Bone morphogenetic protein 2. Medical search

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from TGF-BETA RECEPTORS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS; and other surface receptors to the CELL NUCLEUS. They were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, Drosophila and sma proteins from CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and is essential for PHYSIOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.

A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE.

A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

An inhibitory Smad protein that negatively regulates the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS from BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. Smad6 inhibits PHOSPHORYLATION of SMAD2 PROTEIN and SMAD3 PROTEIN.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a regulatory role as a paracrine factor for a diverse array of cell types during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult tissues. Growth differentiation factor 2 is also a potent regulator of CHONDROGENESIS and was previously referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 9.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

A family of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-related proteins that are primarily involved in regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in early CHONDROGENESIS and joint formation.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the neural differentiation, specifically in the retinal development of the EYE.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Diseases of BONES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

A negative regulator of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that blocks activation of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and is de-regulated in a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A family of smad proteins that undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS in response to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ACTIVIN; or BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A family of metalloproteases that are related to the DROSOPHILA protein tolloid, which is a gene product necessary for dorsal-ventral patterning in early Drosophila embryogenesis. Many members of the group may play a significant role in intercellular signaling.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.

An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

Forms of hepcidin, a cationic amphipathic peptide synthesized in the liver as a prepropeptide which is first processed into prohepcidin and then into the biologically active hepcidin forms, including in human the 20-, 22-, and 25-amino acid residue peptide forms. Hepcidin acts as a homeostatic regulators of iron metabolism and also possesses antimicrobial activity.

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

Breaks in bones.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.

Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Congenital anomaly of abnormally short fingers or toes.

Inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. They inhibit CELL DIFFERENTIATION and induce CELL PROLIFERATION by modulating different CELL CYCLE regulators.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

A growth differentiation factor that is closely-related in structure to BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 3. Growth differentiation factor 10 is found at high levels in BONE, however it plays an additional roles in regulating EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Breaks in CARTILAGE.

Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

Broadly distributed glycoproteins that are homologous to the activin-binding protein, FOLLISTATIN. These follistatin-related proteins are encoded by a number of genes.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.

The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (1/1473)

The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (2/1473)

A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)

Cloning and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. (3/1473)

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is involved in bone formation, organogenesis or pattern formation during development. The expression of BMP-2 is regulated accurately and coordinately with that of other transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the regulation of BMP-2 expression, a 6.7 kb SpeI-SalI fragment, from the P1 phage library, encompassing the 5'-flanking region of the human BMP-2 gene, was isolated and sequenced. Transcription start sites were mapped by the 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. It has been found that the human BMP-2 gene contains, largely, two promoter regions surrounded by GC-rich sequences with several Sp1 consensus motifs. The proximal promoter possesses a single start site, whereas several start sites are clustered in the distal promoter region. Neither TATA nor CAAT consensus sequences are found in the proximity of the start sites for either promoter. Interestingly, in no case is the transcription-initiation site common between the human and mouse BMP-2 genes, although the sequence of the BMP-2 gene is well conserved in the promoter region between two species. Transient transfection experiments with the reporter fused with various lengths of the BMP-2 promoter sequence demonstrated that there exist enhancer elements in an 1.1 kb GC-rich fragment covering both promoter regions. It is noteworthy that the enhancer elements are 5'-flanked by a 790 bp strong repressor element that is characterized by numerous AT stretches. This intriguing organization may be amenable to the tight control of the expression of BMP-2 that is essential for development or bone morphogenesis. (+info)

Lack of regulation in the heart forming region of avian embryos. (4/1473)

The ability to regenerate a heart after ablation of cardiogenic mesoderm has been demonstrated in early stage fish and amphibian embryos but this type of regulation of the heart field has not been seen in avians or mammals. The regulative potential of the cardiogenic mesoderm was examined in avian embryos and related to the spatial expression of genes implicated in early cardiogenesis. With the identification of early cardiac regulators such as bmp-2 and nkx-2.5, it is now possible to reconcile classical embryological studies with molecular mechanisms of cardiac lineage determination in vivo. The most anterior lateral embryonic cells were identified as the region that becomes the heart and removal of all or any subset of these cells resulted in the loss of corresponding cardiac structures. In addition, removal of the lateral heart forming mesoderm while leaving the lateral endoderm intact also results in loss of cardiac structures. Thus the medial anterior mesoderm cannot be recruited into the heart lineage in vivo even in the presence of potentially cardiac inducing endoderm. In situ analysis demonstrated that genes involved in early events of cardiogenesis such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp-2) and nkx-2.5 are expressed coincidentally with the mapped far lateral heart forming region. The activin type IIa receptor (actR-IIa) is a potential mediator of BMP signaling since it is expressed throughout the anterior mesoderm with the highest level of expression occurring in the lateral prospective heart cells. The posterior boundary of actR-IIa is consistent with the posterior boundary of nkx-2.5 expression, supporting a model whereby ActR-IIa is involved in restricting the heart forming region to an anterior subset of lateral cells exposed to BMP-2. Analysis of the cardiogenic potential of the lateral plate mesoderm posterior to nkx-2.5 and actR-IIa expression demonstrated that these cells are not cardiogenic in vitro and that removal of these cells from the embryo does not result in loss of heart tissue in vivo. Thus, the region of the avian embryo that will become the heart is defined medially, laterally, and posteriorly by nkx-2.5 gene expression. Removal of all or part of the nkx-2.5 expressing region results in the loss of corresponding heart structures, demonstrating the inability of the chick embryo to regenerate cardiac tissue in vivo at stages after nkx-2.5 expression is initiated. (+info)

A binding site for homeodomain and Pax proteins is necessary for L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression by Pax-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins. (5/1473)

The cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates axonal guidance and fasciculation during development. We previously identified the regulatory region of the L1 gene and showed that it was sufficient for establishing the neural pattern of L1 expression in transgenic mice. In the present study, we characterize a DNA element within this region called the HPD that contains binding motifs for both homeodomain and Pax proteins and responds to signals from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). An ATTA sequence within the core of the HPD was required for binding to the homeodomain protein Barx2 while a separate paired domain recognition motif was necessary for binding to Pax-6. In cellular transfection experiments, L1-luciferase reporter constructs containing the HPD were activated an average of 4-fold by Pax-6 in N2A cells and 5-fold by BMP-2 and BMP-4 in Ng108 cells. Both of these responses were eliminated on deletion of the HPD from L1 constructs. In transgenic mice, deletion of the HPD from an L1-lacZ reporter resulted in a loss of beta-galactosidase expression in the telencephalon and mesencephalon. Collectively, our experiments indicate that the HPD regulates L1 expression in neural tissues via homeodomain and Pax proteins and is likely to be a target of BMP signaling during development. (+info)

Type IIA procollagen containing the cysteine-rich amino propeptide is deposited in the extracellular matrix of prechondrogenic tissue and binds to TGF-beta1 and BMP-2. (6/1473)

Type II procollagen is expressed as two splice forms. One form, type IIB, is synthesized by chondrocytes and is the major extracellular matrix component of cartilage. The other form, type IIA, contains an additional 69 amino acid cysteine-rich domain in the NH2-propeptide and is synthesized by chondrogenic mesenchyme and perichondrium. We have hypothesized that the additional protein domain of type IIA procollagen plays a role in chondrogenesis. The present study was designed to determine the localization of the type IIA NH2-propeptide and its function during chondrogenesis. Immunofluorescence histochemistry using antibodies to three domains of the type IIA procollagen molecule was used to localize the NH2-propeptide, fibrillar domain, and COOH-propeptides of the type IIA procollagen molecule during chondrogenesis in a developing human long bone (stage XXI). Before chondrogenesis, type IIA procollagen was synthesized by chondroprogenitor cells and deposited in the extracellular matrix. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed type IIA procollagen fibrils labeled with antibodies to NH2-propeptide at approximately 70 nm interval suggesting that the NH2-propeptide remains attached to the collagen molecule in the extracellular matrix. As differentiation proceeds, the cells switch synthesis from type IIA to IIB procollagen, and the newly synthesized type IIB collagen displaces the type IIA procollagen into the interterritorial matrix. To initiate studies on the function of type IIA procollagen, binding was tested between recombinant NH2-propeptide and various growth factors known to be involved in chondrogenesis. A solid phase binding assay showed no reaction with bFGF or IGF-1, however, binding was observed with TGF-beta1 and BMP-2, both known to induce endochondral bone formation. BMP-2, but not IGF-1, coimmunoprecipitated with type IIA NH2-propeptide. Recombinant type IIA NH2-propeptide and type IIA procollagen from media coimmunoprecipitated with BMP-2 while recombinant type IIB NH2-propeptide and all other forms of type II procollagens and mature collagen did not react with BMP-2. Taken together, these results suggest that the NH2-propeptide of type IIA procollagen could function in the extracellular matrix distribution of bone morphogenetic proteins in chondrogenic tissue. (+info)

Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells. (7/1473)

Multipotent and self-renewing neural stem cells have been isolated in culture, but equivalent cells have not yet been prospectively identified in neural tissue. Using cell surface markers and flow cytometry, we have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from mammalian fetal peripheral nerve. These cells are phenotypically and functionally indistinguishable from NCSCs previously isolated by culturing embryonic neural tube explants. Moreover, in vivo BrdU labeling indicates that these stem cells self-renew in vivo. NCSCs freshly isolated from nerve tissue can be directly transplanted in vivo, where they generate both neurons and glia. These data indicate that neural stem cells persist in peripheral nerve into late gestation by undergoing self-renewal. Such persistence may explain the origins of some PNS tumors in humans. (+info)

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced c-fos gene transcription and DNA synthesis in mesangial cells. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase. (8/1473)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in nephrogenesis. The biologic effect and mechanism of action of these proteins in the adult kidney has not yet been studied. We investigated the effect of BMP2, a member of these growth and differentiation factors, on mitogenic signal transduction pathways induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in glomerular mesangial cells. PDGF is a growth and survival factor for these cells in vitro and in vivo. Incubation of mesangial cells with increasing concentrations of BMP2 inhibited PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with maximum inhibition at 250 ng/ml. Immune complex tyrosine kinase assay of PDGF receptor beta immunoprecipitates from lysates of mesangial cells treated with PDGF showed no inhibitory effect of BMP2 on PDGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. This indicates that the inhibition of DNA synthesis is likely due to postreceptor events. However, BMP2 significantly inhibited PDGF-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity that phosphorylates the Elk-1 transcription factor, a component of the ternary complex factor. Using a fusion protein-based reporter assay, we also show that BMP2 blocks PDGF-induced Elk-1-mediated transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BMP2 inhibits PDGF-induced transcription of c-fos gene, a natural target of Elk-1 that normally forms a ternary complex that activates the serum response element of the c-fos gene. These data provide the first evidence that in mesangial cells, BMP2 signaling cross-talks with MAPK-based transcriptional events to inhibit PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. One target for this inhibition is the early response gene c-fos. (+info)

There are several factors that can contribute to bone resorption, including:

1. Hormonal changes: Hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin can regulate bone resorption. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to excessive bone resorption.
2. Aging: As we age, our bones undergo remodeling more frequently, leading to increased bone resorption.
3. Nutrient deficiencies: Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients can impair bone health and lead to excessive bone resorption.
4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase bone resorption, leading to bone loss and weakening.
5. Genetics: Some genetic disorders can affect bone metabolism and lead to abnormal bone resorption.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can increase bone resorption.
7. Diseases: Conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and bone cancer can lead to abnormal bone resorption.

