Bone Density
Bone and Bones
Absorptiometry, Photon
Osteoporosis
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Bone Remodeling
Neck Pain
Bone Marrow
Bone Development
Bone Marrow Cells
Femoral Neck Fractures
Femur Head
Bone Regeneration
Femoral Neoplasms
Bone Matrix
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Tibia
Neck Injuries
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Bone Substitutes
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Bone Cements
Parietal Bone
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
Fracture Healing
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary
Bone Nails
Biomechanical Phenomena
Temporal Bone
Calcification, Physiologic
Bone Plates
Alendronate
Bone Density Conservation Agents
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Calcaneus
Diphosphonates
The "femur neck" is the narrow, upper part of the femur (thigh bone) where it connects to the pelvis. It is the region through which the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. The femur neck is a common site for fractures, especially in older adults with osteoporosis.
The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.
"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.
Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.
The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.
In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.
Head and neck neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the head and neck region, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can develop in various sites, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and thyroid gland.
Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and generally do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.
Head and neck neoplasms can have various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing; pain in the mouth, throat, or ears; persistent coughing or hoarseness; and swelling or lumps in the neck or face. Early detection and treatment of head and neck neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.
Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.
During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:
1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.
Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.
Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.
Neck pain is discomfort or soreness in the neck region, which can extend from the base of the skull to the upper part of the shoulder blades, caused by injury, irritation, or inflammation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves in the cervical spine. The pain may worsen with movement and can be accompanied by stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, or hands. In some cases, headaches can also occur as a result of neck pain.
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.
Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.
Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.
Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.
Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.
There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.
During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.
Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.
A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.
Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:
1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.
Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.
Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bone. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms do not spread to other parts of the body and are rarely a threat to life, although they may cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or cause fractures. Malignant bone neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
There are many different types of bone neoplasms, including:
1. Osteochondroma - a benign tumor that develops from cartilage and bone
2. Enchondroma - a benign tumor that forms in the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones
3. Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from cartilage
4. Osteosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from bone cells
5. Ewing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops in the bones or soft tissues around the bones
6. Giant cell tumor of bone - a benign or occasionally malignant tumor that develops from bone tissue
7. Fibrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from fibrous tissue in the bone
The symptoms of bone neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor. They may include pain, swelling, stiffness, fractures, or limited mobility. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
Bone marrow cells are the types of cells found within the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside certain bones in the body. The main function of bone marrow is to produce blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is where most blood cell production takes place, while yellow bone marrow serves as a fat storage site.
The three main types of bone marrow cells are:
1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): These are immature cells that can differentiate into any type of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create more hematopoietic stem cells.
2. Red blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
3. Myeloid and lymphoid white blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into various types of white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune system by fighting infections and diseases. Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and megakaryocytes (which eventually become platelets). Lymphoid progenitors differentiate into B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
Bone marrow cells are essential for maintaining a healthy blood cell count and immune system function. Abnormalities in bone marrow cells can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or thrombocytosis, depending on the specific type of blood cell affected. Additionally, bone marrow cells are often used in transplantation procedures to treat patients with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, or other hematologic disorders.
Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:
1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.
Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.
A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.
These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.
Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.
The femoral head is the rounded, ball-like top portion of the femur (thigh bone) that fits into the hip socket (acetabulum) to form the hip joint. It has a smooth, articular cartilage surface that allows for smooth and stable articulation with the pelvis. The femoral head is connected to the femoral neck, which is a narrower section of bone that angles downward and leads into the shaft of the femur. Together, the femoral head and neck provide stability and range of motion to the hip joint.
Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.
The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.
Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.
Bone transplantation, also known as bone grafting, is a surgical procedure in which bone or bone-like material is transferred from one part of the body to another or from one person to another. The graft may be composed of cortical (hard outer portion) bone, cancellous (spongy inner portion) bone, or a combination of both. It can be taken from different sites in the same individual (autograft), from another individual of the same species (allograft), or from an animal source (xenograft). The purpose of bone transplantation is to replace missing bone, provide structural support, and stimulate new bone growth. This procedure is commonly used in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgeries to repair bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions.
Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the femur, which is the long thigh bone in the human body. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign femoral neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and organs, as well as metastasize (spread) to distant sites.
There are various types of femoral neoplasms, including osteochondromas, enchondromas, chondrosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and Ewing sarcomas, among others. The specific type of neoplasm is determined by the cell type from which it arises and its behavior.
Symptoms of femoral neoplasms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, or weakness in the thigh, as well as a palpable mass or limited mobility. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI, as well as biopsy to determine the type and grade of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm.
Bone matrix refers to the non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support and functions as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. It is made up of organic and inorganic components. The organic component consists mainly of type I collagen fibers, which provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone. The inorganic component is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone its hardness and compressive strength. Bone matrix also contains other proteins, growth factors, and signaling molecules that regulate bone formation, remodeling, and repair.
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect the bones and are caused by disorders in the body's metabolism. These disorders can result in changes to the bone structure, density, and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures and other complications. Some common examples of metabolic bone diseases include:
1. Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to break, often as a result of age-related bone loss or hormonal changes.
2. Paget's disease of bone: a chronic disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities, leading to fragile and enlarged bones.
3. Osteomalacia: a condition caused by a lack of vitamin D or problems with the body's ability to absorb it, resulting in weak and soft bones.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that causes too much parathyroid hormone to be produced, leading to bone loss and other complications.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that results in low levels of parathyroid hormone, causing weak and brittle bones.
6. Renal osteodystrophy: a group of bone disorders that occur as a result of chronic kidney disease, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and high turnover bone disease.
Treatment for metabolic bone diseases may include medications to improve bone density and strength, dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.
The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.
Neck injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in any part of the neck, including soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, tendons), nerves, bones (vertebrae), and joints (facet joints, intervertebral discs). These injuries can result from various incidents such as road accidents, falls, sports-related activities, or work-related tasks. Common neck injuries include whiplash, strain or sprain of the neck muscles, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and pinched nerves, which may cause symptoms like pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, or hands. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications and ensure optimal recovery.
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.
In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.
In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.
Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.
The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.
BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.
A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.
Bone substitutes are materials that are used to replace missing or damaged bone in the body. They can be made from a variety of materials, including natural bone from other parts of the body or from animals, synthetic materials, or a combination of both. The goal of using bone substitutes is to provide structural support and promote the growth of new bone tissue.
Bone substitutes are often used in dental, orthopedic, and craniofacial surgery to help repair defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. They can also be used to augment bone volume in procedures such as spinal fusion or joint replacement.
