Diseases of BONES.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
Breaks in bones.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.
Syndromes of bone destruction where the cause is not obvious such as neoplasia, infection, or trauma. The destruction follows various patterns: massive (Gorham disease), multicentric (HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME), or carpal/tarsal.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B and OSTEOPROTEGERIN. It plays an important role in regulating OSTEOCLAST differentiation and activation.
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.
A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.
A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
Disorders caused by interruption of BONE MINERALIZATION manifesting as OSTEOMALACIA in adults and characteristic deformities in infancy and childhood due to disturbances in normal BONE FORMATION. The mineralization process may be interrupted by disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis, resulting from dietary deficiencies, or acquired, or inherited metabolic, or hormonal disturbances.
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
Stable strontium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element strontium, but differ in the atomic weight. Sr-84, 86, 87, and 88 are the stable strontium isotopes.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
A tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that is specific for RANK LIGAND and plays a role in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis. It is also expressed on DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in regulating dendritic cell survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.
Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3; (CHOLECALCIFEROL); including CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.
Inorganic compounds that contain TECHNETIUM as an integral part of the molecule. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) is an isotope of technetium that has a half-life of about 6 hours. Technetium 99, which has a half-life of 210,000 years, is a decay product of technetium 99m.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
A coronary vasodilator agent.
A circular structural unit of bone tissue. It consists of a central hole, the Haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae.
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
AMINO ACIDS composed of GLYCINE substituted at the nitrogen rather than the usual carbon position, resulting in the loss of HYDROGEN BONDING donors. Polymers of these compounds are called PEPTOIDS.
A non-hereditary KIDNEY disorder characterized by the abnormally dilated (ECTASIA) medullary and inner papillary portions of the collecting ducts. These collecting ducts usually contain CYSTS or DIVERTICULA filled with jelly-like material or small calculi (KIDNEY STONES) leading to infections or obstruction. It should be distinguished from congenital or hereditary POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES.
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Conditions characterized by the presence of M protein (Monoclonal protein) in serum or urine without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase that may play a role in the degradation or activation of a variety of PEPTIDE HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Genetic mutations that result in loss of function of this protein are a cause of HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS, X-LINKED DOMINANT.
Local surroundings with which cells interact by processing various chemical and physical signals, and by contributing their own effects to this environment.
A cysteine protease that is highly expressed in OSTEOCLASTS and plays an essential role in BONE RESORPTION as a potent EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX-degrading enzyme.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.
A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
The bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. It includes the FEMUR; PATELLA; TIBIA; and FIBULA.
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.
Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
Fractures of the femur.
The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.
CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in MONOCYTES; tissue MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS.
A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.
Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position.
The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
LDL-receptor related protein that combines with FRIZZLED RECEPTORS at the cell surface to form receptors that bind WNT PROTEINS. The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY in OSTEOBLASTS and during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains.
Fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. Although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
Presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).
Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.
A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR).

Tracking adhesion factors in Staphylococcus caprae strains responsible for human bone infections following implantation of orthopaedic material. (1/59)

Ten Staphylococcus caprae strains isolated from four patients and responsible for bone infections following implantation of orthopaedic material were compared to four S. caprae strains collected from milk samples of healthy goats. The following characteristics were investigated: Smal patterns, hybridization patterns with pBA2 (ribotypes), slime production, adhesion to matrix proteins (fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen) and the staphylococcal adhesion genes (fnbA, clfA, cna, atlE, ica, fbe). None of the characteristics enabled us to distinguish the human strains from the goat strains. Slime was occasionally produced by S. caprae strains but all of them carried nucleotide sequences hybridizing at low stringency with the following genes: atlE encoding a S. epidermidis autolysin binding vitronectin and responsible for the primary adhesion to polystyrene, ica operon involved in the biosynthesis of a S. epidermidis extracellular polysaccharide, and the part of clfA encoding the serine-aspartate repeated region of a S. aureus cell-wall fibrinogen-binding protein.  (+info)

Aspergillosis in children with cancer: A 34-year experience. (2/59)

A retrospective review of medical records, microbiology and pathology laboratory records, and nosocomial infection surveillance data was undertaken to describe the experience with culture-documented aspergillus infection in pediatric cancer patients at our facility. Sixty-six patients were identified from a 34-year period. The most common underlying diagnosis was leukemia. Risk factors included neutropenia, immunosuppression, and prior antibiotic therapy. On the basis of clinical presentation, 23 patients were believed to have disseminated disease and 43 to have localized disease. The lung was the most frequently affected organ. Despite aggressive medical and surgical management, overall mortality was 85% within the first year after diagnosis. Patients who presented with disease in sites other than the lungs fared better than patients with initial pulmonary involvement (P=.0014). Aspergillosis continues to be associated with poor outcome. Development of improved medical and adjuvant therapies, including surgery, is warranted.  (+info)

Tackling osseous hydatidosis using orthopaedic oncology techniques. (3/59)

Hydatid disease of bone is rare; success in management is difficult as recurrence is common. We report the successful use of orthopaedic oncological techniques and technology in treating a patient with hydatid disease affecting his humerus.  (+info)

Scedosporium apiospermum in chronic granulomatous disease treated with an HLA matched bone marrow transplant. (4/59)

A patient with chronic granulomatous disease who was being treated with steroids was diagnosed with a soft tissue Scedosporium apiospermum infection. Despite extensive treatment with antifungals progression to involve solid tissue (bone) occurred. Treatment required an HLA matched bone marrow transplant, which led to complete clearance of the fungal infection, although the patient subsequently died.  (+info)

Mechanism of accumulation of 99mTc-sulesomab in inflammation. (5/59)

99mTc-Sulesomab, the Fab fragment of anti-NCA-90, is used as an in vivo granulocyte labeling agent for imaging inflammation. It is not clear to what extent it targets cells that have already migrated into the interstitial space of an inflammatory lesion as opposed to circulating cells. The contribution to signal of radioprotein diffusion in the setting of increased vascular permeability is also poorly documented. METHODS: We compared the local kinetics of (99m)Tc-sulesomab and (99m)Tc-labeled human serum albumin (HSA), which have similar molecular sizes, in 7 patients with orthopedic infection proven by clearly positive (111)In-leukocyte scintigraphy. (99m)Tc-Sulesomab and (99m)Tc-HSA were administered in sequence separated by an interval of 2-6 d. Images were obtained 1, 3, 4, and 6 h after injection, and multiple venous blood samples were obtained for blood clearance measurement. Patlak-Rutland (P-R) analysis was performed to measure lesion and control tissue protein clearance. Target-to-background tissue (T/Bkg) ratios were calculated for each radioprotein and compared with the T/Bkg ratio for (111)In-leukocytes. (99m)Tc-Sulesomab binding to granulocytes was measured in vitro and ex vivo and to primed and activated granulocytes in vitro. RESULTS: After intravenous injection, <5% of the circulating radioactivity was cell bound with both radioproteins so that the P-R curves could therefore be assumed to represent extravascular uptake of free protein. The blood clearance (mean +/- SD) of sulesomab was 23.4 +/- 11.7 mL/min, approximately 5 times greater than that of HSA, for which it was 4.8 +/- 3.1 mL/min. Likewise, clearance into the lesion of sulesomab was consistently higher than that of HSA, on average about 3 times as high. Nevertheless, the T/Bkg ratios for sulesomab and HSA were similar, except at 6 h when that of HSA (2.14 +/- 0.6) was higher than that of sulesomab (1.93 +/- 0.5; P approximately 0.01). Both values were considerably less than the T/Bkg ratio on the (111)In-leukocyte images, which, at 22 h, was 12.3 +/- 5.3. Moderate clearance of sulesomab, but not HSA, was seen in the control tissue. Granulocytes bound significantly more (99m)Tc-sulesomab in vitro when primed or activated. CONCLUSION: (a) Sulesomab does not localize in inflammation as a result of binding to circulating granulocytes; (b) sulesomab is cleared into inflammation nonspecifically via increased vascular permeability; nevertheless, it may be cleared after local binding to primed granulocytes or bind to activated, migrated extravascular granulocytes; and (c) HSA produces a similar or higher T/Bkg ratio than sulesomab because sulesomab is cleared into normal tissues and because image positivity in inflammation is significantly dependent on local blood-pool expansion.  (+info)

