plays an additional roles in regulating EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Breaks in CARTILAGE.

Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

Broadly distributed glycoproteins that are homologous to the activin-binding protein, FOLLISTATIN. These follistatin-related proteins are encoded by a number of genes.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.

The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/3840)

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (2/3840)

The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (3/3840)

A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (4/3840)

Mutations in GDF-5, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, result in the autosomal recessive syndromes brachypod (bp) in mice and Hunter-Thompson and Grebe-type chondrodysplasias in humans. These syndromes are all characterised by the shortening of the appendicular skeleton and loss or abnormal development of some joints. To investigate how GDF-5 controls skeletogenesis, we overexpressed GDF-5 during chick limb development using the retrovirus, RCASBP. This resulted in up to a 37.5% increase in length of the skeletal elements, which was predominantly due to an increase in the number of chondrocytes. By injecting virus at different stages of development, we show that GDF-5 can increase both the size of the early cartilage condensation and the later developing skeletal element. Using in vitro micromass cultures as a model system to study the early steps of chondrogenesis, we show that GDF-5 increases chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. We did not detect changes in proliferation. However, cell suspension cultures showed that GDF-5 might act at these stages by increasing cell adhesion, a critical determinant of early chondrogenesis. In contrast, pulse labelling experiments of GDF-5-infected limbs showed that at later stages of skeletal development GDF-5 can increase proliferation of chondrocytes. Thus, here we show two mechanisms of how GDF-5 may control different stages of skeletogenesis. Finally, our data show that levels of GDF-5 expression/activity are important in controlling the size of skeletal elements and provides a possible explanation for the variation in the severity of skeletal defects resulting from mutations in GDF-5. (+info)

Isolation of zebrafish gdf7 and comparative genetic mapping of genes belonging to the growth/differentiation factor 5, 6, 7 subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (5/3840)

The Growth/differentiation factor (Gdf) 5, 6, 7 genes form a closely related subgroup belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily. In zebrafish, there are three genes that belong to the Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup that have been named radar, dynamo, and contact. The genes radar and dynamo both encode proteins most similar to mouse GDF6. The orthologous identity of these genes on the basis of amino acid similarities has not been clear. We have identified gdf7, a fourth zebrafish gene belonging to the Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup. To assign correct orthologies and to investigate the evolutionary relationships of the human, mouse, and zebrafish Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup, we have compared genetic map positions of the zebrafish and mammalian genes. We have mapped zebrafish gdf7 to linkage group (LG) 17, contact to LG9, GDF6 to human chromosome (Hsa) 8 and GDF7 to Hsa2p. The radar and dynamo genes have been localized previously to LG16 and LG19, respectively. A comparison of syntenies shared among human, mouse, and zebrafish genomes indicates that gdf7 is the ortholog of mammalian GDF7/Gdf7. LG16 shares syntenic relationships with mouse chromosome (Mmu) 4, including Gdf6. Portions of LG16 and LG19 appear to be duplicate chromosomes, thus suggesting that radar and dynamo are both orthologs of Gdf6. Finally, the mapping data is consistent with contact being the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian GDF5/Gdf5. (+info)

Cloning and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. (6/3840)

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is involved in bone formation, organogenesis or pattern formation during development. The expression of BMP-2 is regulated accurately and coordinately with that of other transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the regulation of BMP-2 expression, a 6.7 kb SpeI-SalI fragment, from the P1 phage library, encompassing the 5'-flanking region of the human BMP-2 gene, was isolated and sequenced. Transcription start sites were mapped by the 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. It has been found that the human BMP-2 gene contains, largely, two promoter regions surrounded by GC-rich sequences with several Sp1 consensus motifs. The proximal promoter possesses a single start site, whereas several start sites are clustered in the distal promoter region. Neither TATA nor CAAT consensus sequences are found in the proximity of the start sites for either promoter. Interestingly, in no case is the transcription-initiation site common between the human and mouse BMP-2 genes, although the sequence of the BMP-2 gene is well conserved in the promoter region between two species. Transient transfection experiments with the reporter fused with various lengths of the BMP-2 promoter sequence demonstrated that there exist enhancer elements in an 1.1 kb GC-rich fragment covering both promoter regions. It is noteworthy that the enhancer elements are 5'-flanked by a 790 bp strong repressor element that is characterized by numerous AT stretches. This intriguing organization may be amenable to the tight control of the expression of BMP-2 that is essential for development or bone morphogenesis. (+info)

Convergence of transforming growth factor-beta and vitamin D signaling pathways on SMAD transcriptional coactivators. (7/3840)

Cell proliferation and differentiation are regulated by growth regulatory factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and the liphophilic hormone vitamin D. TGF-beta causes activation of SMAD proteins acting as coactivators or transcription factors in the nucleus. Vitamin D controls transcription of target genes through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Smad3, one of the SMAD proteins downstream in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, was found in mammalian cells to act as a coactivator specific for ligand-induced transactivation of VDR by forming a complex with a member of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 protein family in the nucleus. Thus, Smad3 may mediate cross-talk between vitamin D and TGF-beta signaling pathways. (+info)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (8/3840)

In many organisms the allocation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is determined by the inheritance of maternal factors deposited in the egg. However, in mammals, inductive cell interactions are required around gastrulation to establish the germ line. Here, we show that Bmp4 homozygous null embryos contain no PGCs. They also lack an allantois, an extraembryonic mesodermal tissue derived, like the PGCs, from precursors in the proximal epiblast. Heterozygotes have fewer PGCs than normal, due to a reduction in the size of the founding population and not to an effect on its subsequent expansion. Analysis of beta-galactosidase activity in Bmp4(lacZneo) embryos reveals that prior to gastrulation, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic ectoderm. Later, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic mesoderm, but not in PGCs. Chimera analysis indicates that it is the Bmp4 expression in the extraembryonic ectoderm that regulates the formation of allantois and primordial germ cell precursors, and the size of the founding population of PGCs. The initiation of the germ line in the mouse therefore depends on a secreted signal from the previously segregated, extraembryonic, trophectoderm lineage. (+info)

One pathway implicated in interdigital necrosis is the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. BMP signaling ... The bones of the leg and foot Family". Manual of Ornithology. Avian Structure & Function. New Haven and London: Yale University ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbed_foot

The BMPs bind to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 (BMPR2). They are involved in a multitude of cellular functions ... Bone morphogenetic proteins cause the transcription of mRNAs involved in osteogenesis, neurogenesis, and ventral mesoderm ... The TGF beta superfamily of ligands include: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), ... "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through negative regulation of inhibitory Smads". The EMBO Journal. 20 (15): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway

Dudley, A. T.; Lyons, K. M.; Robertson, E. J. (15 November 1995). "A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during ... Dudley, A. T.; Robertson, E. J. (1997). "Overlapping expression domains of bone morphogenetic protein family members ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Robertson

BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein) cell signaling plays a key role in diverse aspects of cardiac differentiation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_node

One example is the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein,) which has an important role in ameloblast differentiation. When ... Ameloblasts are cells which secrete the enamel proteins enamelin and amelogenin which will later mineralize to form enamel, the ... similar to osteoblasts in production of bone tissue). Ameloblasts adjust their secretory and resorptive activities to maintain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameloblast

When a skeletal muscle is injured, inflammatory cytokines (Bone morphogenetic protein 2, Bone morphogenetic protein 4, and ... During the maturation phase, mature bone started to form. As the maturation continues, the bone will consolidate in the coming ... The early phase occurs in the first four weeks of injury with inflammatory phase of bone formation. This is followed by ... Surgery is only performed after 6 to 18 months following injury because surgery does not alter the bone maturation process. If ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myositis_ossificans

Decreases in Hh, production disturb the production of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, bone morphogenetic proteins, and ... Acrania is a rare congenital disorder that occurs in the human fetus in which the flat bones in the cranial vault are either ... When HHAT contains a loss-of-function mutation, less HHAT protein is produced. HHAT is necessary for the production of Hedgehog ... Hh) proteins post-transcriptionally. As HHAT production decreases, production of long-range Hh proteins decreases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrania

... gradient of pituitary morphogenesis is dependent on neuroectodermal signals from the infundibular bone morphogenetic protein 4 ... Other essential proteins necessary for pituitary cell proliferation are Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), Wnt4, and Wnt5. ... An assortment of genes and proteins - such as WNT4, RSPO1, FOXL2, and various estrogen receptors - have been shown to prevent ... May 1, 2002). "Parathyroid hormone is essential for normal fetal bone formation". J Clin Invest. 109 (9): 1173-1182. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system

... induces human osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway ... This is due to the tendency of tannins to react with proteins, such as the ones found in saliva. In food and wine pairing, ... proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Journal. 8 (2): ... foods that are high in proteins (such as red meat) are often paired with tannic wines to minimize the astringency of tannins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine

Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone, bone morphogenetic protein ... and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily. The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both ... In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit ... The mutation in ACVR1 causes activin A, which normally acts as an antagonist of the receptor and blocks osteogenesis (bone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin

Key growth factors in endochondral skeletal differentiation include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that determine to a ... The functional part of bone, the bone matrix, is entirely extracellular. The bone matrix consists of protein and mineral. The ... "Osteopontin deficiency increases bone fragility but preserves bone mass". Bone. 46 (6): 1564-73. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.014 ... These proteins link organic and mineral component of bone matrix. The proteins are necessary for maximal matrix strength due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast

Inhibition of TGF-β and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling can efficiently induce neural tissue from human pluripotent ... This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis. ... which produce cellular forces that interact with the extracellular environment through cell adhesion proteins to cause the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt signals. These molecular signals direct the growth of the surrounding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel_knot

... which is a factor called bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). It has bone inductive properties, that can predictably induce bone ... This metal-protein clot at the surface of the pulp may act as a barrier to external irritants. The physiological clot formation ... Ferric sulphate is used to arrest pulpal bleeding by forming a sealing membrane through the agglutination of the blood proteins ... Recent advances in the field of bone and dentin formation have opened exciting new vistas for pulp therapy, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpotomy

... a common blood test Bone morphogenetic proteins, a family of growth factors influencing bone and tissue growth within animals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a subgroup of TGF-β superfamily that can induce bone and cartilage formation as well as ... Ligaments connect one bone to another, while tendons connect muscle to bone. Histologically, tendons consist of dense regular ... In this process, osteocytes infiltrate the tendon and lay down bone as they would in sesamoid bone such as the patella. In ... G-proteins, which induce intracellular signaling cascades, may also be important, and ion channels are activated by stretching ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon

... this codes for a protein known as a bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1B.Genetic diseases are determined by the ... Abnormal cartilage and bone development can affect many bones in the body. Long term effects include joint pain, arthritis, ... Abnormalities of cartilage and bone development may also cause the bones within the fingers, toes, hands and feet to become ... is a gene that codes for a protein that affects bone development, natriuretic peptide receptor B (Npr2). This is a receptor for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromesomelic_dysplasia

Test Method for In Vitro Biological Activity of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) Using the W-20 Mouse ... F564-17 Specification and Test Methods for Metallic Bone Staples F565-04(2018) Practice for Care and Handling of Orthopedic ... Guide for Pre-clinical in vivo Evaluation in Critical Size Segmental Bone Defects F2722-15 Practice for Evaluating Mobile ... and Labeling of Consumer Trampolines F382-17 Specification and Test Method for Metallic Bone Plates F384-17 Specifications and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASTM_International_standards_(F)

Autocrine motility factor Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) Ciliary neurotrophic factor family Ciliary neurotrophic factor ( ... leukemias aplastic anaemia bone marrow transplantation angiogenesis for cardiovascular diseases Angiogenesis Bone growth factor ... Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and evolutionarily related ... Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor

For example, BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins) promote neurogenesis in progenitors that express high levels of Neurogenin-1 ... Proneural proteins bind DNA as heterodimeric complexes that are formed by bHLH proteins or E proteins. Because ... Although proneural proteins are responsible for trigger neurogenesis, different proteins are required for different neural and/ ... Proneural proteins specifically bind DNA sequences that contain a core hexanucleotide motif, CANNTG, known as an E-box. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proneural_genes

Award for ground breaking research findings in the field of reconstructive surgery using novel bone morphogenetic proteins by ... His research on guided bone regeneration in cleft deformities was selected for this award. He is the first and only Indian to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Balaji

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), BMP-4 and BMP-7 produced from the septum transversum join fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum_transversum

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is released by the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) at embryonic day 5.5 to 5.75 directly ... the PGCs express two CXCR4 transmembrane receptor proteins. The signaling system involving this protein and its ligand, Sdf1, ... December 2017). "The Vertebrate Protein Dead End Maintains Primordial Germ Cell Fate by Inhibiting Somatic Differentiation". ... Pole plasm is organized by and contains the proteins and mRNA of the posterior group genes (such as oskar, nanos gene, Tudor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline_development

... bone morphogenetic protein 2,recombinant human Factor IX, and recombinant human Factor VIII (Recombinate); as well as tissue ... "a library of several thousand genes and their related proteins that could be scanned for potential new drugs." This program was ... based on a G.I. technology that allowed it to identify proteins secreted by cells and therefore more likely to be therapeutic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_Institute

Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein Guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor ... Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic, catalytic, and receptor functions. They ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor

Functioning negatively for the regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Dullard conserves the C-terminal region of NLI ... Dullard protein or CTDnep1 encodes a protein serine/threonine phosphatase and dephosphoroylates LPIN1 and LPIN2. LPIN1 and ... Human Dullard has shown that the protein has two membrane spanning regions. One end is the N-terminal end, which helps localize ... Dullard is also known as CTDnep1, which stands for CTD nuclear envelope phosphatase 1. It is a protein coding gene, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dullard_protein

"The bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is overexpressed in human cancers and interacts with YWHAH protein". BMC ... Gremlin1 (Grem1) is known for its antagonistic interaction with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the TGF beta signaling ... "Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor ... 12, 23 GREM1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) GREM2+protein,+human at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)

