Diseases of BONES.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
Breaks in bones.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.
Syndromes of bone destruction where the cause is not obvious such as neoplasia, infection, or trauma. The destruction follows various patterns: massive (Gorham disease), multicentric (HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME), or carpal/tarsal.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B and OSTEOPROTEGERIN. It plays an important role in regulating OSTEOCLAST differentiation and activation.
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.
A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.
A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
Disorders caused by interruption of BONE MINERALIZATION manifesting as OSTEOMALACIA in adults and characteristic deformities in infancy and childhood due to disturbances in normal BONE FORMATION. The mineralization process may be interrupted by disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis, resulting from dietary deficiencies, or acquired, or inherited metabolic, or hormonal disturbances.
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
Stable strontium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element strontium, but differ in the atomic weight. Sr-84, 86, 87, and 88 are the stable strontium isotopes.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
A tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that is specific for RANK LIGAND and plays a role in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis. It is also expressed on DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in regulating dendritic cell survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.
Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3; (CHOLECALCIFEROL); including CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.
Inorganic compounds that contain TECHNETIUM as an integral part of the molecule. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) is an isotope of technetium that has a half-life of about 6 hours. Technetium 99, which has a half-life of 210,000 years, is a decay product of technetium 99m.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
A coronary vasodilator agent.
A circular structural unit of bone tissue. It consists of a central hole, the Haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae.
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
AMINO ACIDS composed of GLYCINE substituted at the nitrogen rather than the usual carbon position, resulting in the loss of HYDROGEN BONDING donors. Polymers of these compounds are called PEPTOIDS.
A non-hereditary KIDNEY disorder characterized by the abnormally dilated (ECTASIA) medullary and inner papillary portions of the collecting ducts. These collecting ducts usually contain CYSTS or DIVERTICULA filled with jelly-like material or small calculi (KIDNEY STONES) leading to infections or obstruction. It should be distinguished from congenital or hereditary POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES.
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Conditions characterized by the presence of M protein (Monoclonal protein) in serum or urine without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase that may play a role in the degradation or activation of a variety of PEPTIDE HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Genetic mutations that result in loss of function of this protein are a cause of HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS, X-LINKED DOMINANT.
Local surroundings with which cells interact by processing various chemical and physical signals, and by contributing their own effects to this environment.
A cysteine protease that is highly expressed in OSTEOCLASTS and plays an essential role in BONE RESORPTION as a potent EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX-degrading enzyme.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.
A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
The bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. It includes the FEMUR; PATELLA; TIBIA; and FIBULA.
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.
Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
Fractures of the femur.
The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.
CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in MONOCYTES; tissue MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS.
A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.
Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position.
The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
LDL-receptor related protein that combines with FRIZZLED RECEPTORS at the cell surface to form receptors that bind WNT PROTEINS. The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY in OSTEOBLASTS and during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains.
Fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. Although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
Presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).
Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.
A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR).

22-oxacalcitriol suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure. (1/779)

BACKGROUND: Calcitriol therapy suppresses serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with renal failure but has several drawbacks, including hypercalcemia and/or marked suppression of bone turnover, which may lead to adynamic bone disease. A new vitamin D analogue, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), has been shown to have promising characteristics. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of OCT on serum PTH levels and bone turnover in states of normal or impaired renal function. METHODS: Sixty dogs were either nephrectomized (Nx, N = 38) or sham-operated (Sham, N = 22). The animals received supplemental phosphate to enhance PTH secretion. Fourteen weeks after the start of phosphate supplementation, half of the Nx and Sham dogs received doses of OCT (three times per week); the other half were given vehicle for 60 weeks. Thereafter, the treatment modalities for a subset of animals were crossed over for an additional eight months. Biochemical and hormonal indices of calcium and bone metabolism were measured throughout the study, and bone biopsies were done at baseline, 60 weeks after OCT or vehicle treatment, and at the end of the crossover period. RESULTS: In Nx dogs, OCT significantly decreased serum PTH levels soon after the induction of renal insufficiency. In long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, OCT (0.03 microg/kg) stabilized serum PTH levels during the first months. Serum PTH levels rose thereafter, but the rise was less pronounced compared with baseline than the rise seen in Nx control. These effects were accompanied by episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. In animals with normal renal function, OCT induced a transient decrease in serum PTH levels at a dose of 0.1 microg/kg, which was not sustained with lowering of the doses. In Nx dogs, OCT reversed abnormal bone formation, such as woven osteoid and fibrosis, but did not significantly alter the level of bone turnover. In addition, OCT improved mineralization lag time, (that is, the rate at which osteoid mineralizes) in both Nx and Sham dogs. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that even though OCT does not completely prevent the occurrence of hypercalcemia in experimental dogs with renal insufficiency, it may be of use in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism because it does not induce low bone turnover and, therefore, does not increase the risk of adynamic bone disease.  (+info)

Osteopenia in the patient with cancer. (2/779)

Osteopenia is defined as a reduction in bone mass. It is commonly known to occur in elderly people or women who are postmenopausal due to hormonal imbalances. This condition, however, can result because of many other factors, such as poor nutrition, prolonged pharmacological intervention, disease, and decreased mobility. Because patients with cancer experience many of these factors, they are often predisposed to osteopenia. Currently, patients with cancer are living longer and leading more fulfilling lives after treatment. Therefore, it is imperative that therapists who are responsible for these patients understand the risk factors for osteopenia and their relevance to a patient with cancer.  (+info)

A Cbfa1-dependent genetic pathway controls bone formation beyond embryonic development. (3/779)

The molecular mechanisms controlling bone extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by differentiated osteoblasts in postnatal life, called hereafter bone formation, are unknown. This contrasts with the growing knowledge about the genetic control of osteoblast differentiation during embryonic development. Cbfa1, a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation during embryonic development, is also expressed in differentiated osteoblasts postnatally. The perinatal lethality occurring in Cbfa1-deficient mice has prevented so far the study of its function after birth. To determine if Cbfa1 plays a role during bone formation we generated transgenic mice overexpressing Cbfa1 DNA-binding domain (DeltaCbfa1) in differentiated osteoblasts only postnatally. DeltaCbfa1 has a higher affinity for DNA than Cbfa1 itself, has no transcriptional activity on its own, and can act in a dominant-negative manner in DNA cotransfection assays. DeltaCbfa1-expressing mice have a normal skeleton at birth but develop an osteopenic phenotype thereafter. Dynamic histomorphometric studies show that this phenotype is caused by a major decrease in the bone formation rate in the face of a normal number of osteoblasts thus indicating that once osteoblasts are differentiated Cbfa1 regulates their function. Molecular analyses reveal that the expression of the genes expressed in osteoblasts and encoding bone ECM proteins is nearly abolished in transgenic mice, and ex vivo assays demonstrated that DeltaCbfa1-expressing osteoblasts were less active than wild-type osteoblasts. We also show that Cbfa1 regulates positively the activity of its own promoter, which has the highest affinity Cbfa1-binding sites characterized. This study demonstrates that beyond its differentiation function Cbfa1 is the first transcriptional activator of bone formation identified to date and illustrates that developmentally important genes control physiological processes postnatally.  (+info)

Glucocorticoid-induced secondary osteopenia in female rats: a time course study as compared with ovariectomy-induced osteopenia and response to salmon calcitonin. (4/779)

Previously we reported that 8-week treatment with methylprednisolone acetate (MPA: 0.1 mg/kg, s.c., 3 days a week) of male rats caused a novel type of osteopenia whose development was prevented by salmon calcitonin (SCT) in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, to compare the MPA-inducible osteopenia with the ovariectomy (OVX)-inducible one, female rats were used instead of male rats and a time-course study of development was made. MPA treatments for 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks histologically induced characteristic osteopenic changes in a time-dependent manner that were histomorphometrically detectable in tibiae within 4 weeks as reduced bone mass, accelerated bone resorption, and suppressed bone formation and mineralization. Node-strut analysis revealed that the connectivity of the trabecular structure remained unaffected. Such MPA-induced changes in the trabecular structure, to be defined as thinned-but-uncut, is in a good contrast with OVX-induced unthinned-but-cut structure, although the latter osteopenic changes became detectable 2 weeks earlier. Another previous finding confirmed herein was that MPA-induced osteopenia in female rats was also completely masked by SCT (10 U/kg, s.c., 5 days a week). The results indicate that the MPA-inducible secondary osteopenic model in either sex of rats would be usable for testing anti-osteopenic drugs.  (+info)

Bone loss in long-term renal transplantation: histopathology and densitometry analysis. (5/779)

BACKGROUND: There is little information of the spectrum and factors implicated in the bone loss in long-term renal transplantation, and virtually no data using both histomorphometric and densitometric analysis. METHODS: Twenty-three males and 22 females (13 postmenopausal) were studied with a bone biopsy and densitometry. Sixteen patients were on cyclosporine A monotherapy, 20 on azathioprine + prednisolone, and 9 on cyclosporine A + prednisolone or triple therapy. The mean time after transplantation was 127 +/- 70 months. RESULTS: No group had a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population. Compared with sex-matched young controls, osteopenia was observed in all groups at the femoral neck (except premenopausal women and triple therapy) and in the triple-therapy group at the L1-L4 spine region. At the distal radius, osteopenia was found in all the groups. Histopathological diagnosis was mixed uremic osteodystrophy in 46.5%, adynamic bone in 23.2%, hyperparathyroid disease in 13.9%, and normal bone in 16.3%. The diagnosis was not different according to immunosuppressive therapy, but men tended to show more mixed uremic bone disease. There was no significant difference in BMD between histopathological subtypes. In general, patients showed slight osteoclast function increase, osteoblast function decrease, and marked retardation of dynamic parameters. The cyclosporine A monotherapy group had a significantly lower appositional rate than azathioprine + prednisolone. Men had a significantly lower bone volume than women, and premenopausal women had a significantly lower mineralizing surface than postmenopausal women and men. In the multivariate analysis, male gender, time after transplantation, old age, and time on dialysis prior to transplantation were significant predictive factors for a negative effect on bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term renal transplant-patients showed reduced BMD in both trabecular and cortical bone. This reduction in BMD was not as severe as in short-term reports and was associated with osteoclast stimulation, osteoblast suppression, and retardation of mineral apposition and bone formation rates. Bone mass loss was not different between the immunosuppression therapy groups. Male gender and age were the strongest predictive factors for low bone mass.  (+info)

Reduced bone density at completion of chemotherapy for a malignancy. (6/779)

OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis and pathological fractures occur occasionally in children with malignancies. This study was performed to determine the degree of osteopenia in children with a malignancy at completion of chemotherapy. METHODS: Lumbar spine (L2-L4) bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm2) and femoral neck BMD were measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry in 22 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and in 26 children with other malignancies. Apparent volumetric density was calculated to minimise the effect of bone size on BMD. Results were compared with those of 113 healthy controls and expressed as age and sex standardised mean Z scores. RESULTS: Patients with ALL had significantly reduced lumbar volumetric (-0.77) and femoral areal and volumetric BMDs (-1.02 and -0.98, respectively). In patients with other malignancies, femoral areal and apparent volumetric BMDs were significantly decreased (-0.70 and -0.78, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that children with a malignancy are at risk of developing osteopenia. A follow up of BMD after the completion of chemotherapy should facilitate the identification of patients who might be left with impaired development of peak bone mass, and who require specific interventions to prevent any further decrease in their skeletal mass and to preserve their BMD.  (+info)

Is low plasma 25-(OH)vitamin D a major risk factor for hyperparathyroidism and Looser's zones independent of calcitriol? (7/779)

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that calcitriol might not be the sole active metabolite of vitamin D and that plasma concentrations of 25-(OH)vitamin D (25OHD) are often abnormally low in hemodialysis patients. We have therefore evaluated plasma 25OHD as a risk factor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) hypersecretion and radiological bone disease. We carried out a cross-sectional study during the month of September in an Algerian dialysis center of 113 patients who were not taking supplements of alphacalcidol or calcitriol. METHODS: Plasma 25OHD, calcitriol, PTH, calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, and aluminum were measured, and x-rays of the hands and pelvis were obtained for evaluation of subperiosteal resorption and Looser's zones. RESULTS: The median plasma 25OHD was 47.5 nmol/liter (range 2.5 to 170.0). Univariate analysis showed that plasma PTH was correlated positively with months on maintenance dialysis and negatively with plasma 25OHD, calcitriol, calcium, bicarbonate and aluminum, but not with that of phosphate. plasma 25OHD was positively correlated with calcium and calcitriol. Using multiple regression analysis, only plasma 25OHD (negative) and the duration on maintenance dialysis (positive) were independently linked to plasma PTH. The prevalence of isolated subperiosteal resorption (ISR) was 34%, and that of the combination of resorption with Looser's zones (CRLZ) was 9%; thus, only 57% of the patients had a normal x-ray appearance. These groups were comparable with regards to age, gender, and duration on dialysis. When the biochemical measurements of the patients with CRLZ were compared with those from patients without radiological lesions, plasma 25OHD was the only parameter to show a statistically significant difference, being significantly lower in the CRLZ group (26 +/- 18 vs. 57 nmol/liter, ANOVA, P < 0.004). Plasma 25OHD was also significantly lower in the ISR group (44, P < 0.05) than in the normal x-ray group, and plasma Ca (P < 0.003) and bicarbonate (P < 0.02) were lower. Logistical analysis showed that the presence of resorption was independently linked only with plasma PTH. Looser's zones and subperiosteal resorption were not seen in patients with plasma 25OHD of more than 40 (Looser's zones) and more than 100 nmol/liter (subperiosteal resorption). The optimal range for intact PTH in hemodialysis patients with mild aluminum overload is 10 to 25 pmol/liter. We found that plasma PTH was inappropriately high only when plasma 25OHD was less than 100 nmol/liter. With a plasma 25OHD of between 100 and 170 nmol/liter, hypercalcemia was present with a plasma PTH of less than 10 pmol/liter in only one case. CONCLUSIONS: This cross sectional study shows that low plasma 25OHD is a major risk factor for hyperparathyroidism and Looser's zones. In dialysis patients, we suggest that the plasma levels of 25OHD are maintained around the upper limit of the reference range of sunny countries.  (+info)

Effects of XT-44, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in osteoblastgenesis and osteoclastgenesis in culture and its therapeutic effects in rat osteopenia models. (8/779)

We have reported that denbufylline, a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, inhibits bone loss in Walker256/S tumor-bearing rats, suggesting therapeutic potentiality of a PDE4 inhibitor in osteopenia. In the present study, effects of a new PDE4 inhibitor, 1-n-butyl-3-n-propylxanthine (XT-44), in bone were evaluated in cell cultures and animal experiments. In rat bone marrow culture, XT-44 stimulated mineralized-nodule formation, whereas it inhibited osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse bone marrow culture. In Walker256/S-bearing rats (6-week-old female Wistar Imamichi rats), rapid decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) was prominent, and oral administration of XT-44 (0.3 mg/kg, every 2 days) inhibited the decrease in BMD. In the second animal experiment, female Wistar rats (6-week-old) were sciatic neurectomized, and XT-44 was orally administered to these rats every 2 days for 4 weeks. XT-44 administration (0.3 mg/kg) recovered BMD in these neurectomized animals. Furthermore, 19-week-old, female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX), and 15 weeks after surgery, these rats were orally administered XT-44 every 2 days for 8 weeks. XT-44 treatment (1 mg/kg) increased the BMD of OVX rats. These results indicate that XT-44 could be a candidate as a therapeutic drug for treating osteopenia including osteoporosis.  (+info)

Some common types of bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by brittle, porous bones that are prone to fracture.
2. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that causes pain and stiffness in the joints.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
4. Bone cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the bones.
5. Paget's disease of bone: A condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and deformity.
6. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone and can cause brittle bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare condition characterized by abnormal growth and development of bone tissue.
8. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
9. Bone cysts: Fluid-filled cavities that can form in the bones and cause pain, weakness, and deformity.
10. Bone spurs: Abnormal growths of bone that can form along the edges of joints and cause pain and stiffness.