Bone scintigraphy as an adjunct for the diagnosis of oral diseases. (6/59)

Bone scintigraphy is a very sensitive method for the detection of osteoblastic activity of the skeleton. The technique consists of imaging the uptake of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals, particularly technetium-99m labeled diphosphonates, in the mineral component of bone, which consists of hydroxyapatite crystals and calcium phosphate, as well as in the organic matrix such as collagen fibers. Plain radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are classified as structural imaging modalities, whereas bone scintigraphy is a functional method. In many cases, radionuclide imaging techniques are the only means by which early physiologic changes that are a direct result of biochemical alteration may be assessed, before significant bone mineral changes can be detected by other means. Since many oral diseases may cause metabolic changes in the oromaxillofacial complex, it would be of great value to use bone scintigraphy to evaluate more completely some conditions involving the bones in the region to formulate more appropriate treatment plans. Based upon the current literature, the authors discuss the possible applications of bone scintigraphy as a diagnostic and treatment planning adjunct for oral diseases. Bone scintigraphy has proven particularly useful in the study of malignant lesions and in the evaluation of vascularized bone grafts used for maxillofacial reconstructions.  (+info)

Cost-minimization analysis and audit of antibiotic management of bone and joint infections with ambulatory teicoplanin, in-patient care or outpatient oral linezolid therapy. (7/59)

Bone and joint infections are significant causes of morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. The cost of treatment for such infections is driven primarily by the length of hospital stay. Many of these infections will require treatment with prolonged periods of parenteral antibiotic therapy. Clinicians and healthcare managers are being attracted increasingly by administering treatment in the ambulatory setting as this offers clinical, economic and quality of life advantages from both the hospital's and patient's perspective. Our retrospective audit of managing 55 treatment episodes of bone and joint infections with teicoplanin delivered in the outpatient or home setting revealed that the mean cost of care per episode of infection was less with treatment in the ambulatory setting ( pound 1749.15) compared with the in-patient setting ( pound 11 400) or compared with the hypothetical situation of treatment with oral linezolid in the home setting ( pound 2546). Teicoplanin therapeutic drug monitoring appears to be valuable in establishing optimal serum levels, which appear to correlate with good clinical outcomes. The potential for alternative day or thrice weekly dosing with teicoplanin may offer further cost advantages whilst maintaining equivalent clinical effectiveness.  (+info)

Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite-ciprofloxacin delivery systems by precipitation and spray drying technique. (8/59)

This investigation synthesized and characterized hydroxyapatite (HAP) microspheres, agglomerated microspheres, and implants containing ciprofloxacin. This delivery system is to be used as an implantable drug delivery system for the treatment of bone infections. The HAP microspheres were made by chemical precipitation followed by a spray-drying technique. Agglomerated microspheres were prepared by a wet granulation process using a granulator. Implants were prepared by direct compression of the granules on a Carver press. Ciprofloxacin was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Characterization of the HAP microspheres include particle size, size distribution, physical state of the drug in the microsphere, and microstructure of the drug delivery system before and after in vitro release. The particle size, porosity, and morphology of the microspheres were dependent on viscosity and concentration of the slurry as well as the atomization pressure used during spray drying. Even at the highest drug load (2% wt/wt), the drug was present in a noncrystalline state. The drug release from the agglomerated microspheres was quick and almost complete within 1 hour. However, compressing the same amount of agglomerated microspheres into an implant greatly reduced the rate of ciprofloxacin release. Only 12% (wt/wt) of the drug was released from the implant within 1 hour. The in vitro release of ciprofloxacin from these implants follows a diffusion-controlled mechanism. This method provides a unique way of producing various shapes and drug loads of HAP microspheres that can be easily manufactured on a commercial scale.  (+info)

Some common types of bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by brittle, porous bones that are prone to fracture.
2. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that causes pain and stiffness in the joints.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
4. Bone cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the bones.
5. Paget's disease of bone: A condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and deformity.
6. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone and can cause brittle bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare condition characterized by abnormal growth and development of bone tissue.
8. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
9. Bone cysts: Fluid-filled cavities that can form in the bones and cause pain, weakness, and deformity.
10. Bone spurs: Abnormal growths of bone that can form along the edges of joints and cause pain and stiffness.

Bone diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and bone biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

* Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.
* Rickets: A vitamin D-deficient disease that causes softening of the bones in children.
* Osteomalacia: A condition similar to rickets, but affecting adults and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
* Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in bone metabolism and an increase in bone resorption.
* Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, leading to low levels of calcium and vitamin D and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases, metabolic are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate bone metabolism. Treatment depends on the specific underlying cause of the disease and may include medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

There are several factors that can contribute to bone resorption, including:

1. Hormonal changes: Hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin can regulate bone resorption. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to excessive bone resorption.
2. Aging: As we age, our bones undergo remodeling more frequently, leading to increased bone resorption.
3. Nutrient deficiencies: Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients can impair bone health and lead to excessive bone resorption.
4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase bone resorption, leading to bone loss and weakening.
5. Genetics: Some genetic disorders can affect bone metabolism and lead to abnormal bone resorption.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can increase bone resorption.
7. Diseases: Conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and bone cancer can lead to abnormal bone resorption.

Bone resorption can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing: This test measures the density of bone in specific areas of the body. Low BMD can indicate bone loss and excessive bone resorption.
2. X-rays and imaging studies: These tests can help identify abnormal bone growth or other signs of bone resorption.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain hormones and nutrients that are involved in bone metabolism.
4. Bone biopsy: A bone biopsy can provide a direct view of the bone tissue and help diagnose conditions such as Paget's disease or bone cancer.