BMP2: Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (osteoblast differentiation). *BPIFB1: encoding protein BPI fold containing family B, member ... encoding protein Transmembrane prostate androgen-induced protein. *TTPAL: encoding protein Tocopherol (alpha) transfer protein- ... YTHDF1: encoding protein YTH domain family, member 1. *ZFP64 encoding protein Zinc finger protein 64 homolog, isoforms 1 and 2 ... FASTKD5: encoding protein FAST kinase domain-containing protein 5 (FASTKD5). *FITM2: encoding protein Fat storage-inducing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_20

GDF6 interacts with bone morphogenetic proteins to regulate ectoderm patterning, and controls eye development. GDF8 is now ... Hino J, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Nohno T, Nishimatsu S (2004). "Bone morphogenetic protein-3 family members and their biological ... Truksa J, Peng H, Lee P, Beutler E (2006). "Bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 9 stimulate murine hepcidin 1 expression ... BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki[permanent dead link]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor

This linkage is further evidenced by the fact that two of the genes, HAO1 and BMP2, affecting medullary bone (the part of the ... The HBB gene encodes information to make the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin, which is the protein red blood cells use to ... Foods with high levels of protein must be avoided. These include breast milk, eggs, chicken, beef, pork, fish, nuts, and other ... Both males and females with larger combs have higher bone density and strength, which allows females to deposit more calcium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic

Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR (December 2004). "Bone morphogenetic proteins". Growth Factors 22 (4): 233-41. PMID 15621726. doi: ... Kawamura C, Kizaki M, Ikeda Y (2003). "Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 induces apoptosis in human myeloma cells.". Leuk. ... "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor complexes on the surface of live cells: a new oligomerization mode for serine/threonine ... Koštani morfogenetički protein 2 ili BMP-2 pripada TGF-β superfamiliji proteina.[1] ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30). *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1 ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This protein is highly similar to the gene ... protein kinase activity. • kinase activity. • protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • cyclin-dependent protein serine/ ... protein binding. • ATP binding. • cyclin binding. • cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • macromolecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK4

In general, proteins fold into discrete units that perform distinct cellular functions, but some proteins are also capable of ... Adult stem cells like bone marrow stem cells have also shown a potential to differentiate into cardiac competent cells when ... The first way is post translational modification of the amino acids that make up histone proteins. Histone proteins are made up ... thereby reducing that protein's activity. In PSI+ cells, the loss of the Sup35 protein (which is involved in termination of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

... is due to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp ... The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low ... The patagium is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind ... Kirkpatrick, S. J. (1994). "Scale effects on the stresses and safety factors in the wing bones of birds and bats". Journal of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a subgroup of TGF-β superfamily that can induce bone and cartilage formation as well as ... Ligaments join one bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone for a proper functioning of the body. ... In this process, osteocytes infiltrate the tendon and lay down bone as they would in sesamoid bone such as the patella. In ... A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina_fibrosa

In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. ... putative mu opioid/metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 heteromers produces potent antinociception in a chronic murine bone cancer ... In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion,[1] or protein[2] which binds to the DNA double helix. ... Teif VB, Rippe K (October 2010). "Statistical-mechanical lattice models for protein-DNA binding in chromatin". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_binding

"Smad-interacting protein 1 is a repressor of liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase transcription in bone morphogenetic protein ... Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZEB2 gene. The ZEB2 protein is a ... ZEB2 protein has 8 zinc fingers and 1 homeodomain. The structure of the homeodomain shown on the right. ZEB2 interacts with ... Mutations of the gene can cause the gene to produce nonfunctional ZEB2 proteins or inactivate the function gene as a whole. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZEB2

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. *Bone morphogenetic protein 1. *Lysostaphin. *Insulin-degrading enzyme ... It is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm where it cleaves the host protein SNAP-25, a member of the SNARE protein family ... Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It ... the toxin cleaves SNARE proteins (proteins that mediate vesicle fusion, with their target membrane bound compartments) meaning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum

... and bone morphogenetic proteins.[45] Evidence suggests that bone cells produce growth factors for extracellular storage in the ... Bone marrow[edit]. Bone marrow, also known as myeloid tissue in red bone marrow, can be found in almost any bone that holds ... Bone volume[edit]. Bone volume is determined by the rates of bone formation and bone resorption. Recent research has suggested ... Bone tissue is a mineralized tissue of two types, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Other types of tissue found in bones ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that in humans is ... GDF11 acts as a cytokine and its molecular structure is identical in humans, mice and rats.[6] The bone morphogenetic protein ... "GDF11 forms a bone morphogenetic protein 1-activated latent complex that can modulate nerve growth factor-induced ... Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. Growth factor receptor modulators. Cytokine receptor modulators. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF11

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30). *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1 ... protein kinase activity. • PDZ domain binding. • SH3 domain binding. • scaffold protein binding. • metal ion binding. • kinase ... protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • GO:0001948 protein binding. • ATP binding. • Rho GTPase binding. ... Displaying a distinctive protein organization, this protein defines a separate class of rho partners.[7] Using a cloning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIT_

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. *Bone morphogenetic protein 1. *Lysostaphin. *Insulin-degrading enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinase

The decapentaplegic Vg-related (DVR) related subfamily (including the bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth ... These proteins interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and ... Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. Growth factor receptor modulators. Cytokine receptor modulators. ... Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include:. AMH; ARTN; BMP10; BMP15; BMP2; BMP3; BMP4; BMP5; BMP6; BMP7; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tgf_beta_superfamily

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase. *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1. *BMPR1A. *BMPR1B ... Guanylyl cyclase activator (protein). References[edit]. *^ Sakurai K.; Chen J.; Kefalov V. (2011). "Role of guanylate cylcase ... Guanylate cyclase is often part of the G protein signaling cascade that is activated by low intracellular calcium levels and ... Depending on cell type, it can drive adaptive/developmental changes requiring protein synthesis. In smooth muscle, cGMP is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase

Inhibition of TGF-β and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling can efficiently induce neural tissue from pluripotent stem ... The Trk proteins act as receptors for NGF and related factors. Trk is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Trk dimerization and ... This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis. ... GDNF: Glial derived neurotrophic factor is a member of the TGFb family of proteins, and is a potent trophic factor for striatal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development

This can occur because shark teeth are not attached to a bone, but instead are developed within a bony cavity.[64] It has been ... Neural cells, for example, express growth-associated proteins, such as GAP-43, tubulin, actin, an array of novel neuropeptides ... "Morphogenetic mechanisms in the cyclic regeneration of hair follicles and deer antlers from stem cells". BioMed Research ... regeneration has been observed in the tails and maxillary bone of crocodiles and adult neurogenesis has also been noted.[99][ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30). *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1 ... This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... protein binding. • metal ion binding. • oxidoreductase activity. • carboxy-lyase activity. • 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCKDHA

2008). "GLI2-specific transcriptional activation of the bone morphogenetic protein/activin antagonist follistatin in human ... and bone morphogenetic proteins". Endocrinology. 147 (7): 3586-97. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0089. PMID 16627583. Grusch M, Drucker C ... It has inhibitory action on bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs); BMPs induce the ectoderm to become epidermal ectoderm. Inhibition ... Follistatin also known as activin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene. Follistatin is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follistatin

Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) should not be routinely used in any type of anterior cervical spine fusion, such as with ... Woo, EJ (Oct 2012). "Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: adverse events reported to the Manufacturer and User ... Life-threatening Complications Associated with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Cervical Spine Fusion". fda.gov ... bone graft or artificial bone substitute is packed between the vertebrae to help them heal together.[1] In general, fusions are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_fusion

The lack of these factors result in a decreased production of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), which translates into a ... synaptic vesicle proteins, and channel proteins. A deficiency in the proper development of these proteins can cause the neural ... stretch in the protein. The mutated Htt protein affects an individual's proper neural functions by inhibiting the action of ... that binds to the TATA box along with 13 other proteins that bind to TBP. The TATA box binding proteins also include the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silencer_(DNA)

... astrocytes were generated by exposing human glial precursor cells to bone morphogenetic protein (Bone morphogenetic protein is ... WNTs and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), provide positional information to developing macroglial cells through morphogen ... with the bone protein and human glial cells combined, they promoted significant recovery of conscious foot placement, axonal ... In response to nerve damage, heat shock proteins (HSP) are released and can bind to their respective TLRs, leading to further ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroglial_cell

... bone morphogenetic protein, and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily.[9] ... bone growth), to behave as an agonist of the receptor and to induce hyperactive bone growth.[21] On 2 September 2015, Regeneron ... The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both dimeric in structure, and, in each complex, the two monomers are linked to ... Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Identified ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibin

... and bone morphogenetic protein BMP4. FGF10 is seen to have the most prominent role. FGF10 is a paracrine signalling molecule ... Other proteins with elevated expression in the lung are the dynein protein DNAH5 in ciliated cells, and the secreted SCGB1A1 ... The highest expression of lung specific proteins are different surfactant proteins,[18] such as SFTPA1, SFTPB and SFTPC, and ... Gene and protein expression[edit]. Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccular_stage

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. *Bone morphogenetic protein 1. *Lysostaphin. *Insulin-degrading enzyme ... It is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm where it cleaves the host protein SNAP-25, a member of the SNARE protein family ... Botulinum toxin (BTX) or Botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] ... Botulinum toxin exerts its effect by cleaving key proteins required for nerve activation. First, the toxin binds specifically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botox

Examples of such proteins include bone morphogenetic proteins and cadherins. Expression of these proteins is essential to ... Bone morphogenetic protein 4, or BMP4, is a transforming growth factor that causes the cells of the ectoderm to differentiate ... Cell signaling and essential proteins[edit]. Critical to the proper folding and function of the neural plate is N-cadherin, a ... In a newly formed neural plate, PAX3 mRNA, MSX1 mRNA, and MSX1/MSX2 proteins are expressed mediolaterally.[9] When the neural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_plate

"Mycoplasma infection transforms normal lung cells and induces bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression by post-transcriptional ... The protein also causes the growth, morphology, and the gene expression of the cells to change, causing them to become a more ... Prostate cancer: p37, a protein encoded for by M. hyorhinis, has been found to promote the invasiveness of prostate cancer ... P1 is a membrane associated protein that allows adhesion to epithelial cells. The P1 receptor is also expressed on erythrocytes ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma

Bone morphogenetic protein 10. *C-Met. *C-Raf. *C3a receptor. *CBX3. *CD163 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg

... and the use of such factors and compositions to induce bone formation in animals. ... for separating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) from bone tissue. The process steps comprise demineralizing bone tissue; ... and 14-kDa associated proteins do not induce bone formation. The 17.5-kDa protein from human bone and the 18.5-kDa protein from ... Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)--6. US5866364 *. 27 Nov 1992. 2 Feb 1999. Genetics Institute, Inc.. Recombinant bone ...

http://www.google.ca/patents/US4789732

... bone and cartilage, and subsequently were shown to be pleiotropic cytokines controlling a wide variety of biological responses ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are importantsignalling molecules that were first identified by their ability to induce ... 2001) Bone morphogenetic protein‐3 is a negative regulator of bone density. Nature Genetics 27: 84-88. ... 2007) Bone morphogenetic protein 2 activates Smad6 gene transcription through bone‐specific transcription factor Runx2. Journal ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0002330.html

Abnormal expressions of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) which play critical role in embryogenesis, cartilage, and bone ... Bone Morphogenetic Proteins as Biomarker. Inspite of doing extensive research work, cancer is still the leading cause of deaths ... Citation: Mandal C, Rahman M, Nag A (2015) An Update of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins as Biomarker and Therapy for Cancer. J ... In canonical pathway, BMPs transduce their signals by binding with serine/threonine protein kinase receptors, followed by ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/blog/2015/03/04/5668-Bone-Morphogenetic-Proteins-as-Biomarker.html

We hypothesize that bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a ligand of the TGF-β family that binds to the activin receptor-like ... Expression of TMEM100 mRNA and protein was decreased after exposure to hyperoxia. BMP9 treatment of rat pups with hyperoxia- ... and of the ALK1 downstream target transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) were studied during the development of experimental BPD. ... and of the ALK1 downstream target transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) were studied during the development of experimental BPD. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00486/full

bmp4 bone morphogenetic protein 4) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo via in situ hybridization, NF stage 26, lateral ... XBMP-4, bmp-4, xbmp4, bone morphogenetic protein-4, zyme, bmp2b, ofc11, bmp2b1, DVR-4, bmp4-a, bmp4-b. Xenopus. Throughout NF ...

http://www.xenbase.org/common/ViewImageActionNonAdmin.do?imageId=3236

The Global Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 2 Market 2020-2029 is exhaustively researched and analyzed in the report to support ... Geographical regions covered for Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 2 Market. - North America Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 2 ... bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) 2 gross margin study, investigate the developing regions, bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) 2 ... market.us/report/bone-morphogenetic-protein-bmp-2-market/request-sample. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 2 Market Executive ...

https://www.pharmiweb.com/press-release/2019-10-17/worldwide-bone-morphogenetic-protein-bmp-2-market-is-growing-at-a-swift-pace-at-a-cagr-by-2029

Abstract 210: Crossveinless 2 Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 in Human and Mouse Vascular Endothelium. Yucheng Yao, ... Abstract 210: Crossveinless 2 Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 in Human and Mouse Vascular Endothelium ... Abstract 210: Crossveinless 2 Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 in Human and Mouse Vascular Endothelium ... Abstract 210: Crossveinless 2 Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 in Human and Mouse Vascular Endothelium ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/32/Suppl_1/A210

Bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors are single pass, type I transmembrane proteins. They belong to a class of receptor ... Bone+Morphogenetic+Protein+Receptors,+Type+I at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Biology ... serine/threonine kinases that bind members of the TGF beta superfamily of ligands-the Bone morphogenetic proteins. The three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor,_type_1

1994) "Identification of type I receptors for osteogenic protein-1 and bone morphogenetic protein-4", J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16985 ... a protein initiating bone differentiation", J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13377-13380; Wozney, J.M. (1992) "The bone morphogenetic ... Bone morphogenetic proteins.. Chen D1, Zhao M, Mundy GR.. Author information. 1. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor beta ( ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15621726?dopt=Abstract