There are several types of bone substitutes available, including:
1. Autografts: Bone taken from another part of the patient's body, such as the hip or pelvis.
2. Allografts: Bone taken from a deceased donor and processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
3. Xenografts: Bone from an animal source, typically bovine or porcine, that has been processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
4. Synthetic bone substitutes: Materials such as calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glass, and polymer-based materials that are designed to mimic the properties of natural bone.
The choice of bone substitute material depends on several factors, including the size and location of the defect, the patient's medical history, and the surgeon's preference. It is important to note that while bone substitutes can provide structural support and promote new bone growth, they may not have the same strength or durability as natural bone. Therefore, they may not be suitable for all applications, particularly those that require high load-bearing capacity.
The diaphysis refers to the shaft or middle portion of a long bone in the body. It is the part that is typically cylindrical in shape and contains the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The diaphysis is primarily composed of compact bone tissue, which provides strength and support for weight-bearing and movement.
In contrast to the diaphysis, the ends of long bones are called epiphyses, and they are covered with articular cartilage and contain spongy bone tissue filled with red marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells. The area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis is known as the metaphysis, and it contains growth plates that are responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones during development.
Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation or development. It involves the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that synthesize and deposit the organic matrix of bone tissue, composed mainly of type I collagen. This organic matrix later mineralizes to form the inorganic crystalline component of bone, primarily hydroxyapatite.
There are two primary types of osteogenesis: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous osteogenesis occurs directly within connective tissue, where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bone tissue without an intervening cartilage template. This process is responsible for the formation of flat bones like the skull and clavicles.
Endochondral osteogenesis, on the other hand, involves the initial development of a cartilaginous model or template, which is later replaced by bone tissue. This process forms long bones, such as those in the limbs, and occurs through several stages involving chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and calcification, followed by invasion of blood vessels and osteoblasts to replace the cartilage with bone tissue.
Abnormalities in osteogenesis can lead to various skeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysplasia (a disorder affecting skull and collarbone development).
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors that play crucial roles in the development, growth, and repair of bones and other tissues. They belong to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and were first discovered when researchers found that certain proteins extracted from demineralized bone matrix had the ability to induce new bone formation.
BMPs stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are the cells responsible for bone formation. They also promote the recruitment and proliferation of these cells, enhancing the overall process of bone regeneration. In addition to their role in bone biology, BMPs have been implicated in various other biological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, and the regulation of fat metabolism.
There are several types of BMPs (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, etc.) that exhibit distinct functions and expression patterns. Due to their ability to stimulate bone formation, recombinant human BMPs have been used in clinical applications, such as spinal fusion surgery and non-healing fracture treatment. However, the use of BMPs in medicine has been associated with certain risks and complications, including uncontrolled bone growth, inflammation, and cancer development, which necessitates further research to optimize their therapeutic potential.
Bone cements are medical-grade materials used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to fill gaps between bone surfaces and implants, such as artificial joints or screws. They serve to mechanically stabilize the implant and provide a smooth, load-bearing surface. The two most common types of bone cement are:
1. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of powdered PMMA and liquid methyl methacrylate monomer. When mixed together, they form a dough-like consistency that hardens upon exposure to air. PMMA cement has been widely used for decades in joint replacement surgeries, such as hip or knee replacements.
2. Calcium phosphate (CP) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of a powdered CP compound and an aqueous solution. When mixed together, they form a paste that hardens through a chemical reaction at body temperature. CP cement has lower mechanical strength compared to PMMA but demonstrates better biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to resorb over time.
Both types of bone cements have advantages and disadvantages, and their use depends on the specific surgical indication and patient factors.
The parietal bone is one of the four flat bones that form the skull's cranial vault, which protects the brain. There are two parietal bones in the skull, one on each side, located posterior to the frontal bone and temporal bone, and anterior to the occipital bone. Each parietal bone has a squamous part, which forms the roof and sides of the skull, and a smaller, wing-like portion called the mastoid process. The parietal bones contribute to the formation of the coronal and lambdoid sutures, which are fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays a crucial role in bone and cartilage formation, as well as in the regulation of wound healing and embryonic development. BMP-2 stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation.
BMP-2 has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device to promote bone growth in certain spinal fusion surgeries and in the treatment of open fractures that have not healed properly. It is usually administered in the form of a collagen sponge soaked with recombinant human BMP-2 protein, which is a laboratory-produced version of the natural protein.
While BMP-2 has shown promising results in some clinical applications, its use is not without risks and controversies. Some studies have reported adverse effects such as inflammation, ectopic bone formation, and increased rates of cancer, which have raised concerns about its safety and efficacy. Therefore, it is essential to weigh the benefits and risks of BMP-2 therapy on a case-by-case basis and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.
Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.
The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.
Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.
The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:
1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.
Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.
I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.
Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.
The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.
Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:
1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.
Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.
The temporal bone is a paired bone that is located on each side of the skull, forming part of the lateral and inferior walls of the cranial cavity. It is one of the most complex bones in the human body and has several important structures associated with it. The main functions of the temporal bone include protecting the middle and inner ear, providing attachment for various muscles of the head and neck, and forming part of the base of the skull.
The temporal bone is divided into several parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. The squamous part forms the lateral portion of the temporal bone and articulates with the parietal bone. The petrous part is the most medial and superior portion of the temporal bone and contains the inner ear and the semicircular canals. The tympanic part forms the lower and anterior portions of the temporal bone and includes the external auditory meatus or ear canal. The styloid process is a long, slender projection that extends downward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.
The temporal bone plays a crucial role in hearing and balance, as it contains the structures of the middle and inner ear, including the oval window, round window, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The stapes bone, one of the three bones in the middle ear, is entirely encased within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Additionally, the temporal bone contains important structures for facial expression and sensation, including the facial nerve, which exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, a small opening in the temporal bone.
X-ray microtomography, often referred to as micro-CT, is a non-destructive imaging technique used to visualize and analyze the internal structure of objects with high spatial resolution. It is based on the principles of computed tomography (CT), where multiple X-ray images are acquired at different angles and then reconstructed into cross-sectional slices using specialized software. These slices can be further processed to create 3D visualizations, allowing researchers and clinicians to examine the internal structure and composition of samples in great detail. Micro-CT is widely used in materials science, biology, medicine, and engineering for various applications such as material characterization, bone analysis, and defect inspection.