Treatment for bone resorption depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other medications can help slow or stop bone resorption.
2. Diet and exercise: A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, can help maintain strong bones.
3. Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to improve bone strength and mobility.
4. Surgery: In severe cases of bone resorption, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

ROD can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

* Weakened bones and increased risk of fractures
* Tooth decay and gum disease
* Rickets-like symptoms in children
* Osteoporosis
* Difficulty healing from injuries or surgery

The condition is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood and urine tests), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or bone density scans).

Treatment for ROD typically involves managing the underlying kidney disease, correcting any nutritional imbalances, and implementing measures to strengthen bones. This may include:

* Medications to lower phosphate levels and increase calcium absorption
* Dietary modifications to reduce phosphate intake and increase calcium intake
* Vitamin D and calcium supplements
* Regular exercise and weight-bearing activities to promote bone strength

In severe cases of ROD, surgical interventions may be necessary, such as bone transplantation or the use of bone-forming medications.

ROD is a serious complication of CKD that can significantly impact quality of life and increase the risk of mortality. Early detection and management are essential to prevent or delay the progression of this condition.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The word "osteomalacia" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "malakos," meaning soft. It was first used in the medical literature in the early 20th century to describe a condition that was previously known as "rachitic osteomalacia."

The symptoms of osteomalacia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and an increased risk of fractures. Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or bone scans.

Treatment of osteomalacia depends on the underlying cause, but may include vitamin D and calcium supplements, avoidance of aluminum-containing antacids, and management of any underlying disorders that are contributing to the condition. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

Preventing osteomalacia involves maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D and calcium in the body, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and managing any underlying medical conditions that can contribute to the condition. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications such as fractures and improve quality of life for individuals with osteomalacia.

Osteolysis can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause osteolysis by secreting enzymes that break down bone tissue.
2. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, causing osteolysis.
3. Tumors: Malignant tumors like multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma can cause osteolysis by producing enzymes that destroy bone tissue.
4. Degenerative conditions: Conditions like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Paget's disease can lead to osteolysis due to the gradual breakdown of bone tissue.

Symptoms of osteolysis may include:

1. Bone pain or tenderness
2. Fractures or fracture risk
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in affected joints
4. Swelling or redness in the affected area
5. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections

Treatment for osteolysis depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infections
2. Pain management with medication or physical therapy
3. Surgery to repair or replace damaged bone tissue
4. Orthotics or assistive devices to support affected joints
5. Medications to slow down or stop bone loss, such as bisphosphonates or denosumab

In conclusion, osteolysis is a condition where there is a gradual loss or destruction of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone density and structural integrity. It can be caused by various factors, including infection, inflammation, tumors, and degenerative conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain management, surgery, orthotics, and medications to slow down or stop bone loss.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is more common in older adults, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. There are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, including:

1. Family history: Having a family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases the risk of developing the disease.
2. Age: The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases with age, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.
3. Race: African Americans are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma than other races.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
5. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals has been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones, particularly in the spine, ribs, or long bones, is a common symptom of multiple myeloma.
2. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak is another common symptom of the disease.
3. Infections: Patients with multiple myeloma may be more susceptible to infections due to the impaired functioning of their immune system.
4. Bone fractures: Weakened bones can lead to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, or ribs.
5. Kidney problems: Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to problems such as kidney failure or proteinuria (excess protein in the urine).
6. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
7. Increased calcium levels: High levels of calcium in the blood can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and confusion.
8. Neurological problems: Multiple myeloma can cause neurological problems such as headaches, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC can help identify abnormalities in the numbers and characteristics of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) and abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
3. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the urine.
4. Immunofixation: This test is used to identify the type of antibody produced by myeloma cells and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
5. Bone marrow biopsy: A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and determine the extent of the disease.
6. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to assess the extent of bone damage or other complications of multiple myeloma.
7. Genetic testing: Genetic testing may be used to identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with multiple myeloma and to monitor the response of the disease to treatment.

It's important to note that not all patients with MGUS or smoldering myeloma will develop multiple myeloma, and some patients with multiple myeloma may not have any symptoms at all. However, if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or have a family history of multiple myeloma, it's important to talk to your doctor about your risk and any tests that may be appropriate for you.

The exact cause of OFC is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations and environmental factors such as trauma or infection. The disorder typically affects the long bones of the arms and legs, as well as the spine and skull.

Symptoms of OFC can vary depending on the location and size of the cysts, but may include:

* Bone pain
* Weakness or fatigue
* Limited mobility
* Fractures or deformities
* Swelling or redness around the affected area

Diagnosis of OFC is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for OFC include:

* Observation: Small cysts that are not causing any symptoms may not require treatment.
* Surgery: Large cysts can be removed through surgical procedures such as cyst fenestration or cyst excision.
* Medications: Pain medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and bisphosphonates may be used to manage symptoms and prevent further bone damage.

Prognosis for OFC varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the response to treatment. In general, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

The exact cause of Osteitis Deformans is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition typically affects people over the age of 50, and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Osteitis Deformans can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Pain in the affected bone, which can be aching or sharp
* Stiffness and limited mobility in the affected joint
* Deformity of the bone, such as curvature or thickening
* Fatigue and tiredness
* Increased risk of fractures

The diagnosis of Osteitis Deformans is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and blood tests to rule out other conditions.

There is no cure for Osteitis Deformans, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. Treatment options may include:

* Pain medication
* Physical therapy to maintain mobility and strength
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected bone
* Surgery to correct deformities or repair fractures
* Medications to prevent or treat complications such as osteoporosis.

It is important for individuals with Osteitis Deformans to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and maintain a good quality of life. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with Osteitis Deformans are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Essential osteolysis is a rare genetic disorder that affects the bones and is characterized by progressive bone resorption, resulting in bone loss and deformity. It is caused by mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the regulation of bone metabolism.

The symptoms of essential osteolysis typically begin in early childhood and may include bone pain, bowing or curvature of the limbs, short stature, and increased risk of fractures. The disorder can also lead to secondary effects such as joint contractures, muscle weakness, and spinal deformities.

There is no cure for essential osteolysis, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing further bone loss. This may include physical therapy, braces or orthotics, pain management medications, and in some cases, surgery to correct deformities or stabilize weakened bones.

Essential osteolysis is a rare condition, affecting only about 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. It is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and the exact prevalence is not well understood. However, with advances in genetic testing and medical imaging, early diagnosis and proper management of the condition are becoming more common.

There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a benign tumor in one of the parathyroid glands, while secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by another condition that leads to overproduction of PTH, such as kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can include:

* High blood calcium levels
* Bone loss or osteoporosis
* Kidney stones
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland)
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Headaches

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism usually involves surgery to remove the affected parathyroid gland or glands. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms before surgery. It is important for individuals with hyperparathyroidism to receive prompt medical attention, as untreated hyperparathyroidism can lead to serious complications such as heart disease and kidney failure.