... bone morphogenetic protein (en); Bone morphogenetic protein (en-ca); kostní morfogenetický protein (cs); Proteína morfogénica ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Knochenmorphogenetisches Protein (de); BMP, bone morphogenetic proteins (en); BMP (ru); BMP ... Bone morphogenetic protein (en-gb); 骨塑型蛋白 (zh); Koštani morfogenetički protein (sr); 骨形成タンパク質 (ja); Protein BM (id); Białka ... bone morphogenetic protein bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bone_morphogenetic_proteins

Researchers compared the effects of three bone growth factors to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) -- the most commonly used ... in patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery with the bone-promoting growth factor recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein ... TMDU researchers inject gelatin-based gel carrying protein/peptide drugs to trigger bone augmentation The part of the jawbone ... Protein signaling in embryos is far more complex than previously thought How cells in developing embryos communicate depends a ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Bone+Morphogenetic+Protein

Definition of bone morphogenetic proteins. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and ... bone morphogenetic proteins. Definition: a family of intracellular glycoproteins that induce new bone formation. These proteins ... influence bone remodeling, fracture healing, bone graft, integration and heterotopic calcification. Recombinant DNA technology ...

https://www.drugs.com/dict/bone-morphogenetic-proteins.html

Term: bone morphogenetic protein. ID: PIRSF037272 Mouse Protein Superfamily Annotations. Select one or more mouse PIRSF members ... MGI protein superfamily detail pages represent the protein classification set for a homeomorphic superfamily from the Protein ... The number of protein sequences returned does not always match the numbers of homologs shown, because the same protein sequence ... You can also "Select all" mouse superfamily members to obtain their protein sequences and the protein sequences for all mouse, ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/pirsf/PIRSF037272

The proteins may be used in the treatment of bone and cartilage defects and in wound healing and related tissue repair. ... Purified BMP-2 proteins and processes for producing them are disclosed. ... wherein BMP is bone morphogenic protein) proteins and processes for obtaining them. These proteins may be used to induce bone ... Pharmaceutical compositions comprising bone morphogenetic protein monomers for inhibiting bone formation. US7371377. Jun 19, ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5631142?dq=5,072,412

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional proteins that regulate the fate of different cell types, including ... Controlling cell fate by bone morphogenetic protein receptors.. ten Dijke P1, Korchynskyi O, Valdimarsdottir G, Goumans MJ. ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors. *Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I. *Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors. *Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I. *Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656483

Jetzt Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: From Local to Systemic Therapeutics portofrei bestellen bei Weltbild.de, Ihrem Bücher- ... Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: From Local to Systemic Therapeutics ". Klappentext zu „Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: From Local to ... The role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in tooth development.- Bone morphogenetic protein antagonists and kidney.- ... Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is fine-tuned on multiple levels.- Dissection of bone morphogenetic protein signaling ...

https://www.weltbild.de/artikel/buch/bone-morphogenetic-proteins-from-local-to-systemic_14925366-1

... plural bone morphogenetic proteins) 1. (biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that encourage the formation of bone and ... plural bone morphogenetic proteins) 1. (biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that encourage the formation of bone and ... bone-morphogenetic-protein. Noun (plural bone morphogenetic proteins). *(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that ... bone-morphogenetic-protein. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12th, 2018, from https://www.yourdictionary.com/bone-morphogenetic- ...

http://www.yourdictionary.com/bone-morphogenetic-protein

Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins. B L Rosenzweig, T Imamura, T Okadome ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Several members of this ... Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins ... Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/92/17/7632?ijkey=1b49f44ef36ea5876165b8b43b7ea9a50c892d19&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... This protein in other organisms (by gene name): P12644 - Homo sapiens 0 * Q06826 - Rattus norvegicus no matching PDB entries ... Protein disorder predictions are based on JRONN (Troshin, P. and Barton, G. J. unpublished), a Java implementation of RONN * ... The Protein Feature View requires a browser that supports SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Mouse over tracks and labels for more ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P12644

The transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway in adipogenesis Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012 ... Here, we review the role(s) of transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway in adipocyte ... Transforming growth factor-beta and bone morphogenetic proteins exert their biological functions mainly through their ... to become adipocytes are members of transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and particularly bone morphogenetic proteins. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22226816/

... 09.07.2013 ...

http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/technology-offerings/bone-morphogenetic-protein-4-bmp4-treating-advanced-216760.html

Bone morphogenetic protein and growth differentiation factor cytokine families and their protein antagonists Christopher C. ... Gremlin1 preferentially binds to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 over BMP-7 Rachel H. Church, Arjun Krishnakumar ...

http://www.biochemj.org/keyword/bone-morphogenetic-protein-bmp

Bone morphogenetic protein 7, BMP-7 (Osteogenic protein 1, OP-1) (Eptotermin alfa) ... Bone morphogenetic protein 7Imported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures ... tr,B1AL00,B1AL00_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 7 OS=Homo sapiens OX=9606 GN=BMP7 PE=1 SV=1 ... to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.,p>,a href=/help/protein_names target=_top>More...,/a>,/p>Protein namesi. ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B1AL00

Immunohistochemical detection of bone morphogenetic protein in bone and soft tissue sarcomas YOSHIOKA H. ... Laminin and fibronectin in bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in mouse muscle tissue KAMEGAI A. ... The relationship between bone morphogenetic protein and neoplastic bone diseases JIN Y. ... Histochemical characteristics of calcium binding S100 proteins and bone morphogenetic proteins in chondro-osseous tumors ...

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10008606360

Inactive Protein 2µg Life Sciences:Protein Biology:Proteins:Proteins A-Z:Proteins B ... Alfa Aesar Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7, Human, Inactive Protein For research use ...

https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/bone-morphogenetic-protein-7-human-inactive-protein/AAJ67191AME

A truncated bone morphogenetic protein receptor affects dorsal-ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo. A Suzuki, R S ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, have been ... A truncated bone morphogenetic protein receptor affects dorsal-ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo ... A truncated bone morphogenetic protein receptor affects dorsal-ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/91/22/10255?ijkey=628f4fb26d409decdff4afee23050b77742780e2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Compare bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, ... bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a well-established ... Your search returned 143 bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A ELISA ELISA Kit across 14 suppliers. ...

https://www.biocompare.com/pfu/110627/soids/2-2269689/ELISA_Kit/ELISA_bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor_type_1A

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling suppresses oligodendrocyte d ... Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors*, physiology*. Cerebral Hemorrhage / drug therapy*, pathology, ... Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling suppresses oligodendrocyte development through basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ... Previous Document: p38? and p38? mitogen-activated protein kinases determine cholinergic transdifferentiation of sympat.... ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Bone-Morphogenetic-Protein-Inhibition-Promotes/21865450.html

"Effect of bone morphogenetic proteins-4, -5 and -6 on DNA synthesis and expression of bone-related proteins in cultured human ... Bone morphogenetic protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene.[1][2][3] ... The protein encoded by this gene is member of the TGFβ superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to ... Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral ...