Bone resorption can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing: This test measures the density of bone in specific areas of the body. Low BMD can indicate bone loss and excessive bone resorption.
2. X-rays and imaging studies: These tests can help identify abnormal bone growth or other signs of bone resorption.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain hormones and nutrients that are involved in bone metabolism.
4. Bone biopsy: A bone biopsy can provide a direct view of the bone tissue and help diagnose conditions such as Paget's disease or bone cancer.

Treatment for bone resorption depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other medications can help slow or stop bone resorption.
2. Diet and exercise: A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, can help maintain strong bones.
3. Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to improve bone strength and mobility.
4. Surgery: In severe cases of bone resorption, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Some common types of bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by brittle, porous bones that are prone to fracture.
2. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that causes pain and stiffness in the joints.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
4. Bone cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the bones.
5. Paget's disease of bone: A condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and deformity.
6. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone and can cause brittle bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare condition characterized by abnormal growth and development of bone tissue.
8. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
9. Bone cysts: Fluid-filled cavities that can form in the bones and cause pain, weakness, and deformity.
10. Bone spurs: Abnormal growths of bone that can form along the edges of joints and cause pain and stiffness.

Bone diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and bone biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

Heterotopic ossification can cause a range of symptoms depending on its location and severity, including pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the affected limb or joint. Treatment options for heterotopic ossification include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to maintain range of motion, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth.

In medical imaging, heterotopic ossification is often diagnosed using X-rays or other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. These tests can help identify the presence of bone growth in an abnormal location and determine the extent of the condition.

Overall, heterotopic ossification is a relatively rare condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life if left untreated. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

Example Sentence: The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and began treatment with medication to lower her blood pressure and improve her symptoms.

Word class: Noun phrase / medical condition

The exact cause of myositis ossificans is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal repair process within the muscle tissue. The condition can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or MRIs, and biopsy.

Treatment for myositis ossificans usually focuses on relieving pain and improving mobility. This may include rest, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgery to remove the abnormal bone growth. The condition can take several months to resolve, and in rare cases, it may recur.

Myositis ossificans is a relatively rare condition, but it can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, particularly if left untreated. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this condition and its symptoms in order to provide accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Sources:

* American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. (2019). Myositis Ossificans. Retrieved from
* MedlinePlus. (2020). Myositis ossificans. Retrieved from
* UW Health. (n.d.). Myositis Ossificans. Retrieved from

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

* Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.
* Rickets: A vitamin D-deficient disease that causes softening of the bones in children.
* Osteomalacia: A condition similar to rickets, but affecting adults and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
* Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in bone metabolism and an increase in bone resorption.
* Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, leading to low levels of calcium and vitamin D and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases, metabolic are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate bone metabolism. Treatment depends on the specific underlying cause of the disease and may include medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

Note: The medical information provided here is for general purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you suspect that your child may have a congenital limb deformity, it is important to consult with a qualified healthcare provider as soon as possible.

There are two types of brachydactyly:

1. Postaxial brachydactyly: This type affects the little finger side of the hand, causing the corresponding finger to be shorter than the others.
2. Preaxial brachydactyly: This type affects the thumb side of the hand, causing the corresponding finger to be shorter than the others.

Brachydactyly can be caused by a variety of genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities, such as Turner syndrome, Noonan syndrome, and Down syndrome. It can also be caused by environmental factors, such as maternal diabetes during pregnancy.

The symptoms of brachydactyly may include:

* Shortened fingers or toes
* Limited range of motion in the affected digits
* Difficulty grasping or manipulating objects
* Aesthetic concerns

Treatment for brachydactyly depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to lengthen the affected fingers or toes. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can also help improve range of motion and function.

It's important to note that brachydactyly is usually a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth. However, in some cases, it may not be diagnosed until later in childhood or adulthood. If you suspect your child or yourself may have brachydactyly, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are different types of fractures that can occur in cartilage, including:

1. Fissure fractures: These are small cracks or splits in the cartilage.
2. Fracture-linear fractures: These are longer, more linear cracks in the cartilage.
3. Fracture-bucket handle fractures: These are fractures that have a central crack with two smaller cracks radiating from it, resembling a bucket handle.
4. Fracture-segmental fractures: These are fractures that involve the entire thickness of the cartilage and can be complete or incomplete.

Fractures, cartilage can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, sports injuries, degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, and systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms of fractures, cartilage can include pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and locking or catching sensations in the affected joint.

Diagnosis of fractures, cartilage is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI, and arthroscopy, which involves inserting a small camera into the joint to visualize the cartilage directly.

Treatment for fractures, cartilage depends on the severity of the injury and can include conservative measures such as rest, physical therapy, and medication, or surgical interventions such as repair or replacement of the damaged cartilage. In severe cases, fractures, cartilage may require joint fusion or replacement with an artificial joint.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

1. Skull deformities: Synostosis can lead to abnormal growth and shape of the skull, which can cause visual disturbances, hearing loss, and other complications.
2. Respiratory problems: Fused bones in the skull can reduce the size of the nasal passages and sinuses, making it harder to breathe properly.
3. Neurological issues: Synostosis can press on the brain and spinal cord, leading to headaches, seizures, and other neurological symptoms.
4. Vision problems: The fusion of bones can cause double vision or other visual disturbances, which can affect a child's ability to learn and develop normally.
5. Hearing loss: In some cases, synostosis can lead to hearing loss due to the abnormal growth of the bones in the middle ear.
6. Sleep apnea: Synostosis can cause the airway to be narrowed or blocked, leading to sleep apnea and other breathing problems.
7. Dental problems: Fused bones in the skull can affect the alignment of teeth and lead to dental problems such as crowding, misalignment, or tooth loss.
8. Speech difficulties: Synostosis can cause speech difficulties due to the abnormal growth of the bones in the mouth and throat.
9. Feeding difficulties: Fused bones in the skull can make it harder for a child to eat properly, leading to feeding difficulties and malnutrition.
10. Emotional and social challenges: Children with synostosis may experience emotional and social challenges due to their appearance or difficulty with basic functions such as eating and breathing.

Treatment for synostosis usually involves a combination of surgery, physical therapy, and other supportive care to help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.

There are several different types of calcinosis, each with its own unique causes and symptoms. Some common forms of calcinosis include:

1. Dystrophic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs in people with muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that affect muscle strength and function. Dystrophic calcinosis can cause calcium deposits to form in the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
2. Metastatic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and cause calcium deposits to form. Metastatic calcinosis can occur in people with a variety of different types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer.
3. Idiopathic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs for no apparent reason, and the exact cause is not known. Idiopathic calcinosis can affect people of all ages and can cause calcium deposits to form in a variety of different tissues.
4. Secondary calcinosis: This type of calcidosis occurs as a result of an underlying medical condition or injury. For example, secondary calcinosis can occur in people with kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism (a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone), or traumatic injuries.

Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve managing the underlying disease or condition that is causing the calcium deposits to form. Other treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and surgery to remove the calcium deposits.

The tumor is typically made up of compact, densely packed osteoblastic cells that resemble normal bone tissue. However, unlike normal bone tissue, osteoblastoma has a markedly increased number of blood vessels and can be quite large before it penetrates the surrounding bone.

The exact cause of osteoblastoma is not known, but it is believed to arise from genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. There are several types of osteoblastoma, including:

* Cartilage-forming osteoblastoma: This type of tumor is composed of both osteoblastic and chondrocytic cells and is typically found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Fibrous dysplasia: This is a related condition that also arises from abnormalities in the development of bone, but it is not classified as a tumor.

Osteoblastoma is usually diagnosed with imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy to prevent recurrence. In rare cases, the tumor may be malignant and require more aggressive treatment.

Prognosis for osteoblastoma is generally good if the tumor is diagnosed and treated early, but it can be challenging to distinguish benign from malignant tumors based on imaging studies alone. Therefore, biopsy and careful follow-up are essential to ensure that any recurrences are detected and treated promptly.

The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.

Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.

In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:

* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer

Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

There are several types of bone cysts, including:

1. Simple bone cysts: These are the most common type of bone cyst and typically occur in children and young adults. They are filled with air or fluid and do not contain any cancerous cells.
2. Angiomatous cysts: These are smaller than simple bone cysts and are usually found near the ends of long bones. They are also filled with blood vessels and do not contain any cancerous cells.
3. Unicameral (simple) bone cysts: These are similar to simple bone cysts but are larger and may be more complex in shape.
4. Multicameral bone cysts: These are larger than unicameral bone cysts and may contain multiple chambers filled with air or fluid.
5. Enchondromas: These are benign tumors that occur within the cartilage of a bone. They are usually found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
6. Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that occur in the cartilage of a bone. They are typically found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
7. Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the cartilage and bone of a joint. They are usually found near the ends of long bones.
8. Malignant bone cysts: These are rare and can be cancerous. They may occur in any bone of the body and can be aggressive, spreading quickly to other areas of the body.

The symptoms of bone cysts can vary depending on their size and location. They may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. In some cases, they may also lead to fractures or deformities.

Diagnosis of bone cysts usually involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions.