The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm that extends from the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) to the elbow joint. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna bones at the elbow joint. The proximal end of the humerus has a rounded head that provides for movement in multiple planes, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body. The greater and lesser tubercles are bony prominences on the humeral head that serve as attachment sites for muscles that move the shoulder and arm. The narrow shaft of the humerus provides stability and strength for weight-bearing activities, while the distal end forms two articulations: one with the ulna (trochlea) and one with the radius (capitulum). Together, these structures allow for a wide range of motion in the shoulder and elbow joints.
Physiologic calcification is the normal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues and organs. It is a natural process that occurs as part of the growth and development of the human body, as well as during the repair and remodeling of tissues.
Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting. In order to maintain proper levels of calcium in the body, excess calcium that is not needed for these functions may be deposited in various tissues as a normal part of the aging process.
Physiologic calcification typically occurs in areas such as the walls of blood vessels, the lungs, and the heart valves. While these calcifications are generally harmless, they can sometimes lead to complications, particularly if they occur in large amounts or in sensitive areas. For example, calcification of the coronary arteries can increase the risk of heart disease, while calcification of the lung tissue can cause respiratory symptoms.
It is important to note that pathologic calcification, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues and organs, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and certain infections. Pathologic calcification is not a normal process and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.
Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.
Alendronate is a medication that falls under the class of bisphosphonates. It is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men, as well as in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone.
Alendronate works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue. By reducing the activity of osteoclasts, alendronate helps to slow down bone loss and increase bone density, thereby reducing the risk of fractures.
The medication is available in several forms, including tablets and oral solutions, and is typically taken once a week for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. It is important to follow the dosing instructions carefully, as improper administration can reduce the drug's effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects. Common side effects of alendronate include gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, stomach pain, and nausea.
Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.
Examples of bone density conservation agents include:
1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.
These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a specific type of osteoporosis that occurs in women after they have gone through menopause. It is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In this condition, the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause accelerates bone loss, resulting in a decrease in bone density and quality, which can lead to fragility fractures, particularly in the hips, wrists, and spine.
It's important to note that while postmenopausal osteoporosis is more common in women, men can also develop osteoporosis due to other factors such as aging, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions.
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the human foot, and it is commonly known as the heel bone. It articulates with the cuboid bone anteriorly, the talus bone superiorly, and several tendons and ligaments that help to form the posterior portion of the foot's skeletal structure. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, as it forms the lower part of the leg's ankle joint and helps to absorb shock during walking or running.
Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.
Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.
It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.
List of orthopedic implants
Number sign
Mary S. Sherman
Femoral neck
Prestosuchus
Arackar
Chandler's disease
Upper extremity of femur
Melanerpes shawi
Stenaulorhynchus
Hispanopithecus
Protoceratops
Pathologic fracture
Coxa vara
Hip fracture
Paul Grilley
Femoral head ostectomy
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Index of anatomy articles
List of ICD-9 codes 800-999: injury and poisoning
NOF
Bone malrotation
San Baw
Hip
Pigeon toe
Femoral fracture
Enhydriodon
Forfexopterus
Gigantoraptor
Hyperbaric medicine
Percentage of Adults Aged 65 and Over With Osteoporosis or Low Bone Mass at the Femur Neck or Lumbar Spine: United States, 2005...
List of orthopedic implants - Wikipedia
Pediatric Femur Fractures: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
Alendronate treatment in men with primary osteoporosis: a three-year longitudinal study
The relationship between mineral status of the organism and the number of teeth present and periodontal condition in...
Protein Supplements Increase Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Levels and Attenuate Proximal Femur Bone Loss in Patients with...
Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MSBOS) - HSE.ie
Quantitative 3D analysis of bone in hip osteoarthritis using clinical computed tomography.
FastStats - Osteoporosis
Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Closed Claims Study | The Doctors Company
Bevillinger fra OUH's pulje med frie midler
Fact Sheet: Honoring Immigrant Members of America's Armed Services
Late-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting with Lupus Pneumonitis | ACP Online
Axis Scientific Femur Bone
How to Ultrasound the Normal Pelvis for Aiding Diagnosis of Pelvic Fractures Using Rectal and Transcutaneous Ultrasound...
Mediplacements - ADHD medication increases broken bones risk
Hip Dysplasia
August 2018 - Click to Grow
What Is The Best Form Of Boron To Take? - Life Extension
WTS database | WHO FCTC
Laura Peralta Pereira - Research output - King's College London
The Effect of Repeated Electromagnetic Fields Stimulation in Biological Systems | IntechOpen
Women's Health - Whole Health Library
Serum testosterone and estradiol in relation to bone mineral density, muscle strength and body composition in elderly men |...
Health And Fitness MCQ Quiz! - ProProfs Quiz
Race/ethnic differences in the prevalence of osteoporosis, falls and fractures: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian...
Rope Goose With Chewbone Neck Dog Toy | Orvis
Bilateral Intracapsular Hip Fracture in a Patient With Low Functional Demand Treated With a One-stage Bilateral...