http://wikidoc.org/index.php/BMP5

See also: Bone morphogenetic protein § Clinical uses. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is shown to stimulate the production of bone ... Bone morphogenetic protein 2 or BMP-2 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins.[1] ... BMP-2 like other bone morphogenetic proteins,[2] plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. It is ... As an adjuvant to allograft bone or as a replacement for harvested autograft, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) appear to ...

https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2

Bone morphogenetic protein 10 (BMP10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP10 gene.[1][2] ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP10 is categorized as a BMP ... "Entrez Gene: bone morphogenetic protein 10".. *↑ 2.0 2.1 Neuhaus H, Rosen V, Thies RS (February 1999). "Heart specific ... 2005). "Identification of receptors and signaling pathways for orphan bone morphogenetic protein/growth differentiation factor ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10

... bone morphogenetic protein 4), Authors: Brigitte L Thériault, Mark W Nachtigal. Published in: Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol ... Bone morphogenetic proteins and receptors are over-expressed in bone-marrow cells of multiple myeloma patients and support ... Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral ... Role of bone morphogenetic proteins in human prostate cancer pathogenesis and development of bone metastases: ...

http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/GC_BMP4.html

A Novel Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Mutant Mouse, , Displays Impaired Intracellular Handling in Skeletal Muscle. Laura C. ... digital calipers were used to measure bone dimensions on skeletal preparations of wild type and mutant male mice. Measurements ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/125492/sup/

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 Inhibits the Immunomodulatory Property of BMMSCs via Id1 in Sjögrens Syndrome. Yingying Su,1 Yi ... Elevated expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) was recently reported in the epithelia of SS patients, and ... H. Yin, J. Cabrera-Perez, Z. Lai et al., "Association of bone morphogenetic protein 6 with exocrine gland dysfunction in ... "Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by bone morphogenetic protein-6," Journal of Cellular ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sci/2018/9837035/

Abnormal expressions of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) which play critical role in embryogenesis, cartilage, and bone formation have been found in various types of cancers, which have been linked with tumorigenesis and metastasis of many cancer types [11-15]. (omicsonline.org)
BMPs are a group of proteins which are known to be potent growth factors and morphogens of the TGFβ superfamily. (omicsonline.org)
In canonical pathway, BMPs transduce their signals by binding with serine/threonine protein kinase receptors, followed by forming heterotetrameric complex of receptor type 1 and 2. (omicsonline.org)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted proteins that trigger Smad and non-Smad pathways and thereby influence transcriptional and non-transcriptional differentiation cues. (nih.gov)
Similar to BMPs, mechanical stimulation enhances bone formation. (nih.gov)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been identified as important morphogens with pleiotropic functions in regulating the development, homeostasis and repair of various tissues. (mysciencework.com)

Time-dependent phosphorylation of Smad, mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt in human fetal osteoblasts was investigated under loading and/or BMP2 stimulation conditions. (nih.gov)
a) hFOBs in two-dimensional monolayer cultures were stimulated with 5 nM BMP2 for indicated time points and protein phosphorylation was analysed by western blot using specific antibodies. (nih.gov)
d) hFOBs were cultured on collagen scaffolds, stimulated with 10 nM BMP2 and protein phosphorylation was analysed by western blot using specific antibodies. (nih.gov)

Objective: Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is reported to inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal transduction. (harvard.edu)

Bone morphogenic protein is an isolated protein that induces specific cells in our body to form new cartilage and bone . (surgicalarts.com)

First mid-term results after cancellous allograft vitalized with autologous bone marrow for infected femoral non-union. (pmu.ac.at)

Anti-P-SMAD1/5 antibodies were used for Western blot (WB) on protein extracts from RA and normal synovium and for immunostaining of synovial biopsy sections. (kuleuven.be)

By comparing HUVECs transduced with a control GFP and GFP/Noggin expression cassettes, we showed that constitutive and orthotopic Noggin protein expression did not influence cell proliferation, down-regulated BMP-2 expression, and showed no effect on BMP receptor transcripts. (umassmed.edu)

A truncated bone morphogenetic protein 4 receptor alters the fate of ventral mesoderm to dorsal mesoderm: roles of animal pole tissue in the development of ventral mesoderm. (mysciencework.com)

We hypothesize that bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a ligand of the TGF-β family that binds to the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)-BMP receptor type 2 (BMPR2) receptor complex, may be a novel therapeutic option for BPD. (frontiersin.org)

ALK1, BMPR2 , and Endoglin , and of the ALK1 downstream target transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) were studied during the development of experimental BPD. (frontiersin.org)

Sclerosteosis, a skeletal disorder characterized by high bone mass due to increased osteoblast activity, is caused by loss of the SOST gene product, sclerostin. (rupress.org)

Expression of TMEM100 mRNA and protein was decreased after exposure to hyperoxia. (frontiersin.org)
Decrease in expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 5. (mysciencework.com)

As the sponge dissolves, the bone morphogenic protein stimulates the cells to produce new bone. (surgicalarts.com)
Complications from the graft harvest site are also eliminated with the use of bone morphogenic protein. (surgicalarts.com)

We hypothesized that high-efficiency transduction of HUVECs with bicistronic lentiviral vector encoding Noggin and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) enables direct visualization of Noggin effects in homogenous primary cell populations in vitro and in vivo. (umassmed.edu)

The Global Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 2 Market 2020-2029 is exhaustively researched and analyzed in the report to support market players to grow their business tactics and ensure long-term success. (pharmiweb.com)

Thus, dysregulation of such protein, which regulates embryogenesis or organogenesis may cause tumorigenesis and metastasis. (omicsonline.org)

The biological effects of endogenous bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4), a member of the transforming growth factor beta family, on embryonic development of Xenopus laevis were investigated by using a functionally defective mutant of the BMP-4 receptor (delta mTFR11), which blocks the BMP signaling pathway. (mysciencework.com)

The localization in bone and the mechanism of action of sclerostin are not yet known, but it has been hypothesized that it may act as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. (rupress.org)
Noggin protein is a potent bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist capable of inhibiting vasculogenesis even in the presence of provasculogenic VEGF and FGF-2. (umassmed.edu)

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target cells positive for phosphorylated (P-)SMAD1/5, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. (kuleuven.be)
We show here that SOST /sclerostin is expressed exclusively by osteocytes in mouse and human bone and inhibits the differentiation and mineralization of murine preosteoblastic cells (KS483). (rupress.org)