Bone diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and bone biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

* Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.
* Rickets: A vitamin D-deficient disease that causes softening of the bones in children.
* Osteomalacia: A condition similar to rickets, but affecting adults and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
* Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in bone metabolism and an increase in bone resorption.
* Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, leading to low levels of calcium and vitamin D and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases, metabolic are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate bone metabolism. Treatment depends on the specific underlying cause of the disease and may include medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

There are several factors that can contribute to bone resorption, including:

1. Hormonal changes: Hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin can regulate bone resorption. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to excessive bone resorption.
2. Aging: As we age, our bones undergo remodeling more frequently, leading to increased bone resorption.
3. Nutrient deficiencies: Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients can impair bone health and lead to excessive bone resorption.
4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase bone resorption, leading to bone loss and weakening.
5. Genetics: Some genetic disorders can affect bone metabolism and lead to abnormal bone resorption.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can increase bone resorption.
7. Diseases: Conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and bone cancer can lead to abnormal bone resorption.

Bone resorption can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing: This test measures the density of bone in specific areas of the body. Low BMD can indicate bone loss and excessive bone resorption.
2. X-rays and imaging studies: These tests can help identify abnormal bone growth or other signs of bone resorption.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain hormones and nutrients that are involved in bone metabolism.
4. Bone biopsy: A bone biopsy can provide a direct view of the bone tissue and help diagnose conditions such as Paget's disease or bone cancer.

Treatment for bone resorption depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other medications can help slow or stop bone resorption.
2. Diet and exercise: A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, can help maintain strong bones.
3. Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to improve bone strength and mobility.
4. Surgery: In severe cases of bone resorption, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

ROD can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

* Weakened bones and increased risk of fractures
* Tooth decay and gum disease
* Rickets-like symptoms in children
* Osteoporosis
* Difficulty healing from injuries or surgery

The condition is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood and urine tests), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or bone density scans).

Treatment for ROD typically involves managing the underlying kidney disease, correcting any nutritional imbalances, and implementing measures to strengthen bones. This may include:

* Medications to lower phosphate levels and increase calcium absorption
* Dietary modifications to reduce phosphate intake and increase calcium intake
* Vitamin D and calcium supplements
* Regular exercise and weight-bearing activities to promote bone strength

In severe cases of ROD, surgical interventions may be necessary, such as bone transplantation or the use of bone-forming medications.

ROD is a serious complication of CKD that can significantly impact quality of life and increase the risk of mortality. Early detection and management are essential to prevent or delay the progression of this condition.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The word "osteomalacia" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "malakos," meaning soft. It was first used in the medical literature in the early 20th century to describe a condition that was previously known as "rachitic osteomalacia."

The symptoms of osteomalacia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and an increased risk of fractures. Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or bone scans.

Treatment of osteomalacia depends on the underlying cause, but may include vitamin D and calcium supplements, avoidance of aluminum-containing antacids, and management of any underlying disorders that are contributing to the condition. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

Preventing osteomalacia involves maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D and calcium in the body, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and managing any underlying medical conditions that can contribute to the condition. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications such as fractures and improve quality of life for individuals with osteomalacia.

Osteolysis can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause osteolysis by secreting enzymes that break down bone tissue.
2. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, causing osteolysis.
3. Tumors: Malignant tumors like multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma can cause osteolysis by producing enzymes that destroy bone tissue.
4. Degenerative conditions: Conditions like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Paget's disease can lead to osteolysis due to the gradual breakdown of bone tissue.

Symptoms of osteolysis may include:

1. Bone pain or tenderness
2. Fractures or fracture risk
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in affected joints
4. Swelling or redness in the affected area
5. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections

Treatment for osteolysis depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infections
2. Pain management with medication or physical therapy
3. Surgery to repair or replace damaged bone tissue
4. Orthotics or assistive devices to support affected joints
5. Medications to slow down or stop bone loss, such as bisphosphonates or denosumab

In conclusion, osteolysis is a condition where there is a gradual loss or destruction of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone density and structural integrity. It can be caused by various factors, including infection, inflammation, tumors, and degenerative conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain management, surgery, orthotics, and medications to slow down or stop bone loss.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is more common in older adults, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. There are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, including:

1. Family history: Having a family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases the risk of developing the disease.
2. Age: The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases with age, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.
3. Race: African Americans are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma than other races.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
5. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals has been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones, particularly in the spine, ribs, or long bones, is a common symptom of multiple myeloma.
2. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak is another common symptom of the disease.
3. Infections: Patients with multiple myeloma may be more susceptible to infections due to the impaired functioning of their immune system.
4. Bone fractures: Weakened bones can lead to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, or ribs.
5. Kidney problems: Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to problems such as kidney failure or proteinuria (excess protein in the urine).
6. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
7. Increased calcium levels: High levels of calcium in the blood can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and confusion.
8. Neurological problems: Multiple myeloma can cause neurological problems such as headaches, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC can help identify abnormalities in the numbers and characteristics of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) and abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
3. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the urine.
4. Immunofixation: This test is used to identify the type of antibody produced by myeloma cells and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
5. Bone marrow biopsy: A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and determine the extent of the disease.
6. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to assess the extent of bone damage or other complications of multiple myeloma.
7. Genetic testing: Genetic testing may be used to identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with multiple myeloma and to monitor the response of the disease to treatment.

It's important to note that not all patients with MGUS or smoldering myeloma will develop multiple myeloma, and some patients with multiple myeloma may not have any symptoms at all. However, if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or have a family history of multiple myeloma, it's important to talk to your doctor about your risk and any tests that may be appropriate for you.

The exact cause of OFC is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations and environmental factors such as trauma or infection. The disorder typically affects the long bones of the arms and legs, as well as the spine and skull.

Symptoms of OFC can vary depending on the location and size of the cysts, but may include:

* Bone pain
* Weakness or fatigue
* Limited mobility
* Fractures or deformities
* Swelling or redness around the affected area

Diagnosis of OFC is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for OFC include:

* Observation: Small cysts that are not causing any symptoms may not require treatment.
* Surgery: Large cysts can be removed through surgical procedures such as cyst fenestration or cyst excision.
* Medications: Pain medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and bisphosphonates may be used to manage symptoms and prevent further bone damage.

Prognosis for OFC varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the response to treatment. In general, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

The exact cause of Osteitis Deformans is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition typically affects people over the age of 50, and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Osteitis Deformans can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Pain in the affected bone, which can be aching or sharp
* Stiffness and limited mobility in the affected joint
* Deformity of the bone, such as curvature or thickening
* Fatigue and tiredness
* Increased risk of fractures

The diagnosis of Osteitis Deformans is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and blood tests to rule out other conditions.

There is no cure for Osteitis Deformans, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. Treatment options may include:

* Pain medication
* Physical therapy to maintain mobility and strength
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected bone
* Surgery to correct deformities or repair fractures
* Medications to prevent or treat complications such as osteoporosis.

It is important for individuals with Osteitis Deformans to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and maintain a good quality of life. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with Osteitis Deformans are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Essential osteolysis is a rare genetic disorder that affects the bones and is characterized by progressive bone resorption, resulting in bone loss and deformity. It is caused by mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the regulation of bone metabolism.

The symptoms of essential osteolysis typically begin in early childhood and may include bone pain, bowing or curvature of the limbs, short stature, and increased risk of fractures. The disorder can also lead to secondary effects such as joint contractures, muscle weakness, and spinal deformities.

There is no cure for essential osteolysis, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing further bone loss. This may include physical therapy, braces or orthotics, pain management medications, and in some cases, surgery to correct deformities or stabilize weakened bones.

Essential osteolysis is a rare condition, affecting only about 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. It is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and the exact prevalence is not well understood. However, with advances in genetic testing and medical imaging, early diagnosis and proper management of the condition are becoming more common.

There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a benign tumor in one of the parathyroid glands, while secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by another condition that leads to overproduction of PTH, such as kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can include:

* High blood calcium levels
* Bone loss or osteoporosis
* Kidney stones
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland)
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Headaches

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism usually involves surgery to remove the affected parathyroid gland or glands. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms before surgery. It is important for individuals with hyperparathyroidism to receive prompt medical attention, as untreated hyperparathyroidism can lead to serious complications such as heart disease and kidney failure.

The main difference between primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and secondary HPT is the underlying cause of the disorder. In primary HPT, the overactive parathyroid glands are due to a genetic mutation or an autoimmune response, while in secondary HPT, the overactivity is caused by another condition or medication that affects vitamin D levels.

The symptoms of SHPT are similar to those of primary HPT and may include:

* Bone pain or weakness
* Osteoporosis or osteopenia
* Kidney stones or other kidney problems
* High blood pressure
* Headaches
* Fatigue
* Nausea or vomiting
* Increased urination

SHPT can be diagnosed with a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and replacing vitamin D deficiency with supplements. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove part or all of the parathyroid glands.

While SHPT is rare, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this condition in patients who present with symptoms suggestive of HPT but have normal imaging studies and no family history of the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

In summary, secondary hyperparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency in vitamin D that leads to overactive parathyroid glands and an imbalance in calcium levels. It can cause a range of symptoms, including bone pain, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, and kidney problems. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and replacing vitamin D deficiency with supplements. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

Examples of spontaneous fractures include:

1. Pathological fractures: Fractures that occur in the presence of a bone-weakening condition such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or bone cancer.
2. Stress fractures: Small cracks in the bone that occur due to repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in athletes or individuals engaged in high-impact activities.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Osteoporotic fractures: Fractures that occur due to bone loss and weakening associated with osteoporosis.
5. Frailty fractures: Fractures that occur in individuals who are frail or have a low bone mineral density, often seen in older adults.

Symptoms of spontaneous fractures may include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for these fractures depends on the underlying cause and may involve immobilization, medication, or surgery.

1. Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands (which regulate calcium levels in the body) are underactive, leading to low blood calcium levels and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
2. Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands are overactive, leading to high blood calcium levels and an increased risk of bone damage.
3. Hypothyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland (which regulates metabolism) is underactive, leading to slowed growth and development, as well as an increased risk of osteoporosis.
4. Hyperthyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive, leading to accelerated bone resorption and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
5. Cushing's syndrome: A condition caused by excessive levels of cortisol (a hormone produced by the adrenal glands), which can lead to osteoporosis, bone pain, and other bone abnormalities.
6. Adrenogenital syndrome: A rare condition caused by excessive levels of androgens (male hormones) in women, leading to virilization (the development of male characteristics) and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
7. Familial hypophosphatemic rickets: A rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of phosphate, leading to softening of the bones and other skeletal abnormalities.
8. Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors in the endocrine system can affect the bones and cause bone diseases, such as osteitis fibrosa (a benign tumor of the adrenal gland that can cause bone pain and deformity).
9. Paget's disease of bone: A chronic bone disorder characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to enlarged or deformed bones and an increased risk of fractures.
10. Chronic kidney disease: Prolonged exposure to high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic kidney disease can lead to an increased risk of bone disease, including osteitis fibrosa and hyperparathyroidism.

These are just some examples of the many conditions that can cause bone diseases. It is important to note that each condition has its unique set of symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. If you suspect you or someone you know may have a bone disease, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management.

Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, usually due to inadequate sunlight exposure, breastfeeding, or a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D. It can also be caused by certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, or by taking certain medications that interfere with vitamin D production.

Symptoms of rickets may include:

* Bowed legs or other deformities of the bones
* Pain in the bones and joints
* Softening of the bones (osteomalacia)
* Difficulty walking or standing
* delayed tooth development
* Frequent infections

If rickets is suspected, a doctor may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as X-rays or blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves correcting any underlying nutritional deficiencies and managing any related health issues. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged bones.

Prevention is key in avoiding rickets, so it's important for parents to ensure their children are getting enough vitamin D and calcium through a balanced diet and adequate sunlight exposure. In regions with limited sunlight, fortified foods such as milk and cereal can be helpful. Breastfeeding mothers may need to supplement their diets with vitamin D to ensure their babies are getting enough.

The symptoms of hypercalcemia may include:

* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weakness
* Constipation
* Abdominal pain
* Kidney stones
* Bone pain or fractures

If left untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to complications such as kidney damage, heart problems, and an increased risk of osteoporosis. Treatment options may include medications to reduce calcium levels, surgery to remove a tumor or overactive parathyroid gland, or dialysis if the patient has kidney failure.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term complications and improve the patient's quality of life.

Osteonecrosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Trauma or injury to the bone
* Blood vessel disorders, such as blood clots or inflammation
* Certain medications, such as corticosteroids
* Alcohol consumption
* Avascular necrosis can also be a complication of other conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease.

There are several risk factors for developing osteonecrosis, including:

* Previous joint surgery or injury
* Family history of osteonecrosis
* Age, as the risk increases with age
* Gender, as women are more likely to be affected than men
* Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and alcoholism.

Symptoms of osteonecrosis can include:

* Pain in the affected joint, which may worsen over time
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joint
* Swelling or redness in the affected area
* A grinding or cracking sensation in the joint.

To diagnose osteonecrosis, a doctor may use a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans to evaluate the bone and joint. Treatment options for osteonecrosis depend on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Conservative management with pain medication and physical therapy
* Bone grafting or surgical intervention to repair or replace the damaged bone and joint.

The exact cause of FDB is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, and environmental factors. The condition typically affects individuals during childhood or adolescence, and the symptoms can vary in severity and progression.

Some common features of FDB include:

1. Painful bone deformities: FDB can cause bony outgrowths or deformities that are painful and can limit joint mobility.
2. Limited mobility: The deformities caused by FDB can lead to limited range of motion in the affected limbs, making it difficult to perform everyday activities.
3. Fractures: The abnormal bone tissue is prone to fracture, which can be painful and may require surgical intervention.
4. Difficulty with weight-bearing: The deformities and fractures caused by FDB can make it difficult for individuals to bear weight on the affected limbs, leading to difficulty walking or standing.
5. Cosmetic concerns: The bony deformities and outgrowths associated with FDB can cause cosmetic concerns for individuals, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood.

Treatment options for FDB vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, surgery to correct bone deformities or remove affected tissue, and physical therapy to improve mobility and strength. In severe cases, FDB can lead to complications such as infection, nerve compression, and bone cancer, which require prompt medical attention.

Overall, fibrous dysplasia of bone is a rare and complex condition that can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life and may require long-term management and treatment.