Treatment for bone cysts depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require any treatment, while larger cysts may need to be drained or surgically removed. In some cases, medication such as bisphosphonates may be used to help reduce the risk of fractures.

In conclusion, bone cysts are abnormalities that can occur in any bone of the body. They can be benign or malignant and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests, and treatment may involve observation, draining, or surgical removal.

Synonyms: cartilage tumor, chondroid tumor, chondromatosis.

Etymology: From the Greek words "chondros," meaning cartilage, and "oma," meaning tumor.

Examples of Chondroma in a sentence:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a chondroma in their knee joint, which was causing pain and stiffness.
2. The surgeon removed the chondroma from the patient's lung, which had been compressing the bronchus and causing difficulty breathing.
3. The chondroma in the patient's heart was monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure it did not grow or cause any further complications.
4. The patient was advised to avoid heavy lifting or bending to prevent exacerbating their chondroma in the spine.

Tibial fractures can range in severity from minor cracks or hairline breaks to more severe breaks that extend into the bone's shaft or even the joint. Treatment for these injuries often involves immobilization of the affected leg with a cast, brace, or walking boot, as well as pain management with medication and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

Note: A malunited fracture is sometimes also referred to as a "nonunion fracture" or "fracture nonunion".

The word "holoprosencephaly" comes from the Greek words "holos," meaning "whole," "prosencephalon," meaning "front part of the brain," and "-ly," indicating a condition or characteristic. The term was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe this specific type of brain malformation.

In individuals with holoprosencephaly, the two hemispheres of the brain do not properly separate, leading to various abnormalities and impairments. Depending on the severity and location of the defect, symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

1. Facial abnormalities, such as a single eye or no nose.
2. Cognitive impairments, including intellectual disability and developmental delays.
3. Motor difficulties, such as weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.
4. Seizures and other neurological problems.
5. Delayed speech and language development.
6. Behavioral challenges, including autism and anxiety.

The exact cause of holoprosencephaly is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during early fetal development. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of prenatal imaging, such as ultrasound or MRI, and postnatal examination, including physical examination and neuroimaging studies.

There is no standard treatment for holoprosencephaly, and management of the condition usually involves a multidisciplinary approach involving neurosurgeons, neurologists, developmental pediatricians, and other specialists. Treatment may include surgery to correct physical abnormalities, medication to control seizures or other neurological symptoms, and various forms of therapy to address cognitive, motor, and behavioral challenges.

The prognosis for holoprosencephaly varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any additional birth defects or medical issues. Some individuals with holoprosencephaly may have a relatively mild form of the condition and can lead active, fulfilling lives with appropriate support and management, while others may experience significant cognitive and physical challenges that require ongoing care and support.

Some common types of eye abnormalities include:

1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the way the eye focuses light, causing blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Amblyopia: This is a condition where the brain favors one eye over the other, causing poor vision in the weaker eye.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and increase the risk of glaucoma.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss.
5. Macular degeneration: This is a condition where the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates, leading to vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
8. Corneal abnormalities: These are irregularities in the shape or structure of the cornea, such as keratoconus, that can cause blurry vision.
9. Optic nerve disorders: These are conditions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis, that can cause vision loss.
10. Traumatic eye injuries: These are injuries to the eye or surrounding tissue that can cause vision loss or other eye abnormalities.

Eye abnormalities can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include visual acuity tests, refraction tests, and imaging tests such as retinal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for eye abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or other therapies.

People with HHT have abnormal blood vessels in their skin, mucous membranes, and organs such as the liver, spleen, and lungs. These abnormal vessels are weak and prone to bleeding, which can lead to nosebleeds, bruising, and other complications.

HHT is usually diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms and genetic testing. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms with medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery or other interventions to prevent bleeding episodes.

Some of the main symptoms of HHT include:

* Recurring nosebleeds
* Easy bruising
* Petechiae (tiny red spots on the skin)
* Purpura (larger purple spots on the skin)
* Gingival bleeding (bleeding from the gums)
* Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Gastrointestinal bleeding

HHT is a relatively rare disorder, affecting about 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 10,000 people worldwide. It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. However, some cases may be caused by spontaneous mutations and not be inherited.

There are several types of HHT, including:

* Type 1: The most common type, characterized by recurring nosebleeds and other bleeding episodes.
* Type 2: Characterized by a milder form of the condition with fewer bleeding episodes.
* Type 3: A rare and severe form of HHT that is often associated with other medical conditions such as liver disease or pulmonary hypertension.

HHT can be diagnosed based on clinical findings and laboratory tests, including:

* Physical examination: To look for signs of bleeding and to assess the size and shape of the nose and ears.
* Imaging studies: Such as CT or MRI scans to evaluate the nasal passages and sinuses.
* Blood tests: To check for abnormalities in blood clotting and platelet function.
* Genetic testing: To identify mutations in the genes associated with HHT.

Treatment for HHT is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. It may include:

* Nasal decongestants and antihistamines to reduce bleeding and swelling.
* Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
* Antifibrinolytic medications to prevent blood clots from breaking down.
* Surgery to repair or remove affected blood vessels.
* Regular monitoring of blood counts and platelet function.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the quality of life for people with HHT. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

There are several types of osteosarcomas, including:

1. High-grade osteosarcoma: This is the most common type of osteosarcoma and tends to grow quickly.
2. Low-grade osteosarcoma: This type of osteosarcoma grows more slowly than high-grade osteosarcoma.
3. Chondrosarcoma: This is a type of osteosarcoma that arises in the cartilage cells of the bone.
4. Ewing's family of tumors: These are rare types of osteosarcoma that can occur in any bone of the body.

The exact cause of osteosarcoma is not known, but certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include:

1. Previous radiation exposure
2. Paget's disease of bone
3. Li-Fraumeni syndrome (a genetic disorder that increases the risk of certain types of cancer)
4. Familial retinoblastoma (a rare inherited condition)
5. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as herbicides and industrial chemicals.

Symptoms of osteosarcoma may include:

1. Pain in the affected bone, which may be worse at night or with activity
2. Swelling and redness around the affected area
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in the affected limb
4. A visible lump or mass on the affected bone
5. Fractures or breaks in the affected bone

If osteosarcoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. These may include:

1. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans
2. Biopsy, in which a sample of tissue is removed from the affected bone and examined under a microscope for cancer cells
3. Blood tests to check for elevated levels of certain enzymes that are produced by osteosarcoma cells
4. Bone scans to look for areas of increased activity or metabolism in the bones.

There are several types of hypertrophy, including:

1. Muscle hypertrophy: The enlargement of muscle fibers due to increased protein synthesis and cell growth, often seen in individuals who engage in resistance training exercises.
2. Cardiac hypertrophy: The enlargement of the heart due to an increase in cardiac workload, often seen in individuals with high blood pressure or other cardiovascular conditions.
3. Adipose tissue hypertrophy: The excessive growth of fat cells, often seen in individuals who are obese or have insulin resistance.
4. Neurological hypertrophy: The enlargement of neural structures such as brain or spinal cord due to an increase in the number of neurons or glial cells, often seen in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.
5. Hepatic hypertrophy: The enlargement of the liver due to an increase in the number of liver cells, often seen in individuals with liver disease or cirrhosis.
6. Renal hypertrophy: The enlargement of the kidneys due to an increase in blood flow and filtration, often seen in individuals with kidney disease or hypertension.
7. Ovarian hypertrophy: The enlargement of the ovaries due to an increase in the number of follicles or hormonal imbalances, often seen in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Hypertrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests such as imaging studies (e.g., CT scans, MRI), biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options for hypertrophy depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery.

In conclusion, hypertrophy is a growth or enlargement of cells, tissues, or organs in response to an excessive stimulus. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, liver, kidneys, heart, muscles, and ovaries. Understanding the underlying causes and diagnosis of hypertrophy is crucial for effective treatment and management of related health conditions.

As an adjuvant to allograft bone or as a replacement for harvested autograft, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) appear to ... Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Boström KI (January 2019). "Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in adipose ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, Implants (medicine), TGFβ domain). ... Bone morphogenetic protein 2 or BMP-2 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins. BMP-2 like other bone morphogenetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP8B gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many ... "Entrez Gene: BMP8B bone morphogenetic protein 8b (osteogenic protein 2)". Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. (2006). "The ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 1 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8B

"Entrez Gene: BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4". Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M (January 2010). "Bone morphogenetic protein ... type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein-4 that forms differential heteromeric complexes with bone morphogenetic protein ... Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23. BMP4 ... It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4

Spinal Fusion and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Reddi AH (1997). "Bone morphogenetic proteins: an unconventional approach to ... BMP: The What and the Who BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins at the US National Library ... Blázquez-Medela, Ana M.; Jumabay, Medet; Boström, Kristina I. (2019-01-04). "Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein ... "Bone Morphogenetic Protein" in the scientific literature in the Journal of Dental Research in 1971. Bone induction is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP6 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce the growth of bone and cartilage. BMP6 is able to induce all ... The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. BMPs ... 2001). "Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-6 on haemopoietic stem cells and cytokine production in normal human bone marrow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6

"Regulation of growth plate chondrogenesis by bone morphogenetic protein-2". Endocrinology. 142 (1): 430-436. doi:10.1210/endo. ... The bones found in their forelimbs are reduced to achieve a light body weight required for flight. In particular, their ulna is ... Another good candidate for bat bone reduction is Hox-d13, a gene belonging to the Hox gene family. In situ hybridization ... and reduction in bone thickness. Recently, there have been comparative studies of mouse and bat forelimb development to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_wing_development

... a novel endothelial cell precursor-derived protein, antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein signaling and endothelial cell ... "BMPER is an endothelial cell regulator and controls bone morphogenetic protein-4-dependent angiogenesis". Circulation Research ... BMP binding endothelial regulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMPER gene. KLF15 is a strong and direct ... The complete sequences of 50 new cDNA clones which code for large proteins". DNA Research. 8 (6): 319-27. doi:10.1093/dnares/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_binding_endothelial_regulator

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Inhibits Differentiation and Mineralization of Cementoblasts in vitro". Journal of Dental Research ... Unlike those in bone, however, these canals in cementum do not contain nerves, nor do they radiate outward. Instead, the canals ... Thus cementoblasts resemble bone-forming osteoblasts but differ functionally and histologically. The cells of cementum are the ... Each cementocyte lies in its lacuna (plural, lacunae), similar to the pattern noted in bone. These lacunae also have canaliculi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementoblast

The BMPs bind to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 (BMPR2). They are involved in a multitude of cellular functions ... Bone morphogenetic proteins cause the transcription of mRNAs involved in osteogenesis, neurogenesis, and ventral mesoderm ... The TGF beta superfamily of ligands includes: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), ... "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through negative regulation of inhibitory Smads". The EMBO Journal. 20 (15): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway

Zhao, M.; Berry, J. E.; Somerman, M. J. (2003-01-01). "Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Inhibits Differentiation and Mineralization ... is not exclusive to the mandible as it can infrequently occur in the maxilla and other parts of the body such as the long bones ... 3 (2): 133-135. doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0099-5. ISSN 1936-055X. PMC 2715464. PMID 19644548. "Benign Cementoblastoma , Mouth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementoma

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... "Effect of bone morphogenetic proteins-4, -5 and -6 on DNA synthesis and expression of bone-related proteins in cultured human ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP5 may play a role in ... Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5

"Differentiation of human pluripotent teratocarcinoma stem cells induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2". Reproduction, ... Below is a list of genes/protein products that can be used to identify various types of stem cells, or functional assays that ... Perry SS, Wang H, Pierce LJ, Yang AM, Tsai S, Spangrude GJ (April 2004). "L-selectin defines a bone marrow analog to the thymic ... Stahl J, Wobus AM, Ihrig S, Lutsch G, Bielka H (September 1992). "The small heat shock protein hsp25 is accumulated in P19 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_marker

... , also known as BMP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMP1 gene. There are seven ... Although other bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, BMP1 encodes a protein that is not closely ... 1993). "Mapping of the bone morphogenetic protein 1 gene (BMP1) to 8p21: removal of BMP1 from candidacy for the bone disorder ... BMP1 belongs to the peptidase M12A family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). It induces bone and cartilage development. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_1

... bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6) vector. She found BMP‐6 to be osteo-inductive in vivo resulting in acceleration of bone ... Her research indicated that transduction of BMDMSC with bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 or ‐6 can accelerate osteogenic ... "Mesenchymal Stem Cell-mediated Gene Delivery of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in an Articular Fracture Model". Molecular Therapy ... "Gene-mediated osteogenic differentiation of stem cells by bone morphogenetic proteins-2 or -6". Journal of Orthopaedic Research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Bertone

... , also known as osteogenin, is a protein in humans that is encoded by the BMP3 gene. The protein ... It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's) is known for its ability to induce bone and cartilage development. It is a ... "Bone morphogenetic protein-3 is a negative regulator of bone density". Nature Genetics. 27 (1): 84-8. doi:10.1038/83810. PMID ... Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 4 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3

... or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. Like other members of the bone morphogenetic protein ... Reddi AH (July 2000). "Bone morphogenetic proteins and skeletal development: the kidney-bone connection". Pediatric Nephrology ... bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) versus autologous bone grafting for tibial fractures]". Der Unfallchirurg (in German). 110 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7

... (BMP10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP10 gene. BMP10 is a polypeptide ... Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP10 is categorized as a BMP ... Developmental genes and proteins, Bone morphogenetic protein, TGFβ domain, All stub articles, Human chromosome 2 gene stubs). ... "Entrez Gene: bone morphogenetic protein 10". Neuhaus H, Rosen V, Thies RS (February 1999). "Heart specific expression of mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10

"Biodegradable Gelatin Microparticles as Delivery Systems for the Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2". Acta ... 24 (2): 503-513. doi:10.1007/s10856-012-4818-9. hdl:1822/24890. PMID 23160914. Patel, Z; Yamamato, M; Ueda, H; Tabata, Y; Mikos ... as was done through varied release groups of BMP-2 over four week intervals. Gelatin microparticles also serve as enhancers of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_microparticle

"Dentin Regeneration by Dental Pulp Stem Cell Therapy with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2". Journal of Dental ... Maxillary and mandibular bone development may be altered, especially when the patient is still growing. Psychosocial health of ... This issue is significant for regenerative procedures, since the non-collagenous proteins contained within dentin include ... and Dentin Matrix Protein 1 after Subcutaneous Transplantation in Mice". Journal of Endodontics. 34 (4): 421-426. doi:10.1016/j ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_endodontics

There are four bone morphogenetic protein receptors: Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1: ACVR1 BMPR1A BMPR1B Bone ... Bone morphogenetic protein Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M (January 2010). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and signal ... Bone morphogenetic protein receptors are serine-threonine kinase receptors. Transforming growth factor beta family proteins ... Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and actions.". In Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Martin TJ (eds.). Principles of bone biology ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor

... (BMP-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP15 gene. It is involved in ... Developmental genes and proteins, Bone morphogenetic protein, TGFβ domain). ... Bragdon B, Moseychuk O, Saldanha S, King D, Julian J, Nohe A (April 2011). "Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review". ... Persani L, Rossetti R, Di Pasquale E, Cacciatore C, Fabre S (2014-11-01). "The fundamental role of bone morphogenetic protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15

Arikawa T, Omura K, Morita I (Sep 2004). "Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression by endogenous prostaglandin E2 ... Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play a key role in skeletal development and patterning. Expression of the mouse gene is ... Therefore, the protein encoded by this human homolog is thought to be a protein kinase with a putative regulatory role in ... Kearns AE, Donohue MM, Sanyal B, Demay MB (Nov 2001). "Cloning and characterization of a novel protein kinase that impairs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP2K

"Bone morphogenetic protein 1 is an extracellular processing enzyme of the laminin 5 gamma 2 chain". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (30): ... "HIV-protein-mediated alterations in T cell interactions with the extracellular matrix proteins and endothelium". Arch. Immunol ... The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha-3 chain of laminin 5, which is a complex glycoprotein composed of three subunits ... Laminin subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMA3 gene. Laminins are basement membrane components ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_3

"Butyrate response factor 1 is regulated by parathyroid hormone and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in osteoblastic cells". Biochem ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode:2005Natur. ... The encoded protein contains a distinguishing putative zinc finger domain with a repeating cys-his motif. This RNA binding ... Butyrate response factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP36L1 gene. This gene is a member of the TIS11 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFP36L1

... also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF2 gene. GDF2 belongs to the ... Li C, Yang X, He Y, Ye G, Li X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Deng F (2012). "Bone morphogenetic protein-9 induces osteogenic ... Mi LZ, Brown CT, Gao Y, Tian Y, Le VQ, Walz T, Springer TA (March 2015). "Structure of bone morphogenetic protein 9 procomplex ... Fong D, Bisson M, Laberge G, McManus S, Grenier G, Faucheux N, Roux S (Apr 2013). "Bone morphogenetic protein-9 activates Smad ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF2

It induces human osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 ... induces human osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway ... 3.0.CO;2-K. S2CID 95953333. Tyukavkina, N. A.; Medvedeva, S. A.; Ivanova, S. Z. (1974). "New flavonol glycosides from the ... 10 (2): 170-172. doi:10.1007/BF00563605. S2CID 4819832. Slimestad, Rune; Andersen, Øyvind M.; Francis, George W.; Marston, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringetin

"Mycoplasma infection transforms normal lung cells and induces bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression by post-transcriptional ... The protein also causes the growth, morphology, and gene expression of the cells to change, causing them to become a more ... Hu X, Yu J, Zhou X, Li Z, Xia Y, Luo Z, Wu Y (January 2014). "A small GTPase-like protein fragment of Mycoplasma promotes tumor ... Prostate cancer: p37, a protein encoded for by M. hyorhinis, has been found to promote the invasiveness of prostate cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma

Watanabe-Takano H, Takano K, Keduka E, Endo T (February 2010). "M-Ras is activated by bone morphogenetic protein-2 and ... Watanabe-Takano H, Takano K, Keduka E, Endo T (February 2010). "M-Ras is activated by bone morphogenetic protein-2 and ... Ras-related protein M-Ras, also known as muscle RAS oncogene homolog and R-Ras3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... "MRAS - Ras-related protein M-Ras precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - MRAS gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAS

Msx2 induces Sp7 directly, whereas bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) induces it indirectly through either Dlx5 or Runx2. Once ... Accelerated bone fracture healing was found when researchers implanted Sp7 overexpressing bone marrow stroma cells at a site of ... It was found that the mechanism by which Sp7 expression accelerated bone healing was through triggering new bone formation by ... Along similar mechanistic lines as bone repair is the integration of dental implants into alveolar bone, since the insertion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp7_transcription_factor

"HIV-1 Tat interaction with cyclin T1 represses mannose receptor and the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-2 transcription". ... "Entrez Gene: HTATIP2 HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2, 30kDa". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to ... King FW, Shtivelman E (2004). "Inhibition of nuclear import by the proapoptotic protein CC3". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (16): 7091- ... a protein associated with metastasis suppression". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57 (5): 851-8. doi:10.1007/s000180050047. PMID 10892349 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTATIP2

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cell signaling plays a key role in diverse aspects of cardiac differentiation and ... 7 (2): 137-148. doi:10.1023/A:1020833604423. PMID 12397223. S2CID 22728910. Guyton, Arthur C.; John E. Hall (2006). Textbook of ... 280 (2): 934-939. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20099. PMID 15372490. "Dual Atrioventricular Nodal Physiology - an overview , ScienceDirect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_node

Meanwhile, the overlying ectoderm secretes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete ... The vertebral bones or intervertebral disks can shatter, causing the spinal cord to be punctured by a sharp fragment of bone. ... Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is ... the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and then enters the spinal canal at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

1990). "Interaction of osteogenin, a heparin binding bone morphogenetic protein, with type IV collagen". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (28 ... The C-terminal portion of the protein, known as canstatin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Like the other ... Gupta S, Batchu RB, Datta K (1992). "Purification, partial characterization of rat kidney hyaluronic acid binding protein and ... Kurpakus Wheater M, Kernacki KA, Hazlett LD (1999). "Corneal cell proteins and ocular surface pathology". Biotechnic & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IV,_alpha_2

... served as the 3rd largest site in the nation for the trial of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) - the first use of biologics in ... Disc Disease by Using Stand Alone Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cages and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: as ... of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis with Use of Interbody Fusion Cages and recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 ... of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis with Use of Interbody Fusion Cages and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schuler