Injury Facts: What is an Intracapsular Hip Fracture? - The Law Offices of Larry H. Parker
Proximal14
- Pediatric femoral fractures are injuries that may involve the proximal femur, the femoral shaft, or the distal femur. (medscape.com)
- Protein repletion after hip fracture was associated with increased serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, attenuation of proximal femur bone loss, and shorter stay in rehabilitation hospitals. (acpjournals.org)
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between proximal femoral cortical bone thickness and radiological hip osteoarthritis using quantitative 3D analysis of clinical computed tomography (CT) data. (cam.ac.uk)
- Colour thickness maps were created for each proximal femur. (cam.ac.uk)
- CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that quantitative 3D analysis of the proximal femur can identify changes in cortical bone thickness relevant to structural hip osteoarthritis. (cam.ac.uk)
- Bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole-body, proximal femur and lumbar vertebrae was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (frontiersin.org)
- The proximal humerus is the upper end of arm bone that forms shoulder joint. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- Designed to elevate the proximal femur during total hip or hemi-arthroplasty surgery. (innomed.net)
- The elevator's geometry incorporates serrated edges to grip and elevate the proximal femur. (innomed.net)
- Designed for proximal femoral elevation in total hip replacement or in other surgery with a similar need for bone manipulation. (innomed.net)
- During the first year, the proximal metaphyses of the femur and the humerus have oval areas of radiolucency. (medscape.com)
- his wound was debrided, and the fracture was stabilized with an external fixator along with pins to his ilium and proximal and distal femur. (cdc.gov)
- Two days after his arrival, the external fixator (except for 1 pin in the distal shaft and 1 in the proximal femur) was removed, and an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the femur was performed. (cdc.gov)
- A Computed Tomography-Based Radiomics Analysis of Low-Energy Proximal Femur Fractures in the Elderly Patients. (cdc.gov)
Fracture45
- Currently, the uses of bioresorbable metals are as fracture fixation implants Internal fixation is an operation in orthopedics that involves the surgical implementation of implants for the purpose of repairing a bone. (wikipedia.org)
- To investigate whether oral protein supplements benefit bone metabolism in patients with recent hip fracture. (acpjournals.org)
- An x-ray of the right femur showed an insufficiency fracture of the femoral neck. (acponline.org)
- We also performed electromagnetic (EM) computer simulations of virtual prototypes of bone cancer, femur fracture, and diabetic foot ulcers utilizing different frequencies and power applications to build an accurate differential diagnosis. (intechopen.com)
- Bilateral femoral neck fracture is a rare injury. (researchsquare.com)
- However, the occurrence of a simultaneous bilateral femoral neck fracture (FNF) is an extremely rare injury. (researchsquare.com)
- When an intracapsular hip fracture occurs, there is an injury at the neck of the femur, which is just beneath the head of the femur. (larryhparker.com)
- Women with more body fat have lower rates of bone resorption (an independent predictor of fracture) during menopause than women with less body fat [3]. (who.int)
- Quality control procedures for osteoporosis of the lumbar spinal of fracture) during menopause than were followed in accordance with the and the neck of the left femur. (who.int)
- This print showcases a coloured X-ray of an elderly woman's hip, revealing a femur fracture caused by osteoporosis. (mediastorehouse.com)
- A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone is cracked or broken. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- While many fractures are the result of high force impact or stress, bone fracture can also occur as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- The word "Fracture" implies to broken bone. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- Greenstick fractures: This is a unique fracture in Children that involves bending of one side of the bone without any break in the bone. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- Bone cells begin forming on the either side of the fracture line. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- The objective of early fracture management is to control bleeding, prevent ischemic injury (bone death) and to remove sources of infection such as foreign bodies and dead tissues. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- In skeletal traction, a pin is inserted through the bone distal to the fracture. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- And it accumulates with particular rapidity in the femoral neck, resulting in a weakened bone that's vulnerable to fracture. (saveourbones.com)
- Working on balance and bone strength is equally important in fracture prevention. (saveourbones.com)
- 820.02 is a legacy non-billable code used to specify a medical diagnosis of closed fracture of midcervical section of neck of femur. (icdlist.com)
- A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. (icdlist.com)
- If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. (icdlist.com)
- Femur neck fracture has been known since Hippocrates' time and is a common orthopaedic condition among the elderly. (ejournals.ca)
- This study aims to investigate the long-term functional outcomes of unipolar Austin Moore Prosthesis (AMP) hemiarthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with femur neck fracture. (ejournals.ca)
- The study included elderly patients aged 60 and over with a displaced femoral neck fracture treated with unipolar hemiarthroplasty (Austin Moore Prosthesis) or bipolar hemiarthroplasty. (ejournals.ca)
- Comparative study between Austin Moore prosthesis and bipolar prosthesis in fracture neck of femur. (ejournals.ca)
- Shekhar A, Murgod G, Korlhalli S. Two years outcome of cemented Austin Moore hemiarthroplasty for fracture neck femur. (ejournals.ca)
- Daniel M, Mohammed S, Francis A, William Y, Joseph K, Cornelius E. Early result of hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with fracture neck of femur. (ejournals.ca)
- Comparison of Unipolar (Moore'S Prosthesis) and Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in Fracture Neck of Femur in the Elderly: A Short-Term Prospective Study. (ejournals.ca)
- A hip fracture is a break in the upper portion of the femur (thighbone). (orthoinfo.org)
- Intertrochanteric and femoral neck fractures are the most common types of hip fracture. (orthoinfo.org)
- In some cases, the bone may be so weak that the fracture occurs spontaneously while someone is walking or standing. (orthoinfo.org)
- If the fracture is lower down the neck, then a surgeon places a large metal nail, secured with a screw, from the top of the hip down through the femur. (estuaryphysio.com)
- If the break has a good blood supply, a large metal screw is placed across the fracture, the bones are further secured together using a plate and a number of smaller screws. (estuaryphysio.com)
- METHODS: We recruited 26 patients with femur head necrosis and 22 patients with femur neck fracture in this study. (bvsalud.org)
- Overview of Fractures A fracture is a break in a bone. (msdmanuals.com)
- Complications are more common among older patients with a displaced femoral neck fracture. (msdmanuals.com)
- In patients with femoral neck fractures, risk of osteonecrosis is increased because the fracture often disrupts the blood supply to the femoral head. (msdmanuals.com)
- If a fracture is identified, x-rays of the entire femur should be done. (msdmanuals.com)
- Subtle evidence of fracture (eg, as when fractures are minimally displaced or impacted) can include irregularities in femoral neck trabecular density or bone cortex. (msdmanuals.com)
- A 55-year-old man was transporting soldiers in Iraq when he sustained a grenade injury, in which material entered his anterior thigh and created a large posterolateral hip exit wound and an open left subtrochanteric femur fracture. (cdc.gov)
