Bone morphogenetic protein 15. Medical search

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from TGF-BETA RECEPTORS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS; and other surface receptors to the CELL NUCLEUS. They were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, Drosophila and sma proteins from CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and is essential for PHYSIOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.

A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE.

A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

An inhibitory Smad protein that negatively regulates the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS from BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. Smad6 inhibits PHOSPHORYLATION of SMAD2 PROTEIN and SMAD3 PROTEIN.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a regulatory role as a paracrine factor for a diverse array of cell types during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult tissues. Growth differentiation factor 2 is also a potent regulator of CHONDROGENESIS and was previously referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 9.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

A family of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-related proteins that are primarily involved in regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in early CHONDROGENESIS and joint formation.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the neural differentiation, specifically in the retinal development of the EYE.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Diseases of BONES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

A negative regulator of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that blocks activation of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and is de-regulated in a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A family of smad proteins that undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS in response to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ACTIVIN; or BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A family of metalloproteases that are related to the DROSOPHILA protein tolloid, which is a gene product necessary for dorsal-ventral patterning in early Drosophila embryogenesis. Many members of the group may play a significant role in intercellular signaling.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.

An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

Forms of hepcidin, a cationic amphipathic peptide synthesized in the liver as a prepropeptide which is first processed into prohepcidin and then into the biologically active hepcidin forms, including in human the 20-, 22-, and 25-amino acid residue peptide forms. Hepcidin acts as a homeostatic regulators of iron metabolism and also possesses antimicrobial activity.

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

Breaks in bones.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.

Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Congenital anomaly of abnormally short fingers or toes.

Inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. They inhibit CELL DIFFERENTIATION and induce CELL PROLIFERATION by modulating different CELL CYCLE regulators.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

A growth differentiation factor that is closely-related in structure to BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 3. Growth differentiation factor 10 is found at high levels in BONE, however it plays an additional roles in regulating EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Breaks in CARTILAGE.

Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

Broadly distributed glycoproteins that are homologous to the activin-binding protein, FOLLISTATIN. These follistatin-related proteins are encoded by a number of genes.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.

The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.

Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates proliferation but suppresses the follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured granulosa cells from small antral and preovulatory rat follicles. (1/115)

In addition to pituitary gonadotropins and paracrine factors, ovarian follicle development is also modulated by oocyte factors capable of stimulating granulosa cell proliferation but suppressing their differentiation. The nature of these oocyte factors is unclear. Because growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) enhanced preantral follicle growth and was detected in the oocytes of early antral and preovulatory follicles, we hypothesized that this oocyte hormone could regulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells from these advanced follicles. Treatment with recombinant GDF-9, but not FSH, stimulated thymidine incorporation into cultured granulosa cells from both early antral and preovulatory follicles, accompanied by increases in granulosa cell number. Although GDF-9 treatment alone stimulated basal steroidogenesis in granulosa cells, cotreatment with GDF-9 suppressed FSH-stimulated progesterone and estradiol production. In addition, GDF-9 cotreatment attentuated FSH-induced LH receptor formation. The inhibitory effects of GDF-9 on FSH-induced granulosa cell differentiation were accompanied by decreases in the FSH-induced cAMP production. These data suggested that GDF-9 is a proliferation factor for granulosa cells from early antral and preovulatory follicles but suppresses FSH-induced differentiation of the same cells. Thus, oocyte-derived GDF-9 could account, at least partially, for the oocyte factor(s) previously reported to control cumulus and granulosa cell differentiation. (+info)

Expression of growth and differentiation factor-9 in the ovaries of fetal sheep homozygous or heterozygous for the inverdale prolificacy gene (FecX(I)). (2/115)

Abnormal follicular and oocyte growth in ovaries of sheep homozygous (II) for the Inverdale gene, FecX(I), suggest that this gene may influence a fundamental event in initiation of folliculogenesis, with two copies of the gene inhibiting growth at the primordial/primary stage. In addition, striking similarities in ovarian morphology between mice deficient in growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and II sheep suggest a relationship between the FecX(I) gene and GDF-9 function in the ovary. Therefore, it was hypothesized that GDF-9 mRNA expression would be inhibited in ovaries of II fetal sheep. To test this hypothesis, in situ hybridization was used to characterize GDF-9 mRNA expression in ovaries of homozygous (II), heterozygous (I+), and control (++) fetal sheep at Day 135 of gestation. GDF-9 mRNA expression was localized exclusively to oocytes from the type 1 follicle stage onward in all genotypes and is the first demonstration of GDF-9 mRNA expression in ovaries of fetal sheep. In addition, GDF-9 mRNA expression was detected in oocytes of abnormal type 2 follicles in the ovaries of II sheep. Thus, it does not appear that inhibition of GDF-9 gene expression is the mechanism of action whereby the FecX(I) gene exerts its influence. However, the possibility of translation at specific stages of follicular development cannot presently be ruled out. In addition, the FecX(I) gene may be involved, either directly or indirectly, in regulating expression of receptors for GDF-9. At present, however, neither the FecX(I) gene product nor the GDF-9 receptor has been isolated or characterized. (+info)

Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates progesterone synthesis in granulosa cells via a prostaglandin E2/EP2 receptor pathway. (3/115)

Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), an oocyte-secreted member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, progesterone receptor, cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2; Ptgs2), and the EP2 prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) receptor (EP2; Ptgerep2) are required for fertility in female but not male mice. To define the interrelationship of these factors, we used a preovulatory granulosa cell culture system in which we added recombinant GDF-9, prostaglandins, prostaglandin receptor agonists, or cyclooxygenase inhibitors. GDF-9 stimulated Cox2 mRNA within 2 h, and PGE(2) within 6 h; however, progesterone was not increased until 12 h after addition of GDF-9. This suggested that Cox2 is a direct downstream target of GDF-9 but that progesterone synthesis required an intermediate. To determine whether prostaglandin synthesis was required for progesterone production, we analyzed the effects of PGE(2) and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on this process. PGE(2) can stimulate progesterone synthesis by itself, although less effectively than GDF-9 (3-fold vs. 6-fold increase over 24 h, respectively). Furthermore, indomethacin or NS-398, inhibitors of Cox2, block basal and GDF-9-stimulated progesterone synthesis. However, addition of PGE(2) to cultures containing both GDF-9 and NS-398 overrides the NS-398 block in progesterone synthesis. To further define the PGE(2)-dependent pathway, we show that butaprost, a specific EP2 agonist, stimulates progesterone synthesis and overrides the NS-398 block. In addition, GDF-9 stimulates EP2 mRNA synthesis by a prostaglandin- and progesterone-independent pathway. Thus, GDF-9 induces an EP2 signal transduction pathway which appears to be required for progesterone synthesis in cumulus granulosa cells. These studies further demonstrate the importance of oocyte-somatic cell interactions in female reproduction. (+info)

Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates rat theca-interstitial cell androgen biosynthesis. (4/115)

Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) was shown recently to be essential for early follicular development, including the appearance of the theca layer. Theca cells provide the androgen substrate for aromatization and estrogen production by granulosa cells. Using biologically active recombinant GDF-9 (rGDF-9) and an androgen-producing immortalized theca-interstitial cell (TIC) line or primary TIC, we have examined the action of this paracrine hormone on theca cell steroidogenesis. The effect of GDF-9 on TIC progesterone synthesis was marginal and inconsistent in the primary cultures. In immortalized theca cells, GDF-9 attenuated the forskolin-stimulated progesterone accumulation. More significantly, this oocyte-derived growth factor enhanced both basal and stimulated androstenedione accumulation in the primary and transformed TIC cultures. The effects of GDF-9 on steroidogenesis by preovulatory follicles were relatively modest. Likewise, it did not affect the maturation of follicle-enclosed oocytes. The effect of GDF-9, an oocyte product, on TIC androgen production suggests a regulatory role of the oocyte on theca cell function and hence on follicle development and differentiation. This direct effect of GDF-9 on thecal steroidogenesis is consistent with its recently demonstrated actions on thecal cell recruitment and differentiation. (+info)

Bone morphogenetic protein-15. Identification of target cells and biological functions. (5/115)

In developing ovarian follicles, the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation is tightly coordinated. Precisely how this coordination is achieved is unknown, but recent observations have suggested that molecules emitted by the oocyte are involved in the process. The newly discovered oocyte-specific growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15), is one such molecule. At present, nothing is known about the target cells and biological functions of BMP-15. To fill this gap in our knowledge, recombinant BMP-15 and its antibody were produced and used to determine BMP-15 expression and bioactivity. BMP-15 mRNA and protein were shown to be co-expressed in oocytes throughout folliculogenesis, supporting the idea that BMP-15 is a physiological regulator of follicle cell proliferation and/or differentiation. To test this, we used primary cultures of rat granulosa cells (GCs). We found that BMP-15 is a potent stimulator of GC proliferation, and importantly, the mitogenic effect was follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-independent. By contrast, BMP-15 alone had no effect on steroidogenesis. However, it produced a marked decrease in FSH-induced progesterone production, but had no effect on FSH-stimulated estradiol production. This result indicates that BMP-15 is a selective modulator of FSH action. In summary, this study identifies GCs as the first target cells for BMP-15. Moreover, it identifies the stimulation of GC proliferation and the differential regulation of two crucial steroid hormones as the first biological functions of BMP-15. Significantly, BMP-15 is the first growth factor that can coordinate GC proliferation and differentiation in a way that reflects normal physiology. (+info)