... bone morphogenetic protein - bradykinin - bradykinin receptor - BRCA1 - buffer solution C-terminus - C4 photosynthesis - ... protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - ... protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - ... Proto-oncogene proteins c-fos - proto-oncogene proteins c-jun - proto-oncogene proteins c-mo - proto-oncogene proteins c-myc - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... a common blood test Bone morphogenetic proteins, a family of growth factors influencing bone and tissue growth within animals ... a series of Soviet and Russian infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1 BMP-2 BMP-3 BMP-23, a Bulgarian infantry fighting vehicle BMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP

Developmental research in 2004 found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and its differential expression during ... 2, there are no less than six species with insensibly graduated beaks. The beak of the sub-group Certhidea, is shown in Fig. 4 ... doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0501:baavei]2.0.co;2. Sato A, Tichy H, O'hUigin C, Grant PR, Grant BR, Klein J (March 2001). "On ... 2, pp. 49-94, retrieved 2008-12-08 Sulloway, Frank J. (2006), "Why Darwin Rejected Intelligent Design" (PDF), in Brockman, John ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin's_finches

Core AB, Canali S, Babitt JL (2014). "Hemojuvelin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in iron homeostasis". ... bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP6), matriptase-2, neogenin, BMP receptors, and transferrin. Severe anaemia is associated with ... Hepcidin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAMP gene. Hepcidin is a key regulator of the entry of iron into the ... NMR studies showed a new model for hepcidin: at ambient temperatures, the protein interconverts between two conformations, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepcidin

... dorsalizes the developing embryo by binding ventralizing TGFβ proteins such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) ... "Not.S - Xnot protein - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - not.S gene & protein". Larraín J, Bachiller D, Lu B, Agius E, ... There are five named isoforms of this protein that are produced by alternative splicing. CHRD is 23 exons long and has a length ... Chordin (from Greek χορδή, string, catgut) is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal-ventral patterning during early ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordin

2004). "Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel ... Lymphocyte-specific protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSP1 gene. This gene encodes an intracellular F- ... Huang CK, Zhan L, Ai Y, Jongstra J (1997). "LSP1 is the major substrate for mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein ... Harrison RE, Sikorski BA, Jongstra J (2005). "Leukocyte-specific protein 1 targets the ERK/MAP kinase scaffold protein KSR and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSP1

... and skeletal development may also go awry when GPC3 mutations inhibit regulations of responses to bone morphogenetic proteins, ... The function of this gene is to produce a protein that acts as a cell surface receptor that binds to transcription factors. ... Macrosomia Macroglossia Advanced bone age Organomegaly Neonatal hypoglycemia Neoplasms Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ( ... 51 (2): 186-191. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2012.04.004. PMID 22795092. Veugelers, M.4; Cat, BD; Muyldermans, SY; Reekmans, G; Delande ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson–Golabi–Behmel_syndrome

Alliston T, Ko TC, Cao Y, Liang YY, Feng XH, Chang C, Derynck R (Jun 2005). "Repression of bone morphogenetic protein and ... Alliston T, Ko TC, Cao Y, Liang YY, Feng XH, Chang C, Derynck R (Jun 2005). "Repression of bone morphogenetic protein and ... MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or ... along with other TGF-β family ligands such as bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and activin are involved in regulating important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECOM

Therefore, LGR5 might be a receptor for a member of the large family of bone morphogenetic protein antagonists. Moreover, R- ... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGR5 gene. It is a member of GPCR class A receptor proteins. R-spondin proteins ... Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 49 (GPR49) or G- ... "LGR5 leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5". Entrez Gene. "LGR5 leucine-rich repeat containing G protein- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGR5

An Animal Model With and Without Bone Morphogenetic Protein". Spine. Lippincott-Raven. 23 (7): 758-765. doi:10.1097/00007632- ... and the Cortical Bone Dowel, which is cut from allograft femur. The cages can be packed with autologous bone material in order ... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. 81 (6): 859-880. doi: ... 2 (2nd ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 489 et seq. ISBN 978-9997639431. Robert P. Melcher; Michael Ruf; Jürgen Harms ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbody_fusion_cage

C-proteinase enhancer protein 1 and differs from bone morphogenetic protein 1 in the functional roles of homologous protein ... "Identification of the minimal domain structure of bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) for chordinase activity: chordinase ... 2002). "Interaction properties of the procollagen C-proteinase enhancer protein shed light on the mechanism of stimulation of ... 1994). "Type I procollagen COOH-terminal proteinase enhancer protein: identification, primary structure, and chromosomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCOLCE

"Identification and functional characterization of distinct critically important bone morphogenetic protein-specific response ... DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... E proteins heterodimerize with tissue restricted bHLH proteins such as Myod, NeuroD, etc. to form active transcription ... October 2001). "Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs". Genome Research. 11 (10): 1758-65. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID1

... gradient of pituitary morphogenesis is dependent on neuroectodermal signals from the infundibular bone morphogenetic protein 4 ... Other essential proteins necessary for pituitary cell proliferation are Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), Wnt4, and Wnt5. ... An assortment of genes and proteins - such as WNT4, RSPO1, FOXL2, and various estrogen receptors - have been shown to prevent ... May 1, 2002). "Parathyroid hormone is essential for normal fetal bone formation". J Clin Invest. 109 (9): 1173-1182. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system

January 2006). "Bone morphogenetic protein-4 inhibits corticotroph tumor cells: involvement in the retinoic acid inhibitory ... February 2003). "Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in pituitary prolactinoma pathogenesis through a Smad/ ... October 2007). "RSUME, a small RWD-containing protein, enhances SUMO conjugation and stabilizes HIF-1alpha during hypoxia". ... 131 (2): 309-23. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.044. hdl:20.500.12110/paper_00928674_v131_n2_p309_CarbiaNagashima. PMID 17956732. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Arzt

"The RING domain of PIASy is involved in the suppression of bone morphogenetic protein-signaling pathway". Biochem. Biophys. Res ... E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS4 is one of several protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) proteins. It is also known as protein ... "Entrez Gene: PIAS4 Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 4". Imoto, Seiyu; Sugiyama Kenji; Muromoto Ryuta; Sato Noriko; Yamamoto ... 2002). "Protein inhibitors of activated STAT resemble scaffold attachment factors and function as interacting nuclear receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAS4

"Bone Morphogenetic Protein-1: The Type I Procollagen C-Proteinas". Scott, Ian C.; Blitz, Ira L.; Pappano, William N.; Maas, ... In a study in 1996, Greenspan's lab showed that Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 (BMP-1) is a protease responsible for the ... Kessler, E., Takahara, K., Biniaminov, L., Brusel, M., & Greenspan, D. S. (1996). Bone morphogenetic protein-1: the type I ... Hopkins, Delana R.; Keles, Sunduz; Greenspan, Daniel S. (2007). "The bone morphogenetic protein 1/Tolloid-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_S._Greenspan

In 2006, while examining the available literature on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), used to stimulate bone growth in ... for his research and campaigning which were instrumental in uncovering the harmful side effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 ... Smoljanović started to write letters to editors of medical journals, pointing to deficiencies in papers on the BMP-2 therapy, ... a major producer of BMP-2-based products, Smoljanović and his colleagues took the "guerrilla science approach", writing more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Smoljanović

2004). "Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel ... Tubulin beta-4A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB4A gene. Two tubulin beta-4 chain proteins are encoded ... 2005). "The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis". Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... 2003). "Nuclear coactivator-62 kDa/Ski-interacting protein is a nuclear matrix-associated coactivator that may couple vitamin D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin_beta-4A_chain

"Entrez Gene: NOG noggin". Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Boström KI (May 2019). "Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein ... superfamily signaling proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). By diffusing through extracellular matrices more ... BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki[permanent dead link] Noggin publications, gene expression data, sequences and ... Hall AK, Burke RM, Anand M, Dinsio KJ (July 2002). "Activin and bone morphogenetic proteins are present in perinatal sensory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin_(protein)

How proteins become localised to different parts of the cell - such as to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or the ... During the 1960s, molecular biology the world over flourished, the outline bones of the 1950s now having flesh put on them. The ... Under his influence, Crick also became interested in morphogenetic gradients and how they may help specify biological patterns ... Sanger had invented methods for determining the sequence of amino acids in a protein: he was awarded the Nobel Prize in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC_Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology

... induces human osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway ... This is due to the tendency of tannins to react with proteins, such as the ones found in saliva. In food and wine pairing, ... proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Journal. 8 (2): ... foods that are high in proteins (such as red meat) are often paired with tannic wines to minimize the astringency of tannins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine

... Promoting the Long Term Marriage of Bone and Implant Posted on July 18th, 2013. by Dr. Francis ... Bone, bone morphogenetic protein-2, hydroxyapatite, Implant, replacement surgery ... Caption: Here we see the host bone (red and blue) growing in a cavity of the implant (brown and sliver). A new coating on the ... The worn bone is replaced with plastic or metal implants and cemented in place. The surgery can provide immense relief and ...

https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/bone-morphogenetic-protein-2/

PACHECO, Cristianne Ribeiro et al. Dental implants in humans using recombinant bone morphogenetic protein -2. RGO, Rev. gaúch. ... Keywords : dental implants; bone morphogenetic protein 2; radiography. · abstract in Portuguese · text in Portuguese · pdf in ... the conditions of bone density around the experimental bioactive implants that are covered with Bone Morphogenetic Protein ... coated implants can stimulated bone formation around dental implants and may be an alternative in treatment for low bone ...

http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1981-86372010000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Induction of differentiation by RTS was associated with an increase in the expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 ( ... Radix Dipsaci total saponins stimulate MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation via the bone morphogenetic protein-2/MAPK/Smad-dependent ... RTS have also been shown to reduce the risk of bone fractures in rats. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying ... protein kinase/Smad1/5/8-dependent Runx2 signaling pathways and that it may be a promising agent for enhancing bone formation. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-25625570

Bone morphogenetic proteins. Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR. Chen D, et al. Growth Factors. 2004 Dec;22(4):233-41. doi: 10.1080/ ... Keywords: Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp); Diethylnitrosamine (DEN); Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Histone deacetylase ... hepatocellular carcinoma suppression in mice is associated with deregulated gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein and ... hepatocellular carcinoma suppression in mice is associated with deregulated gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393006/