1989) "Purification and partial amino acid sequence of osteogenin, a protein initiating bone differentiation", J. Biol. (nih.gov)
In the form of a freeze dried coprecipitate with calcium phosphate, 1 to 50 milligram of BMP (depending on the size of the defect) is implanted in a bone defect in which it stimulates differentiation of connective tissue into bone and thereby repairs the defect. (google.ca)
Here, we review the role(s) of transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway in adipocyte differentiation. (nih.gov)
Like many other proteins from the BMP family, BMP-2 has been demonstrated to potently induce osteoblast differentiation in a variety of cell types. (wikidoc.org)
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes mammalian oogonial stem cell differentiation via Smad1/5/8 signaling. (harvard.edu)
However, no study has yet investigated the effect of silibinin on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs). (nih.gov)
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) reduces the number of GSCs through differentiation and induction of apoptosis, thus increasing therapeutic sensitivity. (mdpi.com)
Their treatment potential is increased when used in combination with proteins that induce osteogenic differentiation. (medsci.org)
The resulting protein expression profiles and osteogenic markers of PDLSCs revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway might play an important role in the process of BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. (medsci.org)
CIZ deficiency enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteoblastic differentiation in bone marrow cells in cultures, indicating that BMP is the target of CIZ action. (rupress.org)
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, suppresses NSC proliferation and fosters differentiation into astroglial cells. (biorxiv.org)
We hypothesized that as differentiation progresses, hASCs produce increasingly more gene products associated with processes such as angiogenesis and bone remodeling. (uva.nl)
Considering our observed lack of association between the degree of differentiation and the expression of factors associated with angiogenesis and bone remodeling by hASCs, future bone regeneration studies should focus more on systematically orchestrating the secretome of stem cells, rather than on inducing osteogenic differentiation of stem cells only. (uva.nl)
Smad proteins transduce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation. (diva-portal.org)
In the present review, we explore the role that BMP signalling plays in oesteoblast differentiation, HSC maintenance and the implication of altered BMP signalling on LSC persistence in the BM (bone marrow) niche. (biochemsoctrans.org)
In order to examine the function of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‑2) on the differentiation of nitrergic enteric neurons in slow transit constipation (STC), the expression of BMP‑2 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was investigated in the myenteric nerve plexus in STC and control tissues by immunohistochemical assays. (spandidos-publications.com)
Treatment with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) not only blocks myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells but also induces osteoblast differentiation. (asm.org)
In the present study, human dermal‑derived CD105+ fibroblast cells (CD105+ hDDFCs) were isolated from human foreskin specimens using immunomagnetic isolation methods to examine the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‑7 in osteogenic differentiation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Li C, Yang X, He Y, Ye G, Li X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Deng F. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-9 Induces Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Dental Follicle Stem Cells in P38 and ERK1/2 MAPK Dependent Manner. (medsci.org)
BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein) cell signaling plays a key role in diverse aspects of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)

Recently, the first clinical reports on bone regeneration by two recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs), BMP-2 and BMP-7 (also named osteogenic protein-1, OP-1) have been published (1-4). (mendeley.com)
Development of a novel compression-resistant carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and preliminary clinical results. (weltbild.de)
The application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein on absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) to reconstruction of maxillofacial bone defects. (weltbild.de)
[8] [9] Recombinant human protein (rhBMP-2) is currently available for orthopaedic usage in the United States . (wikidoc.org)
The use of dual tapered threaded fusion cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge obtained and maintained intervertebral spinal fusion, improved clinical outcomes, and reduced pain after anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis in patients with degenerative lumbar disc disease. (wikidoc.org)
An alternative is to use recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2), which is able to support bone regeneration in the oral environment. (quintpub.com)
Purified, E. coli-derived, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 8 (rhBMP-8) monomer. (neuromics.com)
Recombinant human BMP-7 protein was expressed in E.coli and purified by using conventional chromatography techniques, after refolding of the isolated inclusion body in renaturation buffer, 16.8 kDa (148 aa). (creativebiomart.net)
In this study, the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on the ability of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) to osseointegrate was investigated. (calpoly.edu)
The temporary anchorage devices (TADs) used in this study were manufactured from commercially pure titanium and divided into 2 types of treatments: (1) sandblasted and acid-etched (i.e. the control) and (2) sandblasted and acid-etched treated with Medtronic INFUSE® Bone Graft (recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 placed on an absorbable collagen sponge). (calpoly.edu)

When it attaches to BMP7, it increases the stability between BMP7 and the cell's receptor, which gives genes more time to express proteins epithelial cells need to recover from injury. (rxpgnews.com)
5 Recent evidence suggests that BMP7 plays a role in a functional system in the eye, modulating and balancing the expression of ECM proteins (collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin) by meshwork cells of the trabecular system. (arvojournals.org)
For instance, BMP7 counteracts the increased expression of several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in chronic renal fibrosis. (arvojournals.org)
Investigation of the underlying mechanisms showed that BMP7 activated small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) and p38/mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling in CD105+ hDDFCs. (spandidos-publications.com)
In an in vivo ectopic bone formation model, the adenovirus‑mediated overexpression of BMP7 enhanced bone formation from CD105+ hDDFCs. (spandidos-publications.com)

Mutations in the Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways are the cause of inherited polyposis syndromes as well as the initiating event in the development of sporadic gastrointestinal cancer development ( 2 , 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
The embryonic morphogenetic pathways play a key role in haemopoiesis with recent evidence suggesting LSCs are more dependent on these signals following chemotherapy than normal HSCs (haemopoietic stem cells). (biochemsoctrans.org)

There hasn't been a gold standard for how orthopaedic spine surgeons promote new bone growth in patients, but now Northwestern University scientists have designed a bioactive nanomaterial that is so good at stimulating bone regeneration it could become the method surgeons prefer. (news-medical.net)
With the increase of the knowledge of the genetic osteogenic factors and genetic engineering, genetic therapy is becoming a viable alternative to obtain a satisfactory result in bone regeneration. (scielo.br)
Several methods have been developed to treat periodontitis, such as guided tissue regeneration, scaling and root planning, demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts, autografts, and the use of bioactive materials [ 4 - 6 ]. (medsci.org)

1995) "Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins", Proc. (nih.gov)
BMP compositions including the human factor and bovine factor thereof, the process of isolating BMP compositions and factors, and the use of such factors and compositions to induce bone formation in animals. (google.ca)
Bone morphogenetic proteins in human bone. (mendeley.com)
Human BMP-2 proteins are produced by culturing a cell transformed with a cDNA substantially as shown in Table II or Table III and recovering from the culture medium a protein containing the 97 amino acid sequence #299 to #396 of Table II or amino acid #311 to #408 of Table III, respectively. (google.com)
About 20 different amino acids make up human proteins, which may contain other minerals such as iron or copper. (thefreedictionary.com)
It was isolated the human bone morphogenetic proteins cDNAs ( BMP-2 and BMP-4 ) that were positioned under control of a mammalian constitutive promoter. (scielo.br)
Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) acted antifibrotically in human hypertensive nephropathy. (physiology.org)

To determine the effect of local simvastatin application on the mRNA expression level of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tooth sockets of rat. (nature.com)
Liu, C., Wu, Z. & Sun, H. The Effect of Simvastatin on mRNA Expression of Transforming Growth Factor‐β1, Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Tooth Extraction Socket. (nature.com)

The present invention relates to a novel family of purified proteins designated BMP-2 (wherein BMP is bone morphogenic protein) proteins and processes for obtaining them. (google.com)

2. The process of claim 1 wherein said BMP composition activates DNA sequences that code for bone morphogenesis. (google.ca)
1991 ) Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and Vgr-1 in morphogenesis and neurogenesis in the mouse. (biologists.org)

These proteins may be used to induce bone and/or cartilage formation and in wound healing and tissue repair. (google.com)
Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. (wikidoc.org)