Comparison of recombinant growth differentiation factor-9 and oocyte regulation of KIT ligand messenger ribonucleic acid expression in mouse ovarian follicles. (6/115)

Oocytes secrete factors that regulate the development of the surrounding granulosa cells in ovarian follicles. KIT ligand (KL) mRNA expression in granulosa cells is thought to be regulated by oocytes; however, the factor(s) that mediate this effect are not known. One candidate is the oocyte-specific gene product growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9). This study examined the effect of recombinant GDF-9 (rGDF-9) on steady-state KL mRNA expression levels in preantral and mural granulosa cells in vitro. Furthermore, the study compared the effect of rGDF-9 with that of coculture with oocytes at different developmental stages. As determined by RNase protection assay, both KL-1 and KL-2 mRNA levels in preantral and mural granulosa cells were suppressed by 25-250 ng/ml rGDF-9. Fully grown oocytes also suppressed both KL-1 and KL-2 mRNA expression levels. Partly grown oocytes isolated from 7-, 10-, or 12-day-old mice either had no effect on KL mRNA levels or promoted KL-1 mRNA steady-state expression. It is concluded that GDF-9 is likely to mediate the action of fully grown, but not partly grown, oocytes on granulosa cell KL mRNA expression. (+info)

Bone morphogenetic protein-15 inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action by suppressing FSH receptor expression. (7/115)

We have recently reported that oocyte-derived bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) can directly modulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action in rat granulosa cells. Here, we investigate underlying mechanisms of this BMP-15 effect. Treatment with BMP-15 alone exerted no significant effect on the basal expression of mRNAs encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, P450 aromatase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, luteinization hormone receptor, and inhibin/activin subunits. However, BMP-15 markedly inhibited the FSH-induced increases in these messages. In striking contrast, BMP-15 did not change the forskolin-induced levels of these transcripts. Thus, the inhibitory effect of BMP-15 on FSH action must be upstream of cAMP signaling. We next examined changes in FSH receptor mRNA expression. Interestingly, BMP-15 severely reduced the levels of FSH receptor mRNA in both basal and FSH-stimulated cells. To determine whether this effect was at the level of FSH function, we investigated the effect of BMP-15 on FSH bioactivity. Consistent with the mRNA data, BMP-15 inhibited the biological response of FSH, but not that of forskolin. Based on these results, we propose that BMP-15 is an important determinant of FSH action through its ability to inhibit FSH receptor expression. Because FSH plays an essential role in follicle growth and development, our findings could have new implications for understanding how oocyte growth factors contribute to folliculogenesis. (+info)

Biological function and cellular mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein-6 in the ovary. (8/115)

The process of ovarian folliculogenesis is composed of proliferation and differentiation of the constitutive cells in developing follicles. Growth factors emitted by oocytes integrate and promote this process. Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-15, and BMP-6 are oocyte-derived members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. In contrast to the recent studies on GDF-9 and BMP-15, nothing is known about the biological function of BMP-6 in the ovary. Here we show that, unlike BMP-15 and GDF-9, BMP-6 lacks mitogenic activity on rat granulosa cells (GCs) and produces a marked decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced progesterone (P(4)) but not estradiol (E(2)) production, demonstrating not only the first identification of GCs as BMP-6 targets in the ovary but also its selective modulation of FSH action in steroidogenesis. This BMP-6 activity resembles BMP-15 but differs from GDF-9 activities. BMP-6 also exhibited similar action to BMP-15 by attenuating the steady state mRNA levels of FSH-induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), without affecting P450 aromatase mRNA level, supporting its differential function on FSH-regulated P(4) and E(2) production. However, unlike BMP-15, BMP-6 inhibited forskolin- but not 8-bromo-cAMP-induced P(4) production and StAR and P450scc mRNA expression. BMP-6 also decreased FSH- and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production, suggesting that the underlying mechanism by which BMP-6 inhibits FSH action most likely involves the down-regulation of adenylate cyclase activity. This is clearly distinct from the mechanism of BMP-15 action, which causes the suppression of basal FSH receptor (FSH-R) expression, without affecting adenylate cyclase activity. As assumed, BMP-6 did not alter basal FSH-R mRNA levels, whereas it inhibited FSH- and forskolin- but not 8-bromo-cAMP-induced FSH-R mRNA accumulation. These studies provide the first insight into the biological function of BMP-6 in the ovary and demonstrate its unique mechanism of regulating FSH action. (+info)

2000). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor complexes on the surface of live cells: a new oligomerization mode for serine/ ... Vitt U, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh A (2002). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth ... Vitt UA, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh AJ (2003). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth ... The cell surface receptor through which GDF9 generates a signal is the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor-9

... bone morphogenetic protein 15 heterodimers are potent regulators of ovarian functions". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... ROS also interacts with ERK pathway that leads to activation of Ras, MEK and MEK-like proteins. These proteins activate protein ... Bone morphogenetic proteins/ Mothers against decapentaplegic/ Inhibitor of differentiation), mediated by transcription factors ... In TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor β) pathway, BMP (Bone Morphogenic Protein), Activin and Nodal ligands bind to their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

Dudley, A. T.; Robertson, E. J. (1997). "Overlapping expression domains of bone morphogenetic protein family members ... "A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during development of the mammalian kidney and eye". Genes & Development. 9 (22 ... Brennan, Jane; Norris, Dominic P.; Robertson, Elizabeth J. (15 September 2002). "Nodal activity in the node governs left-right ... Dudley, A. T.; Lyons, K. M.; Robertson, E. J. (15 November 1995). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Robertson

It acts as a regulator of TGFβ family (such as bone morphogenetic proteins) activity by competing with SMAD4 and preventing the ... Itoh F, Asao H, Sugamura K, Heldin CH, ten Dijke P, Itoh S (2001). "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through ... The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein ... SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene. SMAD6 is a protein that, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6

By occupying type I receptors for Activin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), it also plays a role in negative feedback of ... Itoh F, Asao H, Sugamura K, Heldin CH, ten Dijke P, Itoh S (August 2001). "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling ... "Differential inhibition of Smad6 and Smad7 on bone morphogenetic protein- and activin-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis in B ... Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene. SMAD7 is a protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II or BMPR2 is a serine/threonine receptor kinase. It binds Bone morphogenetic ... BMPR2 is expressed on both human and animal granulosa cells, and is a crucial receptor for bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15 ... Gilboa L, Nohe A, Geissendörfer T, Sebald W, Henis YI, Knaus P (March 2000). "Bone morphogenetic protein receptor complexes on ... However, BMPR2 can't bind BMP15 and GDF9 without the assistance of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMPR2

The BMPs bind to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 (BMPR2). They are involved in a multitude of cellular functions ... Bone morphogenetic proteins cause the transcription of mRNAs involved in osteogenesis, neurogenesis, and ventral mesoderm ... The TGF beta superfamily of ligands include: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), ... "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through negative regulation of inhibitory Smads". The EMBO Journal. 20 (15): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway

Itoh F, Asao H, Sugamura K, Heldin CH, ten Dijke P, Itoh S (August 2001). "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling ... STAM-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAMBP gene. Cytokine-mediated signal transduction in the ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode:2005Natur. ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode:2005Natur. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAMBP

Itoh F, Asao H, Sugamura K, Heldin CH, ten Dijke P, Itoh S (August 2001). "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling ... "Physical and functional interaction of murine and Xenopus Smad7 with bone morphogenetic protein receptors and transforming ... potency of cell proliferation and differentiation responses to transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein ... Thus, the two proteins could be caught in a "vicious cycle" of regulation. Pin1 causes both itself and Smad2 to be associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAD_(protein)

The BMPs bind to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2). Some of the proteins of the BMP family are BMP4 and ... Then active Smoothened protein is able to inhibit PKA and Slimb, so that the Ci protein is not cleaved. This intact Ci protein ... The binding of Wnt to a Frizzled protein activates the Dishevelled protein. In its active state the Dishevelled protein ... "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through negative regulation of inhibitory Smads". The EMBO Journal. 20 (15): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrine_signaling

"A novel link between the proteasome pathway and the signal transduction pathway of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)". BMC ... Smad nuclear-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNIP1 gene. SNIP1 has been shown to interact ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-1178. Bibcode: ... "Entrez Gene: SNIP1 Smad nuclear interacting protein 1". Kim RH, Flanders KC, Birkey Reffey S, Anderson LA, Duckett CS, Perkins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNIP1

"A novel link between the proteasome pathway and the signal transduction pathway of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)". BMC ... The eukaryotic proteasome recognized degradable proteins, including damaged proteins for protein quality control purpose or key ... "A novel link between the proteasome pathway and the signal transduction pathway of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)". BMC ... "Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMB4

... (BMP-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP15 gene. It is involved in ... Bragdon B, Moseychuk O, Saldanha S, King D, Julian J, Nohe A (April 2011). "Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review". ... Persani L, Rossetti R, Di Pasquale E, Cacciatore C, Fabre S (2014-11-01). "The fundamental role of bone morphogenetic protein ... de Castro FC, Cruz MH, Leal CL (August 2016). "Role of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15

... or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. Like other members of the bone morphogenetic protein ... Reddi AH (July 2000). "Bone morphogenetic proteins and skeletal development: the kidney-bone connection". Pediatric Nephrology ... bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) versus autologous bone grafting for tibial fractures]". Der Unfallchirurg (in German). 110 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7