The effect of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and/or mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based treatment for canine ...

https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/22296

Quantative effect of improving osteoinductive property of a material due to applicationof recombinant morphogenetic bone ... J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2001; 83: 1-6.. *Gautschi O.P., Frey S.P., Zellweger R. Bone morphogenetic proteins in clinical ... Arosarena O.A., Collins W.L. Bone regeneration in the rat mandible with bone morphogenetic protein-2: a comparison of two ... Bessa P.C., Casal M., Reis R.L. Bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engeneering: the road from the laboratory to the clinic, ...

https://genescells.ru/2313-1829/article/view/121642

The BMPR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2. Learn about this ... The BMPR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2. The BMPR2 gene ... reducing the amount of this protein in cells. Other mutations prevent bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 from reaching ... Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 spans the cell membrane, so that one end of the protein is on the outer surface of ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/bmpr2/

bone morphogenetic protein 2. involved_in. ISO. ISS. (PMID:18545679). GO_REF:0000024. RGD. UniProt. PMID:18545679. GO_REF: ... Protein-Protein Interactions) PhenoMiner (Quatitative Phenotypes) Gene Annotator OLGA (Gene List Generator) AllianceMine ... fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2. involved_in. ISO. UniProtKB:O75084 (PMID:23939491). RGD. PMID:23939491. NCBI chr ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=GO:2000726

Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP-2) (1) Bradykinin (10) Buforin 2 (1) C3a (2) ... SARS-CoV-2 derived peptides. Range of peptides and peptides libraries to study SARS-CoV-2 ... Pre-Clinical animal studies (Not to be used as an API in its current form) (2) ...

https://www.eurogentec.com/en/catalog/c135~peptides?catalog_product.ProductAttribute.209=31926

... is a substrate for type I bone morphogenetic protein receptors and modulates bone morphogenetic protein signalling.. Vogt J; ... 9. Role of Smad1 and Smad4 proteins in the induction of p21WAF1,Cip1 during bone morphogenetic protein-induced growth arrest in ... 4. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is expressed by, and acts upon, mature epithelial cells in the colon.. Hardwick JC; Van Den ... 1. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling and growth suppression in colon cancer.. Beck SE; Jung BH; Fiorino A; Gomez J; Rosario ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=16769811&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

Bmp8b bone morphogenetic protein 8b [Mus musculus] Bmp8b bone morphogenetic protein 8b [Mus musculus]. Gene ID:12164 ... Bone morphogenetic protein 8B promotes the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Title: Bone morphogenetic protein 8B ... The protective role of bone morphogenetic protein-8 in the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis on bone cells. Kósa JP, et al. Bone ... mRNA and Protein(s) * XM_011240420.2 → XP_011238722.1 bone morphogenetic protein 8B isoform X1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12164

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / metabolism* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... C) To determine whether the differences in the degree of ventralization (B) are due to changes in protein activity or protein ... Figure 4.. Biophysical measurements of BMP and Chordin protein stability and diffusivity. A + B) FDAP protein stability ... The Chordin Morphogenetic Pathway. De Robertis EM, Moriyama Y. De Robertis EM, et al. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2016;116:231-45. doi: ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28857744/

Osteoarthritis - roles of small leucine-rich proteoglycans and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in synovial tissue development and ...

https://drexel.edu/biomed/research-and-design/labs-research-groups/nanobiomechanics-lab/

MeSH Terms: Actins/metabolism; Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/pharmacology*; Cell Movement/drug effects*; Cell Movement/ ... Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 (BMP2) is a driver of epicardial cell migration. Utilizing a primary epicardial cell line derived ... Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells are deficient in 2-dimensional migration relative to Tgfbr3(+/+) cells; BMP2 induces cellular ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3125643

Interaction between soluble type I receptor for bone morphogenetic protein and bone morphogenetic protein-4. 1997, Pubmed ... DVR-4 (bone morphogenetic protein-4) as a posterior-ventralizing factor in Xenopus mesoderm induction. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase ... Identification of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in early Xenopus laevis embryos. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase Wieser, GS domain ... A truncated bone morphogenetic protein receptor affects dorsal-ventral patterning in the early Xenopus embryo. 1994, Pubmed , ...

https://www.xenbase.org/xenbase/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=14505

Objective-To determine elution characteristics of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 from a polycaprolactone coating applied to ... Effects of orthopedic implants with a polycaprolactone polymer coating containing bone morphogenetic protein-2 on ... Microdamage to the bone-pin interface was lower when the STTP versus the NTTP was used, but more bone debris was apparent after ... Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Internal fixation of PSB fractures by the use of allogeneic bone screws and bone pins was ...

https://avmajournals.avma.org/browse?access=all&page=10&pageSize=10&sort=datedescending&t=Surgery

... recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2), the product marketed as Infuse® by Medtronic, Inc., offers no ... Reproduced from Rihn JA, Gates C, Glassman SD, Phillips FM, Schwender JD, Albert TJ: The Use of Bone Morphogenetic Protein in ... The word is in from the Yale Open Data Access (YODA) project: recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2), the ... Read "Effectiveness and Harms of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Spine Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta- ...

https://www.aaos.org/aaosnow/2013/aug/cover/cover1/

Regeneration in Nonunion Fractures Treated with Compression-Resistant Matrix and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 ... Thoracolumbar Spinal Stabilization with Three Dimensional-Printed Drill Guides and Pre-Contoured Polyaxial Bone Plates * Full ...

https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/issue/10.1055/s-013-56287

Germline mutations of the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) type 2 are certainly clear examples of ... Nine (22.5%) out of 40 patients evaluated resulted positive for the presence of germline bone morphogenetic protein receptor ( ... is caused by mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II gene. Am J Hum Genet 2000;67:737-744. ... time for appetite-suppressant-related pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with and without bone morphogenetic protein ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/31/2/343?ijkey=9347ac5aff116e73ce07f253baa987d265939000&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

01012502517 Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) Info bioma RPU54285 10 μg Ask Ask ... 01012502271 Recombinant Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator Like Protein (ARNTL) Info bioma RPU54202 10 μg Ask Ask ... 01012503636 Recombinant Cysteine Rich Protein 1, Intestinal (CRIP1) Info bioma RPU52620 10 μg Ask Ask ... 01012502428 Recombinant Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing Protein (BPI) Info bioma RPU53399 10 μg Ask Ask ...

https://gentaur.com/search?filters%5BLabel%5D%5B%5D=two+N+terminal+tags+his+tag+and+T7+tag&category=Label

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 regulates the differentiation of nitrergic enteric neurons by modulating Smad1 signaling in slow ... Decidual expression and localization of human surfactant protein SP-A and SP-D, and complement protein C1q. Madhukaran, ... Nerve tissue prefabrication inside the rat femoral bone: does it work?. Ozbek Z, Kocman A, Ozatik O, Soztutar E, Ozkara E, Kose ... Outer surface protein OspC is an antiphagocytic factor that protects Borrelia burgdorferi from phagocytosis by macrophages. ...

https://www.leica-microsystems.com/jp/%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E9%A1%95%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1/p/leica-dm3000/publications/

BACKGROUND: Efficient bone regeneration using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is needed to reduce side ... Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been clinically applied for induction of bone formation in musculoskeletal disorders ... Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) play important roles in bone metabolism. Smad ... A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced ectopic bone model was used to elucidate the effect of low MFs on microstructural ...

https://profiles.stanford.edu/junichi-kushioka?tab=publications

... types simply by exposing hPSCs to different ratios of two proteins-fibroblast growth factor 8 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 ... Exposure to these proteins triggered the stem cells to turn into different types of functional pituitary cells that released ... Zimmers team exposed hPSCs to a few precisely timed cellular signals, specifically, proteins known to play an important role ... hormones important for bone and tissue growth (i.e., growth hormone), the stress response (i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone), ...

https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/lab-grown-human-pituitary-cells-work-in-rats/

See How ScienCell Research Laboratories is Proactively Contributing to the Fight Against SARS-CoV-2 ...

https://sciencellonline.com/products-services/growth-factors-proteins/recombinant-human-bone-morphogenetic-protein-7/

Marques CL, Fernández I, Viegas MN, et al. Comparative analysis of zebrafish bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 16: molecular ... Spatiotemporal expression and retinoic acid regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 16 in Senegalese sole. Journal ... Read more about Spatiotemporal expression and retinoic acid regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 16 in Senegalese ... Read more about Comparative analysis of zebrafish bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 16: molecular and evolutionary ...

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Yamashiro, T., Tummers, M., and Thesleff, I. (2003). Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and Msx genes during root ... Epithelial Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 and 4 Are Indispensable for Tooth Development. Haibin Mu1,2, Xin Liu1, Shuoshuo Geng1, ... Keywords: tooth root, bone morphogenic protein, short root anomaly (SRA), Hertwigs Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS), epithelial- ... Epithelial Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 and 4 Are Indispensable for Tooth Development. Front. Physiol. 12:660644. doi: 10.3389/ ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.660644/full

TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins [D23.529.942] * Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [D23.529.942.200] * Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 [ ... TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins [D12.644.276.954] * Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [D12.644.276.954.200] * Bone Morphogenetic ... TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins [D12.776.467.942] * Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [D12.776.467.942.200] * Bone Morphogenetic ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Preferred Term Term UI T712798. Date01/14/2008. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2009). ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D055396

Bone. 2015 Sep;78:62-70.. Patel JJ, Flanagan CL, Hollister SJ. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Adsorption onto Poly-ε-caprolactone ... Bone. 2015 Jun;75:96-104.. Nam J, Perera P, Gordon R, Jeong YH, Blazek AD, Kim DG, Tee BC, Sun Z, Eubank TD, Zhao Y, ... Impaired function of bone marrow stromal cells in systemic mastocytosis. Stem Cell Res. 2015 Jul;15(1):42-53. doi: 10.1016/j. ... Zhao H, Feng J, Ho TV, Grimes W, Urata M, Chai Y. The suture provides a niche for mesenchymal stem cells of craniofacial bones ...

https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/about-us/advisory-committees/advisory-council/september-2015/directors-report

... receptor related protein 5 (LRP5) and the 116 T/G (Ser37Ala) polymorphism of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in a very ... Inherited factors are important determinants of peak bone mass, although the influence of genetic factors on bone turnover and ... Over the past 20 years, several candidate genes have been associated bone mineral density (BMD); however, most studies have ... Type 2 diabetes is a growing national health problem because of its rapidly increasing incidence and associated health impacts ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/population/fund2006.htm