- Plain radiographs showed an open femur fracture with gas in the soft tissue, shrapnel, and a gross deformity of the left iliac wing. (cdc.gov)
- Bone mass measurement, fracture risk, and screening for osteoporosis. (cdc.gov)
- He was found to have an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, a pseudo-fracture of the right scapula, multiple rib fractures, bilateral coxa vara, and femoral neck fractures. (medscape.com)
- A year before presentation, he had sustained a fracture of the right femoral neck with dislocation. (medscape.com)
Density29
- Bone mineral density (BMD) increases during growth until a peak is reached at maturity. (nih.gov)
- The risk of development of postmenopausal osteoporosis depends on the peak bone density and the rate of its subsequent loss. (nih.gov)
- To identify whether low weight at birth could affect the peak bone density, we measured BMD at both the lumbar spine and femoral neck using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a group of women who had low weight at birth and in a control group of normal birth weight. (nih.gov)
- It appears, therefore, that low weight at birth does not influence the peak bone density and that prematurity is not a risk factor for osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
- The division was made on the basis of the results of densitometric analysis (BMD) of femoral neck (F) and the lumbar spine (L2-L4), according to diagnostic criteria concerning the density of bone mass according to WHO. (nih.gov)
- The correlation between mineral density of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck and the number of teeth in the maxilla was also strongly negative. (nih.gov)
- However, the significant relationship between the number of teeth present in the mandible and the mineral density of examined bones was not observed. (nih.gov)
- Bone mineral density, biochemical markers of bone remodeling, calciotropic hormone levels, biochemically evaluated nutritional and immunologic status, and muscle strength were measured every 6 months. (acpjournals.org)
- According to a study presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, some of the medications prescribed to children with ADHD are having an adverse impact on their bone density, meaning their risk of suffering broken bones is increasing. (mediplacements.com)
- It was found that young people taking drugs such as Ritalin, Focalin, Dexedrine, Strattera and Vyvanse to bring their ADHD under control had a much lower bone density than that expected for their age. (mediplacements.com)
- Overall, when compared to individuals who were not on any medication, 25 per cent of the participants who were taking ADHD drugs showed signs of osteopenia, which is a condition involving lower than average bone density, putting sufferers at increased risk of experiencing bone fractures and breaks. (mediplacements.com)
- She added that as the skeleton tends to continue growing until a person reaches the age of 20, doctors should recommend alternative treatment methods such as counselling, a change in diet and any medications that are known to have no adverse effect on bone density. (mediplacements.com)
- Screening elderly patients for their bone mineral density levels in a community setting could help to prevent. (mediplacements.com)
- We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in Kuwaiti women residents in the largest province of Kuwait state to highlight the BMD changes with each age, in particular when they reach the postmenopausal stage. (who.int)
- After measurements of their height and weight, their bone mineral density of L2-L4 lumbar spine and femur (neck and total) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. (who.int)
- They were included if they had been healthy over the last 12 months, had no past history of bone disease, and are not taking any prescription medication that may affect bone density. (who.int)
- Our objective was to study the relationship between sex steroid levels and the changes accompanying aging process, including bone mineral density (BMD), muscle strength and body composition in elderly Egyptian men. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Elderly men with low E 2 are more likely to be osteoporotic as E 2 is an important determinant of bone density changes in old age. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- To evaluate the problem we measured bone mineral density (BMD) and serum markers of bone formation and resorption in a series of pediatric patients with bone tumors. (cun.es)
- ABSTRACT To test the hypothesis that regional fat and not total body weight has a protective effect on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, a cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from March 2008 to June 2009 on 303 healthy postmenopausal women presenting to the osteoporosis unit for screening purposes. (who.int)
- Osteo- porosis causes a loss in bone density, making the bones thinner, more brittle and more likely to break. (mediastorehouse.com)
- Osteoporosis, also known as brittle bone disease, leads to a loss in bone density, making bones thinner and more susceptible to fractures. (mediastorehouse.com)
- Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis, which cause weakening of the bones. (icdlist.com)
- We aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle strength and areal bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip in women aged 26-97 years. (biomedcentral.com)
- Meta-analyses reveal that a combination of high impact and high-magnitude loading exercises are most effective in enhancing areal bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and spine in premenopausal women [ 5 ] and for reducing bone loss at these sites in postmenopausal women [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The tool is based on bone mineral density, age, sex and certain health conditions. (estuaryphysio.com)
- According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) value that is more than 2.5 standard deviation (SD) units below the mean BMD value for a young non-Hispanic white female reference group ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson-Hughes B. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. (cdc.gov)
- Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease that decreases bone mineral density (bone mass per unit volume), with deterioration of bone structure. (msdmanuals.com)
Thigh9
- The femur, or thigh bone, consists of the head (the ball) and the neck (the part of the femur that joins the long shaft of the bone to the head). (dpca.org)
- The top part of the thigh bone (femur) is shaped like a ball (femoral head). (luriechildrens.org)
- The ball is connected to the rest of the thigh bone by the growth plate. (luriechildrens.org)
- Think of the ball as being like a scoop of ice cream that falls off its "cone" the thigh bone. (luriechildrens.org)
- The hip joint is formed by the head of the femur (thigh bone) and the acetabulum of the pelvis (a concave dome shaped area in the pelvic bone). (lifecare.com.au)
- The femur (thigh bone) is fractured at the neck between the head and shaft of the bone. (mediastorehouse.com)
- It can occur in people of all ages, including adolescents and young adults.In the healthy hip, the rounded top of thigh bone (femoral head) "plugs into" the hip socket (acetabular socket) in such a way that the femoral head can move smoothly within the socket. (wustl.edu)
- The femoral neck is the short span of bone that connects the femur, or thigh bone, and the femoral head, or the "ball" of the hip joint. (everydayhealth.com)
- Your hip is the joint where your femur (thigh bone) meets your pelvis (hip bone). (icdlist.com)
Humerus2
- Humerus is the upper arm bone and it forms two joints -shoulder joint and elbow joint. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- He later sustained fractures of the shafts of the left humerus and left femur with consequent skeletal deformities, leading to his being bed-bound. (medscape.com)
Mineral5
- An often-overlooked trace mineral, boron promotes bone health and also helps to relieve joint pain, reduce the risk of prostate cancer, and preserve cognitive function. (lifeextension.com)