... , also known as BMP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMP1 gene. There are seven ... Although other bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, BMP1 encodes a protein that is not closely ... 1993). "Mapping of the bone morphogenetic protein 1 gene (BMP1) to 8p21: removal of BMP1 from candidacy for the bone disorder ... BMP1 belongs to the peptidase M12A family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). It induces bone and cartilage development. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_1

"Entrez Gene: BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4". Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M (January 2010). "Bone morphogenetic protein ... type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein-4 that forms differential heteromeric complexes with bone morphogenetic protein ... Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23 BMP4 is ... It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4

... bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6) vector. She found BMP‐6 to be osteo-inductive in vivo resulting in acceleration of bone ... Her research indicated that transduction of BMDMSC with bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 or ‐6 can accelerate osteogenic ... "Mesenchymal Stem Cell-mediated Gene Delivery of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in an Articular Fracture Model". Molecular Therapy ... mediated osteogenic differentiation of stem cells by bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 or ‐6". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 24 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Bertone

... is a chemical compound used in the study of bone morphogenetic protein signalling through the ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6 ... Structure-activity relationship study of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Aug ... Bone. 2018 Apr;109:251-258. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.004 PMID 28918311. ... 1;18(15):4388-92. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.052 PMID 18621530 Williams E, Bullock AN. Structural basis for the potent and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDN193189

1998). "Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins and osteogenic protein-1 differentially regulate osteogenesis". J. Bone Miner ... GDF6 interacts with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to form heterodimers that may work to regulate neural induction and ... Reddi AH (1995). "Cartilage morphogenesis: role of bone and cartilage morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes and extracellular ... 2005). "Identification of receptors and signaling pathways for orphan bone morphogenetic protein/growth differentiation factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF6

... a bone morphogenetic protein. Matrix 1992; 12:369-80. Ripamonti U, Heliotis M, van den Heever B, Reddi AH. Bone morphogenetic ... isolation and purification of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that are involved in bone formation and repair. The molecular ... Osteogenin (bone morphogenetic protein-3) stimulates cartilage formation by chick limb bud cells in vitro. Dev Biol 1991; 146: ... Osteogenin and recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2B are chemotactic for human monocytes and stimulate transforming growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Hari_Reddi

Dpp is the Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-β superfamily ... It is known to be necessary for the correct patterning and development of the early Drosophila embryo and the fifteen imaginal ... In Drosophila, the receptor for Dpp is formed by two proteins, Thickveins (Tkv) and Punt. Like Dpp itself, Tkv and Punt are ... When a cell receives a Dpp signal, the receptors are able to activate an intracellular protein called mothers against Dpp (mad ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapentaplegic

... and bone morphogenetic proteins. Evidence suggests that bone cells produce growth factors for extracellular storage in the bone ... Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum. Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act ... Bone tissue is a mineralized tissue of two types, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Other types of tissue found in bones ... cancellous bone at the ends of the bones. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone

骨塑型蛋白受體 1B（英语：Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B）. 卵巢功能障礙、高促性腺激素性性腺功能低下症（英语：Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism）、肢端肢中部骨骺軟骨發育不良（ ... Bone morphogenetic protein 15）. 高促性腺激素性卵巢衰竭（POF4) ... FOX蛋白L2（英语：Forkhead Box Protein L2）. 和第一型先天性家族性

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/女性不孕症

... bone morphogenetic protein-7) to initiate rapid bone formation". J Bone Miner Res. 12 (10): 1584-95. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12. ... bone morphogenetic protein-7) to initiate rapid bone formation. (October 1997) Transforming growth factor-beta 1: induction of ... induction of bone morphogenetic protein genes expression during endochondral bone formation in the baboon, and synergistic ... "Enhanced activity of demineralised bone matrix augmented with xenogeneic bone morphogenetic protein complex in rats". South ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Duneas

Shim S, Bae N, Han JK (July 2002). "Bone morphogenetic protein-4-induced activation of Xretpos is mediated by Smads and Olf-1/ ... Zinc finger protein 423 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF423 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... "ZFP423 coordinates Notch and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, selectively up-regulating Hes5 gene expression". The Journal ... OAZ+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates text from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF423

Core AB, Canali S, Babitt JL (2014). "Hemojuvelin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in iron homeostasis". ... hereditary hemochromatosis protein, transferrin receptor 2, bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP6), matriptase-2, neogenin, BMP ... Hepcidin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAMP gene. Hepcidin is a key regulator of the entry of iron into the ... The peptide was initially named LEAP-1, for Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Protein, when it was first described in the year 2000 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepcidin

In 2006, while examining the available literature on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), used to stimulate bone growth in ... for his research and campaigning which were instrumental in uncovering the harmful side effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 ... Tomislav Smoljanović (born 15 July 1977) is a Croatian medical scientist, physician, and a retired rower. Smoljanović won ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Smoljanović

"Characterization of bone morphogenetic protein-6 signaling pathways in osteoblast differentiation". J. Cell Sci. 112 (20): 3519 ... "Regulation of endocytosis of activin type II receptors by a novel PDZ protein through Ral/Ral-binding protein 1-dependent ... Activin receptor type-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2A gene. ACVR2A is an activin type 2 receptor. This ... Barbara NP, Wrana JL, Letarte M (1999). "Endoglin is an accessory protein that interacts with the signaling receptor complex of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR2A

The molecular mechanism behind this process lies in the expression and repression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs ... Anderson RM, Stottmann RW, Choi M, Klingensmith J (September 2006). "Endogenous bone morphogenetic protein antagonists regulate ... The proteins produced from the genes Noggin and Chordin inhibit these BMPs, and subsequently allow neural commitment genes, ... In order to allow for the growth of precursor neural tissues, as opposed to precursor bone or cartilage tissues, BMP expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_fold

"Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with core decompression and human bone morphogenetic protein". Clinical ... Normally, bone continuously breaks down and rebuilds-old bone is resorbed and replaced with new bone. The process keeps the ... The necrotic bone itself does not show increased radiographic opacity, as dead bone cannot undergo bone resorption which is ... where internal bone pressure is relieved by drilling a hole into the bone, and a living bone chip and an electrical device to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avascular_necrosis

This linkage is further evidenced by the fact that two of the genes, HAO1 and BMP2, affecting medullary bone (the part of the ... The HBB gene encodes information to make the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin, which is the protein red blood cells use to ... Foods with high levels of protein must be avoided. These include breast milk, eggs, chicken, beef, pork, fish, nuts, and other ... Both males and females with larger combs have higher bone density and strength, which allows females to deposit more calcium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30). *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1 ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This protein is highly similar to the gene ... protein kinase activity. • kinase activity. • protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • cyclin-dependent protein serine/ ... protein binding. • ATP binding. • cyclin binding. • cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • macromolecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK4

In general, proteins fold into discrete units that perform distinct cellular functions, but some proteins are also capable of ... Adult stem cells like bone marrow stem cells have also shown a potential to differentiate into cardiac competent cells when ... The first way is post translational modification of the amino acids that make up histone proteins. Histone proteins are made up ... thereby reducing that protein's activity. In PSI+ cells, the loss of the Sup35 protein (which is involved in termination of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

... is due to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp ... The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low ... The patagium is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind ... Kirkpatrick, S. J. (1994). "Scale effects on the stresses and safety factors in the wing bones of birds and bats". Journal of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

... induces human osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway ... This is due to the tendency of tannins to react with proteins, such as the ones found in saliva.[14] In food and wine pairing, ... proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Journal. 8 (2): ... "Interactions of Grape Seed Tannins with Salivary Proteins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (1): 42-7. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine

Mutations in several genes have been associated with this condition[24][25] these include bone morphogenetic protein receptor ... This in turn leads to increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase or PKA (protein kinase A) activity, ultimately promoting ... protein kinase G). Activated PKG promotes vasorelaxation (via a reduction of intracellular calcium levels), alters the ... "cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP phosphodiesterases in nitric oxide and cGMP action". Pharmacol Rev. 62 (3): 525-63. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_Hypertension

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a subgroup of TGF-β superfamily that can induce bone and cartilage formation as well as ... Ligaments join one bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone for a proper functioning of the body. ... In this process, osteocytes infiltrate the tendon and lay down bone as they would in sesamoid bone such as the patella. In ... A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina_fibrosa

In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. ... putative mu opioid/metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 heteromers produces potent antinociception in a chronic murine bone cancer ... In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion,[1] or protein[2] which binds to the DNA double helix. ... Teif VB, Rippe K (October 2010). "Statistical-mechanical lattice models for protein-DNA binding in chromatin". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_binding

"Smad-interacting protein 1 is a repressor of liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase transcription in bone morphogenetic protein ... Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZEB2 gene. The ZEB2 protein is a ... ZEB2 protein has 8 zinc fingers and 1 homeodomain. The structure of the homeodomain shown on the right. ZEB2 interacts with ... Mutations of the gene can cause the gene to produce nonfunctional ZEB2 proteins or inactivate the function gene as a whole. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZEB2

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. *Bone morphogenetic protein 1. *Lysostaphin. *Insulin-degrading enzyme ... It is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm where it cleaves the host protein SNAP-25, a member of the SNARE protein family ... Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It ... the toxin cleaves SNARE proteins (proteins that mediate vesicle fusion, with their target membrane bound compartments) meaning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that in humans is ... GDF11 acts as a cytokine and its molecular structure is identical in humans, mice and rats.[6] The bone morphogenetic protein ... "GDF11 forms a bone morphogenetic protein 1-activated latent complex that can modulate nerve growth factor-induced ... Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. Growth factor receptor modulators. Cytokine receptor modulators. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF11