... and bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 4 (BMP2 and BMP4) to enhance oral tissue regeneration has yet to be thoroughly ... investigate the effects of tooth movement and distraction osteogenesis using mechanical stimulation on bone in vitro model ... ligament source of stem cells have been documented in the literature adopting similar isolation strategies as to bone marrow ... by UWAs Craniofacial Biology Research Program aims to investigate the effects of growth factors on tissue response and bone ...

https://www.uwa.edu.au/Research/Craniofacial-Biology

At present, novel osteoinductive materials containing recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) are actively being developed for «regenerative medicine», traumatology and orthopedics. (genescells.ru)
8. Neuroforaminal chondrocyte metaplasia and clustering associated with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 usage in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. (nih.gov)

We developed an optimized protocol that included modulating the sonic hedgehog homolog gradient with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2) and addition of activin to the culture medium, which shortened the time to generate Lmx1A and FoxA2 immunoreactive cells by 4-6 days. (nih.gov)
Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 (BMP2) is a driver of epicardial cell migration. (nih.gov)

The BMPR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2. (medlineplus.gov)
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 spans the cell membrane, so that one end of the protein is on the outer surface of the cell and the other end remains inside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
About half of the mutations involved in this condition disrupt the assembly of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2, reducing the amount of this protein in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Other mutations prevent bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 from reaching the cell surface or alter its structure so it cannot receive or transmit signals. (medlineplus.gov)
19. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor signal transduction in human disease. (nih.gov)
Direct binding of follistatin to a complex of bone -morphogenetic protein and its receptor inhibits ventral and epidermal cell fates in early Xenopus embryo . (xenbase.org)
Nine (22.5%) out of 40 patients evaluated resulted positive for the presence of germline bone morphogenetic protein receptor ( BMPR) type 2 mutations. (ersjournals.com)
Germline mutations of the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor ( BMPR ) type 2 are certainly clear examples of established risk factors for PAH development 4 . (ersjournals.com)

The model of ectopic subcutaneous implantation to rats is very convenience test system to detect increase in osteoinductivity of materials caused by application of rhBMP-2, and to identify features of ectopic bone formation in these materials. (genescells.ru)
17. Symptomatic ectopic bone formation after off-label use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. (nih.gov)
Axial ( A ) and coronal ( B ) CT scans demonstrating ectopic bone formation in the intervertebral foramen (white arrows) following a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion performed with the use of rhBMP-2. (aaos.org)
Harms are common in both (rhBMP-2 and ICBG) groups, but except for cancer at 24 months, the increased risks for retrograde ejaculation, urine retention, and ectopic bone formation (with rhBMP-2) were not statistically significant. (aaos.org)

A class of osteogenic regulatory molecules, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), have been isolated, cloned and characterized as potent supplements to augment bone regeneration. (nih.gov)
This review will discuss the current status of BMPs in bone regeneration and specifically will present the potential for a clinical therapeutic role of recombinant human BMP-2 sustained release carrier systems. (nih.gov)
The importance of drug delivery to optimize the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins during periodontal regeneration. (nih.gov)
Arosarena O.A., Collins W.L. Bone regeneration in the rat mandible with bone morphogenetic protein-2: a comparison of two carriers. (genescells.ru)
We are very excited about the potential for the heparin microparticle technology to improve the safety and efficacy of recombinant protein delivery for tissue regeneration clinical applications. (materialstoday.com)
Bone regeneration in inflammation with aging and cell-based immunomodulatory therapy. (stanford.edu)
Chronic inflammation impairs the initiation of bone regeneration in elderly patients. (stanford.edu)
This review examines current knowledge of the bone regeneration process and potential immunomodulatory therapies to facilitate bone healing in inflammaging.Aged macrophages show increased sensitivity and responsiveness to inflammatory signals. (stanford.edu)
In aging, persistent chronic inflammation resulting from the failure of M1 to M2 repolarization leads to increased osteoclast activation and decreased osteoblast formation, thus increasing bone resorption and decreasing bone formation during healing.Inflammaging can impair the ability of stem cells to support bone regeneration and contributes to the decline in bone mass and strength that occurs with aging. (stanford.edu)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties that may benefit bone regeneration in inflammation. (stanford.edu)
Resolution of inflammation via local delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines is also a potential therapy for bone regeneration in inflammaging. (stanford.edu)
MSC exosomes can increase the migration of MSCs to the fracture site and enhance osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis.In conclusion, inflammaging can impair the proper initiation of bone regeneration in the elderly. (stanford.edu)
Bone tissue engineering has been emerging as a valid approach to the current therapies for bone regeneration. (who.int)
Tissue engineering has been emerging as life science towards the development of biological a valid approach to the current therapies for bone substitutes for restoring, maintaining, or improving regeneration. (who.int)
Firstly, the term engineering concepts in the area of skin, cartilage, "tissue engineering" was derived from an organization and bone regeneration was based on the isolation, of an endothelium-like structure on the surface of expansion, and implantation of cells from the patient's polymethylmathacrylate prosthesis [2]. (who.int)

BMP-2 also maintained its bioactivity as it was released from microparticles during an in vitro assay. (materialstoday.com)

The use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) for cleft lip and palate reconstruction delivered. (dentistrytoday.com)

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS. (bvsalud.org)
Bone tissue engineering requires a scaffold conducive to cell attachment and maintenance of cell function, together with a rich source of osteoprogenitor cells in combination with osteoinductive growth factors. (who.int)
Efforts have the growth of chondrocytes on the bioresorbable been made to develop osteoconductive, osteoinductive polymers of polyglycolic acid mesh [3] and the culture and osteogenic bone materials. (who.int)

CoCl(2) -simulated hypoxia potentiates the osteogenic differentiation of fibroblasts derived from tympanosclerosis by upregulating the expression of BMP-2. (nih.gov)
Fig. 1 Three major components in bone tissue cells that can be induced to differentiate into osteogenic engineering: cells, scaffolds, and growth factors. (who.int)

4. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with rhBMP-2 in spinal deformity, spondylolisthesis, and degenerative disease--part 2: BMP dosage-related complications and long-term outcomes in 509 patients. (nih.gov)
5. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with rhBMP-2 in spinal deformity, spondylolisthesis, and degenerative disease--part 1: Large series diagnosis related outcomes and complications with 2- to 9-year follow-up. (nih.gov)
14. Complications with the use of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in spine surgery. (nih.gov)
15. Complications with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in posterolateral spine fusion associated with a dural tear. (nih.gov)
19. Dose Adjustment Associated Complications of Bone Morphogenetic Protein: A Longitudinal Assessment. (nih.gov)
The complications typically associated with plating of radial fractures in small-breed dogs cannot be ascribed to an overly stiff bone-plate construct. (avma.org)
This was one of the complications identified as an increased risk with rhBMP-2. (aaos.org)
editor-in-chief Eugene J. Carragee, MD, wrote that the studies underreported complications and overstated efficacy as compared with a conventional autograft procedure using iliac crest bone graft (ICBG). (aaos.org)
Furthermore, the YODA groups found that the study authors underreported complications for both on-label and off-label indications and that they "selected analyses and results that favored rhBMP-2 over ICBG. (aaos.org)

Current national patterns as a function of patient-, hospital-, and procedure-related factors, and complication rates in the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) as an adjunct to the practice of pediatric spine surgery have scarcely been investigated. (northwestern.edu)
Evaluate clinically and radiographically the conditions of bone density around the experimental bioactive implants that are covered with Bone Morphogenetic Protein recombinant human type-2 (rhBMP-2) (IE) and to compare it to that obtained whit rough- surface implants (IC). (bvsalud.org)
McKay W.F., Peckham S.M., Badura J.M. A comprehensive clinical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (INFUSE Bone Graft). (genescells.ru)
7. Mutual regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone signaling and bone morphogenetic protein system in human granulosa cells. (nih.gov)
9. Role of Smad1 and Smad4 proteins in the induction of p21WAF1,Cip1 during bone morphogenetic protein-induced growth arrest in human breast cancer cells. (nih.gov)
14. The bone morphogenetic protein pathway is active in human colon adenomas and inactivated in colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
7. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced radiculitis in elective minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions: a series review. (nih.gov)
9. Pseudo-Pedicle Heterotopic Ossification From Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (rhBMP-2) in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cages. (nih.gov)
10. Effectiveness and safety of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 versus local bone graft in primary lumbar interbody fusions. (nih.gov)
13. Allogeneic morphogenetic protein vs. recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in lumbar interbody fusion procedures: a radiographic and economic analysis. (nih.gov)
The word is in from the Yale Open Data Access (YODA) project: recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2), the product marketed as Infuse® by Medtronic, Inc., offers no appreciable benefit over autograft in spinal fusion surgery. (aaos.org)
Infuse Bone Graft, which is manufactured by Medtronic Inc., contains recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein (rhBMP-2), a protein released naturally by the body. (yourlawyer.com)

Infuse Bone Graft Study Probe Heats Up. (yourlawyer.com)
A Senate investigation into a bogus Infuse Bone Graft study is heating up. (yourlawyer.com)
According to The Wall Street Journal, the Senate Committee on Armed Services has asked the U.S. Army to provide it with the results of an investigation into the Infuse Bone Graft study, which was conducted at Walter Reed Army Hospital by former Army surgeon Timothy Kuklo. (yourlawyer.com)
Last July, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) warned that the use of Infuse Bone Graft and similar products had caused serious problems when they were used off-label in cervical spine (neck) surgeries. (yourlawyer.com)
Need Legal Help Regarding Infuse Bone Graft? (yourlawyer.com)

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2, BMP4, and secreted frizzled related protein 2 were identified as principal effectors of the anti-proliferative effects on RSCs. (bvsalud.org)
15. A comprehensive expression survey of bone morphogenetic proteins in breast cancer highlights the importance of BMP4 and BMP7. (nih.gov)

The growth factor, called bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), also remained bioactive after long periods of time spent bound to the microparticles. (materialstoday.com)
Bone tissue engineering needs to overcome term tissue engineering indicates combinations of cells, major challenges to allow clinical applications with scaffold materials, and bioactive molecules used to predictable outcomes. (who.int)