- In treating osteoporosis, many doctors have overlooked one of the most critical components for supporting healthy bone matrix: the trace mineral boron. (lifeextension.com)
- In women, bone mineral status is much more closely associated with total body fat [4] and in a multivariate model total fat mass alone was correlated with whole body BMD [5]. (who.int)
- nificance of individual coefficients in the en, bone mineral status is much more Daily routine calibration was done model was assessed by the Hosmer- closely associated with total body fat using the standard phantom supplied Lemeshow test for goodness of fit and [4] and in a multivariate model total fat by the manufacturer. (who.int)
- FIO is an ultra-rare skeletal disorder in which the collagen matrix (on which bone mineral is deposited) is disorganized, Dr. Matthew Drake of the Mayo Clinic told Reuters Health in an email, adding that no recognized therapy exists. (medscape.com)
Acetabulum10
- This ball and socket joint consists of two basic parts - the acetabulum and the femur. (dpca.org)
- The acetabulum forms the socket part of the joint and it is into this socket that the head of the femur rests. (dpca.org)
- As puppies grow, laxity of the muscles and ligaments surrounding the joint and the poor fit between the bones produces excess movement of the acetabulum. (dpca.org)
- The separation between the bones is called subluxation, and at its most severe it can become a total dislocation (the head of the femur leaves the acetabulum). (dpca.org)
- The femoral head remains in the acetabulum (hip socket) and the metaphysis ( neck of the femur) move in an anterior direction with external rotation. (luriechildrens.org)
- Pincer impingement occurs when there is an abnormality of the acetabulum and excess bone. (lifecare.com.au)
- Surgery for FAI aims to increase the clearance between the femur and the acetabulum to stop the two structures from continuing to impact other. (lifecare.com.au)
- Over time, repetitive "bumping" or impingement of the femur on the rim of the acetabulum leads to cartilage and labral damage. (wustl.edu)
- The acetabulum is part of the pelvis bone. (orthoinfo.org)
- 111 Indium-labeled leukocyte imaging confirmed increased activity in the left acetabulum, femoral neck, and surrounding soft tissue. (cdc.gov)
Dual energy X-ray a3
- BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, at clinical remission, for lumbar spine and the neck of the femur in 38 osteosarcoma and 25 Ewing's sarcoma patients. (cun.es)
- BMD of the lumbar spine, L2-L4, and the neck of the left femur were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. (who.int)
- In 2005-2010, BMD at the femur neck and lumbar spine was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (cdc.gov)
Osteoporosis8
- A new NCHS Health E-Stat provides information on the percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 and over with osteoporosis and low bone mass at the femur neck or lumbar spine, using data from the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. (cdc.gov)
- During 2005-2010, 16.2% of adults aged 65 and over had osteoporosis at the lumbar spine or femur neck. (cdc.gov)
- Low BMD of the femur neck and spine, reflected by the combination of osteopenia and osteoporosis, seemed to occur in more than half (55.3-55.6 %) of postmenopausal Kuwaiti women. (who.int)
- Coloured X-ray of the hip of an elderly woman with a fractured femur (lower right, pink/green) caused by osteoporosis (brittle bone disease). (mediastorehouse.com)
- Thinning of the bone due to osteoporosis in the elderly can cause the bone to break easily. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- Osteoporosis of the hip causes weak bones that break easily. (icdlist.com)
- Most hip fractures occur in elderly patients whose bones have become weakened by osteoporosis . (orthoinfo.org)
- Recent estimates of the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass at the femur neck or lumbar spine in U.S. adults focused on adults aged 50 and over ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Distal2
- Bone microarchitecture of the distal non-dominant radius and tibia was measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). (frontiersin.org)
- Bone macro and microstructural parameters were not impacted by WBV, as well as estimated failure load at the distal radius ( p = 0.354) and tibia ( p = 0.813). (frontiersin.org)
Metabolism5
- Boron plays an integral part in bone metabolism, as it supports the functions of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D, all of which are crucial to promoting dense, healthy bone tissue. (lifeextension.com)
- While they may be of traumatic origin, they are generally associated with some underlying condition that predisposes to this pathology, such as neurological disorders or bone metabolism diseases. (researchsquare.com)
- Serum markers of bone metabolism were: OC, PICP, ICTP, 25-OH vit D and 1,25-(OH)(2) vit D, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and intact PTH. (cun.es)
- INTRODUCTION: Femur head necrosis (FHN) is a challenging clinical disease with unclear underlying mechanism, which pathologically is associated with disordered metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
- However, the disordered metabolism in cancellous bone of FHN was never analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). OBJECTIVES: To elucidate altered metabolism pathways in FHN and identify putative biomarkers for the detection of FHN. (bvsalud.org)
Humans1
- Clinical management of A. baumannii bone infections in humans has not been well established. (cdc.gov)
Elderly4
- Throughout my training, I've treated patients ranging from newborn babies with dysplastic hips to elderly patients with neck of femur fractures. (mdanational.com.au)
- Hardback CJ, Blomfeldt R, Lapidus G, Törnkvist H, Ponzer S, Tidemark J. Unipolar hemiarthroplasty versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the most elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomised, controlled trial. (ejournals.ca)
- Most hip fractures result from low-energy falls in elderly patients who have weakened or osteoporotic bone. (orthoinfo.org)
- Development of machine-learning algorithms for 90-day and one-year mortality prediction in the elderly with femoral neck fractures based on the HEALTH and FAITH trials. (cdc.gov)
Tibia1
- Bowing usually affects the tibia more than the femur. (medscape.com)
Mass15
- Unfortunately, standard medical advice alone might not be sufficient to stem the devastating erosion of bone mass that accompanies normal aging. (lifeextension.com)
- On the boron-supplemented diet, however, they showed less urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, as well as increased levels of two hormones associated with healthy bone mass. 8 These findings indicate that adequate boron intake is essential to preserving the body's stores of bone-building calcium and magnesium. (lifeextension.com)
- OBJECTIVES: Most of the studies on assessment of prevalence of low bone mass were focused in Caucasian population. (who.int)
- In adolescent bone sarcoma patients, bone mass acquisition is potentially compromised at a time in which it should be at a maximum. (cun.es)
- The magnitude of the disease may become larger in developing countries, more particularly in the Middle East region where the prevalence of low bone mass is higher [1]. (who.int)
- Body fat mass, a component of body weight, is an important measure of obesity, and a considerable evidence indicates that fat mass may have beneficial effects on bone [2]. (who.int)
- To corroborate the reported data that regional fat topography may influence the bone mass independently of total adiposity [6], this study aimed to test the hypothesis that regional fat and not total body weight has a protective effect on BMD in postmenopausal women. (who.int)
- Body mass index (BMI) was the disease may become larger in de- other drugs with known effect on bone calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)². (who.int)
- 27.3 kg/m2 and obese prevalence of low bone mass is higher ergy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). (who.int)