The word "osteopetrosis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "petros," meaning rock or stone. This name reflects the dense and hard nature of the bones affected by the disorder.

Osteopetrosis can be caused by mutations in several genes that are involved in bone development and growth. The condition is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disorder. However, some cases may be caused by spontaneous mutations or other factors.

Symptoms of osteopetrosis can vary depending on the severity of the disorder and the specific affected bones. Common symptoms include bone pain, limited mobility, and an increased risk of fractures. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, and difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Treatment for osteopetrosis usually involves a combination of medications and surgery. Medications such as bisphosphonates and denintuzumab mafodotin can help reduce bone pain and the risk of fractures, while surgery may be necessary to correct deformities or repair broken bones. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells.

Overall, osteopetrosis is a rare and debilitating disorder that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Some common types of calcium metabolism disorders include:

1. Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels): This can be caused by a deficiency in dietary calcium intake, malabsorption of calcium, or excessive urinary excretion of calcium. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, tremors, and tingling sensations in the fingers and toes.
2. Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels): This can be caused by an overactive parathyroid gland, cancer, or excessive intake of vitamin D. Symptoms can include fatigue, nausea, constipation, and kidney stones.
3. Osteoporosis: This is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that can lead to fractures. It is often associated with hormonal imbalances, vitamin D deficiency, or other factors that disrupt calcium metabolism.
4. Hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid gland): This is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated calcium levels and potential complications such as kidney stones, bone loss, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb vitamin D and maintain normal calcium levels. It can lead to softening of the bones and other skeletal deformities.
6. Familial hypophosphatemic rickets type 1: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate phosphate levels, leading to softening of the bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Tumor-induced osteomalacia: This is a condition in which cancerous tumors, typically found in the lung or breast, produce high levels of proteins that interfere with the body's ability to absorb vitamin D and maintain normal calcium levels. It can lead to softening of the bones and other skeletal deformities.
8. Chronic kidney disease: This is a condition in which the kidneys are not functioning properly, leading to elevated levels of phosphate and other waste products in the blood. It can lead to softening of the bones and other complications such as heart disease.
9. Paget's disease of bone: This is a condition that affects the way bones grow and repair themselves, leading to deformities and pain. It is often associated with inflammation and elevated levels of calcium in the blood.
10. Chronic alcoholism: Prolonged heavy drinking can lead to deficiencies in vitamin D and calcium, as well as other nutrients that are essential for bone health. It can increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their function over time, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body. Also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Prevalence:

Chronic kidney failure affects approximately 20 million people worldwide and is a major public health concern. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 5 adults has CKD, with African Americans being disproportionately affected.

Causes:

The causes of chronic kidney failure are numerous and include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
2. Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
3. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
4. Interstitial nephritis: Inflammation of the tissue between the kidney tubules.
5. Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
6. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder that causes cysts to grow on the kidneys.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase blood pressure and strain on the kidneys.
8. Family history: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing chronic kidney failure.

Symptoms:

Early stages of chronic kidney failure may not cause any symptoms, but as the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
2. Swelling: In the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Poor appetite: Loss of interest in food.
5. Difficulty concentrating: Cognitive impairment due to the buildup of waste products in the brain.
6. Shortness of breath: Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
7. Pain: In the back, flank, or abdomen.
8. Urination changes: Decreased urine production, dark-colored urine, or blood in the urine.
9. Heart problems: Chronic kidney failure can increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

Diagnosis:

Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: Waste products in the blood that increase with decreased kidney function.
2. Electrolyte levels: Imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus can indicate kidney dysfunction.
3. Kidney function tests: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine the level of kidney function.
4. Urinalysis: Examination of urine for protein, blood, or white blood cells.

Imaging studies may include:

1. Ultrasound: To assess the size and shape of the kidneys, detect any blockages, and identify any other abnormalities.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: To provide detailed images of the kidneys and detect any obstructions or abscesses.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment:

Treatment for chronic kidney failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. The goals of treatment are to slow progression of the disease, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

1. Medications: To control high blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, reduce proteinuria, and manage anemia.
2. Diet: A healthy diet that limits protein intake, controls salt and water intake, and emphasizes low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.
3. Fluid management: Monitoring and control of fluid intake to prevent fluid buildup in the body.
4. Dialysis: A machine that filters waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Transplantation: A kidney transplant may be considered for some patients with advanced chronic kidney failure.

Complications:

Chronic kidney failure can lead to several complications, including:

1. Heart disease: High blood pressure and anemia can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Bone disease: A disorder that can lead to bone pain, weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Electrolyte imbalance: Imbalances of electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium can cause muscle weakness, heart arrhythmias, and other complications.
5. Infections: A decrease in immune function can increase the risk of infections.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure, anemia, and other complications can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pain: Chronic kidney failure can cause pain, particularly in the back, flank, and abdomen.
9. Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common complications.
10. Depression and anxiety: The emotional burden of chronic kidney failure can lead to depression and anxiety.

There are several types of osteosclerosis, including:

1. Juvenile osteosclerosis: A rare condition that affects children and adolescents, characterized by abnormal bone growth and development.
2. Paget's disease of bone: A chronic disorder that causes enlarged and deformed bones due to excessive bone resorption and formation.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones, blue sclerae, and other physical abnormalities.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, leading to an overgrowth of bone tissue.
5. Chronic kidney disease: A condition in which the kidneys do not function properly, leading to an imbalance of minerals in the body that can cause bone abnormalities.

The symptoms of osteosclerosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joints
* Weakness or fatigue
* Fractures or breaks in the affected bone
* Abnormal bone growth or deformity

Treatment for osteosclerosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Medications such as bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, or surgery may be recommended to manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. In some cases, physicians may recommend lifestyle modifications such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding substances that can harm the bones, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

In conclusion, osteosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and hardening of the bones, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent further damage to the bones.

Treatment for uremia typically involves dialysis or kidney transplantation to remove excess urea from the blood and restore normal kidney function. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms such as high blood pressure, anemia, or electrolyte imbalances.

The term "uremia" is derived from the Greek words "oura," meaning "urea," and "emia," meaning "in the blood." It was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe a condition caused by excess urea in the blood. Today, it remains an important diagnostic term in nephrology and is often used interchangeably with the term "uremic syndrome."

Some common types of Jaw Diseases include:

1. Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJD): This is a collective term for a group of conditions that affect the TMJ and the surrounding tissues, causing pain and limited movement in the jaw.
2. Osteoarthritis: A condition where the cartilage in the joint deteriorates, leading to bone-on-bone contact and pain.
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that can affect the TMJ and cause inflammation, pain, and limited movement.
4. Osteoporosis: A condition where the bones become weak and brittle, which can lead to fractures in the jawbone.
5. TMJ Dislocation: When the ball and socket joint becomes dislocated, it can cause pain and limited movement in the jaw.
6. TMJ Locking: When the joint becomes locked, it can prevent movement and cause pain.
7. TMJ Clicking: A condition where the joint makes a clicking or popping sound when opening or closing the mouth.
8. Paroxysmal TMJ Dysfunction: A condition where the jaw muscles become inflamed and cause spasms, leading to limited movement and pain.
9. Craniomandibular Disorder: A condition that affects the alignment of the upper and lower teeth and the jawbone, causing pain and limited movement.
10. Occlusal Disease: A condition where the teeth do not fit together properly, leading to wear and tear on the TMJ and surrounding tissues.

These Jaw Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or misalignment of the teeth. Treatment options for Jaw Diseases range from conservative methods such as physical therapy and medication to more invasive procedures like surgery or joint replacement.

Examples of infectious bone diseases include:

1. Osteomyelitis: This is a bacterial infection of the bone that can cause pain, swelling, and fever. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Bacterial arthritis: This is an infection of the joints that can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is often caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Tuberculosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
4. Pyogenic infections: These are infections caused by Pus-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause osteomyelitis and other bone infections.
5. Fungal infections: These are infections caused by fungi such as Aspergillus or Candida that can infect the bones and cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections such as HIV, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 can cause bone infections like osteomyelitis.
7. Mycobacterial infections: These are infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
8. Lyme disease: This is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
9. Endometriosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus and can cause pain, inflammation, and bone damage.
10. Bone cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the bones and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.

These are just some of the possible causes of bone pain, and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Bone fractures: The most common symptom of OI is an increased risk of fractures, which can occur with minimal trauma or even without any apparent cause.
2. Dental problems: People with OI may have poorly formed teeth, tooth decay, and gum disease.
3. Short stature: Many individuals with OI are short in stature, due to the effects of chronic fractures and pain on growth and development.
4. Muscle weakness: Some people with OI may experience muscle weakness, particularly in the limbs.
5. Joint problems: OI can cause issues with joint mobility and stability, leading to arthritis and other degenerative conditions.
6. Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine is common in people with OI, which can lead to back pain and respiratory problems.
7. Blue sclerae: A distinctive feature of OI is the presence of blue-colored sclerae (the white part of the eye).
8. Other symptoms: Some people with OI may experience hearing loss, vision problems, and delayed development.

There are several types of OI, each caused by a mutation in a specific gene. The most common forms of OI are type I, type II, and type III. Type I is the mildest form and type III is the most severe. There is no cure for OI, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

1. Bracing and orthotics: To support weakened bones and improve posture.
2. Physical therapy: To maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Pain management: To reduce the risk of chronic pain and improve quality of life.
4. Dental care: Regular dental check-ups and appropriate treatment to prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
5. Respiratory care: To manage breathing problems and prevent respiratory infections.
6. Monitoring for hearing loss: Regular hearing tests to detect any hearing loss and provide appropriate intervention.
7. Early intervention: To help children with OI develop skills and abilities to their full potential.
8. Genetic counseling: For families with a history of OI, to understand the risks and implications for future pregnancies.

It's important for people with OI to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications. With proper care and support, many people with OI can lead active and fulfilling lives.

The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.

Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.

In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:

* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer

Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

During menopause, the levels of estrogen in the body decrease significantly, which can lead to a loss of bone density and an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis include:

* Family history of osteoporosis
* Early menopause (before age 45)
* Poor diet or inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake
* Sedentary lifestyle or lack of exercise
* Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants
* Other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and liver or kidney disease.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, which can determine the density of bones and detect any loss of bone mass. Treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis typically involve a combination of medications and lifestyle changes, such as:

* Bisphosphonates, which help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which can help to replace the estrogen that is lost during menopause and improve bone density
* Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which mimic the effects of estrogen on bone density but have fewer risks than HRT
* RANK ligand inhibitors, which can help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogues, which can help to increase bone density and improve bone quality.

It is important for women to discuss their individual risks and benefits with their healthcare provider when determining the best course of treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Additionally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding substances that can harm bone health (such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption) can also help to manage the condition.

There are several types of bone cysts, including:

1. Simple bone cysts: These are the most common type of bone cyst and typically occur in children and young adults. They are filled with air or fluid and do not contain any cancerous cells.
2. Angiomatous cysts: These are smaller than simple bone cysts and are usually found near the ends of long bones. They are also filled with blood vessels and do not contain any cancerous cells.
3. Unicameral (simple) bone cysts: These are similar to simple bone cysts but are larger and may be more complex in shape.
4. Multicameral bone cysts: These are larger than unicameral bone cysts and may contain multiple chambers filled with air or fluid.
5. Enchondromas: These are benign tumors that occur within the cartilage of a bone. They are usually found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
6. Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that occur in the cartilage of a bone. They are typically found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
7. Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the cartilage and bone of a joint. They are usually found near the ends of long bones.
8. Malignant bone cysts: These are rare and can be cancerous. They may occur in any bone of the body and can be aggressive, spreading quickly to other areas of the body.

The symptoms of bone cysts can vary depending on their size and location. They may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. In some cases, they may also lead to fractures or deformities.

Diagnosis of bone cysts usually involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions.

Treatment for bone cysts depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require any treatment, while larger cysts may need to be drained or surgically removed. In some cases, medication such as bisphosphonates may be used to help reduce the risk of fractures.

In conclusion, bone cysts are abnormalities that can occur in any bone of the body. They can be benign or malignant and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests, and treatment may involve observation, draining, or surgical removal.

Causes of Hypophosphatemia
-----------------------

There are several possible causes of hypophosphatemia, including:

1. Malnutrition or a poor diet that is deficient in phosphorus.
2. Gastrointestinal disorders such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or gastrointestinal surgery.
3. Kidney problems such as chronic kidney disease, renal tubular acidosis, or distal renal tubular phosphate loss.
4. Hormonal imbalances such as hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands) or hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands).
5. Medications such as diuretics, antacids, and certain antibiotics.
6. Chronic alcoholism.
7. Genetic disorders such as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets or familial hypophosphatemic rickets.

Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia
-------------------------

The symptoms of hypophosphatemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness, fatigue, or muscle cramps.
2. Bone pain or joint stiffness.
3. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the extremities.
5. Seizures or other neurological symptoms.
6. Respiratory problems such as shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
7. Heart arrhythmias or cardiac failure.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypophosphatemia
---------------------------------------

Hypophosphatemia can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of phosphate in the blood. Treatment for hypophosphatemia typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping medications that may be causing the condition or treating underlying medical conditions.

In some cases, treatment may involve supplements to increase phosphate levels in the blood. Vitamin D and calcium supplements may also be prescribed to help maintain bone health. In severe cases of hypophosphatemia, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis and Complications of Hypophosphatemia
-----------------------------------------------

The prognosis for hypophosphatemia is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated promptly. However, untreated hypophosphatemia can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Osteomalacia or osteoporosis.
2. Rickets in children.
3. Weakened immune system.
4. Increased risk of infections.
5. Nerve damage or neuropathy.
6. Cardiovascular problems such as heart arrhythmias or cardiac failure.
7. Respiratory failure.
8. Kidney damage or kidney failure.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as hypophosphatemia can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Conclusion
----------

Hypophosphatemia is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of factors and may present with symptoms such as weakness, bone pain, and respiratory problems. Treatment typically involves correcting any underlying causes and supplements to increase phosphate levels in the blood.

Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications of hypophosphatemia, which can include osteomalacia or osteoporosis, nerve damage, cardiovascular problems, respiratory failure, and kidney damage. If you suspect you may have hypophosphatemia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

The symptoms of MSK can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* High blood pressure
* Kidney pain
* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Decreased kidney function
* Increased risk of kidney failure

The exact cause of MSK is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations that affect the development and growth of the kidneys. The condition is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but can sometimes be present at birth.

There is no cure for MSK, but treatment options may include:

* Medications to control high blood pressure and slow the progression of kidney disease
* Dialysis to filter waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so
* Kidney transplantation

The prognosis for MSK is generally poor, with a median survival age of around 50 years. However, with appropriate treatment and management, some individuals with MSK can live into their 60s or 70s.

In summary, Medullary Sponge Kidney is a rare and inherited kidney disorder characterized by cysts in the medulla of the kidneys, which can cause chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and other complications. While there is no cure for MSK, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Nephrolithiasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, diet, dehydration, and certain medical conditions such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease. The most common types of kidney stones are made of calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, or other substances.

Symptoms of nephrolithiasis can include severe pain in the side or back, nausea and vomiting, fever, chills, and blood in the urine. Treatment options for nephrolithiasis depend on the size and location of the kidney stones, as well as the severity of the symptoms.