The main difference between primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and secondary HPT is the underlying cause of the disorder. In primary HPT, the overactive parathyroid glands are due to a genetic mutation or an autoimmune response, while in secondary HPT, the overactivity is caused by another condition or medication that affects vitamin D levels.

The symptoms of SHPT are similar to those of primary HPT and may include:

* Bone pain or weakness
* Osteoporosis or osteopenia
* Kidney stones or other kidney problems
* High blood pressure
* Headaches
* Fatigue
* Nausea or vomiting
* Increased urination

SHPT can be diagnosed with a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and replacing vitamin D deficiency with supplements. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove part or all of the parathyroid glands.

While SHPT is rare, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this condition in patients who present with symptoms suggestive of HPT but have normal imaging studies and no family history of the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

In summary, secondary hyperparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency in vitamin D that leads to overactive parathyroid glands and an imbalance in calcium levels. It can cause a range of symptoms, including bone pain, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, and kidney problems. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and replacing vitamin D deficiency with supplements. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

Examples of spontaneous fractures include:

1. Pathological fractures: Fractures that occur in the presence of a bone-weakening condition such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or bone cancer.
2. Stress fractures: Small cracks in the bone that occur due to repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in athletes or individuals engaged in high-impact activities.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Osteoporotic fractures: Fractures that occur due to bone loss and weakening associated with osteoporosis.
5. Frailty fractures: Fractures that occur in individuals who are frail or have a low bone mineral density, often seen in older adults.

Symptoms of spontaneous fractures may include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for these fractures depends on the underlying cause and may involve immobilization, medication, or surgery.

1. Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands (which regulate calcium levels in the body) are underactive, leading to low blood calcium levels and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
2. Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands are overactive, leading to high blood calcium levels and an increased risk of bone damage.
3. Hypothyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland (which regulates metabolism) is underactive, leading to slowed growth and development, as well as an increased risk of osteoporosis.
4. Hyperthyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive, leading to accelerated bone resorption and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
5. Cushing's syndrome: A condition caused by excessive levels of cortisol (a hormone produced by the adrenal glands), which can lead to osteoporosis, bone pain, and other bone abnormalities.
6. Adrenogenital syndrome: A rare condition caused by excessive levels of androgens (male hormones) in women, leading to virilization (the development of male characteristics) and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
7. Familial hypophosphatemic rickets: A rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of phosphate, leading to softening of the bones and other skeletal abnormalities.
8. Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors in the endocrine system can affect the bones and cause bone diseases, such as osteitis fibrosa (a benign tumor of the adrenal gland that can cause bone pain and deformity).
9. Paget's disease of bone: A chronic bone disorder characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to enlarged or deformed bones and an increased risk of fractures.
10. Chronic kidney disease: Prolonged exposure to high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic kidney disease can lead to an increased risk of bone disease, including osteitis fibrosa and hyperparathyroidism.

These are just some examples of the many conditions that can cause bone diseases. It is important to note that each condition has its unique set of symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. If you suspect you or someone you know may have a bone disease, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management.

Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, usually due to inadequate sunlight exposure, breastfeeding, or a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D. It can also be caused by certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, or by taking certain medications that interfere with vitamin D production.

Symptoms of rickets may include:

* Bowed legs or other deformities of the bones
* Pain in the bones and joints
* Softening of the bones (osteomalacia)
* Difficulty walking or standing
* delayed tooth development
* Frequent infections

If rickets is suspected, a doctor may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as X-rays or blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves correcting any underlying nutritional deficiencies and managing any related health issues. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged bones.

Prevention is key in avoiding rickets, so it's important for parents to ensure their children are getting enough vitamin D and calcium through a balanced diet and adequate sunlight exposure. In regions with limited sunlight, fortified foods such as milk and cereal can be helpful. Breastfeeding mothers may need to supplement their diets with vitamin D to ensure their babies are getting enough.

The symptoms of hypercalcemia may include:

* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weakness
* Constipation
* Abdominal pain
* Kidney stones
* Bone pain or fractures

If left untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to complications such as kidney damage, heart problems, and an increased risk of osteoporosis. Treatment options may include medications to reduce calcium levels, surgery to remove a tumor or overactive parathyroid gland, or dialysis if the patient has kidney failure.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term complications and improve the patient's quality of life.

Osteonecrosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Trauma or injury to the bone
* Blood vessel disorders, such as blood clots or inflammation
* Certain medications, such as corticosteroids
* Alcohol consumption
* Avascular necrosis can also be a complication of other conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease.

There are several risk factors for developing osteonecrosis, including:

* Previous joint surgery or injury
* Family history of osteonecrosis
* Age, as the risk increases with age
* Gender, as women are more likely to be affected than men
* Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and alcoholism.

Symptoms of osteonecrosis can include:

* Pain in the affected joint, which may worsen over time
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joint
* Swelling or redness in the affected area
* A grinding or cracking sensation in the joint.

To diagnose osteonecrosis, a doctor may use a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans to evaluate the bone and joint. Treatment options for osteonecrosis depend on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Conservative management with pain medication and physical therapy
* Bone grafting or surgical intervention to repair or replace the damaged bone and joint.

The exact cause of FDB is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, and environmental factors. The condition typically affects individuals during childhood or adolescence, and the symptoms can vary in severity and progression.

Some common features of FDB include:

1. Painful bone deformities: FDB can cause bony outgrowths or deformities that are painful and can limit joint mobility.
2. Limited mobility: The deformities caused by FDB can lead to limited range of motion in the affected limbs, making it difficult to perform everyday activities.
3. Fractures: The abnormal bone tissue is prone to fracture, which can be painful and may require surgical intervention.
4. Difficulty with weight-bearing: The deformities and fractures caused by FDB can make it difficult for individuals to bear weight on the affected limbs, leading to difficulty walking or standing.
5. Cosmetic concerns: The bony deformities and outgrowths associated with FDB can cause cosmetic concerns for individuals, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood.

Treatment options for FDB vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, surgery to correct bone deformities or remove affected tissue, and physical therapy to improve mobility and strength. In severe cases, FDB can lead to complications such as infection, nerve compression, and bone cancer, which require prompt medical attention.

Overall, fibrous dysplasia of bone is a rare and complex condition that can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life and may require long-term management and treatment.

The word "osteopetrosis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "petros," meaning rock or stone. This name reflects the dense and hard nature of the bones affected by the disorder.

Osteopetrosis can be caused by mutations in several genes that are involved in bone development and growth. The condition is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disorder. However, some cases may be caused by spontaneous mutations or other factors.

Symptoms of osteopetrosis can vary depending on the severity of the disorder and the specific affected bones. Common symptoms include bone pain, limited mobility, and an increased risk of fractures. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, and difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Treatment for osteopetrosis usually involves a combination of medications and surgery. Medications such as bisphosphonates and denintuzumab mafodotin can help reduce bone pain and the risk of fractures, while surgery may be necessary to correct deformities or repair broken bones. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells.