Silibinin also increased the mRNA expressions of Collagen type I (COL-I), ALP, Osteocalcin (OCN), Osterix, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). (nih.gov)

b) recovering and purifying from said culture medium a protein comprising amino acids #283-#396 of FIG. 2. (google.com)
b) recovering and purifying from said culture medium a protein comprising amino acids #283 to #396 of FIG. 2. (google.com)
7. A composition comprising a purified protein characterized by amino acids #283 to #396 of FIG. 2. (google.com)
Dietary proteins provide the amino acids necessary for the growth and repair of animal tissue. (thefreedictionary.com)
A protein consists of from 50 to thousands of amino acids arranged in a very specific sequence. (thefreedictionary.com)
An incomplete protein lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. (thefreedictionary.com)

This protein may act as an important signaling molecule within the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head, and may play a potential role in glaucoma pathogenesis. (wikidoc.org)

The activated BMP type I receptor phosphorylates specific receptor-regulated (R)-Smad proteins, which assemble into heteromeric complexes with common partner (Co)-Smad4. (nih.gov)
A phylogenetic analysis of mammalian Smad proteins. (els.net)
BMP intracellular signalling through Smad proteins. (els.net)

These proteins are synthesized as prepropeptides, cleaved, and then processed into dimeric proteins. (wikidoc.org)

In addition, SB203580 and PD98059 were employed to block the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), respectively. (medsci.org)

We show that transcripts encoding Xenopus bone morphogenetic protein 4 (XBMP-4) are detectable in the unfertilized egg, and that injection of XBMP-4 RNA into the animal hemisphere of Xenopus eggs causes animal caps isolated from the resulting blastulae to express mesoderm-specific markers. (biologists.org)

Induces cartilage and bone formation. (rcsb.org)

Anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 (BMP R2) antibody can be used in western blotting (working concentration:- 0.1-0.2 μg/mL). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 (BMP R2) antibody may be used in indirect ELISA at a working antibody concentration of 0.5-1.0 μg/ml. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Researchers compared the effects of three bone growth factors to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) -- the most commonly used agent for repair of large bone defects, which is not without risks at the doses required--and showed significant bone-healing effects including the formation of new blood vessels at low doses relative to BMP2. (news-medical.net)

Scientists at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia report that a drug candidate that blocks abnormal protein signals may lead to the first pharmacologic treatment for hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), a rare pediatric genetic disease. (news-medical.net)
One Notch family protein, Notch2, shapes an eye structure known as the ciliary body (CB), most likely by ensuring that BMP signals remain loud and clear. (science20.com)
KCP is similar in structure to proteins like chordin, which suppress BMP signals during embryonic development," says Gregory R. Dressler, Ph.D., an associate professor of pathology in the U-M Medical School, who directed the research study. (rxpgnews.com)
These molecules are one of the candidates to regulate osteoblasts by conveying attachment signals from bone ( 7 , 8 ). (rupress.org)
Thus, bone matrix could give signals from outside the body to the cells ( 9 , 10 ) either through matrix-residing cytokines, through these attachment machineries, or both. (rupress.org)

Bone morphogenetic protein inhibition promotes neurological recovery after intraventricular hemorrhage. (biomedsearch.com)
These results establish that CIZ suppresses the levels of adult bone mass through inhibition of BMP-induced activation of osteoblasts. (rupress.org)

In transfected COS-1 cells, osteogenic protein (OP)-1/BMP-7, and less efficiently BMP-4, bound to BMPR-II. (pnas.org)
Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR-II) underlie heritable forms of the disease but the mechanisms leading to vascular disease remain obscure from studies in mice and humans. (bmj.com)

BMP-2 proteins are further characterized by the ability to induce the formation of cartilage and/or bone. (google.com)

Also, we examined ectopic bone formation in nude mice by using soft X-ray, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses in vivo. (uva.nl)

Thus, dysregulation of such protein, which regulates embryogenesis or organogenesis may cause tumorigenesis and metastasis. (omicsonline.org)

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling suppresses oligodendrocyte development through basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors and promotes astrocytosis. (biomedsearch.com)

a family of intracellular glycoproteins that induce new bone formation. (drugs.com)
Members of the BMP-2A protein family may be further characterized by the ability to demonstrate cartilage and/or bone formation activity in the rat bone formation assay described below. (google.com)
In preferred embodiments, the proteins of the invention demonstrate activity in this rat bone formation assay at a concentration of 0.5 μg -100 μg/gram of bone. (google.com)
The results showed that BMP9 promoted bone formation of PDLSCs. (medsci.org)
Bone volume was increased and the rates of bone formation were increased in CIZ-deficient mice, whereas bone resorption was not altered. (rupress.org)
Finally, BMP-2-induced bone formation on adult mouse calvariae in vivo was enhanced by CIZ deficiency. (rupress.org)
Periodontitis may cause the inflammation of the periodontal supporting tissues, formation of periodontal pocket, progressive attachment loss and alveolar bone absorption, which finally result in loose and loss of teeth. (medsci.org)

We have recently shown that fractones sequester fibroblast growth factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 from the brain ventricles to regulate cell proliferation in the SVZ of the lateral ventricle, the primary neural stem cell niche and neurogenic zone in adulthood. (medworm.com)

Anatomy57

Organisms11

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/3840)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (2/3840)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (3/3840)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (4/3840)

Isolation of zebrafish gdf7 and comparative genetic mapping of genes belonging to the growth/differentiation factor 5, 6, 7 subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (5/3840)

Cloning and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. (6/3840)

Convergence of transforming growth factor-beta and vitamin D signaling pathways on SMAD transcriptional coactivators. (7/3840)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (8/3840)

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II

Bone and Bones

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5

Smad1 Protein

Smad Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3

Smad5 Protein

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Bone Remodeling

Smad6 Protein

Smad8 Protein

Signal Transduction

Osteogenesis

Growth Differentiation Factor 2

Cell Differentiation

Osteoblasts

Bone Regeneration

Bone Density

Receptors, Growth Factor

Growth Differentiation Factors

Growth Differentiation Factor 5

Bone Development

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Growth Differentiation Factor 9

Bone Matrix

Bone Resorption

Activin Receptors, Type I

Growth Differentiation Factor 6

Activins

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Smad4 Protein

Bone Neoplasms

Activin Receptors, Type II

Cells, Cultured

Bone Marrow

Bone Diseases

Bone Marrow Cells

Follistatin

Body Patterning

Mesoderm

Activin Receptors

Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1

Carrier Proteins

Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated

In Situ Hybridization

Alkaline Phosphatase

Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases

Trans-Activators

Bone Transplantation

MSX1 Transcription Factor

Proteins

Xenopus Proteins

Ossification, Heterotopic

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit

Chondrogenesis

Stem Cells

RNA, Messenger

Calcification, Physiologic

Hypertension, Pulmonary

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Myositis Ossificans

Smad7 Protein

Hedgehog Proteins

Bone Substitutes

Wnt Proteins

Hepcidins

Chondrocytes

Homeodomain Proteins

Osteocalcin

Chick Embryo

Cell Proliferation