Small stones may pass on their own with plenty of fluids, while larger stones may require medication or surgical intervention to remove them. In some cases, nephrolithiasis may lead to complications such as chronic kidney disease or sepsis, which can be life-threatening.

Preventative measures for nephrolithiasis include staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water, limiting salt and animal protein intake, and managing underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes. If you suspect you have a kidney stone, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Some common causes of hypocalcemia include:

1. Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium from the diet. A lack of vitamin D can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood.
2. Parathyroid gland disorders: The parathyroid glands are located in the neck and regulate calcium levels in the blood. Disorders such as hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands) or hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands) can cause hypocalcemia.
3. Malabsorption: Certain conditions, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease, can lead to malabsorption of nutrients, including calcium.
4. Kidney problems: Kidney failure can cause hypocalcemia by reducing the amount of calcium that is excreted in the urine.
5. Hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium): Magnesium is important for calcium metabolism, and low levels of magnesium can contribute to hypocalcemia.

Symptoms of hypocalcemia can include:

1. Muscle cramps
2. Weakness
3. Twitching or tremors
4. Seizures
5. Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes
6. Difficulty swallowing
7. Palpitations
8. Headaches
9. Fatigue
10. Depression

Treatment for hypocalcemia usually involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition. For example, if the condition is caused by a vitamin D deficiency, supplements may be prescribed. If the condition is caused by a parathyroid gland disorder, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected gland or glands. In some cases, calcium supplements may be prescribed to help restore normal calcium levels.

It's important to note that hypocalcemia can be a sign of an underlying condition, and it should be treated promptly to prevent complications. If you suspect you or someone you know may have hypocalcemia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can diagnose the condition and recommend appropriate treatment.

MGUS is relatively common, especially among older adults, and it often has no symptoms. However, some people with MGUS may experience fatigue, weakness, or bone pain. The condition is usually detected during a routine blood test that measures the level of M-protein in the blood.

There are several risk factors for developing MGUS, including age (it is more common among older adults), family history of multiple myeloma, and certain medical conditions such as hypertension or type 2 diabetes. The exact cause of MGUS is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations that occur in plasma cells.

Doctors use several criteria to diagnose MGUS, including the level of M-protein in the blood, the amount of other proteins in the blood, and the presence of certain abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow. Treatment for MGUS is typically observation and monitoring, as there is no specific therapy that can cure the condition. However, doctors may recommend treatment for any underlying medical conditions that are contributing to the development of MGUS.

The prognosis for MGUS varies depending on several factors, including the level of M-protein in the blood, the presence of certain abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow, and the patient's overall health status. In some cases, MGUS may progress to multiple myeloma over time, but this is not always the case.

Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the femur, which is the longest bone in the human body and runs from the hip joint to the knee joint. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their impact on the affected individual can range from minimal to severe.

Types of Femoral Neoplasms:

There are several types of femoral neoplasms, including:

1. Osteosarcoma: This is a type of primary bone cancer that originates in the femur. It is rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
2. Chondrosarcoma: This is another type of primary bone cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the femur. It is more common than osteosarcoma and affects mostly older adults.
3. Ewing's Sarcoma: This is a rare type of bone cancer that can occur in any bone, including the femur. It typically affects children and young adults.
4. Giant Cell Tumor: This is a benign tumor that occurs in the bones, including the femur. While it is not cancerous, it can cause significant symptoms and may require surgical treatment.

Symptoms of Femoral Neoplasms:

The symptoms of femoral neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain: Patients with femoral neoplasms may experience pain in the affected leg, which can be worse with activity or weight-bearing.
2. Swelling: The affected limb may become swollen due to fluid accumulation or the growth of the tumor.
3. Limited mobility: Patients may experience limited mobility or stiffness in the affected joint due to pain or swelling.
4. Fracture: In some cases, femoral neoplasms can cause a fracture or weakening of the bone, which can lead to further complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Neoplasms:

The diagnosis of femoral neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies and biopsy. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, can help identify the location and extent of the tumor. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment for femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure that they do not grow or change over time.
2. Surgery: Many femoral neoplasms can be treated with surgery to remove the tumor and any affected bone tissue. In some cases, this may involve removing a portion of the femur or replacing it with a prosthetic implant.
3. Radiation therapy: This may be used in combination with surgery to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
4. Chemotherapy: This may also be used in combination with surgery and radiation therapy to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
5. Targeted therapy: This is a type of chemotherapy that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the tumor. Examples include denintuzumab mafodotin, which targets a protein called B-cell CD19, and olaratumab, which targets a protein called platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-alpha).
6. Immunotherapy: This is a type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Examples include pembrolizumab and nivolumab, which are checkpoint inhibitors that work by blocking proteins on T cells that prevent them from attacking cancer cells.

The prognosis for patients with femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with benign tumors than those with malignant ones. However, even for patients with malignant tumors, there are many treatment options available, and the prognosis can vary depending on the specifics of the case.

It's important to note that these are general treatment options and the best course of treatment will depend on the specifics of each individual case. Patients should discuss their diagnosis and treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate course of action for their specific situation.

The term "osteomyelitis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "myelitis," meaning inflammation of the spinal cord. The condition is caused by an infection that spreads to the bone from another part of the body, such as a skin wound or a urinary tract infection.

There are several different types of osteomyelitis, including:

1. Acute osteomyelitis: This type of infection occurs suddenly and can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Chronic osteomyelitis: This type of infection develops slowly over time and is often caused by bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. Pyogenic osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by bacteria that enter the body through a skin wound or other opening.
4. Tubercular osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is often associated with tuberculosis.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis can include fever, chills, fatigue, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to fight the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged bone.

Preventing osteomyelitis involves taking steps to avoid infections altogether, such as practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated against certain diseases, and seeking medical attention promptly if an infection is suspected.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia:

There are several possible causes of hyperphosphatemia, including:

1. Kidney disease or failure: The kidneys regulate the levels of phosphate in the blood, and if they are not functioning properly, phosphate levels can become elevated.
2. Resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH): PTH is a hormone that helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. If there is resistance to PTH, phosphate levels can become elevated.
3. Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of phosphate from food in the gut. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to an excessive amount of phosphate in the blood.
4. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antacids and nutritional supplements, can contain high levels of phosphate and cause hyperphosphatemia.
5. Poor dietary habits: Consuming a diet that is high in phosphate-rich foods, such as meat and processed foods, can lead to elevated phosphate levels in the blood.

Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia:

The symptoms of hyperphosphatemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Bone pain or weakness
2. Fatigue
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Weakness in the muscles
5. Rickets (in children)
6. Osteoporosis (in adults)
7. Kidney damage or failure

Diagnosis of Hyperphosphatemia:

Hyperphosphatemia is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level of phosphate in the blood. Other tests may also be performed to assess kidney function and rule out other potential causes of elevated phosphate levels. These tests may include:

1. Serum creatinine test: This test measures the level of creatinine, a waste product that is produced by the muscles and removed from the blood by the kidneys. Elevated levels of creatinine can indicate kidney damage or failure.
2. Urine test: A urine test may be performed to check for proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), which can be a sign of kidney damage.
3. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) test: This test measures the level of PTH, a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Elevated levels of PTH can indicate hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH.
4. 24-hour urine phosphate test: This test measures the amount of phosphate excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period.

Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia:

The treatment of hyperphosphatemia depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Here are some possible treatment options:

1. Phosphate-binding agents: These medications, such as sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, bind to phosphate in the gut and prevent it from being absorbed into the bloodstream.
2. Calcium supplements: Calcium can help to lower phosphate levels by binding to it and removing it from the bloodstream.
3. Dietary changes: A dietitian can work with you to develop a meal plan that limits phosphate-rich foods, such as meat, dairy products, and processed foods, while emphasizing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
4. Dialysis: In cases where the condition is caused by kidney failure, dialysis may be necessary to remove excess phosphate from the blood.
5. Surgery: In cases where the condition is caused by a parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected gland(s).

It's important to note that hyperphosphatemia can lead to complications such as mineral bone disease, which can cause weakened bones, bone pain, and an increased risk of fractures. Therefore, it's important to work with your healthcare provider to manage the condition and prevent these complications.

There are several types of phosphorus metabolism disorders, including:

1. Hypophosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as malnutrition, kidney disease, or hormonal imbalances. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia can include fatigue, weakness, and bone pain.
2. Hyperphosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by conditions such as kidney disease or excessive intake of phosphorus-containing foods. Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia can include nausea, vomiting, and an increased risk of kidney stones.
3. Fanconi syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb and utilize phosphorus. It is characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood, as well as other symptoms such as rickets, bone pain, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. X-linked hypophosphatemic tumor-induced osteomalacia (XLH): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects males and is characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood and an increased risk of bone fractures. It is caused by mutations in the TNS1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in phosphorus metabolism.
5. Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO): This is a rare disorder that is caused by tumors that produce excessive amounts of a hormone called fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). This hormone interferes with the body's ability to absorb phosphorus, leading to low levels of phosphorus in the blood and an increased risk of bone fractures.
6. Chronic kidney disease: In advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, the kidneys may not be able to effectively remove excess phosphorus from the blood, leading to hyperphosphatemia.
7. Heart disease: High levels of phosphorus in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, including conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart failure.
8. Kidney damage: Prolonged exposure to high levels of phosphorus in the blood can damage the kidneys and increase the risk of kidney disease.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of conditions that can cause hyperphosphatemia, and there may be other causes as well. If you suspect that you or someone you know has hyperphosphatemia, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several different types of calcinosis, each with its own unique causes and symptoms. Some common forms of calcinosis include:

1. Dystrophic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs in people with muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that affect muscle strength and function. Dystrophic calcinosis can cause calcium deposits to form in the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
2. Metastatic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and cause calcium deposits to form. Metastatic calcinosis can occur in people with a variety of different types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer.
3. Idiopathic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs for no apparent reason, and the exact cause is not known. Idiopathic calcinosis can affect people of all ages and can cause calcium deposits to form in a variety of different tissues.
4. Secondary calcinosis: This type of calcidosis occurs as a result of an underlying medical condition or injury. For example, secondary calcinosis can occur in people with kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism (a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone), or traumatic injuries.

Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve managing the underlying disease or condition that is causing the calcium deposits to form. Other treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and surgery to remove the calcium deposits.

Maxillary diseases refer to any conditions or disorders that affect the maxilla, which is the bone that forms the upper jaw and holds the teeth in place. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty opening or closing the mouth. Some common maxillary diseases include:

1. Maxillary sinusitis: Inflammation of the air-filled cavities within the maxilla bone, often caused by infection or allergies.
2. Maxillary fracture: A break in the bone that can be caused by trauma, such as a fall or a blow to the face.
3. Cysts and tumors: Non-cancerous growths that can develop in the maxilla bone, often causing pain and swelling.
4. Dacryostenosis: A blockage of the tear ducts, which can cause tears to build up and overflow from the eyes.
5. Orbital cellulitis: Inflammation of the tissues around the eye, often caused by bacterial infection.
6. Subperiosteal abscess: An accumulation of pus beneath the periosteum, the thin layer of tissue that covers the surface of the bone.
7. Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone and bone marrow, often caused by bacteria or other microorganisms.
8. Osteoma: A benign tumor made up of bone tissue, often found in the maxilla bone.
9. Pyogenic granuloma: A type of non-cancerous growth that develops in response to infection.
10. Fibrous dysplasia: A condition where abnormal development of fibrous tissue causes deformity and pain.

These maxillary diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, injury, genetics, and autoimmune disorders. Treatment options vary depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the disease, but may include antibiotics, surgery, or other medications.

There are several types of RTA, including:

1. Type 1 RTA: This is caused by a defect in the genes that code for the proteins involved in acid secretion in the renal tubules.
2. Type 2 RTA: This is caused by damage to the renal tubules, such as from exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
3. Type 4 RTA: This is caused by a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone, which helps regulate electrolyte levels in the body.

Symptoms of RTA can include:

* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Dehydration
* Increased heart rate
* Decreased urine production

RTA can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the pH levels in the body, as well as tests that assess kidney function and electrolyte levels. Treatment for RTA typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping certain medications or addressing electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help regulate acid levels in the body.

Prevention of RTA includes maintaining proper hydration, avoiding exposure to harmful substances, and managing any underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of developing RTA. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for individuals with RTA.

These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms such as pain, swelling, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment options for bone marrow neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Here are some examples of bone marrow neoplasms:

1. Osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the bone-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

2. Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the cartilage-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

3. Myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells produce antibodies to fight infections, but with myeloma, the abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of antibodies that can cause a variety of symptoms.

4. Ewing's sarcoma: A rare malignant tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

5. Askin's tumor: A rare malignant tumor that arises from the fat cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

These are just a few examples of the many types of bone marrow neoplasms that can occur. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a bone marrow neoplasm, such as pain or swelling in the affected area, fatigue, fever, or weight loss. A healthcare professional can perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

Vitamin D deficiency can occur due to several reasons, including:

1. Limited sun exposure: Vitamin D is produced in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. People who live in regions with limited sunlight, such as far north or south latitudes, may experience vitamin D deficiency.
2. Poor dietary intake: Vitamin D is found in few foods, such as fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified dairy products. People who follow a restrictive diet or do not consume enough of these foods may develop vitamin D deficiency.
3. Inability to convert vitamin D: Vitamin D undergoes two stages of conversion in the body before it becomes active. The first stage occurs in the skin, and the second stage occurs in the liver. People who have a genetic disorder or certain medical conditions may experience difficulty converting vitamin D, leading to deficiency.
4. Certain medications: Some medications, such as anticonvulsants and glucocorticoids, can interfere with vitamin D metabolism and lead to deficiency.
5. Increased demand: Vitamin D deficiency can occur in people who have high demands for vitamin D, such as pregnant or lactating women, older adults, and individuals with certain medical conditions like osteomalacia or rickets.

Vitamin D deficiency can cause a range of health problems, including:

1. Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
2. Rickets (a childhood disease that causes softening of the bones)
3. Increased risk of fractures
4. Muscle weakness and pain
5. Fatigue and malaise
6. Depression and seasonal affective disorder
7. Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis
8. Cardiovascular disease
9. Certain types of cancer, such as colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer

If you suspect you may have a vitamin D deficiency, it's important to speak with your healthcare provider, who can diagnose the deficiency through a blood test and recommend appropriate treatment. Treatment for vitamin D deficiency typically involves taking supplements or increasing exposure to sunlight.

The main symptoms of HPP include:

1. Difficulty swallowing and breathing due to respiratory muscle weakness
2. Severe bone weakening and deformities, such as bowed legs, pigeon chest, and clubfoot
3. Tooth decay and loss of teeth at an early age
4. Dental caries and enamel hypoplasia
5. Delayed growth and development
6. Increased risk of fractures
7. Soft and weak muscles
8. Intellectual disability

The diagnosis of HPP is based on a combination of clinical findings, radiologic studies (such as X-rays), and laboratory tests to measure enzyme activity. Treatment for HPP typically involves managing the symptoms and preventing complications, such as:

1. Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility
2. Orthotics and assistive devices to support weakened bones and joints
3. Pain management with medications
4. Regular dental care to prevent tooth decay and gum disease
5. Nutritional supplements to ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
6. Surgery to correct skeletal deformities or repair fractures
7. Respiratory support with ventilation devices as needed.