Overall, osteopetrosis is a rare and debilitating disorder that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Some common types of calcium metabolism disorders include:

1. Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels): This can be caused by a deficiency in dietary calcium intake, malabsorption of calcium, or excessive urinary excretion of calcium. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, tremors, and tingling sensations in the fingers and toes.
2. Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels): This can be caused by an overactive parathyroid gland, cancer, or excessive intake of vitamin D. Symptoms can include fatigue, nausea, constipation, and kidney stones.
3. Osteoporosis: This is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that can lead to fractures. It is often associated with hormonal imbalances, vitamin D deficiency, or other factors that disrupt calcium metabolism.
4. Hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid gland): This is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated calcium levels and potential complications such as kidney stones, bone loss, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb vitamin D and maintain normal calcium levels. It can lead to softening of the bones and other skeletal deformities.
6. Familial hypophosphatemic rickets type 1: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate phosphate levels, leading to softening of the bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Tumor-induced osteomalacia: This is a condition in which cancerous tumors, typically found in the lung or breast, produce high levels of proteins that interfere with the body's ability to absorb vitamin D and maintain normal calcium levels. It can lead to softening of the bones and other skeletal deformities.
8. Chronic kidney disease: This is a condition in which the kidneys are not functioning properly, leading to elevated levels of phosphate and other waste products in the blood. It can lead to softening of the bones and other complications such as heart disease.
9. Paget's disease of bone: This is a condition that affects the way bones grow and repair themselves, leading to deformities and pain. It is often associated with inflammation and elevated levels of calcium in the blood.
10. Chronic alcoholism: Prolonged heavy drinking can lead to deficiencies in vitamin D and calcium, as well as other nutrients that are essential for bone health. It can increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their function over time, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body. Also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Prevalence:

Chronic kidney failure affects approximately 20 million people worldwide and is a major public health concern. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 5 adults has CKD, with African Americans being disproportionately affected.

Causes:

The causes of chronic kidney failure are numerous and include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
2. Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
3. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
4. Interstitial nephritis: Inflammation of the tissue between the kidney tubules.
5. Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
6. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder that causes cysts to grow on the kidneys.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase blood pressure and strain on the kidneys.
8. Family history: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing chronic kidney failure.

Symptoms:

Early stages of chronic kidney failure may not cause any symptoms, but as the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
2. Swelling: In the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Poor appetite: Loss of interest in food.
5. Difficulty concentrating: Cognitive impairment due to the buildup of waste products in the brain.
6. Shortness of breath: Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
7. Pain: In the back, flank, or abdomen.
8. Urination changes: Decreased urine production, dark-colored urine, or blood in the urine.
9. Heart problems: Chronic kidney failure can increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

Diagnosis:

Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: Waste products in the blood that increase with decreased kidney function.
2. Electrolyte levels: Imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus can indicate kidney dysfunction.
3. Kidney function tests: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine the level of kidney function.
4. Urinalysis: Examination of urine for protein, blood, or white blood cells.

Imaging studies may include:

1. Ultrasound: To assess the size and shape of the kidneys, detect any blockages, and identify any other abnormalities.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: To provide detailed images of the kidneys and detect any obstructions or abscesses.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment:

Treatment for chronic kidney failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. The goals of treatment are to slow progression of the disease, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

1. Medications: To control high blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, reduce proteinuria, and manage anemia.
2. Diet: A healthy diet that limits protein intake, controls salt and water intake, and emphasizes low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.
3. Fluid management: Monitoring and control of fluid intake to prevent fluid buildup in the body.
4. Dialysis: A machine that filters waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Transplantation: A kidney transplant may be considered for some patients with advanced chronic kidney failure.

Complications:

Chronic kidney failure can lead to several complications, including:

1. Heart disease: High blood pressure and anemia can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Bone disease: A disorder that can lead to bone pain, weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Electrolyte imbalance: Imbalances of electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium can cause muscle weakness, heart arrhythmias, and other complications.
5. Infections: A decrease in immune function can increase the risk of infections.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure, anemia, and other complications can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pain: Chronic kidney failure can cause pain, particularly in the back, flank, and abdomen.
9. Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common complications.
10. Depression and anxiety: The emotional burden of chronic kidney failure can lead to depression and anxiety.

There are several types of osteosclerosis, including:

1. Juvenile osteosclerosis: A rare condition that affects children and adolescents, characterized by abnormal bone growth and development.
2. Paget's disease of bone: A chronic disorder that causes enlarged and deformed bones due to excessive bone resorption and formation.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones, blue sclerae, and other physical abnormalities.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, leading to an overgrowth of bone tissue.
5. Chronic kidney disease: A condition in which the kidneys do not function properly, leading to an imbalance of minerals in the body that can cause bone abnormalities.

The symptoms of osteosclerosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joints
* Weakness or fatigue
* Fractures or breaks in the affected bone
* Abnormal bone growth or deformity

Treatment for osteosclerosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Medications such as bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, or surgery may be recommended to manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. In some cases, physicians may recommend lifestyle modifications such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding substances that can harm the bones, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

In conclusion, osteosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and hardening of the bones, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent further damage to the bones.

Treatment for uremia typically involves dialysis or kidney transplantation to remove excess urea from the blood and restore normal kidney function. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms such as high blood pressure, anemia, or electrolyte imbalances.

The term "uremia" is derived from the Greek words "oura," meaning "urea," and "emia," meaning "in the blood." It was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe a condition caused by excess urea in the blood. Today, it remains an important diagnostic term in nephrology and is often used interchangeably with the term "uremic syndrome."

Some common types of Jaw Diseases include:

1. Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJD): This is a collective term for a group of conditions that affect the TMJ and the surrounding tissues, causing pain and limited movement in the jaw.
2. Osteoarthritis: A condition where the cartilage in the joint deteriorates, leading to bone-on-bone contact and pain.
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that can affect the TMJ and cause inflammation, pain, and limited movement.
4. Osteoporosis: A condition where the bones become weak and brittle, which can lead to fractures in the jawbone.
5. TMJ Dislocation: When the ball and socket joint becomes dislocated, it can cause pain and limited movement in the jaw.
6. TMJ Locking: When the joint becomes locked, it can prevent movement and cause pain.
7. TMJ Clicking: A condition where the joint makes a clicking or popping sound when opening or closing the mouth.
8. Paroxysmal TMJ Dysfunction: A condition where the jaw muscles become inflamed and cause spasms, leading to limited movement and pain.
9. Craniomandibular Disorder: A condition that affects the alignment of the upper and lower teeth and the jawbone, causing pain and limited movement.
10. Occlusal Disease: A condition where the teeth do not fit together properly, leading to wear and tear on the TMJ and surrounding tissues.

These Jaw Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or misalignment of the teeth. Treatment options for Jaw Diseases range from conservative methods such as physical therapy and medication to more invasive procedures like surgery or joint replacement.