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30). *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1 ... protein kinase activity. • PDZ domain binding. • SH3 domain binding. • scaffold protein binding. • metal ion binding. • kinase ... protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • GO:0001948 protein binding. • ATP binding. • Rho GTPase binding. ... Displaying a distinctive protein organization, this protein defines a separate class of rho partners.[7] Using a cloning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIT_

The decapentaplegic Vg-related (DVR) related subfamily (including the bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth ... These proteins interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and ... Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. Growth factor receptor modulators. Cytokine receptor modulators. ... Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include:. AMH; ARTN; BMP10; BMP15; BMP2; BMP3; BMP4; BMP5; BMP6; BMP7; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tgf_beta_superfamily

Inhibition of TGF-β and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling can efficiently induce neural tissue from pluripotent stem ... The Trk proteins act as receptors for NGF and related factors. Trk is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Trk dimerization and ... This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis. ... GDNF: Glial derived neurotrophic factor is a member of the TGFb family of proteins, and is a potent trophic factor for striatal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development

This can occur because shark teeth are not attached to a bone, but instead are developed within a bony cavity.[64] It has been ... Neural cells, for example, express growth-associated proteins, such as GAP-43, tubulin, actin, an array of novel neuropeptides ... "Morphogenetic mechanisms in the cyclic regeneration of hair follicles and deer antlers from stem cells". BioMed Research ... regeneration has been observed in the tails and maxillary bone of crocodiles and adult neurogenesis has also been noted.[99][ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30). *Bone morphogenetic protein receptors *BMPR1 ... This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... protein binding. • metal ion binding. • oxidoreductase activity. • carboxy-lyase activity. • 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate ... 15 (2): 181-7. doi:10.1007/BF01799628. PMID 1356170.. *. McKean MC, Winkeler KA, Danner DJ (1992). "Nucleotide sequence of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCKDHA

Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) should not be routinely used in any type of anterior cervical spine fusion, such as with ... Woo, EJ (Oct 2012). "Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: adverse events reported to the Manufacturer and User ... Life-threatening Complications Associated with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Cervical Spine Fusion". fda.gov ... bone graft or artificial bone substitute is packed between the vertebrae to help them heal together.[1] In general, fusions are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_fusion

... astrocytes were generated by exposing human glial precursor cells to bone morphogenetic protein (Bone morphogenetic protein is ... WNTs and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), provide positional information to developing macroglial cells through morphogen ... with the bone protein and human glial cells combined, they promoted significant recovery of conscious foot placement, axonal ... In response to nerve damage, heat shock proteins (HSP) are released and can bind to their respective TLRs, leading to further ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroglial_cell

... bone morphogenetic protein, and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily.[9] ... bone growth), to behave as an agonist of the receptor and to induce hyperactive bone growth.[21] On 2 September 2015, Regeneron ... The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both dimeric in structure, and, in each complex, the two monomers are linked to ... Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Identified ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibin

... and bone morphogenetic protein BMP4. FGF10 is seen to have the most prominent role. FGF10 is a paracrine signalling molecule ... Other proteins with elevated expression in the lung are the dynein protein DNAH5 in ciliated cells, and the secreted SCGB1A1 ... The highest expression of lung specific proteins are different surfactant proteins,[18] such as SFTPA1, SFTPB and SFTPC, and ... Gene and protein expression[edit]. Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccular_stage

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. *Bone morphogenetic protein 1. *Lysostaphin. *Insulin-degrading enzyme ... It is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm where it cleaves the host protein SNAP-25, a member of the SNARE protein family ... Botulinum toxin (BTX) or Botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] ... Botulinum toxin exerts its effect by cleaving key proteins required for nerve activation. First, the toxin binds specifically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botox

Examples of such proteins include bone morphogenetic proteins and cadherins. Expression of these proteins is essential to ... Bone morphogenetic protein 4, or BMP4, is a transforming growth factor that causes the cells of the ectoderm to differentiate ... Cell signaling and essential proteins[edit]. Critical to the proper folding and function of the neural plate is N-cadherin, a ... In a newly formed neural plate, PAX3 mRNA, MSX1 mRNA, and MSX1/MSX2 proteins are expressed mediolaterally.[9] When the neural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_plate

"Mycoplasma infection transforms normal lung cells and induces bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression by post-transcriptional ... The protein also causes the growth, morphology, and the gene expression of the cells to change, causing them to become a more ... Prostate cancer: p37, a protein encoded for by M. hyorhinis, has been found to promote the invasiveness of prostate cancer ... P1 is a membrane associated protein that allows adhesion to epithelial cells. The P1 receptor is also expressed on erythrocytes ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma

Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone, bone morphogenetic protein ... and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily. The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both ... In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit ... The mutation in ACVR1 causes activin A, which normally acts as an antagonist of the receptor and blocks osteogenesis (bone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin

Bone morphogenetic protein 10. *C-Met. *C-Raf. *C3a receptor. *CBX3. *CD163 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg

... on bone formation was conducted. Each combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2 ... "A comparative qualitative histological analysis of tissue-engineered bone using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, alveolar ... Bone tissueEdit. In orthopedics, methods with minimum invasion are desired and improving injectable systems is a leading aim. ... Collagen originated sequence is DGEA and many other ECM protein originated RGD sequence can be given as other examples.[26][27] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin_scaffold

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). *Ciliary neurotrophic factor family *Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) ... Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), also known as hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFLP) ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ... Protein or other substance that stimulates cellular proliferation. "Growth factors" redirects here. For the journal, see Growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), inhibins and activins.[7] ... positive regulation of protein secretion. • ossification involved in bone remodeling. • uterine wall breakdown. • frontal ... SMAD protein signal transduction. • positive regulation of bone mineralization. • embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis. • ... protein binding. • protein heterodimerization activity. • transforming growth factor beta receptor binding. • growth factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGFB3

GDF6 interacts with bone morphogenetic proteins to regulate ectoderm patterning, and controls eye development. GDF8 is now ... Hino J, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Nohno T, Nishimatsu S (2004). "Bone morphogenetic protein-3 family members and their biological ... Truksa J, Peng H, Lee P, Beutler E (2006). "Bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 9 stimulate murine hepcidin 1 expression ... BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki[permanent dead link]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor

The goal of this study is to analyze a partial sequence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), a gene known to be involved in ...

https://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2016/webprogram/Paper18272.html

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor... ... Quantitative analysis of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene expression in ... Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) play critical roles in folliculogenesis, ... Otsuka F, Yao Z, Lee TH, Yamamoto S, Erickson GF, Shimasaki S: Bone morphogenetic protein-15. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275: 39523- ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/1477-7827-9-33

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP15 gene. It is involved in ... Bragdon B, Moseychuk O, Saldanha S, King D, Julian J, Nohe A (April 2011). "Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review". ... Persani L, Rossetti R, Di Pasquale E, Cacciatore C, Fabre S (2014-11-01). "The fundamental role of bone morphogenetic protein ... de Castro FC, Cruz MH, Leal CL (August 2016). "Role of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15

Fluorescent Proteins, RNAi, Viral Packaging and Protein expression. ... to be involved in oocyte maturation and follicular development as a homodimer or by forming heterodimers with a related protein ...

http://www.allelebiotech.com/bone-morphogenetic-protein-15-bmp15-polyclonal-antibody/

Variation in bone morphogenetic protein 15 is not associated with spontaneous human dizygotic twinning. Zhao, Zhen Zhen, ... Variation in bone morphogenetic protein 15 is not associated with spontaneous human dizygotic twinning ... In sheep, heterozygous loss of function mutations in bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) increase ovulation and hence ... In sheep, heterozygous loss of function mutations in bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) increase ovulation and hence ...

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:175784

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth differentiation factor-9. Biol Reprod 67:473-480. ... Molecular basis of bone morphogenetic protein-15 signaling in granulosa cells. J Biol Chem 278:304-310. ... Bone morphogenetic protein-15 identification of target cells and biological functions. J Biol Chem 275:39523-39528. ... Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins-6 and -7 (BMP-6 and -7) in the regulation of early foliculogenesis in mammals. Rev Bras ...

https://www.ajas.info/journal/view.php?doi=10.5713/ajas.15.0797

Molecular basis of bone morphogenetic protein-15 signaling in granulosa cells. R. Kelly Moore, Fumio Otsuka, Shunichi Shimasaki ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Molecular basis of bone morphogenetic protein-15 signaling in granulosa cells. ...

https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-basis-of-bone-morphogenetic-protein-15-signaling-in-gra/fingerprints/

Wu YT, Tang L, Cai J, Lu XE, Xu J, Zhu XM, Luo Q, Huang HF: High bone morphogenetic protein-15 level in follicular fluid is ... Wu YT, Wang TT, Chen XJ, Zhu XM, Dong MY, Sheng JZ, Xu CM, Huang HF: Bone morphogenetic protein-15 in follicle fluid combined ... Follicular fluid samples from both groups were collected for bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth differentiation ... Dehydroepiandrosterone improves follicular fluid bone morphogenetic protein-15 and accumulated embryo score of infertility ...