- Correlations were done indicates that fat mass may have ben- femur was measured using the same using the Pearson correlation. (who.int)
- These hormones play a crucial role in maintaining bone mass and strength. (mediastorehouse.com)
- Such reviews provide evidence that regular weight bearing activities and muscle strengthening exercises have beneficial skeletal effects but what remains uncertain is whether it is an improvement in muscle strength or muscle mass that impacts on bone. (biomedcentral.com)
- Low bone mass, a milder reduction in BMD, is defined as a BMD value between 1.0 and 2.5 SD units below the mean value for a young non-Hispanic white female reference group ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Non-Hispanic black adults had the lowest age-adjusted prevalence of low bone mass (36.7%), while non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American adults had similar age-adjusted prevalences of low bone mass (49.4% and 47.3%, respectively). (cdc.gov)
- Under normal circumstances, bone volume and mass are held constant by bone resorption and apposition processes 1 . (bvsalud.org)
Subtrochanteric1
- Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. (wikipedia.org)
Dislocation1
- Hip resurfacing was conceived as a way to more closely match the size of the head of the femur bone while potentially increasing stability and decreasing opportunity for dislocation, one of the most common complications of total hip replacement. (barnesjewish.org)
Cortical bone2
- METHODS: Image analysis was performed on clinical CT imaging data from 203 female volunteers with a technique called cortical bone mapping (CBM). (cam.ac.uk)
- Statistical parametric mapping was performed to identify statistically significant differences in cortical bone thickness that corresponded with the severity of radiological hip osteoarthritis. (cam.ac.uk)
Patients11
- Your femur is the longest and strongest bone in your body and Axis Scientific designed this model with students, patients and educators in mind. (anatomywarehouse.com)
- Radiographers who are treating patients for repeated unexplained bone breaks or fractures may want to find. (mediplacements.com)
- After five years of training, patients still find ways to break bones in new and inventive ways. (mdanational.com.au)
- Hemiarthroplasty of the hip for femoral neck fractures is a valuable alternative in older patients with good long-term functional outcomes, and unipolar hemiarthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty are still relevant to utilize in the present period. (ejournals.ca)
- Inngul C, Hedbeck C-J, Blomfeldt R, Lapidus G, Ponzer S, Enocson A. Unipolar hemiarthroplasty versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty in patients with displaced femoral neck fractures. (ejournals.ca)
- Patients with N3 neck disease are at increased risk for developing distant metastasis. (medscape.com)
- Patients may present with complaints pertaining to the head and neck, spine, major joints, and hands and feet. (medscape.com)
- There were no statistically differences between two groups for surgery time, intraoperative blood loss, hemoglobin (Hb), blood transfusion, albumin decrease, length of stay-day, but surgery time and blood loss in patients with structural bone graft was much higher in anatomic group. (bvsalud.org)
- In an experimental animal model of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, tigecycline showed adequate bone concentration with microbial clearance in 90% and 100% of patients who received tigecycline and tigecycline plus rifampin, respectively ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- PATHFx is a clinical decision support tool capable of estimating survival in patients with metastatic bone disease. (cancercentrum.se)
- Bone pain resolved enough in both patients to allow them to perform most of their activities of daily living. (medscape.com)
Skeletal4
- Contracting skeletal muscle also produces hormonal and nervous stimuli that contribute to the muscle-bone interaction [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The skeletal system includes all bones and joints of the human body. (learninggnm.com)
- Together with the skeletal muscles , the bones and joints allow controlled physical movements. (learninggnm.com)
- The bones, skeletal muscles , lymph vessels with lymph nodes , blood vessels , connective tissue , and fat tissue share the same brain relays and therefore the same biological conflict, namely a self-devaluation conflict. (learninggnm.com)
Broken bones3
- During the surgery of broken bones through internal fixation the bone fragments are first reduced into their normal alignment then they are held together with the help of internal fixators such as plates, screws, nails, pins and wires. (wikipedia.org)
- Open (compound) fractures are severe fractures in which the broken bones cut through the skin. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- As for the broken bones, well, that's another topic altogether! (everydayhealth.com)
Pelvis5
- The purpose of this abstract is to describe our approach to the ultrasonic evaluation of the equine pelvic region and its use in determining whether or not fractures have occurred in the pelvis or associated structures such as the head and/or neck of the femur. (ivis.org)
- The round femur head articulates with the pelvis at the hip socket (centre). (mediastorehouse.com)
- The round head of the femur can be seen articulating with the pelvis at the center of the image. (mediastorehouse.com)
- There are two main parts: a ball at the end of the femur, which fits in a socket in the pelvis. (icdlist.com)
- This is because you have a ball at the end of your femur, and it fits into a socket in your pelvis. (icdlist.com)
Socket7
- The head of the femur (capital femoral epiphysis) should sit squarely on the femoral neck and forms most of the "ball" on the ball-and-socket hip joint. (luriechildrens.org)
- The ball and socket are lined with a thin layer of smooth cartilage that cushions and protects the bones, preventing them from rubbing or grinding against each other. (wustl.edu)
- Hip impingement may be caused by a misshapen femoral head, deformed femoral neck, or a hip socket that covers too much of the femoral head. (wustl.edu)
- With hip flexion motion, the neck of the femur bone "bumps" or impinges on the rim of the deep socket. (wustl.edu)
- This is a bridge of bone between the top of the femur and the "ball" of the hip's ball and socket joint. (saveourbones.com)
- Another problem is hip dysplasia, where the ball at the end of the femur is loose in the hip socket. (icdlist.com)
- The ball of the femur that sits in the socket. (orthoinfo.org)
Ulna3
- Axis Scientific built this anatomically correct model of the human ulna bone from a durable PVC-like material. (anatomywarehouse.com)
- The forearm is made up of 2 bones, namely, the radius and ulna. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- The wrist is comprised of two bones in the forearm (the radius and the ulna) and eight other tiny bones. (ryanlisle.com.au)
Spine7
- Axis Scientific Life-Size Flexible Human Spine with Removable Femur Heads Model and Full Color Study Booklet The Axis Scientific Life-Size Flexible Human Spine with Removable Femur Heads Model is an. (anatomywarehouse.com)
- This was particularly the case in the femoral neck, femur and lumbar spine. (mediplacements.com)
- We have demonstrated that osteoporotic BMD of the spine and femur neck occurred in 20.2 and 12.5 % of postmenopausal Kuwaiti females, whereas osteopenic BMD of the spine and femur neck was observed at a frequency of 35.4 and 42.8 % of women, respectively. (who.int)
- BMD of the spine, femur neck, and femur total demonstrated significant positive correlations with body weight and BMI, whereas they demonstrated significant negative correlations with age. (who.int)
- When subjects were subdivided as per BMI, it was notable that overweight and obese postmenopausal women had significantly higher BMD of lumbar spine, femur neck, and femur total than normal weight postmenopausal women. (who.int)
- Femoral neck ( p = 0.520) and spine BMD ( p = 0.444) failed to improve after 12 months of WBV. (frontiersin.org)