Examples of infectious bone diseases include:

1. Osteomyelitis: This is a bacterial infection of the bone that can cause pain, swelling, and fever. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Bacterial arthritis: This is an infection of the joints that can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is often caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Tuberculosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
4. Pyogenic infections: These are infections caused by Pus-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause osteomyelitis and other bone infections.
5. Fungal infections: These are infections caused by fungi such as Aspergillus or Candida that can infect the bones and cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections such as HIV, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 can cause bone infections like osteomyelitis.
7. Mycobacterial infections: These are infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
8. Lyme disease: This is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
9. Endometriosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus and can cause pain, inflammation, and bone damage.
10. Bone cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the bones and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.

These are just some of the possible causes of bone pain, and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Bone fractures: The most common symptom of OI is an increased risk of fractures, which can occur with minimal trauma or even without any apparent cause.
2. Dental problems: People with OI may have poorly formed teeth, tooth decay, and gum disease.
3. Short stature: Many individuals with OI are short in stature, due to the effects of chronic fractures and pain on growth and development.
4. Muscle weakness: Some people with OI may experience muscle weakness, particularly in the limbs.
5. Joint problems: OI can cause issues with joint mobility and stability, leading to arthritis and other degenerative conditions.
6. Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine is common in people with OI, which can lead to back pain and respiratory problems.
7. Blue sclerae: A distinctive feature of OI is the presence of blue-colored sclerae (the white part of the eye).
8. Other symptoms: Some people with OI may experience hearing loss, vision problems, and delayed development.

There are several types of OI, each caused by a mutation in a specific gene. The most common forms of OI are type I, type II, and type III. Type I is the mildest form and type III is the most severe. There is no cure for OI, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

1. Bracing and orthotics: To support weakened bones and improve posture.
2. Physical therapy: To maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Pain management: To reduce the risk of chronic pain and improve quality of life.
4. Dental care: Regular dental check-ups and appropriate treatment to prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
5. Respiratory care: To manage breathing problems and prevent respiratory infections.
6. Monitoring for hearing loss: Regular hearing tests to detect any hearing loss and provide appropriate intervention.
7. Early intervention: To help children with OI develop skills and abilities to their full potential.
8. Genetic counseling: For families with a history of OI, to understand the risks and implications for future pregnancies.

It's important for people with OI to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications. With proper care and support, many people with OI can lead active and fulfilling lives.

The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.

Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.

In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:

* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer

Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

During menopause, the levels of estrogen in the body decrease significantly, which can lead to a loss of bone density and an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis include:

* Family history of osteoporosis
* Early menopause (before age 45)
* Poor diet or inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake
* Sedentary lifestyle or lack of exercise
* Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants
* Other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and liver or kidney disease.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, which can determine the density of bones and detect any loss of bone mass. Treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis typically involve a combination of medications and lifestyle changes, such as:

* Bisphosphonates, which help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which can help to replace the estrogen that is lost during menopause and improve bone density
* Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which mimic the effects of estrogen on bone density but have fewer risks than HRT
* RANK ligand inhibitors, which can help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogues, which can help to increase bone density and improve bone quality.

It is important for women to discuss their individual risks and benefits with their healthcare provider when determining the best course of treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Additionally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding substances that can harm bone health (such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption) can also help to manage the condition.

There are several types of bone cysts, including:

1. Simple bone cysts: These are the most common type of bone cyst and typically occur in children and young adults. They are filled with air or fluid and do not contain any cancerous cells.
2. Angiomatous cysts: These are smaller than simple bone cysts and are usually found near the ends of long bones. They are also filled with blood vessels and do not contain any cancerous cells.
3. Unicameral (simple) bone cysts: These are similar to simple bone cysts but are larger and may be more complex in shape.
4. Multicameral bone cysts: These are larger than unicameral bone cysts and may contain multiple chambers filled with air or fluid.
5. Enchondromas: These are benign tumors that occur within the cartilage of a bone. They are usually found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
6. Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that occur in the cartilage of a bone. They are typically found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
7. Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the cartilage and bone of a joint. They are usually found near the ends of long bones.
8. Malignant bone cysts: These are rare and can be cancerous. They may occur in any bone of the body and can be aggressive, spreading quickly to other areas of the body.

The symptoms of bone cysts can vary depending on their size and location. They may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. In some cases, they may also lead to fractures or deformities.

Diagnosis of bone cysts usually involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions.

Treatment for bone cysts depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require any treatment, while larger cysts may need to be drained or surgically removed. In some cases, medication such as bisphosphonates may be used to help reduce the risk of fractures.

In conclusion, bone cysts are abnormalities that can occur in any bone of the body. They can be benign or malignant and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests, and treatment may involve observation, draining, or surgical removal.

Causes of Hypophosphatemia
-----------------------

There are several possible causes of hypophosphatemia, including:

1. Malnutrition or a poor diet that is deficient in phosphorus.
2. Gastrointestinal disorders such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or gastrointestinal surgery.
3. Kidney problems such as chronic kidney disease, renal tubular acidosis, or distal renal tubular phosphate loss.
4. Hormonal imbalances such as hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands) or hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands).
5. Medications such as diuretics, antacids, and certain antibiotics.
6. Chronic alcoholism.
7. Genetic disorders such as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets or familial hypophosphatemic rickets.

Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia
-------------------------

The symptoms of hypophosphatemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness, fatigue, or muscle cramps.
2. Bone pain or joint stiffness.
3. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the extremities.
5. Seizures or other neurological symptoms.
6. Respiratory problems such as shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
7. Heart arrhythmias or cardiac failure.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypophosphatemia
---------------------------------------

Hypophosphatemia can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of phosphate in the blood. Treatment for hypophosphatemia typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping medications that may be causing the condition or treating underlying medical conditions.

In some cases, treatment may involve supplements to increase phosphate levels in the blood. Vitamin D and calcium supplements may also be prescribed to help maintain bone health. In severe cases of hypophosphatemia, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis and Complications of Hypophosphatemia
-----------------------------------------------

The prognosis for hypophosphatemia is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated promptly. However, untreated hypophosphatemia can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Osteomalacia or osteoporosis.
2. Rickets in children.
3. Weakened immune system.
4. Increased risk of infections.
5. Nerve damage or neuropathy.
6. Cardiovascular problems such as heart arrhythmias or cardiac failure.
7. Respiratory failure.
8. Kidney damage or kidney failure.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as hypophosphatemia can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Conclusion
----------

Hypophosphatemia is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of factors and may present with symptoms such as weakness, bone pain, and respiratory problems. Treatment typically involves correcting any underlying causes and supplements to increase phosphate levels in the blood.

Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications of hypophosphatemia, which can include osteomalacia or osteoporosis, nerve damage, cardiovascular problems, respiratory failure, and kidney damage. If you suspect you may have hypophosphatemia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

The symptoms of MSK can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* High blood pressure
* Kidney pain
* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Decreased kidney function
* Increased risk of kidney failure

The exact cause of MSK is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations that affect the development and growth of the kidneys. The condition is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but can sometimes be present at birth.