https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-014-0093-3

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 [BMP15] is a growth factor derived from oocyte and is essential for in vivo ovarian follicular ... Short term organ culture of mouse ovary in the medium supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 15 and follicle stimulating ... Short term organ culture of mouse ovary in the medium supplemented with bone morphogenetic ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/emr-183409

Some mutations in Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 (BMP15) gene have been known to be associated with prolificacy in various ... A new mutation in exon 2 of the bone morphogenetic protein 15 gene is associated with increase in prolificacy of Mehraban and ... A new point mutation (G→A) was found at position 57 of the amplified 312-b fragment of BMP 15 gene exon 2. The frequencies of ...

https://research.basu.ac.ir/_Pages/Research.aspx?ID=1014865

... and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15/bmp15), which exert regulatory functions during oocyte maturation and follicle ... However, further studies of these proteins throughout folliculogenesis, are necessaries to fully understand their functions ... From: Growth differentiation factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15 expression in previtellogenic oocytes and during early ...

https://biolres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/0717-6287-47-60/email/correspondent/c1/new

Bone morphogenetic protein and bone morphogenetic protein gene family in bone formation and repair. Clin. Orthop. 346:26-37. [ ... The bone morphogenetic protein 15 gene is X-linked and expressed in oocytes. Mol. Endocrinol. 12:1809-1817. [ Links ]. ... Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 on folliculogenesis and ovulation in the rat. Biol. Reprod. 65:994-999. [ Links ]. ... Effects of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on primordial follicular growth in the mouse ovary. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 69:159- ...

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-736X2010000400004&lng=en&tlng=en

Fluorescent Proteins, RNAi, Viral Packaging and Protein expression. ... 100 µg) BMP3 was originally purified from bone as osteogenin, which induces osteogenic differentiation. However, recombinant ...

http://www.allelebiotech.com/bone-morphogenetic-protein-3-bmp3-polyclonal-antibody/

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 Knockdown Inhibits Porcine Ovarian Follicular Development and Ovulation. ... Uncoupling protein 2 prevents ischaemia reperfusion injury through the regulation ROS/NF-κB signalling in mice. ... Inhibition of Casein Kinase II by CX-4945, But Not Yes-associated protein (YAP) by Verteporfin, Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy ... 15.. Gastric cancer-derived mesenchymal stromal cells trigger M2 macrophage polarization that promotes metastasis and EMT in ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?cmd=Search&term=Li%20Wei

Protein related to DAN and cerberus is a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist that participates in ovarian paracrine ... Vitt, U. A., Mazerbourg, S., Klein, C. and Hsueh, A. J. (2002). Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for ... Dudley, A. T., Lyons, K. M. and Robertson, E. J. (1995). A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during development of ... Lee, W. S., Otsuka, F., Moore, R. K. and Shimasaki, S. (2001). Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 on folliculogenesis and ...

https://jcs.biologists.org/content/118/22/5257

Description bone morphogenetic protein 15 Also known as GDF9B, ODG2, POF4 Species Homo sapiens ...

https://www.addgene.org/browse/gene/9210/

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 may promote follicle selection in the hen. Gen Comp Endocrinol (2016) 235:170-6. doi:10.1016/j. ... Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networks. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed based on the information from ... Bone morphogenetic protein 4 supports the initial differentiation of hen (Gallus gallus) granulosa cells. Biol Reprod (2013) 88 ... Bone morphogenetic protein 6 promotes FSH receptor and anti-Müllerian hormone mRNA expression in granulosa cells from hen ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00317/full

BMP15 protein, human. 0. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15. 0. GDF9 protein, human. ... Genes from the ovarian bone morphogenetic signaling pathway (GDF9 and BMP15) are critical for normal human fertility. We ... in the mature protein region. For each variant, the frequencies were higher in cases compared with controls. The proportion of ...

https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/general/publicationsfulllisting.cgi?pmid=16954162

Invitrogen Anti-BMP-15 Polyclonal, Catalog # PA5-95615. Tested in Western Blot (WB) and Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) (IHC (P ... BMP15, or GDF9B is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta ... Bone morphogenetic protein 15; GDF-9B; GDF9B; growth differentiation factor-9B; Growth/differentiation factor 9B ... ovarian follicle development female gamete generation positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/BMP-15-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA5-95615

Identification and Analysis of Regulatory Elements in Porcine Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 Gene Promoter ... Association of the C-Reactive Protein Gene (CRP) rs1205 C,T Polymorphism with Aortic Valve Calcification in Patients with ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/10/25773

Synergistic roles of bone morphogenetic protein 15 and growth differentiation factor 9 in ovarian function. Mol Endocrinol. ... Gazzerro E, Canalis E. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2006;7(1-2):51-65.. View ... We emphasize the roles of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins, and SMADs, WNT signaling, and recently uncovered ... Langenfeld EM, Kong Y, Langenfeld J. Bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced transformation involves the activation of mammalian ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/41350

Growth differentiation factor 9:bone morphogenetic protein 15 heterodimers are potent regulators of ovarian functions. Proc ... and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) from the oocyte, which engage a receptor system on the surrounding granulosa cells (8 ... For example, the Drosophila diaphanous (dia) gene is involved in cytokinesis and other morphogenetic processes that are ... NUP107 is a component of the nuclear pore complex, and the NUP107-associated protein SEH1 is required for oogenesis in ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/84692

18006624 - Phosphorylation of bone morphogenetic protein-15 and growth and differentiation factor-.... 9491384 - The c-kit ... In the absence of ATP from cell extracts, protein kinase activity of Mos was lost within 6 h on ice even though the Mos protein ... HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / physiology*. Mice. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos / physiology*. ... Next Document: Death-associated protein kinase 2 is a new calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that signals .... ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Evidence-interaction-between-Mos-Hsp70/10376524.html

Effects of immunization against bone morphogenetic protein-15 and growth differentiation factor-9 on ovarian function in mares. ... Expression of mRNA Encoding Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 during Follicular Formation and ... Evaluation of antibody response to an adjuvanted hapten-protein vaccine as a potential inhibitor of sexual maturation for ...

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/programs/nwrc/research-areas/sa_scientists/ct_eckery

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth ... Molecular basis of bone morphogenetic protein-15 signaling in granulosa cells.. Moore RK, Otsuka F, Shimasaki S.J Biol Chem. ... Effect of intracellular interactions on the processing and secretion of bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth and ... It is thought that this protein may be involved in oocyte maturation and follicular development as a homodimer or by forming ...

https://www.abnova.com/Products/products_detail.asp?Catalog_id=PAB3668

BMP-15 ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs. ... Precursor protein name. Synonyms. BMP15 bone morphogenetic protein 15 Human prepro-bone morphogenetic protein 15 GDF9B ... The BMP-15 gene is X-linked and expressed in oocytes. BMP-15 protein appears to be involved in early ovarian folliculogenesis [ ... 1-3], acting in synergy with growth/differentiation factor-9 [4]. BMP-15 is a selective modulator of FSH action [3]. The active ...

http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=4880

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth ... It is thought that this protein may be involved in oocyte maturation and follicular development as a homodimer or by forming ... heterodimers with a related protein, Gdf9. Defects in this gene are the cause of ovarian dysgenesis 2 ...

http://www.abnova.com/products/products_detail.asp?catalog_id=MAB22839

The proteins may be used in the treatment of bone and cartilage defects and in wound healing and related tissue repair. ... Purified BMP-2 proteins and processes for producing them are disclosed. ... wherein BMP is bone morphogenic protein) proteins and processes for obtaining them. These proteins may be used to induce bone ... Pharmaceutical compositions comprising bone morphogenetic protein monomers for inhibiting bone formation. US7371377. Jun 19, ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5631142?dq=5,072,412

Bone morphogenetic protein15 (BMP15) is one of the genes that associated with fertility in sheep. BMP15 is located on the X ... Fifteen genotypes (Parents and F1s) were planted in the greenhouse based on completely randomized design with five replications ... In order to study the role of these effector proteins on hosts, three mutant strains of pathogen including hrpN-, hrpW-,dspA/E ... Accumulation of pathogenesis related proteins such as, chitinase, ß-1, 3 and some of the other genes like phenyl alanine ...

https://www.magiran.com/volume/126232

Immunohistochemical detection of bone morphogenetic protein in bone and soft tissue sarcomas YOSHIOKA H. ... Laminin and fibronectin in bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in mouse muscle tissue KAMEGAI A. ... The relationship between bone morphogenetic protein and neoplastic bone diseases JIN Y. ... Histochemical characteristics of calcium binding S100 proteins and bone morphogenetic proteins in chondro-osseous tumors ...