The prognosis for HPP is generally poor, with many individuals experiencing significant disability and shortened lifespan. However, early diagnosis and appropriate management can improve quality of life and reduce the risk of complications.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.

In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

Some common types of spinal diseases include:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine wear down over time, leading to pain and stiffness in the back.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a condition where a vertebra slips out of place, either forward or backward, and can cause pressure on nearby nerves and muscles.
5. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.
6. Spinal infections: These are infections that can affect any part of the spine, including the discs, vertebrae, and soft tissues.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spine, either primary ( originating in the spine) or metastatic (originating elsewhere in the body).
8. Osteoporotic fractures: These are fractures that occur in the spine as a result of weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
9. Spinal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the spine, either as a result of injury or as a congenital condition.
10. Spinal degeneration: This is a general term for any type of wear and tear on the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration.

If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Surgery is often necessary to treat bone cysts, aneurysmal, and the type of surgery will depend on the size and location of the cyst. The goal of surgery is to remove the cyst and any associated damage to the bone. In some cases, the bone may need to be repaired or replaced with a prosthetic.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are relatively rare and account for only about 1% of all bone tumors. They can occur in people of any age but are most commonly seen in children and young adults. Treatment is usually successful, but there is a risk of complications such as infection or nerve damage.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are also known as bone aneurysmal cysts or BACs. They are different from other types of bone cysts, such as simple bone cysts or fibrous dysplasia, which have a different cause and may require different treatment.

Overall, the prognosis for bone cysts, aneurysmal is generally good if they are treated promptly and effectively. However, there is always a risk of complications, and ongoing follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to monitor for any signs of recurrence or further problems.

The symptoms of chronic renal insufficiency can be subtle and may develop gradually over time. They may include fatigue, weakness, swelling in the legs and ankles, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty concentrating. As the disease progresses, patients may experience shortness of breath, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease.

Chronic renal insufficiency is diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level of waste products in the blood, such as creatinine and urea. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound and CT scans, may also be used to evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment for chronic renal insufficiency focuses on slowing the progression of the disease and managing its symptoms. This may include medications to control high blood pressure, diabetes, and anemia, as well as dietary changes and fluid restrictions. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of chronic renal insufficiency involves managing underlying conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, and avoiding substances that can damage the kidneys, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption. Early detection and treatment of kidney disease can help prevent the progression to chronic renal insufficiency.

Chondrocalcinosis is a type of calcifying disorder, which is a group of conditions characterized by the deposition of minerals such as calcium and phosphate in soft tissues. This condition can affect various joints in the body, including the hips, knees, shoulders, and elbows.

In this article, we will explore the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of chondrocalcinosis. We will also discuss the surgical procedures used to treat this condition and the potential complications that can arise.

Definition of Chondrocalcinosis:

Chondrocalcinosis is a medical term that refers to the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals within cartilage. This condition is also known as chondromalacia or calcifying joint disease. It is a type of calcifying disorder, which affects the cartilage in various joints throughout the body.

Causes of Chondrocalcinosis:

The exact cause of chondrocalcinosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to aging, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Some risk factors for developing chondrocalcinosis include:

Age: The risk of developing chondrocalcinosis increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Family history: People with a family history of chondrocalcinosis are more likely to develop the condition.

Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: These conditions can increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, can increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Symptoms of Chondrocalcinosis:

The symptoms of chondrocalcinosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the joints affected. Common symptoms include:

Pain: Pain is one of the most common symptoms of chondrocalcinosis, particularly in the affected joint.

Stiffness: Joint stiffness and limited range of motion can also occur as a result of chondrocalcinosis.

Swelling: Swelling in the affected joint is another common symptom of chondrocalcinosis.

Redness: The affected joint may become red and warm to the touch due to inflammation.

Crepitus: Crepitus, or a grinding sensation, may be felt in the affected joint as a result of the calcium pyrophosphate crystals rubbing against each other.

Treatment of Chondrocalcinosis:

There is no cure for chondrocalcinosis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the condition. These may include:

Pain relief medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help maintain joint mobility and strength.

Joint injections: Injecting corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid into the affected joint can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain.

Surgery: In severe cases of chondrocalcinosis, surgery may be necessary to remove the calcium pyrophosphate crystals or repair damaged tissue.

Prevention of Chondrocalcinosis:

There is no guaranteed way to prevent chondrocalcinosis, but there are several measures that can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. These may include:

Maintaining a healthy weight: Excessive weight can put additional strain on the joints and increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Staying active: Regular exercise can help maintain joint mobility and strength, reducing the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Wearing protective gear: Wearing protective gear such as knee pads or elbow pads when engaging in activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints can help reduce the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Avoiding excessive stress on the joints: Avoiding activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints, such as heavy lifting or bending, can help reduce the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Early diagnosis and treatment of chondrocalcinosis can help manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the condition. If you suspect you may have chondrocalcinosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