The BMPR2 gene belongs to a family of genes originally identified for its role in regulating the growth and maturation (differentiation) of bone and cartilage. (medlineplus.gov)

It concluded that "on the basis of the currently available evidence, it is difficult to identify clear indications for rhBMP-2 in spinal fusion. (aaos.org)

The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer, which plays a role in bone and cartilage development. (nih.gov)

This review aims at outlining the role of stem cells and growth factors in scaffolds, focusing on the use of mesenchymal stem cells and bone morphogenetic proteins as applied to the research and practice of bone tissue engineering. (who.int)
Mesenchymal stem cells reside in contact with the hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow cavity. (who.int)

Their reports, published in the June 18, 2013, issue of Annals of Internal Medicine, state that rhBMP-2 "provided little or no benefit compared with bone graft and may be associated with more harms, possibly including cancer. (aaos.org)

These findings suggest that rhBMP-2-coated implants can stimulated bone formation around dental implants and may be an alternative in treatment for low bone density sites. (bvsalud.org)

Death of bone marrow occurs within 6-12 hours after vascular insult. (medscape.com)
Adult stem cells derived from the bone marrow have been well characterized in relation to stem cells originating from other tissues. (who.int)

11. Nerve injury and recovery after lateral lumbar interbody fusion with and without bone morphogenetic protein-2 augmentation: a cohort-controlled study. (nih.gov)
It is also approved for use in two dental bone grafting procedures: sinus augmentation and localized alveolar ridge augmentation. (yourlawyer.com)

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2010 Feb 95 (2): 714-21. (cdc.gov)

Genetic analyses of bone morphogenetic protein 2, 4 and 7 in congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency. (cdc.gov)

18. Protein associated with SMAD1 (PAWS1/FAM83G) is a substrate for type I bone morphogenetic protein receptors and modulates bone morphogenetic protein signalling. (nih.gov)

Bone homeostasis is a dynamic process involving a myriad of cells and substrates modulated by regulatory signals such as hormones, growth and differentiating factors. (nih.gov)
Bone morphogenetic proteins and secreted frizzled related protein 2 maintain the quiescence of adult mammalian retinal stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
4. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is expressed by, and acts upon, mature epithelial cells in the colon. (nih.gov)
6. Bone morphogenetic protein activities are enhanced by 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate through suppression of Smad6 expression in osteoprogenitor cells. (nih.gov)
The encoded protein may play a role in the generation of primordial germ cells, and has been shown to stimulate thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. (nih.gov)
The protective role of bone morphogenetic protein-8 in the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis on bone cells. (nih.gov)
BMP-2-loaded microparticles in physical contact with cell culture also stimulated an increase in the number of cells. (materialstoday.com)
Exposure to these proteins triggered the stem cells to turn into different types of functional pituitary cells that released hormones important for bone and tissue growth (i.e., growth hormone), the stress response (i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone), and reproductive functions (i.e., prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone). (genengnews.com)

6. Revision surgery after interbody fusion with rhBMP-2: a cautionary tale for spine surgeons. (nih.gov)
Reproduced from Rihn JA, Gates C, Glassman SD, Phillips FM, Schwender JD, Albert TJ: The Use of Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Lumbar Spine Surgery. (aaos.org)
As we've reported previously, Kuklo's study, which claimed to show that wounded soldiers' leg injuries healed better when Infuse was used, was published in the Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery last August, but retracted in March. (yourlawyer.com)

2. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activation by Alda-1 inhibits atherosclerosis and attenuates hepatic steatosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. (nih.gov)

Immunohistochemical markers shown to be useful in identifying/confirming mesonephric/mesonephric-like differentiation (MLD markers) include thyroid transcription factor (TTF1), GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), and cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10). (bvsalud.org)

The net result is more efficient and spatially controlled delivery of this very potent and very valuable protein," said Todd McDevitt, an associate professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University. (materialstoday.com)

Bone morphogenetic protein 8B promotes the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (nih.gov)
In recent years, the understanding of PAH pathophysiology has allowed the recognition of multiple risk factors and associated conditions that trigger and/or worsen the progression of the disease 2 , 3 . (ersjournals.com)

2. Comparison of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion outcomes in patients receiving rhBMP-2 versus autograft. (nih.gov)
12. Comparison of TLIF with rhBMP-2 versus no TLIF and higher posterolateral rhBMP-2 dose at L5-S1 for long fusions to the sacrum with sacropelvic fixation in patients with primary adult deformity. (nih.gov)

But recently an NIH-funded team of chemical engineers at MIT developed a special coating for implants that promotes a stronger connection to new bone. (nih.gov)

These microparticles can localize high concentrations of protein therapeutics in an area of tissue damage without introducing large amounts of biomaterial that may take up space and prevent new tissue formation. (materialstoday.com)

1. RhBMP-2-induced radiculitis in patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: relationship to dose. (nih.gov)
3. Clinical sequelae after rhBMP-2 use in a minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. (nih.gov)
18. The use of RhBMP-2 in single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a clinical and radiographic analysis. (nih.gov)

12. Role of RUNX3 in bone morphogenetic protein signaling in colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
Instead of mimicking the complex 3D organization of the developing pituitary gland, Dr. Zimmer's team exposed hPSCs to a few precisely timed cellular signals, specifically, proteins known to play an important role during embryonic development. (genengnews.com)

Many bony deficits that are excessively traumatic will not result in complete recovery and require therapeutic intervention(s) such as autografting or grafting from banked bone. (nih.gov)
Traumatic bone injuries such as blast wounds are often so severe that the body can't effectively repair the damage on its own. (materialstoday.com)
There are 2 forms of osteonecrosis: traumatic (the most common form) and atraumatic. (medscape.com)
Traumatic and atraumatic osteonecrosis are essentially 2 distinct problems. (medscape.com)
The traumatic form has a definitive causal event and is isolated to the particular injured bone. (medscape.com)

Here we see the host bone (red and blue) growing in a cavity of the implant (brown and sliver). (nih.gov)

Bone defects represent a challenge for guide tissue formation ( Fig. 1 ). (who.int)
bioartificial bone tissues may help to overcome the Nowadays, tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary problems related to donor site morbidity and size field that applies the principles of engineering and of limitations. (who.int)

The requirement for new bone to replace or restore the function of injured, damaged, or lost bone is a major clinical and socioeconomic need. (who.int)

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. (nih.gov)
1. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling and growth suppression in colon cancer. (nih.gov)
In early development of Xenopus laevis, it is known that activities of polypeptide growth factors are negatively regulated by their binding proteins. (xenbase.org)
Those trials became the subject of controversy in 2011 when the Senate Finance Committee expressed concerns that researchers with financial ties to the Minneapolis-based company failed to report adverse events in their published research, including sterility in men and harmful bone growth. (aaos.org)
To aid the recovery, clinicians inject patients with proteins called growth factors. (materialstoday.com)
The growth factors also disperse, creating unwanted bone formation in the area around the injury. (materialstoday.com)
A new technology under development at the Georgia Institute of Technology could one day provide more efficient delivery of the bone regenerating growth factors with greater accuracy and at a lower cost. (materialstoday.com)
The researchers found that heparin microparticles bound BMP-2 with high affinity, exceeding the maximum reported growth factor binding capacity of other heparin-containing biomaterials by greater than 1,000-fold. (materialstoday.com)
The researchers were also able to control the relative composition of different hormonal cell types simply by exposing hPSCs to different ratios of two proteins-fibroblast growth factor 8 and bone morphogenetic protein 2. (genengnews.com)

Current BMP-2 delivery techniques use a collagen sponge, which releases large amounts of the drug in an initial burst. (materialstoday.com)

This positioning allows the protein to receive and transmit signals that help the cell respond to its environment by growing and dividing (cell proliferation) or by undergoing controlled cell death (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-n-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), and total phthalates (∑phthalates) levels, and creatinine-adjusted levels of MBP, MBzP, and ∑phthalates were significantly higher on exposure day than on control day. (bvsalud.org)

B) Expression of molecular markers in dorsal marginal explants of embryos that were uninjected (lane 1), injected with 500 pg of mRNA for CA-ALK2 alone (lane 2), and coinjected with 500 pg of CA-ALK2 and 200 pg of follistatin (lane 3). (xenbase.org)

Anatomy57

Organisms11

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (1/1473)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (2/1473)

Cloning and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. (3/1473)

Lack of regulation in the heart forming region of avian embryos. (4/1473)

A binding site for homeodomain and Pax proteins is necessary for L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression by Pax-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins. (5/1473)

Type IIA procollagen containing the cysteine-rich amino propeptide is deposited in the extracellular matrix of prechondrogenic tissue and binds to TGF-beta1 and BMP-2. (6/1473)

Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells. (7/1473)

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced c-fos gene transcription and DNA synthesis in mesangial cells. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase. (8/1473)

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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II

Bone and Bones

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5

Smad1 Protein

Smad Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3

Smad5 Protein

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Bone Remodeling

Smad6 Protein

Smad8 Protein

Signal Transduction

Osteogenesis

Growth Differentiation Factor 2

Cell Differentiation

Osteoblasts

Bone Regeneration

Bone Density

Receptors, Growth Factor

Growth Differentiation Factors

Growth Differentiation Factor 5

Bone Development

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Growth Differentiation Factor 9

Bone Matrix

Bone Resorption

Activin Receptors, Type I

Growth Differentiation Factor 6

Activins

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Smad4 Protein

Bone Neoplasms

Activin Receptors, Type II

Cells, Cultured

Bone Marrow

Bone Diseases

Bone Marrow Cells

Follistatin

Body Patterning

Mesoderm

Activin Receptors

Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1

Carrier Proteins

Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated

In Situ Hybridization

Alkaline Phosphatase

Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases

Trans-Activators

Bone Transplantation

MSX1 Transcription Factor

Proteins

Xenopus Proteins

Ossification, Heterotopic

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit

Chondrogenesis

Stem Cells

RNA, Messenger

Calcification, Physiologic

Hypertension, Pulmonary

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Myositis Ossificans

Smad7 Protein

Hedgehog Proteins

Bone Substitutes

Wnt Proteins

Hepcidins

Chondrocytes

Homeodomain Proteins

Osteocalcin

Chick Embryo

Cell Proliferation