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10008606360

Several factors regulating the proliferation and differentiation of GCs have been reported, most of which belong to the transforming growth factor superfamily, for instance the group of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) ( 7 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
rhBMP-2 is much more widely used clinically because it helps grow bone better than rhBMP-7 and other BMPs. (wikipedia.org)
Although the name BMP describes the ability of BMPs to induce ectopic bone or cartilage formation, it is misleading in that BMPs are critical in development of the viscera and have roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differerntiation, and morphogenesis. (thefreedictionary.com)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the members of the TGF-β superfamily and are identified as the critical factors for formation of bone and cartilage, hematopoietic cell formation and mesoderm patterning. (sigmaaldrich.com)
BMPs bind to BMP R2 and then recruits the transducing type I receptor which in turn activate the Smad protein signaling pathway. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Discussion at a meeting in Berlin, Germany, showed that BMPs have essential functions in organs and tissues besides bone. (sciencemag.org)
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can be induced to differentiate to trophoblast by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and by aggregation to form embryoid bodies (EB), but there are many differences and controversies regarding the nature of the differentiated cells. (scirp.org)
Named KCP, for kielin/chordin-like protein, the new protein is the first of its kind found to directly enhance signals from bone morphogenetic proteins or BMPs, which are vital to the normal development and healthy functioning of the kidney. (rxpgnews.com)
PMID26113727}} "Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act in dose-dependent fashion to regulate cell fate choices in a myriad of developmental contexts. (edu.au)
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) play crucial roles in a variety of developmental processes, but their functions during early vertebrate brain development are largely unknown. (biologists.org)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor superfamily and have been implicated in chondrogenesis and neuronal differentiation. (spandidos-publications.com)
BMPs were originally identified as protein regulators of cartilage and bone formation. (neuromics.com)
Similar to other TGF-beta family proteins, BMPs are highly conserved across animal species. (neuromics.com)
Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) on Matrix Production, Other BMPs, and BMP Receptors in Rat Intervertebral Disc Cells. (spineuniverse.com)
Members of the TGF-β superfamily with important effects on bone cell differentiation are bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) ( 17 , 41 ), which were first identified as factors that induce bone formation in vivo when implanted into muscular tissues ( 54 ). (asm.org)
Unlike TGF-β, which induces new bone formation only when injected near bone, BMPs produce bone formation even when injected into ectopic sites. (asm.org)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in neuronal differentiation and morphogenesis, and BMP7 in particular induces the formation of dendrites. (asm.org)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) represent a large subgroup of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. (physiology.org)

BMP-15 and GDF9 interact with each other and work synergistically to have similar interactions with the target cell. (wikipedia.org)
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) play critical roles in folliculogenesis, follicular development and ovulation in mammalian ovaries. (springer.com)
100 µg) The precise function of BMP15 is still unknown, but it seems to be involved in oocyte maturation and follicular development as a homodimer or by forming heterodimers with a related protein, GDF9. (allelebiotech.com)
Among the growth factors, the growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and the bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), belong to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, have been implicated as essential for follicular development. (ajas.info)
The GDF9 and BMP15 participate in the evolution of the primordial follicle to primary follicle and play an important role in the later stages of follicular development and maturation, increasing the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, plasminogen activator and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR). (ajas.info)
Among the factors secreted by the oocyte, we highlight members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily and, among these, the growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), which are expressed in all stages of follicular development in the bovine species and are involved in controlling the proliferation and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells ( Juengel and McNatty, 2005 ). (ajas.info)
Genes from the ovarian bone morphogenetic signaling pathway (GDF9 and BMP15) are critical for normal human fertility. (edu.au)
It is thought that this protein may be involved in oocyte maturation and follicular development as a homodimer or by forming heterodimers with a related protein, Gdf9. (abnova.com)
New naturally occurring mutations in genes for the oocyte-derived growth factors growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are described. (las.ac.cn)
Two genes in this pathway are growth differentiation factor 9 GDF9 on chromosome 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 15 Ccab on the X chromosome. (ioleggo.info)
[3] However, BMPR2 can't bind BMP15 and GDF9 without the assistance of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) and transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFβR1) respectively. (wikidoc.org)

Another TGF-β superfamily cytokine linked recently to epithelial malignancies is MIC-1, which is also known by other names including prostate-derived factor, growth differentiation factor-15, placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB), placental transforming growth factor β, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated protein 1. (aacrjournals.org)
NAG-1 is also known as Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 (MIC-1), Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), Placental Bone Morphogenetic Protein (PLAB), or Prostate Derived Factor (PDF). (rockland-inc.com)

BMP-15 is released from the oocyte into the surrounding granulosa tissue where it binds to two membrane bound receptors on granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
These results are the first to demonstrate that oocyte-secreted factors, and particularly BMP15 and BMP6, maintain the low incidence of cumulus cell apoptosis by establishing a localized gradient of bone morphogenetic proteins. (biologists.org)
A gene on chromosome Xp11.2 that encodes bone morphogenetic protein 15, which is thought to play a role in oocyte and follicular development. (thefreedictionary.com)
The BMP15 protein is produced and secreted by the oocyte, also known as GDF9B , and besides showing a significant mitogenic role over the granulosa cells, also contributes positively to follicular development during the initial and final stages of folliculogenesis (Otsuka et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
A negative feedback system between oocyte bone morphogenetic protein 15 and granulosa cell kit ligand: Martin2 David L. (ioleggo.info)

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP15 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The BMP-15 gene is located on the X-chromosome and using Northern blot analysis BMP-15 mRNA is locally expressed within the ovaries in oocytes only after they have started to undergo the primary stages of development. (wikipedia.org)
Two breeds of sheep, Inverdale and Hanna, are naturally heterozygous carriers of point mutations in the BMP-15 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The goal of this study is to analyze a partial sequence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 ( Bmp4 ), a gene known to be involved in skull shape variation in prickleback fishes from the family Stichaeidae. (confex.com)
The localization of gene expression and protein were ascertained by histochemistry. (springer.com)
Some mutations in Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 (BMP15) gene have been known to be associated with prolificacy in various breeds of sheep. (ac.ir)
A new point mutation (G→A) was found at position 57 of the amplified 312-b fragment of BMP 15 gene exon 2. (ac.ir)
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. (abnova.com)
The BMP-15 gene is X-linked and expressed in oocytes. (guidetopharmacology.org)
The RNA-binding protein NANOS3 poses as an interesting candidate gene for POI since members of the Nanos family have an evolutionarily conserved function in germ cell development and maintenance by repressing apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
BMP15 gene, also called, GDF9b , has been mapped to the sheep X- chromosome comprising 6648 nucleotide full length coding sequence and contains two exons which are separated by an intron of about 5309 nucleotides and encodes protein of 394 amino acid (Galloway, et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
Hypergonadotropic Ovarian Failure Associated with an Inherited Mutation of Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-15 (BMP15) Gene American Journal of Human Genetics. (jove.com)
Low gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brainstem astrocytes in major depression, 855-68. (usd.edu)
When BMP7 binds to the type 1 receptor on a kidney epithelial cell, it triggers signaling proteins called Smads, which are inside the cell, to move to the nucleus where they can change the pattern or degree of gene activity," Dressler explains. (rxpgnews.com)
To determine the effects of KCP in experimental animals, Dressler created a strain of knock-out mice that were unable to produce KCP protein, because they lacked the required gene. (rxpgnews.com)
My interpretation is that this protein may be a stress response gene, which is active in adults. (rxpgnews.com)
Here, we demonstrate that the thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) gene is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in vivo. (broadinstitute.org)
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family with a well-documented role in the regulation of gene transcription, cell death, and survival ( 9 , 50 ). (asm.org)
The objective of this study was to investigate polymorphisms of BMPRIB (bone morphogenetic protein type IB receptor) gene and its effect on litter size traits in sheep. (koreascience.or.kr)
2004. Association of a single codon deletion in bone morphogenetic protein 15 gene with prolificacy in Small Tail Han sheep. (koreascience.or.kr)

The following antibody was used in this experiment: BMP-15 Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # PA5-95615. (thermofisher.com)
Despite a low-abundance of Mos, the Hsp70 antibody immunoprecipitated Mos as the major protein. (biomedsearch.com)
The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) in primary osseous tumors (n=15) with a potential of osteogenesis and/or chondrogenesis was re-evaluated by using a recently characterized monoclonal antibody raised by using rhBMP-2 as an immunogen in a streptavidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method. (nii.ac.jp)
Anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 (BMP R2) antibody can be used in western blotting (working concentration:- 0.1-0.2 μg/mL). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 (BMP R2) antibody may be used in indirect ELISA at a working antibody concentration of 0.5-1.0 μg/ml. (sigmaaldrich.com)
There are currently no images for GDF-15 Antibody (NBP2-12331AF700). (novusbio.com)
This antibody was selected for its ability to detect human GDF-15. (novusbio.com)
This Protein-A purified antibody was prepared by repeated immunizations with an MBP-tagged recombinant protein produced in E.coli corresponding to full-length mouse NAG-1 protein. (rockland-inc.com)
This Protein G purified antibody is suitable for ELISA and western blotting of human NAG-1 protein. (rockland-inc.com)
This antibody reacts with the C-terminus of endogenous NAG-1 protein from human tissues. (rockland-inc.com)

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes mammalian oogonial stem cell differentiation via Smad1/5/8 signaling. (harvard.edu)
1995 ) A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during development of the mammalian kidney and eye. (biologists.org)
1996 ) Bone Morphogenetic Proteins promote astroglyal lineage commitment by mammalian subventricular zone progenitor cells. (biologists.org)
The bone morphogenetic protein system in mammalian reproduction. (thewavebroadbeach.com)
Johansson BM, Wiles MV (1995) Evidence for involvement of activin A and bone morphogenetic protein 4 in mammalian mesoderm and hematopoietic development. (springer.com)

BMP15, or GDF9B is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that are involved in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. (thermofisher.com)
One of the latest members of this super family is Bone Morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) or GDF9B [3,4,10]. (thefreedictionary.com)
In 1998 two groups independently described the bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), also known as growth and differentiation factor 9B ( GDF9B ), in the mouse ovary. (thefreedictionary.com)