... replacement of phosphate often corrects or improves the metabolic bone disorder. Metabolic bone disease in captive reptiles is ... Metabolic bone disease is an abnormality of bones caused by a broad spectrum of disorders. Most commonly these disorders are ... McWilliams, D. A.; Leeson, S. (2001). "METABOLIC BONE DISEASE IN LIZARDS: PREVALENCE AND POTENTIAL FOR MONITORING BONE HEALTH ... For example, genetic or hereditary hypophosphatemia may cause the metabolic bone disorder osteomalacia. Although there is ...
and other metabolic bone diseases. He has published over 400 scholarly articles and has delivered numerous prestigious ... He is the Director of the Centre for Bone and Periodontal Research and also holds the position of Senior Scientist at the ... He has been Director of the Centre for Advanced Bone and Periodontal Research, as well as Director of the Calcium Research ... He received the Lawrence G. Raisz Award (inaugural) of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) in 2010, the ...
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a collective term for several common diseases/illnesses that can be fatal and is probably the ... "Metabolic Bone Disease MDB". Bearded Dragons World. July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2022. "Bearded Dragon Egg Bound". Bearded ... Hypocalcemia is most often tied to metabolic bone disease. Low levels of calcium can result in twitching muscles, or seizures. ... Bearded dragons require UVB to enable vitamin D3 synthesis and to prevent illnesses like metabolic bone disease. Vitamin D3 is ...
Metabolic Bone and Stone Disease. BEC Nordin, AG NEED, HA Morris: Churchill Livingstone, 1993. p 328-9 Principles and Practice ... The three-phase bone scan may be the most sensitive method of detecting early heterotopic bone formation. However, an ... Bone. 2022 Feb;155:116287. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116287. PMID 34896358. Morley, John; Marsh, Sarah; Drakoulakis, Emmanuil; ... Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton in muscles and soft tissue. In ...
The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research ( JBMR) , JBMRPlus, and the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of ... Burning bone fat a key to better bone health". Science Daily. 18 May 2017. "Why are our bones full of fat? The secrets of bone ... Wronski TJ, Morey ER (1982-01-01). "Skeletal abnormalities in rats induced by simulated weightlessness". Metabolic Bone Disease ... high-fat diets induces low bone mineral density and reduces bone formation in rats". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 25 ( ...
Other common causes include metabolic bone diseases (e.g. Paget's disease of bone), post-Perthes deformity, osteomyelitis, and ... It can also occur when the bone tissue in the neck of the femur is softer than normal, causing it to bend under the weight of ... This may either be congenital or the result of a bone disorder. The most common cause of coxa vara is either congenital or ... It is most commonly a sequela of osteogenesis imperfecta, Pagets disease, osteomyelitis, tumour and tumour-like conditions (e.g ...
Gatti D, Viapiana O, Idolazzi L, Fracassi E, Adami S (2009). "Neridronic acid for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases". ... In Italy it is used to treat Osteogenesis imperfecta and Paget's disease of bone. A 2013 clinical trial suggests CRPS Type I ( ...
Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research. 5 (4): 206. doi:10.1016/0221-8747(84)90034-1. ISSN 0221-8747. Frootko, N. J. (1985 ... In 1984 Frootko, working with James Triffitt (now Emeritus Professor of Bone Metabolism in Oxford), was able to demonstrate new ... bone formation in human demineralised allograft ossicles used to reconstruct the ossicular chain. Unfortunately this and all ... using allografts were abandoned in 1987 because of the potential risk of transmission of HIV and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from ...
Brickley, Megan; Ives, Rachel (2008). The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease. Burlington: Elsevier. pp. 41-44. ISBN ... The leaves are rich in vitamin C, which cures scurvy, a deficiency disease resulting from a lack of fresh vegetables in the ... The first-century writer Pliny the Elder (A.D. 23-79) writes in his Naturalis Historia (Natural History) about a disease ... Packer, Lester; Fuchs, Jürgen (1997). Vitamin C in health and disease. New York: M. Dekker. pp. 11-17. ISBN 978-0824793135. ...
... the iguana develops Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD). Metabolic Bone Disease causes soft bones, stunted growth, permanent bone ... Kaplan, Melissa (April 19, 2007). "Identification and treatment of metabolic bone disease". Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care ... and subsequently will develop metabolic bone disease which is fatal if not treated. In some locales, iguanas are considered ... deformities, frequent broken bones, loss of limbs and ultimately, death. Although they will consume a wide variety of foods if ...
Page 117 in Barbara N. W. Weissman (2009). Imaging of Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN ... The distances between the bones in the ankle are normally as follows: Talus - medial malleolus: 1.70 ± 0.13 mm Talus - tibial ... but most of the span of the Ahlbäck system focused at various degrees of bone defect or loss, and it is therefore less useful ... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 96 (14): 1145-1151. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.00929. ISSN 0021-9355. PMC ...
Weissman, Barbara N (2009). Imaging of Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-323- ... Weissman, Barbara N. (2009). Imaging of arthritis and metabolic bone disease. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 18. ISBN ... A bone scan or bone scintigraphy /sɪnˈtɪɡrəfi/ is a nuclear medicine imaging technique of the bone. It can help diagnose a ... Person undergoing a bone scan on the skull A patient undergoing a SPECT bone scan. Although bone scintigraphy generally refers ...
Imaging of arthritis and metabolic bone disease. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 679. ISBN 978-0-323-04177-5. Retrieved 5 ... Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder (not a disease by itself), but it can be classed as a ... Mariani, Laura (2007). "The Renal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 23 (1): 22 ... hyperthyroidism hypopituitarism Conn's disease hyperglycaemia Circulation congestive heart failure cardiorespiratory disease ...
ISBN 1-4051-0386-8. Rosen CJ (2008-11-18). Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. John ... September 2007). "Bone metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer: impact of early 131I-based detection on outcome". Endocrine ... Any increased physiological function, such as a fracture in the bone, will usually mean increased concentration of the tracer. ... By chemically attaching technetium-99m to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for ...
Charles, Julia F.; Siris, Ethel S.; Roodman, G. David (2018). "Paget Disease of Bone". Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases ... and does not spread from bone to bone. Rarely, a bone affected by Paget's disease can transform into a malignant bone cancer. ... Paget's Disease of Bone Overview - NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center (Webarchive template ... Paget's disease of bone is the second most common metabolic bone disorder, after osteoporosis. The overall prevalence and ...
Rosen, Clifford J. (2008-11-18). Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. John Wiley and Sons ... Imaging is not as reliable in patients with multiglandular parathyroid disease. In addition, size limitation of the abnormal ...
... hypercalcemia associated with tumors or metabolic bone disease; porphyria. Contraindications: Mammary tumors; estrogen- ... Dosage: 80 mg every 4-8 weeks I.M. Precautions/Warnings: Biliary tract disease; endometriosis; uterine fibroma; ...
Ultimately, these hormonal changes in body; such as function of thyroid, parathyroid, liver and kidney disrupts metabolic ... An endocrine bone disease is a bone disease associated with a disorder of the endocrine system. An example is osteitis fibrosa ... There are many bone disorders such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, hypothyroidism. Although there are many forms of bone ... The cells of our bone that is involved in bone formation and bone breakdown is osteoblast and osteoclast respectively. ...
Avioli, Louis V.; Krane, Stephen M. (2013). Metabolic Bone Disease, Volume 2. Academic Press. p. 520. ISBN 9781483267920. Tomar ... Chalkstick fractures are particularly common in Paget's disease of bone, and osteopetrosis. It is also seen in cases of fused ... Chalkstick fractures are fractures, typically of long bones, in which the fracture is transverse to the long axis of the bone, ... A healthy long bone typically breaks like a hard woody stick as the collagen in the matrix adds remarkable flexibility to the ...
"Chronic kidney disease associated with decreased bone mineral density, uric acid and metabolic syndrome". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): ... In many cases bone mineral density can increase and return to the normal range given proper metabolic control and calcium ... The specific etiology of low bone mineral density in GSD is not known, though it is strongly associated with poor metabolic ... Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is an inherited disease that results in the liver being unable to properly break down ...
Metabolic Bone Disease in Historical Captive Primates". Int J Primatol. 36 (2): 398-411. doi:10.1007/s10764-015-9831-7. S2CID ... "BBC Four - Secrets of Bones". Bbc.co.uk. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017. Ben Garrod at IMDb "BBC One - ... Coates, Liz (25 January 2014). "TV stardom beckons for Great Yarmouth 'bone man' Ben Garrod - Norfolk evolutionary biologist ... Secrets of Bones and Secrets of Skin on BBC Four. He has also presented numerous short films on the One Show. He has delivered ...
Feeding kākā has resulted in metabolic bone disease in kākā chicks. In 2016 80% of the kākā chicks being monitored by the ... Hunter, S.A.; Alley, M.R.; Lenting, B.M. (2017). "Metabolic Bone Disease in North Island Kaka, Nestor meridionalis ... Wellington City Council died from this disease. There have also been instances of kākā nesting in the roofs of houses. BirdLife ...
The measurement of regional bone metabolism is critical to understand the pathophysiology of metabolic bone diseases. Bone ... Bone. 134: 115267. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115267. ISSN 8756-3282. PMID 32058018. Messa, C. (1993-10-01). "Bone metabolic ... Do bone uptake and bone plasma clearance provide equivalent measurements of bone turnover?". Bone. 49 (3): 537-542. doi:10.1016 ... "Coupling of porcine bone blood flow and metabolism in high-turnover bone disease measured by [15O]H2O and [18F]fluoride ion ...
... they can experience severe pain and/or deformities from diseases such as metabolic bone disease. Along with UVB, a blue tegu ... a calcium deficiency can lead to metabolic bone disease, which can be fatal. Tegus are notorious egg predators which makes them ... a single frontal bone and two parietal bones separated by the sagittal suture. Biomechanical analyses suggest the posterior ... "Argentine Black and White Tegu , FWC". Hoff, Gerald (6 December 2012). Diseases of Amphibians and Reptiles. Springer Science & ...
... inherited metabolic bone disease. Clinical symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from the rapidly fatal, perinatal variant, with ... Whyte MP (September 2017). "Hypophosphatasia: An overview For 2017". Bone. Rare Bone Diseases. 102: 15-25. doi:10.1016/j.bone. ... DXA may show abnormal bone mineral density which may correlate with disease severity, although bone mineral density in HPP ... or ALP-rich serum from patients with Paget's bone disease, was not beneficial. Phase 2 clinical trials of bone targeted enzyme- ...
Juvenile veiled chameleons in captivity often develop nutritional metabolic bone disease but will not develop it if fed dietary ... "Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease in Juvenile Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and Its Prevention". The Journal of ... Odontoblasts produce a layer of predentin that connects the dentine to the supporting bone with both tooth and bone protruding ... This makes chameleons useful in providing information to study the molecular interaction at the tooth-bone interface in ...
2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of the occurrence of a metabolic bone disease in the Cretan deer population, ... Evidence for a devastating metabolic bone disease in an insular Pleistocene deer". International Journal of Paleopathology. 24 ... 2019). A study on the morphology of the limb bones of caviomorph rodents from the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, ... 2019). A study on the anatomy of three tarsal bones of Eocene caviomorph rodents from Peruvian Amazon, and on their ...
The metabolic bone disease is a product of lack of UVB light and calcium. Natural light gives off vitamin D3. This vitamin is ... 14, 52-53). Addition issues that can occur in tame dragons are vitamin A deficiency and metabolic bone disease. Vitamin A ... The disease can cause soft bones and muscle cramping (Langerwerf, 2006, p. 54-55). According to Langerwerf, signs of an ...
August 2015). "Evidence for Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Associated With Metabolic Pathway Changes". ... Due to the lower iPTH levels achieved by the use of this drug, it is possible that adynamic bone disease could occur at levels ... Etelcalcetide is used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on ...
He has high interest in kidney stones, post transplant bone disease and, metabolic bone disease. "Stuart M. Sprague, DO". ... is a chief of the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and a founder of Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic. In 1995 he joined ... NorthShore University HealthSystem and before that was a director of both the University of Chicago's Renal Bone Program and ...
... Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine at The National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information ... Rapid weight gain Moodiness, irritability, or depression Muscle and bone weakness Memory and attention dysfunction Osteoporosis ... While all Cushing's disease gives Cushing's syndrome, not all Cushing's syndrome is due to Cushing's disease. Several possible ... "Cushing's Syndrome". National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS). July 2008. Archived from the ...
Increased mtDNA damage is a feature of several neurodegenerative diseases. The brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease ... mtDNA may be present in bones, teeth, or hair, which could be the only remains left in the case of severe degradation. In ... Lehmann G, Segal E, Muradian KK, Fraifeld VE (April 2008). "Do mitochondrial DNA and metabolic rate complement each other in ... Bonda DJ, Wang X, Lee HG, Smith MA, Perry G, Zhu X (April 2014). "Neuronal failure in Alzheimer's disease: a view through the ...
Pors Nielsen, S. (2004). "The biological role of strontium". Bone. 35 (3): 583-588. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026. PMID ... Authors: Nielsen, Forrest H. USDA, ARS Source: Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors, Maurice E. Shils ... et al. ... A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Metabolic and Dietary Correlates". Nutrients. 12 (8): 2489. doi:10.3390/nu12082489. PMC 7468710. ... Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of ...
... which shows potential in the treatment of diseases that negatively affect muscles and bones. A common, negative effect of SARMs ... Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 12 (3): 232-240. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832a3d79. PMC 2907129. PMID ... Affects both muscle and bone LGD-3303 S-40503 - Selective for bone tissue, particularly low virilization, intended for ... Theoretically, diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be treated with SARMs in which mice had gained muscle mass, ...
... familial Cardiomyopathy hypogonadism metabolic anomalies Cardiomyopathy spherocytosis Cardiomyopathy, fatal fetal, due to ... syndrome Cystathionine beta synthetase deficiency Cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung Cystic angiomatosis of bone, diffuse ... Marie-Tooth disease type 1A Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1C Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ... Marie-Tooth disease type 2C Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4A Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ...
The disease often resolves completely on its own, but is typically treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to ... Some theories involve the differentiation of tendon cells into other cells, namely cartilages or bone cells. Others associate ... and metabolic disorders that also cause kidney stones, gallstones, and gout. Occupations that consist of repetitive overhead ... For those with symptoms, the symptoms vary based on the phase of the disease. In the initial "formative phase" when the calcium ...
Members of this group include Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry disease, Krabbe disease, Gaucher disease, Tay-Sachs disease, ... A lipid storage disorder (or lipidosis) is any one of a group of inherited metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of fats ... Furthermore, gene therapies and bone marrow transplantation may prove to be effective for certain lipid storage disorders. Diet ... Xanthomatosis Niemann-Pick disease "Lipid Storage Diseases Fact Sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ...
In the skeletal muscles connected to tendons that pull on bones, the mysia fuses to the periosteum that coats the bone. ... Coronary artery disease (narrowed coronary arteries) Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart ... Based on their contractile and metabolic phenotypes, skeletal muscle can be classified as slow-oxidative (Type I) or fast- ... Contraction of the muscle will transfer to the mysia, then the tendon and the periosteum before causing the bone to move. The ...
Underlying kidney disease is a risk factor for MAS, but even people with healthy kidneys can develop the syndrome. For a ... Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by elevated blood calcium levels, metabolic alkalosis, and acute kidney injury. Milk- ... bones, and lungs. If ingestion of calcium and alkali is continued, neurologic symptoms such as memory loss, personality changes ... In the early years after the discovery of milk-alkali syndrome, the prevalence of the disease among people treated with Sippy's ...
... is also used as interventional therapy in people with nodular thyroid disease or thyroid cancer to suppress TSH ... T4 and T3 bind to thyroid receptor proteins in the cell nucleus and cause metabolic effects through the control of DNA ... suppression of TSH values below normal values frequently cause cardiac side effects and contribute to decreases in bone mineral ... For older people (over 50 years old) and people with known or suspected ischemic heart disease, levothyroxine therapy should ...
... liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer. Also, total iron binding capacity may be low, but can also be normal. In males and ... Rosenzweig, P. H.; Volpe, S. L. (March 1999). "Iron, thermoregulation, and metabolic rate". Critical Reviews in Food Science ... hemolysis within the bone marrow) Multiple frequent blood transfusions (either whole blood or just red blood cells), which are ... In theory, the disease initially evolved from travelers migrating from the north. Surveys show a particular distribution ...
Normally, the bone age is the same as the biological age but for some people, it is older. For many people with advanced bone ... Gastrointestinal diseases that impair nutrition, such as inflammatory bowel disease and celiac can affect growth, can also be a ... metabolic disorders or chromosomal anomalies are characterized by proportionate short stature. On the other hand, most genetic ... Many other conditions can also delay the growth rate, including hypothyroidism, heart disease, kidney disease, immunological ...
Calcium also plays a part in bone structure as the rigidity of vertebrae bone matrices are akin to the nature of the calcium ... Yamori M, Njelekela M, Mtabaji J, Yamori Y, Bessho K (2011-08-04). "Hypertension, periodontal disease, and potassium intake in ... which are necessary for metabolic functions and antioxidant responses. Manganese plays a significant role in host defense, ... September 2021). "Metallobiology and therapeutic chelation of biometals (copper, zinc and iron) in Alzheimer's disease: ...
The HIF stabilizer activates the activity of EPO due to anemia induced hypoxia, metabolic stress, and vasculogenesis-the ... Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer (HIF stabilizer) is a pharmaceutical used to treat chronic kidney disease. Like most ... is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney that signal for erythropoiesis in bone marrow ...
... immunological and allergic diseases Musculoskeletal diseases, biomechanics and sports medicine Metabolic diseases Research ... Institute Molecular Regenerative Medicine Molecular Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine Neurointervention Tendon and Bone ... Nursing Science and Practice Pharmacology und Toxicology Pharmacy Physiology und Pathophysiology Hereditary Metabolic Diseases ...
1. Leukemia's: such as Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 2. Lymphomas: non hodking's Lymphoma, Lymph proliferative disease 3. Bone ... Thalassemia 6.Immune Deficiencies disease 7. Metabolic problem 8.Blood cell disorders 9.Histocytosis problem… etc.Besides, ... The use of blood stem cells has emerged as a potentially curative option for the treatment of several diseases, including blood ... For example - Diabetes, Brain injuries etc disease. Officially opened on 28 September 2005 by Health Minister Mr. Khaw Boon Wan ...
Metabolic and endocrine diseases: diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney failure, porphyria, amyloidosis, liver failure, ... bone degeneration, and changes in the skin, hair, and nails. Additionally, motor neuropathy may cause impaired balance and ... Genetic diseases: Friedreich's ataxia, Fabry disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hereditary neuropathy with liability to ... Immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Infections: leprosy, lyme disease, ...
Shah AV, Bennett MR (2017). "DNA damage-dependent mechanisms of ageing and disease in the macro- and microvasculature". Eur. J ... Lehmann, Gilad; Segal, Elena; Muradian, K. Muradian; Fraifeld, Vadim E. (2008). "Do mitochondrial DNA and metabolic rate ... "SRT2104 extends survival of male mice on a standard diet and preserves bone and muscle mass". Aging Cell. 13 (5): 787-96. doi: ... Ames, B. N.; Shigenaga, M. K.; Hagen, T. M. (September 1993). "Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging ...