- Observations for persons missing a femur neck or lumbar spine measurement were not included in the data analysis. (cdc.gov)
Clinical6
- Quantitative 3D analysis of bone in hip osteoarthritis using clinical computed tomography. (cam.ac.uk)
- Quantitative 3D bone analysis could enable clinical disease prediction and therapy development. (cam.ac.uk)
- The lung is the most common site of distant metastasis in head and neck cancer, as supported by both clinical and autopsy studies. (medscape.com)
- Schousboe JT, Shepherd JA, Bilezikian JP, Baim S. Executive summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on bone densitometry. (cdc.gov)
- Background: Mucoperiosteal flap surgeries (MFS) are carried out to provide access to the alveolar bone and root surfaces in several clinical situations. (bvsalud.org)
- The probable osteomyelitis of the femur and ilium was resolved by standard clinical and radiologic parameters. (cdc.gov)
Impingement3
- Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) occurs when the neck of the femur (the top part of the femur, just below the head) butts up against the acetabular rim, and can be caused by two types of impingement. (lifecare.com.au)
- CAM impingement occurs when there is a structural abnormality of the femur, with excess bone at the femur head-neck junction. (lifecare.com.au)
- Cam impingement occurs because the ball-shaped end of the femur (femoral head) is not perfectly round. (wustl.edu)
Postmenopausal2
- In an important study of postmenopausal women who were not on estrogen replacement therapy, scientists examined boron's effect on various measures of bone health. (lifeextension.com)
- Combined amplitude and high-frequency training for one year had no ameliorating effect on DXA and HR-pQCT bone parameters in physically inactive postmenopausal women. (frontiersin.org)
Diseases1
- In 1977, at the Second International Conference for Nomenclature for Constitutional Diseases of Bone, the name was changed from diastrophic dwarfism to diastrophic dysplasia. (medscape.com)
Head-neck junction2
- RESULTS: For each increase in K&L grade, cortical thickness increased by up to 25 % in distinct areas of the superolateral femoral head-neck junction and superior subchondral bone plate. (cam.ac.uk)
- For increasing severity of CT osteophytes, the increase in cortical thickness was more circumferential, involving a wider portion of the head-neck junction, with up to a 7 % increase in cortical thickness per increment in score. (cam.ac.uk)
Orthopaedic1
- Dr Jessica Rivera, lead author of the study and an orthopaedic surgeon at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research, commented: 'This is an important step in understanding a medication class that is used with increasing frequency, and its effect on children who are at a critical time for building their bones. (mediplacements.com)
Strongest bone2
- What is the longest, strongest bone in the body? (proprofs.com)
- The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. (proprofs.com)
Metabolic1
- Bone is a dynamic tissue with high remodeling capacity in response to the body's metabolic requirements. (bvsalud.org)
Pediatric1
- In the treatment of these injuries, it is important to keep in mind that pediatric femur fractures differ from adult femur fractures in several key respects (see below), and these differences affect management. (medscape.com)
Axial1
- FIO manifests clinically with generalized bone pain and multiple fractures of both the axial and appendicular skeletons. (medscape.com)
Cartilage5
- The outer surface of the bones is covered by the periosteum , except the joints and sites attached to ligaments and tendons, which are capped with cartilage. (learninggnm.com)
- The cartilage is covered by the perichondrium, the equivalent to the periosteum lining the bones. (learninggnm.com)
- The embryonic skeleton is mainly made up of cartilage which is gradually replaced by bone. (learninggnm.com)
- The bones as well as the cartilage, tendons, and ligaments originate from the new mesoderm and are therefore controlled from the cerebral medulla. (learninggnm.com)
- They are disorders of growth and remodeling of bone and cartilage. (medscape.com)
Trochanters2
- The upper part of the shaft of the femur below the greater and lesser trochanters. (orthoinfo.org)
- Hip fractures may occur in the head, neck, or area between or below the trochanters (prominences) of the femur. (msdmanuals.com)
Alignment2
- It helps to maintain bone length and alignment without casting. (ryanlisle.com.au)
- Postoperatively, leukocyte count returned to normal, wound drainage decreased, and a computed tomographic scan showed appropriate femur alignment with progressive heterotopic bone in the ilium. (cdc.gov)
Acetabular1
- As the bone of the acetabular rim is ground away, it becomes shallower and it is now more difficult to keep the head of the femur properly seated. (dpca.org)
Resorption5
- Serum markers of bone formation (PICP and OC) and resorption (ICTP) were, throughout, lower than reference values. (cun.es)
- All scans were performed by regression model was done for detec- more body fat have lower rates of bone trained physicians and analysed by the tion of the independent risk factors resorption (an independent predictor researcher. (who.int)
- Nevertheless, they lead to a variable degree of alveolar bone resorption. (bvsalud.org)
- Objective: To evaluate the effect of raloxifene in preventing alveolar bone resorption after MFS using an experimental model of mouse mandibles. (bvsalud.org)
- Conclusion: In this study, raloxifene did not inhibit alveolar bone resorption following MFS in male mice. (bvsalud.org)
Embryonic1
- The embryonic development of the femur begins during week 4 of gestation, with the appearance of the limb bud. (medscape.com)
Lower limb1
- The highest occurring principal admitting diagnoses for those who also had MS were urinary tract infections , septicemia, inpatient rehabilitation, pneumonia , chronic skin ulcers , and lower limb or femoral neck fractures. (everydayhealth.com)
Alkaline3
- Serum bone remodelling markers [C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type-1 collagen (CTX), procollagen type-1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and sclerostin] were measured at fasting. (frontiersin.org)
- CTX and P1NP were determined by automated chemiluminescence immunoassay, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) by automated spectrophotometric immunoassay, and sclerostin by an enzyme-immunoassay. (frontiersin.org)
- Alkaline phosphatase is sensitive for osteoblastic bone metastasis. (medscape.com)
Injury2
- described a case of bilateral femoral neck injury in a patient with a history of seizures and chronic use of corticosteroids as part of a brain tumor treatment. (researchsquare.com)
- Another reason that this can be such a dangerous injury is that it can lead to a serious loss of blood supply to the neck. (larryhparker.com)
Fragments1
- Unstable fractures are those in which fragments of the broken bone are misaligned and displaced. (ryanlisle.com.au)
Left7
- The Axis Scientific Femur Bone is available in both left or right options. (anatomywarehouse.com)
- Beginning at the pubic symphysis, the division between left and right pubic bones and left and right ischium should be visualized (Fig. 1). (ivis.org)
- Descrip- common genetic and environmental femur (neck) on the left side using a tive statistics were done for numerical factors [2]. (who.int)
- data using mean and standard deviation of body weight, is an important measure Percentage regional fat in the paraspinal and for category data by number and of obesity, and a considerable evidence area and around the neck of the left percentage. (who.int)
- In hip resurfacing, the head of the femur is resurfaced with a metal hip "joint" and the rest of the thighbone is left intact. (barnesjewish.org)
- the bones and joints of the left side of the body are controlled from the right cerebral hemisphere. (learninggnm.com)
- Whether the conflict affects a bone or joint on the right or left side of the body (or both sides) is determined by a person's handedness and whether the conflict is mother/child or partner -related. (learninggnm.com)