BMP7 may be involved in bone homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
When it attaches to BMP7, it increases the stability between BMP7 and the cell's receptor, which gives genes more time to express proteins epithelial cells need to recover from injury. (rxpgnews.com)
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is essential for early ocular morphogenesis, and lack of BMP7 causes epithelial development disturbances in the eye. (arvojournals.org)
5 Recent evidence suggests that BMP7 plays a role in a functional system in the eye, modulating and balancing the expression of ECM proteins (collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin) by meshwork cells of the trabecular system. (arvojournals.org)
For instance, BMP7 counteracts the increased expression of several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in chronic renal fibrosis. (arvojournals.org)
Testing this hypothesis, we detected changes in the expression of the genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 ( Bmp2, Bmp7 ) in the interdigital and distal joint tissues, suggesting that HOXA13 may directly regulate their expression in these discrete regions. (biologists.org)

Moreover, accumulating evidence now suggests that JNK is directly involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton, particularly in maintaining the stability of microtubules by controlling the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). (asm.org)
Ishikawa E, Kosako H, Yasuda T, Ohmuraya M, Araki K, Kurosaki T, Saito T, Yamasaki S (2016) Protein kinase D regulates positive selection of CD4+ thymocytes through phosphorylation of SHP-1. (springer.com)

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
1995 ) Distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns of two type I Receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins during mouse embryogenesis. (biologists.org)
A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. (umassmed.edu)
TGF-β1 stimulates the synthesis of matrix proteins and their receptors (for example, fibronectin, fibronectin receptor, collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, and integrins) and inhibits matrix degradation by increasing the production of protease inhibitors and decreasing the production of proteases ( 42 ). (asm.org)
Activated BMP type I receptors phosphorylate the BMP-responsive Smad proteins 1/5/8, leading to the interaction of these proteins with the common mediator Smad4, subsequent nuclear translocation of the complexes, and finally, transcriptional regulation of BMP-responsive genes. (haematologica.org)

This protein is a member of the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily and is a paracrine signalling molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. (harvard.edu)
PMID24700857}} "Here, we show that opposing gradients of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal, two transforming growth factor family members that act as morphogens, are sufficient to induce molecular and cellular mechanisms required to organize, in vivo or in vitro, uncommitted cells of the zebrafish blastula animal pole into a well-developed embryo. (edu.au)
In this study we present a novel feeder layer-free culture system for hES cells, based on medium supplemented with 15% serum replacement, a combination of growth factors including transforming growth factor Î²1 (TGFÎ²1), leukemia inhibitory factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and fibronectin matrix. (las.ac.cn)
Although nearly all cells synthesize and respond to TGF-β, bone and cartilage are particularly rich in this growth factor ( 6 , 46 ). (asm.org)
Therefore, we compared the efficiency of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-7), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and osteogenic medium (OM) for the osteo-induction of hASCs in 3D culture. (semanticscholar.org)

Indeed, mutations of the genes coding for these three liver-enriched membrane proteins are associated with human hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disease characterized by increased iron absorption, increased reticuloendothelial cell iron release, elevated serum iron levels and increased tissue iron deposition. (haematologica.org)

Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen GDF15 Kits (91) und GDF15 Proteine (34) und viele weitere Produktgruppen zu diesem Protein an. (antikoerper-online.de)

Submucosal smooth muscle cells express bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). (jneurosci.org)
PMID22701669}} {{Mouse Bmp4}} Growth Differentiation Factor-6 (Gdf6) is a member of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules. (edu.au)
In vitro experiments using explants from the embryonic lateral telencephalic neuroectoderm reveal that exogenous BMP proteins (BMP4 and BMP2) induce expression of Msx1 and inhibit Bf1 expression, a finding consistent with their specific expression patterns in vivo. (biologists.org)

b) recovering and purifying from said culture medium a protein comprising amino acids #283-#396 of FIG. 2. (google.com)
b) recovering and purifying from said culture medium a protein comprising amino acids #283 to #396 of FIG. 2. (google.com)
7. A composition comprising a purified protein characterized by amino acids #283 to #396 of FIG. 2. (google.com)
Dietary proteins provide the amino acids necessary for the growth and repair of animal tissue. (thefreedictionary.com)
About 20 different amino acids make up human proteins, which may contain other minerals such as iron or copper. (thefreedictionary.com)
A protein consists of from 50 to thousands of amino acids arranged in a very specific sequence. (thefreedictionary.com)
An incomplete protein lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. (thefreedictionary.com)
Protein meats, beans, fish Protein is an essential p of our diet, because it provides the amino acids that we need to synthesize our own proteins. (thewavebroadbeach.com)

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II or BMPR2 is a serine/threonine receptor kinase . (wikidoc.org)

The proteins are synthesized as prepropeptides, then cleaved, and processed into dimeric proteins. (edu.au)
processed into dimeric proteins. (edu.au)

Any of a family of 30-38-kD homodimeric growth factors involved in bone and cartilage formation, which provide morphogenetic signals that guide normal tissue architecture. (thefreedictionary.com)
KCP is similar in structure to proteins like chordin, which suppress BMP signals during embryonic development," says Gregory R. Dressler, Ph.D., an associate professor of pathology in the U-M Medical School, who directed the research study. (rxpgnews.com)
They cluster in Our understanding of how two major groups, the group composed of initiated signals are mediated has both the bone morphogenetic proteins increased dramatically in the last fifteen (BMP) and growth and differentiation years. (springer.com)

BMP-15 prevents this transition by inhibiting the production of FSH receptor mRNA in granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
The cells were treated with increasing doses of resveratrol, and subsequently harvested to determine mRNA levels and protein levels. (springermedizin.de)
Expression of mRNA encoding growth differentiation factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15 during follicular formation and growth in a marsupial, the brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula). (thefreedictionary.com)
Cumulus cells expressed less Ddit4l mRNA and protein than mural granulosa cells, which is in striking contrast to the expression of phosphorylated RPS6 (a major downstream effector of MTOR). (biologists.org)

Main outcome measures were growth-differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) expression, hormonal profile and apoptosis rate. (nih.gov)
The identification of an inactivating missense mutation in NANOS3 suggests a mechanism for POI involving increased primordial germ cells (PGCs) apoptosis during embryonic cell migration and highlights the importance of NANOS proteins in human ovarian biology. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, BMP proteins locally inhibit cell proliferation and increase apoptosis in the explants. (biologists.org)
FSH activates protein kinase A and cooperating with insulin receptor substrates, it promotes the PI3K/Akt pathway which weakens apoptosis. (semanticscholar.org)

Transferrin receptor-2 activation by its ligand holotransferrin led to extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase pathway stimulation and the ERK specific inhibitor U0-126 blunted holotransferrin-mediated induction of hepcidin. (haematologica.org)

BMP-15 promotes the change of primordial to primary and secondary follicles which are surrounded by several granulosa cell layers but doesn't promote transition into preovulatory follicles. (wikipedia.org)

The 35-kDa homodimeric protein bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. (arvojournals.org)
It binds Bone morphogenetic proteins , members of the TGF beta superfamily of ligands, which are involved in paracrine signalling . (wikidoc.org)

Human BMP-2 proteins are produced by culturing a cell transformed with a cDNA substantially as shown in Table II or Table III and recovering from the culture medium a protein containing the 97 amino acid sequence #299 to #396 of Table II or amino acid #311 to #408 of Table III, respectively. (google.com)
SIRT1 protein expression of cultured cells and luteinized human granulosa cells was investigated by Western blot. (springermedizin.de)
SIRT1 protein was expressed in the human ovarian tissues and human luteinized granulosa cells. (springermedizin.de)
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were transfected with Bcl‑xL and Bcl‑xL mutant (∆Bcl‑xL) overexpression vectors. (spandidos-publications.com)
Purified, E. coli-derived, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 8 (rhBMP-8) monomer. (neuromics.com)
Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) acted antifibrotically in human hypertensive nephropathy. (physiology.org)
The human BMP15 sequence has a number of variants that alter the predicted protein sequence, including rs c. (ioleggo.info)
BMPR2 is expressed on both human and animal granulosa cells, and is a crucial receptor for bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF 9). (wikidoc.org)
Osteogenic medium is superior to growth factors in differentiation of human adipose stem cells towards bone-forming cells in 3D culture. (semanticscholar.org)
Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) have been recently used to treat bone defects in clinical practice. (semanticscholar.org)
Bioactive glass induced osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells is dependent on cell attachment mechanism and mitogen-activated protein kinases. (semanticscholar.org)
Short (15 minutes) bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment stimulates osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells seeded on calcium phosphate scaffolds in vitro. (semanticscholar.org)
Intraoperative engineering of osteogenic grafts combining freshly harvested, human adipose-derived cells and physiological doses of bone morphogenetic protein-2. (semanticscholar.org)

The following keywords were used: training، physical activity، myokine، adipose tissue، PRDM16، PGC-1α، PPARγ، SIRT1، FGF21، bone morphogenetic protein، neurugolin، VEGF، and IL-15. (magiran.com)

Eur Respir J . 2000 Jan. 15(1):116-22. (medscape.com)

100 µg) BMP3 was originally purified from bone as osteogenin, which induces osteogenic differentiation. (allelebiotech.com)
Previously, we demonstrated that retrograde bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling induces expression of a phenotypic marker of Drosophila Tv neurons, the neuropeptide FMRFamide (FMRFa). (jneurosci.org)
Treatment with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) not only blocks myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells but also induces osteoblast differentiation. (asm.org)
Induces cartilage and bone formation. (rcsb.org)