... specifically with regards to bone metastases, local control of the disease, and to limit spinal cord compression. A ... Metabolic Disorders. 8 (4): 309-20. doi:10.1007/s11154-007-9055-z. PMID 17914676. S2CID 6009557. Liao WB, Liu CF, Chiang CW, ... disease 10% of patients have extra-adrenal (paraganglioma) disease 10% of patients have inherited (familial disease) Despite ... "Rare Disease Day 2021 - 28 Feb". Rare Disease Day - 28 Feb 2021. Retrieved 2020-08-26. "Home". NORD (National Organization for ...
This leaves the body practically devoid of virgin T cells, which makes it more prone to a variety of diseases. shift in the ... This is due to the accumulation of oxidative damage to DNA by aging and cellular metabolic activity and telomeric shortening. ... "Enhanced differentiation of splenic plasma cells but diminished long-lived high-affinity bone marrow plasma cells in aged mice ... Ginaldi L, Loreto MF, Corsi MP, Modesti M, De Martinis M (August 2001). "Immunosenescence and infectious diseases". Microbes ...
Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a disease of the bone marrow that can be caused by some mutations in the telomerase subunits. In ... 2018). "TA-65, A Telomerase Activator improves Cardiovascular Markers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome". Current ... in patients with bone marrow failure". Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 34 (3): 257-63. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.12.008. PMID ... However, the genes that have mutated in these diseases all have roles in the repair of DNA damage and the increased DNA damage ...
Metabolic syndrome has been associated with harmful effects with fertility. People with metabolic syndrome can have high ... CDC (2020-03-24). "PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) and Diabetes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2020- ... there are concerns surrounding long-term aromatase inhibitor therapy due to its effect on bone health. It is common practise ... Metabolic syndrome is a dysfunction of energy utilization and storage. It is diagnosed based on having at least three of the ...
... either disease or malnutrition). During this time, bone mineralization continues, but growth does not, or does so at very ... and a combination of metabolic and physiological processes. While δ18O values from bone minerals are essentially an averaged ... bones and the age estimate becomes less precise as the bone gets older. The bones then become categorized as either 'young' (20 ... When using bones to determine age, there might be problems that you might face. Until the age of about 30, the human bones are ...
host disease. The specific cell-surface markers for Tr1 cells in humans and mice are CD4+ CD49b+LAG-3+ CD226+ from which LAG-3+ ... Metabolic disruption: Tr1 cells can express ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 and are suspected of generating adenosine which ... Bone Marrow Transplantation. 37 (2): 207-212. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705218. ISSN 0268-3369. PMID 16284610. (Wikipedia articles ... Phase I/II of clinical trials of Tr1 cell treatment concerning Crohn's disease have been successful and appear to be safe and ...
In 2013, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) reported a reduced risk of visual loss and a reduced risk of disease ... Bone, R. A.; Landrum, J. T.; Friedes, L. M.; Gomez, C. M.; Kilburn, M. D.; Menendez, E.; Vidal, I.; Wang, W. (1997-02-01). " ... Bhosale, Prakash; Serban, Bogdan; Zhao, Da You; Bernstein, Paul S. (2007-08-07). "Identification and metabolic transformations ... Bone, R. A.; Landrum, J. T.; Hime, G. W.; Cains, A.; Zamor, J. (1993-05-01). "Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids ...
The metabolic rate of an individual animal is also subject to scaling. In plotting an animal's basal metabolic rate (BMR) ... Therefore, this hypothetical organism would experience twice the bone and muscle loads of its smaller version. This mismatch ... GDP, "supercreative" employment, number of inventors, crime, spread of disease, and even pedestrian walking speeds scale with ... The metabolic scope for an animal is the ratio of resting and maximum rate of metabolism for that particular species as ...
2014) Habitual chewers of betel leaf and areca nut have a greatly increased risk of developing a range of serious diseases, ... Lin, Shih-Hua (2002). "Hypercalcaemia and metabolic alkalosis with betel nut chewing:emphasis on its integrative ... and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the eighth century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and ... Areca nut consumption is also tied to chronic kidney disease in men as well as reports of milk-alkali syndrome. In 2003 the ...
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Center (CVMC) Queen Sirikit Medical Center (QSMC), serving as a center for advanced projects, e.g ... bone marrow transplantation project It also houses modern operating rooms and intensive care units. The third building is ... Center Minimal Invasive Endoscopic Surgery Center Elderly Care Unit Center Child Development Center Complicated Diseases ...
The astragalus bone (ankle bone) was separated from the tibia and the calcaneum, and formed half of the socket for the fibula. ... Affecting juvenile birds that have experienced malnutrition, this disease can cause pain in one limb, which makes the birds ... Unidirectional breathing indicates relatively high metabolic rates and therefore high levels of activity, indicating that ... These bones were coossified together (fusion during bone tissue formation), so the sutures between them cannot be determined. ...
... particularly inflammatory conditions such as Crohns disease and their associated treatments in … ... Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that are common complications in patients with intestinal failure. These may ... Metabolic bone diseases in intestinal failure P J Allan 1 , S Lal 2 3 ... Metabolic bone diseases in intestinal failure P J Allan et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020 Jun. ...
Contribution of metabolic disease to bone fragility in MAGP1-deficient mice S E Turecamo 1 , T A Walji 2 , T J Broekelmann 3 , ... Contribution of metabolic disease to bone fragility in MAGP1-deficient mice S E Turecamo et al. Matrix Biol. 2018 Apr. ... cortical bone thinning and bone fragility. The goal of this study was to assess whether the Mfap2-/- bone phenotypes were due ... cortical bone thickness and bone strength in Mfap2Prx-/- mice were normal. These findings implicate systemic metabolic ...
The Metabolic Bone Disease X-linked Hypophosphatemia: Case Presentation, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology by Jon Vincze ... Vincze, J.; Skinner, B.W.; Tucker, K.A.; Conaway, K.A.; Lowery, J.W.; Hum, J.M. The Metabolic Bone Disease X-linked ... Vincze, J.; Skinner, B.W.; Tucker, K.A.; Conaway, K.A.; Lowery, J.W.; Hum, J.M. The Metabolic Bone Disease X-linked ... "The Metabolic Bone Disease X-linked Hypophosphatemia: Case Presentation, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology" Life 11, no. 6: 563 ...
Combined Technique for the Correction of Lower-Limb Deformities Resulting from Metabolic Bone Disease. Mehmet Kocaoglu, MD, ... Reconstruction of lower-limb deformities resulting from metabolic bone disease is a challenging task for the orthopaedic ... This method allows for earlier removal of the external fixator while the intramedullary nail protects the regenerated bone from ...
5.4 Metabolic Bone Diseases Patients with metabolic bone diseases other than osteoporosis should not be treated with ... 5.3 Bone Metastases and Skeletal Malignancies 5.4 Metabolic Bone Diseases 5.5 Hypercalcemia and Hypercalcemic Disorders 5.6 ... Patients with bone metastases, history of skeletal malignancies, metabolic bone diseases other than osteoporosis, or ... Pagets disease of bone. Unexplained elevations of alkaline phosphatase may indicate Pagets disease of bone. ...
... evaluation of its potential in targeted delivery and treatment of metabolic bone diseases and orthopedic conditions. ... Moreover, studies have indicated that Lf can rescue dysregulated bone remodeling in osteoporotic conditions by stimulating bone ... indicating their potential as therapeutic agents for bone-related diseases. Nonetheless, the active concentration of Lf in ... providing insight into the roles of Lf in bone remodeling and the potential use of Lf as a therapeutic target for bone ...
Bone Diseases, Metabolic -- diagnosis , Paleopathology -- methods , Bone Diseases, Metabolic -- history , Bone Diseases, ... The bioarchaeology of metabolic bone disease / Megan Brickley and Rachel Ives. By: Brickley, MeganContributor(s): Ives, Rachel ... Metabolic -- etiology , Avitaminosis -- complicationsDDC classification: 616.71009 NLM classification: 2008 K-106 , WD 200 ...
Analysis of the osteoclast methylome for characterisation of epigenetic mechanisms underlying metabolic bone disease. *Mullin, ...
... of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) is a unique ... of Endocrinology and Metabolism at UAMS and the founder and director of the Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease ... Her current research focus is on the effects of anti-oxidant defense mechanisms on bone health and disease. ... and his work focuses on the molecular control osteoclastogenesis and bone turnover in health and disease. Dr. OBrien is the ...
Use SelfDecode to get personalized health recommendations based on your genes. Get started today with an existing DNA file or order a SelfDecode DNA kit!
Metabolic diseases and neurogenetics; bone growth and skeletal dysplasia; endocrine oncology; regenerative medicine and stem ... National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Infectious diseases including TB, neglected tropical diseases, malaria, ... National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases- Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and skin diseases ... Development of medications for treatment of diseases/disorders of addiction. ...
Approximately 1 in 65,000 children develops end-stage renal disease (ESRD) each year. Before the 1950s, this condition was ... Metabolic bone disease * Reliability of the childs social situation Contraindications. There are few absolute ... Patients with hepatitis- and HIV-related kidney disease may receive a transplant once they no longer have active disease. ... Nuorti JP, Whitney CG, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and ...
Metabolic diseases and neurogenetics; bone growth and skeletal dysplasia; endocrine oncology; regenerative medicine and stem ... National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Infectious diseases including TB, neglected tropical diseases, malaria, ... National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases- Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and skin diseases ... Development of medications for treatment of diseases/disorders of addiction. ...
Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease. An integrated programme of clinical and laboratory research in this area is currently ... including rare metabolic bone disorders such as hypophosphatasia.. Point of Care Testing. We are interested in the use of ... Biochemical and molecular Genetics of the porphyrias, dyslipidaemias and other metabolic disorders. Biochemical Investigation ... In addition, specific mutation scanning methods for a range of other metabolic disorders including monogeneic ...
Read why veterinarians have shifted away from using metabolic bone disease as a diagnosis for reptiles and what the real-world ... What exactly is metabolic bone disease?. Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a weakening of the bones due to loss of mineralization ... Why We No Longer Diagnose "Metabolic Bone Disease" in Reptiles. Read why metabolic bone disease is an incomplete term ... Unfortunately, metabolic bone disease is an incomplete term that addresses only the end-stage aspect of a more involved disease ...
Bone Diseases, Metabolic;. Melorheostosis Investigational Drug(s). None Investigational Device(s). None ... low bone density, asymmetric overgrowth of long bone OR Apparently unaffected, healthy family members of individuals with a ... Investigations of Bone-Related Connective Tissue Disorders. This study is NOT currently recruiting participants. ... Individuals with a suspected bone-related connective tissue disorder, as indicated by signs including, but not limited to, ...
Bone Diseases, Metabolic. Bone and Bones/metabolism*. Publication Type(s):. Periodical. Notes:. Numbering from contents page.. ... Bone reports. NLM Title Abbreviation:. Bone Rep. Title(s):. Bone reports.. Publication Start Year:. 2015. Country of ... https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/bone-reports. In:. PubMed: v4, 2016-. PMC. Current Indexing Status:. Not currently ...
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break (fracture). ... Thin bones; Low bone density; Metabolic bone disease; Hip fracture - osteoporosis; Compression fracture - osteoporosis; Wrist ... Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease.. Osteoporosis increases the risk of breaking a bone. About one half of ... Other times, bone loss and thin bones run in families. In general, white, older women are the most likely to have bone loss. ...
WHO Collaborating Centre on Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Sheffield. Pg 197. Available at: http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/ ... Femoral neck bone mineral density was obtained from DXA femur file.. All participants were assigned "no" for secondary ... and femoral neck bone mineral density (FRAX®). ...
Learn the symptoms, causes & complications of this bone disorder. ... Pagets disease is a disorder that causes bones to grow too ... Endocrinologists, who treat hormonal and metabolic disorders.. *Rheumatologists, who treat joint and muscle disorders. ... Bone scan. A bone scan is a test that helps doctors identify which bones are affected by Pagets disease. The test may help ... Who treats Pagets disease?. Pagets disease can affect many parts of the body. You may need to see more than one type of ...
Contributors to secondary osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases must be detected and treated appropriately. ... In osteoporotic patients, long-term mobility and weight-bearing exercises are important to help maintain and improve bone ...
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break (fracture). ... Thin bones; Low bone density; Metabolic bone disease; Hip fracture - osteoporosis; Compression fracture - osteoporosis; Wrist ... Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease.. Osteoporosis increases the risk of breaking a bone. About one half of ... Other times, bone loss and thin bones run in families. In general, white, older women are the most likely to have bone loss. ...
... chronic kidney disease; diabetes; and endocrinologic, immunologic, ophthalmologic , and metabolic bone diseases. Extramural ... NDSI-IEM Federal Partners Meeting: In January 2011, NIH convened a meeting of federal partners to engage the metabolic disease ... Catalog of the IEM and their treatments that are most important to the metabolic disease research community to understand the ... ODS with FDA, other NIH Institutes and Centers, and metabolic disease clinicians and researchers have published an article ...
Categories: Bone Diseases, Metabolic Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
... discusses the importance of integrating early detection of chronic kidney disease in primary care settings. ... Screen for complications of kidney disease including anemia, malnutrition, and metabolic bone disease ... The disease often goes undetected even though two simple tests-glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ... The Front Lines of Chronic Kidney Disease Screening and Care. May 16, 2018. 0 Comments ...
Control of bone remodeling by nervous system. Bone metabolic changes in neurological diseases].. Ishizaki F; Koyama T; ... 1. [Bone changes in Parkinsons disease].. Ishizaki F; Harada T; Katayama S; Abe H; Nakamura S. No To Shinkei; 1993 Aug; 45(8): ... Pathological bone density in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases--prevalence and risk factors].. Von Tirpitz C; Pischulti G; ... A pilot study on the impact of body composition on bone and mineral metabolism in Parkinsons disease.. Fernández MC; Parisi MS ...
IBD and Metabolic Bone disease in Beaumont hospital Author(s). Ashraf Monged, Conan Reilly, Jun Chin Liong, Dr Aobhlinn OToole ... Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of osteoporosis.The BSG guidelines recommend measuring ... Crohns disease DEXA Normal Osteopenic Osteoporosis Total 9 9 5 24 Gender M/F 4M/5F 7M/2F 2M/3F Age below 50/above 50 8(3M, 5F ... extensive small bowel disease or resection, age, smoking, low physical activity and nutritional deficiencies.(2) ...
A Model for Human Bone Diseases. Yuji Mishina. E-328-2008. Metabolic, Oncology. Research Tool. ... Metabolic, Immunology, Oncology. Research Tool. Transgenic Mice with Conditionally-Enhanced Bone Morphogen Protein (BMP) ... Infectious Disease, Immunology. Therapeutic. Antagonists of Hyaluronan Signaling for Treatment of Airway Diseases. Stavros ... Novel Methods for Reducing Inflammation and Treating Diseases such as Parkinsons and Alzheimers Disease. Jau-Shyong Hong. E- ...
Calcitriol is used to treat and prevent low levels of calcium and bone disease in patients whose ... metabolic bone disease in ... Mineral and Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) ... kidney-disease/mineral-bone-disorder - External Health Links ... mineral and bone disorder, CKD-MBD, renal osteodystrophy, ... Calcitriol topical is used to treat mild to moderate plaque psoriasis (a skin disease in which red, ... and children 2 years of ...
  • The Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) is a unique academic research facility, dedicated to the study of osteoporosis and its treatment. (uams.edu)
  • The faculty of the center has a combined research experience of almost 200 years, has a collective record of more than 1,000 publications, and it represents a highly synergistic team with complimentary expertise in molecular and cellular biology, molecular genetics, the biology of bone as a tissue, and the clinical diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. (uams.edu)
  • The goal of the research of the center is to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of the bone fragility syndrome of osteoporosis, and develop optimal therapies for its treatment. (uams.edu)
  • Through interrelated projects supported by shared cores, the investigators of the center work to elucidate the cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms that underlie loss of bone and strength, search for the mechanism of existing therapies, and develop novel ones for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. (uams.edu)
  • Stavros C. Manolagas, M.D., Ph.D., is the Director of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at UAMS and the founder and director of the Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease Disorders. (uams.edu)
  • He joined the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Osteoporosis Center in August 1994 from the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, where he had been working exclusively in the area of bone and mineral metabolism for 20 years. (uams.edu)
  • He has extensive experience in bone histomorphometry and densitometry, and has been responsible for adapting these technologies for the study of animal models of osteoporosis. (uams.edu)
  • This guideline updates the 2008 American College of Physicians (ACP) recommendations on treatment of low bone density and osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women. (nih.gov)
  • The target patient population includes men and women with low bone density and osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
  • ACP recommends against bone density monitoring during the 5-year pharmacologic treatment period for osteoporosis in women. (nih.gov)
  • However, this field has not yet been significantly studied probably due to several reasons such as the predominance of men with the disease and men are more seldom investigated for osteoporosis compared to women. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break (fracture). (nih.gov)
  • Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease. (nih.gov)
  • Osteoporosis increases the risk of breaking a bone. (nih.gov)
  • Diagnose bone loss and osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
  • However, simple x-rays of other bones are not very accurate in predicting whether you are likely to have osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
  • You may need blood and urine tests if your provider thinks the cause of your osteoporosis is a medical condition, rather than the slow bone loss that occurs with aging. (nih.gov)
  • This means that at age 80, almost one third of women with normal age-related bone loss would have osteoporosis, based on their DEXA scan results. (nih.gov)
  • Osteoporosis has been diagnosed by a bone density study , whether or not you have a fracture, and your fracture risk is high. (nih.gov)
  • You have had a bone fracture, and a bone density test shows that you have thin bones, but not osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
  • These included type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and related conditions (prediabetes and diabetes complications), gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome with a focus on obesity and dyslipidemia, thyroid disorders, osteoporosis, and vitamin D deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Risedronate is a novel orally administered pyridinyl bisphosphonate indicated for the prevention or treatment of postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and Paget's disease. (nih.gov)
  • The drug also prevented bone loss in a study in 383 women with recent menopause, and reduced the risk of hip fracture in elderly women with confirmed osteoporosis in a trial involving a total of 9331 patients. (nih.gov)
  • Stunted adolescents suffered from low bone mass density and low stature adults suffered a high prevalence of osteoporosis. (who.int)
  • Subject- and physician-reported data from 4,429 postmenopausal women receiving osteoporosis treatment in the Prospective Observational Scientific Study Investigating Bone Loss Experience (POSSIBLE US) were used to assess the prevalence of risk factors (RFs) and on-study fracture. (hindawi.com)
  • RFs, in addition to bone mineral density, can help identify candidates for osteoporosis treatment. (hindawi.com)
  • The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) also recommends that physicians use FRAX when possible, along with a detailed medical history, physical examination, and bone mineral density (BMD) assessment to diagnose osteoporosis and guide treatment decisions [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the current study, the prevalence of risk factors for fracture in a treated population was assessed using data from the Prospective Observational Scientific Study Investigating Bone Loss Experience in the US (POSSIBLE US), which was a large, longitudinal cohort study of postmenopausal women who were prescribed osteoporosis therapy in a primary care setting [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Bone diseases associated with diabetes include osteoporosis, osteopenia , Charcot foot, diabetic hand syndrome, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis , frozen shoulder , and Dupuytren's contracture . (verywellhealth.com)
  • One of the most common bone diseases is osteoporosis , characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissues. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Low bone density is associated with osteoporosis, which occurs when bones lose vital minerals, particularly calcium . (verywellhealth.com)
  • People with diabetes tend to have a lower bone quality, which increases their risk of osteoporosis. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Osteopenia can be seen as a middle point between having strong, healthy bones and having osteoporosis. (verywellhealth.com)
  • [ 1 ] Hypertension accounts for approximately 26% of cases, and glomerulonephritis and cystic kidney diseases account for about 16%, although glomerulonephritis is not as prevalent as it was in the past. (medscape.com)
  • In a new study published online in the American Thoracic Society's American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, researchers examined whether sleep disordered breathing (primarily obstructive sleep apnea) during pregnancy and in the years after delivery is associated with an increased risk for hypertension and metabolic syndrome. (news-medical.net)
  • He has spent over 35 years in the study of bone and mineral metabolism and the interactions between the endocrine, hematolymphopoietic, and skeletal systems. (uams.edu)
  • Impaired bone metabolism in glycogen storage disease type 1 is associated with poor metabolic control in type 1a and with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy in type 1b. (unina.it)
  • OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of poor metabolic control and/or use of GSD1-specific treatments on bone mineral density (BMD) and metabolism in GSD1 patients. (unina.it)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that good metabolic control and compliance with diet are highly recommended to improve bone metabolism in GSD1a patients. (unina.it)
  • and the hormonal regulation of bone and mineral metabolism in health and disease. (nih.gov)
  • A newly discovered hormone named fabkin helps regulate metabolism and may play an important role in the development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, according to research led by the Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (news-medical.net)
  • The program in bone and mineral metabolism includes Drs. Insogna, Carpenter, Sharkey, Bergwitz and Wysolmerski. (yale.edu)
  • His research interest is in translational and basic research on inborn errors of phosphate metabolism and the endocrine regulation of phosphate homeostasis, with emphasis on the metabolic and homeostatic effects of phosphate. (yale.edu)
  • Dr. Wysolmerski's laboratory focuses on the function(s) of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) during mammary gland development and the contribution of PTHrP to mineral and bone metabolism during lactation. (yale.edu)
  • PTHrP also has important functions as a circulating hormone during lactation and the Wysolmerski lab is currently examining several aspects of calcium and bone metabolism during lactation. (yale.edu)
  • This guideline focuses on the comparative benefits and risks of short- and long-term pharmacologic treatments for low bone density, including pharmaceutical prescriptions, calcium, vitamin D, and estrogen. (nih.gov)
  • When AS progresses syndesmophytes of the spine are developed which makes it difficult to assess bone mineral density (BMD) correctly with the conventional method, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Femoral neck bone mineral density was obtained from DXA femur file. (cdc.gov)
  • A DEXA scan is a low-radiation x-ray that measures the density of the minerals in your bones. (nih.gov)
  • Most often, it measures density in the spine and hip bones. (nih.gov)
  • DEXA scan results compare your bone mineral density with both a young adult who has no bone loss and with people your age and sex. (nih.gov)
  • Bone density scan: Participants lie on a table while a camera passes over the body. (nih.gov)
  • Across all 4 trials, risedronate improved lumbar spine, femoral neck and femoral trochanter bone mineral density (BMD) statistically significantly relative to placebo. (nih.gov)
  • A national survey was made of bone mineral density among stunted adolescents and adults. (who.int)
  • Clinical history, anthropometry and measurement of bone mineral density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was done. (who.int)
  • However, bone mass and density are not low enough to cause bones to break easily. (verywellhealth.com)
  • His research examines the mechanisms of the adverse effects of steroids on bone mass and strength and the role of the vasculature and skeletal hydration on bone fractures. (uams.edu)
  • Fractures in the spine are easy to foreseen since the pain of the patient might be misjudged to be related to increased disease activity. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Surgery to correct problems from the complications of the disease, such as fractures or arthritis that leads to the need for a joint replacement. (nih.gov)
  • Fractures of the bones of the spine can cause pain almost anywhere in the spine. (nih.gov)
  • Predict your risk for future bone fractures. (nih.gov)
  • Bone disease is any condition that causes damage to the skeleton and makes the bones weak and vulnerable to fractures (bone breaks). (verywellhealth.com)
  • Weak bones are not a normal part of aging, and neither are fractures. (verywellhealth.com)
  • It can lead to bone instability and increased risk of fractures of the hips, wrists, knees, and spine. (verywellhealth.com)
  • He is also pursuing studies exploring the genetic bases for syndromes of low bone mass associated with hypercalciuria and high rates of skeletal remodeling. (yale.edu)
  • Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also called Forestier disease, is a type of arthritis that affects tendons and ligaments-mainly in the spine. (verywellhealth.com)
  • AS is associated with both increased bone formation and increased bone resorption. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The drug reduces bone turnover and decreases resorption chiefly through osteoclastic effects, with no undesirable effects on cortical porosity or thickness or on cancellous bone volume. (nih.gov)
  • 13. [Current topics in drug therapy aiming at bone resorption]. (nih.gov)
  • In the laboratory, Dr. Insogna's interests include cellular mechanisms of PTH-induced bone resorption and bone anabolism. (yale.edu)
  • Basic science research interests of the faculty include: The genetic basis of growth disorders, the development of premature cardiovascular disease in high-risk youth, the role and control of inflammation in metabolic diseases, the development of the enteroendocrine system, the development and function of the beta cell, and the development of autoimmune diabetes. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Endocrinologists, who treat hormonal and metabolic disorders. (nih.gov)
  • The writing group focused on highly prevalent conditions-growth disorders, puberty, metabolic bone disease, type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and obesity. (medscape.com)
  • A high prevalence of cutaneous disorders is expected, because most patients with ESRD have an underlying disease process with cutaneous manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • Consequently, dermatologic manifestations of renal disease may be divided into 3 general categories including: (1) dermatologic manifestations of diseases associated with the development of ESRD, (2) dermatologic manifestations of uremia, and (3) dermatologic disorders associated with renal transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Many cutaneous disorders experienced by patients undergoing dialysis have little to do with the uremic syndrome and are related to the same underlying pathologic process that caused the renal disease. (medscape.com)
  • These systemic disorders and the associated renal diseases and cutaneous manifestations are tabulated in Table 1, below. (medscape.com)
  • These dermatologic manifestations of renal disease may be divided into 3 general associated with ESRD, uremia, or renal transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • see Dermatologic Manifestations of Renal Disease . (medscape.com)
  • Dermatologic manifestations of renal disease are not uncommon findings in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). (medscape.com)
  • These collaborations include activities with other agencies in the Department of Health and Human Services, such as the Food and Drug Administration, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (nih.gov)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that children, pregnant women, and persons with compromised immune systems avoid contact with reptiles to avoid getting salmonella. (in.gov)
  • and the natural history and mechanisms of the development of cardiovascular disease in childhood obesity and diabetes. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • and the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in nutrient sensing as well as the integration of circadian rhythms and metabolic pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Teriparatide injection should not be prescribed for patients at increased baseline risk for osteosarcoma (e.g., those with Paget's disease of bone or unexplained elevations of alkaline phosphatase, pediatric and young adult patients with open epiphyses, or prior external beam or implant radiation therapy involving the skeleton). (nih.gov)
  • Is there a test for Paget's disease? (nih.gov)
  • A bone scan is a test that helps doctors identify which bones are affected by Paget's disease. (nih.gov)
  • How is Paget's disease treated? (nih.gov)
  • Who treats Paget's disease? (nih.gov)
  • Paget's disease can affect many parts of the body. (nih.gov)
  • Current treatments can help most people with Paget's disease lead productive lives. (nih.gov)
  • Maintain a healthy weight, which is particularly important if Paget's disease has led to arthritis of the hip or knee. (nih.gov)
  • The incidence of metabolic bone disease , and serum biochemical markers at various time intervals till 6 months corrected age were compared. (bvsalud.org)
  • In GSD1a patients, these abnormalities correlated with compliance to diet and biochemical indicators of metabolic control. (unina.it)
  • Approximately 50-100% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) also have at least one dermatologic condition. (medscape.com)
  • Because dialysis and transplant centers are required to report specific information regarding each patient diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), data regarding the causes of ESRD are readily available in the Annual Data Report published by the USRDS. (medscape.com)
  • Like adults, racial and ethnic minority youth suffer a higher burden of disease from obesity, T1D and T2D, and have less access to diabetes treatment technologies and bariatric surgery. (medscape.com)
  • For patient education information, see Diabetes Center , Cholesterol Center , and Chronic Kidney Disease . (medscape.com)
  • The discovery could lead to new treatments for Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. (news-medical.net)
  • Diabetes and Bone Disease: What Is the Link? (verywellhealth.com)
  • What Is the Connection Between Diabetes and Bone Disease? (verywellhealth.com)
  • Although the relationship between diabetes and increased risk for bone diseases and fracture is not well understood, researchers agree there is a connection and that taking certain measures can lower that risk. (verywellhealth.com)
  • His current work is on the regulation of osteoblast apoptosis, and the actions of oxidized lipids and parathyroid hormone on bone. (uams.edu)
  • Faculty in the Division of Endocrinology are the principal investigators or co-investigators in nationally recognized, basic and clinical research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), national foundations and industry. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • New research from North Carolina State University has found that an imprinted gene associated with development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is switched on in mice who nurse from mothers with metabolic syndrome, even when those mice are not biologically related. (news-medical.net)
  • When you follow your doctor's treatment plan, you may lower the chance of developing complications or major changes in your bones. (nih.gov)
  • Two randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled 12-month studies in a total of 518 patients have shown risedronate 5 mg/day to prevent or reverse bone loss in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy. (nih.gov)
  • A Multi-Center, Prospective, Historically Controlled Pivotal Trial Comparing The Safety And Effectiveness Of The Synergy Disc To Anterior Cervical Discectomy And Fusion In Patients With One-Level Symptomatic Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Cinacalcet is currently a nephrologist-initiated PBS Authority required (streamlined) listing for initiation or maintenance therapy of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis with sustained secondary hyperparathyroidism. (nps.org.au)
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism is progressive in patients with CKD and if left untreated can result in high turnover bone disease with serious consequences. (nps.org.au)
  • According to its website , Legend is currently researching a broad portfolio of cell therapies to help strengthen patients' immune systems and fight disease. (investorplace.com)
  • Foster research on the role of dietary supplements in health promotion and disease risk reduction. (nih.gov)
  • and that the aging of bone itself and oxidative stress, and acceleration of oxidative stress by the aging of other organs and tissues, are responsible for the development of this condition ( Publication Link ). (uams.edu)
  • The NIH funds research and research training at extramural institutions, as well as within the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP) to support the development of clinical treatments for disease and to improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • Racially and ethnically diverse populations and males are underrepresented in studies of pubertal development and attainment of peak bone mass, with current norms based on European populations. (medscape.com)
  • Drugs under development for metabolic bone disease]. (nih.gov)
  • An excessively sedentary lifestyle and a too-caloric diet encourage the development of this metabolic disease by altering the functioning of pancreatic cells and making blood sugar regulation less effective. (news-medical.net)
  • Your body needs the minerals calcium and phosphate to make and keep healthy bones. (nih.gov)
  • As you age, your body may reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping these minerals in your bones. (nih.gov)
  • Polydipsia and nocturia (secondary to a reduced capacity to concentrate the urine) may be one of the earliest symptoms that indicate a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in an otherwise healthy-looking child who has tubulointerstitial kidney disease. (medscape.com)
  • Subacute and chronic bone infections: diagnosis using In-111, Ga-67 and Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy, and radiography. (rsna.org)
  • In later stages also the lumbar, thoracic and cervical spine are hit by the disease. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The bone remodeling process in the spine renders the spine less flexible and stiffer and as a consequence also a quite small trauma may result in a fracture. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • About one half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine) during their lifetime. (nih.gov)
  • A simple spine or hip x-ray may show fracture or collapse of the spinal bones. (nih.gov)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • A combined study consisting of WBC imaging and complementary bone marrow imaging performed with technetium 99m ( 99m Tc) sulfur colloid is approximately 90% accurate and is especially useful for diagnosing osteomyelitis in situations involving altered marrow distribution. (rsna.org)
  • This scientific statement expands the Society's 2012 statement by focusing on endocrine disease disparities in the pediatric population and sexual and gender minority populations. (medscape.com)
  • Drugs we take like prednisone can weaken our bones and so can aging, and scientists working to prevent both have some of the first evidence that the best target may not be the logical one. (news-medical.net)
  • The large bullae are consistent with either porphyria cutanea tarda or the bullous disease of dialysis. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, Dr. Insogna has an investigator-initiated trial exploring the impact of this therapy on trabecular microarchitecture as assessed by Trabecular Bone Score (TBS), and cortical bone quality as assessed by reference point indentation using an Osteoprobe® instrument. (yale.edu)
  • Trabecular bone score (TBS) can also be performed to gauge bone quality and help evaluate fracture risk. (nih.gov)
  • A major risk is not having enough calcium to build new bone tissue. (nih.gov)
  • Another explanation: weight gained from dairy is both lean and fat - bones, muscle, and, yeah, maybe some adipose tissue. (marksdailyapple.com)
  • The purpose of this notice is to announce plans to issue a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for a new program that will address the clinical research mission of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and will lead to better treatments for disease and to improvements in human health. (nih.gov)
  • Live a healthy lifestyle to maintain good bone health. (nih.gov)
  • Recognizing that health disparities exist among population subgroups with respect to disease burden, comorbidities, and outcomes, the Endocrine Society released its inaugural scientific statement on health disparities in 2012. (medscape.com)
  • Our expanded understanding of factors that contribute to these disparities recognizes that biological differences associated with poor disease outcomes in marginalized communities result from unequal access to high-quality health care and social conditions and policies that perpetuate health inequities. (medscape.com)
  • Without this special light, many health issues arise such as metabolic bone disease. (in.gov)
  • A study conducted at the University of Jyväskylä in the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences shows that menopausal transition is associated with unfavourable changes in metabolic health that may be mitigated with a physically active lifestyle. (news-medical.net)
  • And while strong bones begin with childhood, anyone of any age can improve their bone health. (verywellhealth.com)
  • This is the most common test that doctors use to diagnose the disease. (nih.gov)
  • if PTH level rises after cinacalcet is stopped, bone turnover is likely to rise, increasing the risk of hyperparathyroid bone disease (osteitis fibrosa). (nps.org.au)
  • Robert L. Jilka, Ph.D., is a Professor of Medicine and a CAVHS Research Career Scientist with over 30-years experience in bone cell biology and service in the VA, and he joined Dr. Manolagas in 1990 in Indianapolis. (uams.edu)
  • 16. Exercise and pharmacological countermeasures for bone loss during long-duration space flight. (nih.gov)
  • The risk factors for metabolic bone disease and its association with stunting at 6 months of corrected age were studied. (bvsalud.org)
  • P=0.03] were significantly associated with an increased risk of metabolic bone disease after adjusting for FGR status. (bvsalud.org)
  • But there is one more thing risk to consider-and that is your risk for bone diseases. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is asymptomatic in its earliest stages (stage I and stage II), although urinalysis findings or blood pressure may be abnormal. (medscape.com)
  • As chronic kidney disease progresses to more advanced stages, signs and symptoms greatly increase. (medscape.com)
  • See also Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Renal Failure . (medscape.com)
  • Exercise - such as walking or lifting weights - to build strong bones and help you maintain a healthy weight. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this article is to integrate renal and cutaneous aspects of disease as well as highlight some important, although frequently underappreciated, clinical or laboratory findings that ally renal and skin diseases. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD1) is a rare and genetically heterogeneous metabolic defect of gluconeogenesis due to mutations of either the G6PC gene (GSD1a) or the SLC37A4 gene (GSD1b). (unina.it)
  • Most human diseases can be traced to malfunctioning parts of a cell - a tumor is able to grow because a gene wasn't accurately translated into a particular protein or a metabolic disease arises because mitochondria aren't firing properly, for example. (news-medical.net)
  • Treatment of metabolic bone disease in primary biliary cirrhosis with 25-OH vitamin D. / Herlong, H. F. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Treatment can help you manage your symptoms but does not cure the disease. (nih.gov)
  • From October 2005 to January 2007, 134 primary care physicians in the US enrolled 5,015 postmenopausal women who were receiving treatment for bone loss into the POSSIBLE US treatment cohort. (hindawi.com)
  • Inclusion of racial, ethnic, and LGBTQIA populations in longitudinal life course studies is needed to assess growth, puberty, and attainment of peak bone mass. (medscape.com)
  • Little is known about bone mass acquisition among stunted adolescents who did not achieve their growth in height. (who.int)
  • The predictors of bone status among adolescent boys were age, body mass index (BMI), height attained (z-score) and maternal T-score and for girls were BMI, age at menarche, paternal T-score and z-score. (who.int)
  • Metabolic Bone Disease in Preterm Neonates With Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR): A Prospective Cohort Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • To study the association of fetal growth restriction (FGR) with metabolic bone disease in preterm neonates . (bvsalud.org)
  • Ancillary Studies to Major Ongoing Clinical Studies to extend our knowledge of the diseases being studied by the parent study investigators under a defined protocol or to study diseases and conditions not within the original scope of the parent study but within the mission of the NIDDK. (nih.gov)