Functions of BMP-15 include Promotion of growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, starting from the primary gonadotrophin-independent phases of folliculogenesis. (wikipedia.org)

The present invention relates to a novel family of purified proteins designated BMP-2 (wherein BMP is bone morphogenic protein) proteins and processes for obtaining them. (google.com)

12. A composition comprising a purified protein encoded by the DNA sequence of FIG. 2. (google.com)
Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed. (uniprot.org)
The program uses an extension of the Grantham difference and compares the amino acid substitutions taking into account composition, polarity and volume of amino acid substitutions within the context of a multiple sequence alignment for the protein. (thewavebroadbeach.com)

Conclusions We demonstrate that hepatocytes are liver iron-sensor cells and that transferrin receptor-2, by signaling through the ERK1/2 pathway, and bone morphogenetic protein/hemojuvelin, by signaling through the Smad pathways, coordinately regulate the iron-sensing machinery linking holotransferrin to hepcidin. (haematologica.org)

In mice, the BMP-15 homologue is not as physiologically important. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have identified a new and unusual protein that reduces, in laboratory mice, kidney damage caused by chronic renal disease and acute toxic injuries. (rxpgnews.com)
Mice that couldn't secrete KCP protein were more susceptible to renal injuries, had higher mortality rates and showed more fibrosis and scarring than normal mice. (rxpgnews.com)
Investigations of TGF-β signaling in preantral follicles of female mice reveal differential roles for bone morphogenetic protein 15. (semanticscholar.org)

Based on our identification of c-Mos-Hsp70 interaction, one of the roles of ATP may be to assist the regulation of c-Mos via ATP involvement in the protein-folding function of Hsp70 and possibly other molecular chaperones. (biomedsearch.com)
The substituted amino acid is located within the second C2HC motif in the conserved zinc finger domain of NANOS3 and in silico molecular modelling suggests destabilization of protein-RNA interaction. (hindawi.com)

These point mutations result in higher ovulation rates and larger litter sizes than sheep strains with a wildtype BMP-15 genotype. (wikipedia.org)
These studies suggest that BMP-15 plays a vital role in the normal regulation of folliculogenesis and ovulation in sheep. (wikipedia.org)
In sheep, heterozygous loss of function mutations in bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) increase ovulation and hence twinning rates. (edu.au)
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 Knockdown Inhibits Porcine Ovarian Follicular Development and Ovulation. (nih.gov)
These two protein signaling molecules and their BMPR2 mediated effects play an important role in follicle development in preparation for ovulation. (wikidoc.org)

This signaling does not simply support protein synthesis and trophoblast differentiation. (bioone.org)
The effects of serum and serum+holotransferrin were direct, transcriptional, independent of de novo protein synthesis and required the presence of bone morphogenetic protein. (haematologica.org)

As BMP-15 acts directly on granulosa cells it has an important influence on granulosa function including steroidogenesis inhibition of luteinization and differentiation of cumulus, without which would lead to infertility and lack of folliculogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Like other members of the bone morphogenetic protein family of proteins, it plays a key role in the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone and cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
It is known that c-Mos protein kinase activity in cell extracts of transfected COS-1 or NIH3T3 cells is labile. (biomedsearch.com)
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have multi-directional differentiation potential and have been widely used as ideal seed cells in bone tissue engineering ( 4 , 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the periosteal cells are cultured in a matrix in media comprising inducers of osteogenesis selected from the group consisting of factors inducing bone formation, enzymes enhancing calcification, enzymes enhancing phosphorus deposition, vitamins, and prostaglandins. (google.com)
In transfected COS-1 cells, osteogenic protein (OP)-1/BMP-7, and less efficiently BMP-4, bound to BMPR-II. (pnas.org)
But instead of suppressing the signal, KCP enhances it by strengthening interactions between the BMP protein and its receptor on kidney cells. (rxpgnews.com)
The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on rat intervertebral disc cells in vitro. (spineuniverse.com)
We identified Runx2/PEBP2αA/Cbfa1, a global regulator of osteogenesis, as a major TGF-β1-responsive element binding protein induced by TGF-β1 and BMP-2 in C2C12 cells. (asm.org)
Factors regulating the production of MIC-1 protein by these cells and some of the effects of MIC-1 on them were investigated. (aacrjournals.org)
Although PZ-HPV-7 and DU-145 produced no MIC-1 protein, PC-3 and LNCaP cells secreted MIC-1 protein at high levels. (aacrjournals.org)

Afterwards، an elevation occurs in the membrane protein of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in muscle، ultimately resulting in production of irisin. (magiran.com)

15 members]] in this protein signaling family. (edu.au)
BMP imparts lateral fate through induction of Id helix loop helix (HLH) proteins, which antagonize bHLH transcription factors, induced by FGF signaling, that specify medial fate. (edu.au)
Using the absolute requirement for a signaling pathway activity (bone morphogenetic protein, BMP) during a critical stage of tooth development, we show that suboptimal levels of BMP signaling do not lead to abnormal morphogenesis, as suggested by mutants affecting BMP signaling, but to a 24-h stalling of the intrinsic developmental clock of the tooth. (edu.au)
HJV acts as a co-receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, ultimately activating receptor Smad/Smad4 complexes to increase hepcidin transcription. (haematologica.org)

Instead in BMP-15 the fourth cysteine is replaced by a serine. (wikipedia.org)
To provide further evidence for the functional significance of Hsp70 interaction to Mos function, we show that the residue serine 3 in Mos, which is important for the regulation of protein kinase activity of Mos is also important for Hsp70 association. (biomedsearch.com)
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 (BMP R2) is a 70-80kD protein that belongs to serine/threonine kinases family. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Sheep carrying homozygous alleles for the Inverdale and Hanna BMP-15 mutations are infertile, as they have streak ovaries and the primary stage of folliculogenesis is inhibited. (wikipedia.org)

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease caused by an inherited mutation in bone morphogenetic protein receptor II. (medscape.com)

Follicular fluid samples from both groups were collected for bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9). (biomedcentral.com)
The level of BMP-15 in follicular fluid samples from the DHEA group was significantly higher than that of the control samples ( P= .000). (biomedcentral.com)

This super-fertility was mimicked later through immunization of wildtype ewes against BMP-15 using various immunisation techniques. (wikipedia.org)

Developmental biologists like Dressler have been studying bone morphogenetic proteins for decades, because they are so important to the regulation of embryonic development in mammals. (rxpgnews.com)
1996 ) Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of embryonic development. (biologists.org)

24(12):1186-1191, June 15, 1999. (lww.com)
24(12):1203-1209, June 15, 1999. (lww.com)
24(12):1210-1217, June 15, 1999. (lww.com)
24(12):1223-1227, June 15, 1999. (lww.com)

Effect of intracellular interactions on the processing and secretion of bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth and differentiation factor-9. (abnova.com)
Effect of intracellular interactions on the processing and secretion of bone morphogenetic protein BMP and growth and differentiation factor Two SNPs rs and rs were monomorphic in our samples and were omitted from all analyses. (ioleggo.info)

Anatomy57

Organisms11

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates proliferation but suppresses the follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured granulosa cells from small antral and preovulatory rat follicles. (1/115)

Expression of growth and differentiation factor-9 in the ovaries of fetal sheep homozygous or heterozygous for the inverdale prolificacy gene (FecX(I)). (2/115)

Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates progesterone synthesis in granulosa cells via a prostaglandin E2/EP2 receptor pathway. (3/115)

Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates rat theca-interstitial cell androgen biosynthesis. (4/115)

Bone morphogenetic protein-15. Identification of target cells and biological functions. (5/115)

Comparison of recombinant growth differentiation factor-9 and oocyte regulation of KIT ligand messenger ribonucleic acid expression in mouse ovarian follicles. (6/115)

Bone morphogenetic protein-15 inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action by suppressing FSH receptor expression. (7/115)

Biological function and cellular mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein-6 in the ovary. (8/115)

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II

Bone and Bones

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5

Smad1 Protein

Smad Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3

Smad5 Protein

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Bone Remodeling

Smad6 Protein

Smad8 Protein

Signal Transduction

Osteogenesis

Growth Differentiation Factor 2

Cell Differentiation

Osteoblasts

Bone Regeneration

Bone Density

Receptors, Growth Factor

Growth Differentiation Factors

Growth Differentiation Factor 5

Bone Development

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Growth Differentiation Factor 9

Bone Matrix

Bone Resorption

Activin Receptors, Type I

Growth Differentiation Factor 6

Activins

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Smad4 Protein

Bone Neoplasms

Activin Receptors, Type II

Cells, Cultured

Bone Marrow

Bone Diseases

Bone Marrow Cells

Follistatin

Body Patterning

Mesoderm

Activin Receptors

Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1

Carrier Proteins

Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated

In Situ Hybridization

Alkaline Phosphatase

Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases

Trans-Activators

Bone Transplantation

MSX1 Transcription Factor

Proteins

Xenopus Proteins

Ossification, Heterotopic

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit

Chondrogenesis

Stem Cells

RNA, Messenger

Calcification, Physiologic

Hypertension, Pulmonary

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Myositis Ossificans

Smad7 Protein

Hedgehog Proteins

Bone Substitutes

Wnt Proteins

Hepcidins

Chondrocytes

Homeodomain Proteins

Osteocalcin

Chick Embryo

Cell Proliferation