There is no cure for MSK, but treatment options may include:

* Medications to control high blood pressure and slow the progression of kidney disease
* Dialysis to filter waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so
* Kidney transplantation

The prognosis for MSK is generally poor, with a median survival age of around 50 years. However, with appropriate treatment and management, some individuals with MSK can live into their 60s or 70s.

In summary, Medullary Sponge Kidney is a rare and inherited kidney disorder characterized by cysts in the medulla of the kidneys, which can cause chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and other complications. While there is no cure for MSK, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Nephrolithiasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, diet, dehydration, and certain medical conditions such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease. The most common types of kidney stones are made of calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, or other substances.

Symptoms of nephrolithiasis can include severe pain in the side or back, nausea and vomiting, fever, chills, and blood in the urine. Treatment options for nephrolithiasis depend on the size and location of the kidney stones, as well as the severity of the symptoms.

Small stones may pass on their own with plenty of fluids, while larger stones may require medication or surgical intervention to remove them. In some cases, nephrolithiasis may lead to complications such as chronic kidney disease or sepsis, which can be life-threatening.

Preventative measures for nephrolithiasis include staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water, limiting salt and animal protein intake, and managing underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes. If you suspect you have a kidney stone, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Some common causes of hypocalcemia include:

1. Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium from the diet. A lack of vitamin D can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood.
2. Parathyroid gland disorders: The parathyroid glands are located in the neck and regulate calcium levels in the blood. Disorders such as hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands) or hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands) can cause hypocalcemia.
3. Malabsorption: Certain conditions, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease, can lead to malabsorption of nutrients, including calcium.
4. Kidney problems: Kidney failure can cause hypocalcemia by reducing the amount of calcium that is excreted in the urine.
5. Hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium): Magnesium is important for calcium metabolism, and low levels of magnesium can contribute to hypocalcemia.

Symptoms of hypocalcemia can include:

1. Muscle cramps
2. Weakness
3. Twitching or tremors
4. Seizures
5. Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes
6. Difficulty swallowing
7. Palpitations
8. Headaches
9. Fatigue
10. Depression

Treatment for hypocalcemia usually involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition. For example, if the condition is caused by a vitamin D deficiency, supplements may be prescribed. If the condition is caused by a parathyroid gland disorder, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected gland or glands. In some cases, calcium supplements may be prescribed to help restore normal calcium levels.

It's important to note that hypocalcemia can be a sign of an underlying condition, and it should be treated promptly to prevent complications. If you suspect you or someone you know may have hypocalcemia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can diagnose the condition and recommend appropriate treatment.

MGUS is relatively common, especially among older adults, and it often has no symptoms. However, some people with MGUS may experience fatigue, weakness, or bone pain. The condition is usually detected during a routine blood test that measures the level of M-protein in the blood.

There are several risk factors for developing MGUS, including age (it is more common among older adults), family history of multiple myeloma, and certain medical conditions such as hypertension or type 2 diabetes. The exact cause of MGUS is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations that occur in plasma cells.

Doctors use several criteria to diagnose MGUS, including the level of M-protein in the blood, the amount of other proteins in the blood, and the presence of certain abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow. Treatment for MGUS is typically observation and monitoring, as there is no specific therapy that can cure the condition. However, doctors may recommend treatment for any underlying medical conditions that are contributing to the development of MGUS.

The prognosis for MGUS varies depending on several factors, including the level of M-protein in the blood, the presence of certain abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow, and the patient's overall health status. In some cases, MGUS may progress to multiple myeloma over time, but this is not always the case.

Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the femur, which is the longest bone in the human body and runs from the hip joint to the knee joint. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their impact on the affected individual can range from minimal to severe.

Types of Femoral Neoplasms:

There are several types of femoral neoplasms, including:

1. Osteosarcoma: This is a type of primary bone cancer that originates in the femur. It is rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
2. Chondrosarcoma: This is another type of primary bone cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the femur. It is more common than osteosarcoma and affects mostly older adults.
3. Ewing's Sarcoma: This is a rare type of bone cancer that can occur in any bone, including the femur. It typically affects children and young adults.
4. Giant Cell Tumor: This is a benign tumor that occurs in the bones, including the femur. While it is not cancerous, it can cause significant symptoms and may require surgical treatment.

Symptoms of Femoral Neoplasms:

The symptoms of femoral neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain: Patients with femoral neoplasms may experience pain in the affected leg, which can be worse with activity or weight-bearing.
2. Swelling: The affected limb may become swollen due to fluid accumulation or the growth of the tumor.
3. Limited mobility: Patients may experience limited mobility or stiffness in the affected joint due to pain or swelling.
4. Fracture: In some cases, femoral neoplasms can cause a fracture or weakening of the bone, which can lead to further complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Neoplasms:

The diagnosis of femoral neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies and biopsy. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, can help identify the location and extent of the tumor. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment for femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure that they do not grow or change over time.
2. Surgery: Many femoral neoplasms can be treated with surgery to remove the tumor and any affected bone tissue. In some cases, this may involve removing a portion of the femur or replacing it with a prosthetic implant.
3. Radiation therapy: This may be used in combination with surgery to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
4. Chemotherapy: This may also be used in combination with surgery and radiation therapy to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
5. Targeted therapy: This is a type of chemotherapy that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the tumor. Examples include denintuzumab mafodotin, which targets a protein called B-cell CD19, and olaratumab, which targets a protein called platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-alpha).
6. Immunotherapy: This is a type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Examples include pembrolizumab and nivolumab, which are checkpoint inhibitors that work by blocking proteins on T cells that prevent them from attacking cancer cells.

The prognosis for patients with femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with benign tumors than those with malignant ones. However, even for patients with malignant tumors, there are many treatment options available, and the prognosis can vary depending on the specifics of the case.

It's important to note that these are general treatment options and the best course of treatment will depend on the specifics of each individual case. Patients should discuss their diagnosis and treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate course of action for their specific situation.

The term "osteomyelitis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "myelitis," meaning inflammation of the spinal cord. The condition is caused by an infection that spreads to the bone from another part of the body, such as a skin wound or a urinary tract infection.

There are several different types of osteomyelitis, including:

1. Acute osteomyelitis: This type of infection occurs suddenly and can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Chronic osteomyelitis: This type of infection develops slowly over time and is often caused by bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. Pyogenic osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by bacteria that enter the body through a skin wound or other opening.
4. Tubercular osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is often associated with tuberculosis.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis can include fever, chills, fatigue, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to fight the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged bone.

Preventing osteomyelitis involves taking steps to avoid infections altogether, such as practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated against certain diseases, and seeking medical attention promptly if an infection is suspected.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia:

There are several possible causes of hyperphosphatemia, including:

1. Kidney disease or failure: The kidneys regulate the levels of phosphate in the blood, and if they are not functioning properly, phosphate levels can become elevated.
2. Resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH): PTH is a hormone that helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. If there is resistance to PTH, phosphate levels can become elevated.
3. Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of phosphate from food in the gut. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to an excessive amount of phosphate in the blood.
4. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antacids and nutritional supplements, can contain high levels of phosphate and cause hyperphosphatemia.
5. Poor dietary habits: Consuming a diet that is high in phosphate-rich foods, such as meat and processed foods, can lead to elevated phosphate levels in the blood.

Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia:

The symptoms of hyperphosphatemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Bone pain or weakness
2. Fatigue
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Weakness in the muscles
5. Rickets (in children)
6. Osteoporosis (in adults)
7. Kidney damage or failure

Diagnosis of Hyperphosphatemia:

Hyperphosphatemia is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level of phosphate in the blood. Other tests may also be performed to assess kidney function and rule out other potential causes of elevated phosphate levels. These tests may include:

1. Serum creatinine test: This test measures the level of creatinine, a waste product that is produced by the muscles and removed from the blood by the kidneys. Elevated levels of creatinine can indicate kidney damage or failure.
2. Urine test: A urine test may be performed to check for proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), which can be a sign of kidney damage.
3. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) test: This test measures the level of PTH, a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Elevated levels of PTH can indicate hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH.
4. 24-hour urine phosphate test: This test measures the amount of phosphate excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period.

Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia:

The treatment of hyperphosphatemia depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Here are some possible treatment options:

1. Phosphate-binding agents: These medications, such as sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, bind to phosphate in the gut and prevent it from being absorbed into the bloodstream.
2. Calcium supplements: Calcium can help to lower phosphate levels by binding to it and removing it from the bloodstream.
3. Dietary changes: A dietitian can work with you to develop a meal plan that limits phosphate-rich foods, such as meat, dairy products, and processed foods, while emphasizing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
4. Dialysis: In cases where the condition is caused by kidney failure, dialysis may be necessary to remove excess phosphate from the blood.
5. Surgery: In cases where the condition is caused by a parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected gland(s).

It's important to note that hyperphosphatemia can lead to complications such as mineral bone disease, which can cause weakened bones, bone pain, and an increased risk of fractures. Therefore, it's important to work with your healthcare provider to manage the condition and prevent these complications.

There are several types of phosphorus metabolism disorders, including:

1. Hypophosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as malnutrition, kidney disease, or hormonal imbalances. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia can include fatigue, weakness, and bone pain.
2. Hyperphosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by conditions such as kidney disease or excessive intake of phosphorus-containing foods. Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia can include nausea, vomiting, and an increased risk of kidney stones.
3. Fanconi syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb and utilize phosphorus. It is characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood, as well as other symptoms such as rickets, bone pain, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. X-linked hypophosphatemic tumor-induced osteomalacia (XLH): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects males and is characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood and an increased risk of bone fractures. It is caused by mutations in the TNS1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in phosphorus metabolism.
5. Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO): This is a rare disorder that is caused by tumors that produce excessive amounts of a hormone called fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). This hormone interferes with the body's ability to absorb phosphorus, leading to low levels of phosphorus in the blood and an increased risk of bone fractures.
6. Chronic kidney disease: In advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, the kidneys may not be able to effectively remove excess phosphorus from the blood, leading to hyperphosphatemia.
7. Heart disease: High levels of phosphorus in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, including conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart failure.
8. Kidney damage: Prolonged exposure to high levels of phosphorus in the blood can damage the kidneys and increase the risk of kidney disease.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of conditions that can cause hyperphosphatemia, and there may be other causes as well. If you suspect that you or someone you know has hyperphosphatemia, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several different types of calcinosis, each with its own unique causes and symptoms. Some common forms of calcinosis include:

1. Dystrophic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs in people with muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that affect muscle strength and function. Dystrophic calcinosis can cause calcium deposits to form in the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
2. Metastatic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and cause calcium deposits to form. Metastatic calcinosis can occur in people with a variety of different types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer.
3. Idiopathic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs for no apparent reason, and the exact cause is not known. Idiopathic calcinosis can affect people of all ages and can cause calcium deposits to form in a variety of different tissues.
4. Secondary calcinosis: This type of calcidosis occurs as a result of an underlying medical condition or injury. For example, secondary calcinosis can occur in people with kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism (a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone), or traumatic injuries.

Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve managing the underlying disease or condition that is causing the calcium deposits to form. Other treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and surgery to remove the calcium deposits.

Maxillary diseases refer to any conditions or disorders that affect the maxilla, which is the bone that forms the upper jaw and holds the teeth in place. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty opening or closing the mouth. Some common maxillary diseases include:

1. Maxillary sinusitis: Inflammation of the air-filled cavities within the maxilla bone, often caused by infection or allergies.
2. Maxillary fracture: A break in the bone that can be caused by trauma, such as a fall or a blow to the face.
3. Cysts and tumors: Non-cancerous growths that can develop in the maxilla bone, often causing pain and swelling.
4. Dacryostenosis: A blockage of the tear ducts, which can cause tears to build up and overflow from the eyes.
5. Orbital cellulitis: Inflammation of the tissues around the eye, often caused by bacterial infection.
6. Subperiosteal abscess: An accumulation of pus beneath the periosteum, the thin layer of tissue that covers the surface of the bone.
7. Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone and bone marrow, often caused by bacteria or other microorganisms.
8. Osteoma: A benign tumor made up of bone tissue, often found in the maxilla bone.
9. Pyogenic granuloma: A type of non-cancerous growth that develops in response to infection.
10. Fibrous dysplasia: A condition where abnormal development of fibrous tissue causes deformity and pain.

These maxillary diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, injury, genetics, and autoimmune disorders. Treatment options vary depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the disease, but may include antibiotics, surgery, or other medications.

There are several types of RTA, including:

1. Type 1 RTA: This is caused by a defect in the genes that code for the proteins involved in acid secretion in the renal tubules.
2. Type 2 RTA: This is caused by damage to the renal tubules, such as from exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
3. Type 4 RTA: This is caused by a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone, which helps regulate electrolyte levels in the body.

Symptoms of RTA can include:

* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Dehydration
* Increased heart rate
* Decreased urine production

RTA can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the pH levels in the body, as well as tests that assess kidney function and electrolyte levels. Treatment for RTA typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping certain medications or addressing electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help regulate acid levels in the body.

Prevention of RTA includes maintaining proper hydration, avoiding exposure to harmful substances, and managing any underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of developing RTA. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for individuals with RTA.

These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms such as pain, swelling, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment options for bone marrow neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Here are some examples of bone marrow neoplasms:

1. Osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the bone-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

2. Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the cartilage-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

3. Myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells produce antibodies to fight infections, but with myeloma, the abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of antibodies that can cause a variety of symptoms.

4. Ewing's sarcoma: A rare malignant tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

5. Askin's tumor: A rare malignant tumor that arises from the fat cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

These are just a few examples of the many types of bone marrow neoplasms that can occur. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a bone marrow neoplasm, such as pain or swelling in the affected area, fatigue, fever, or weight loss. A healthcare professional can perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

Vitamin D deficiency can occur due to several reasons, including:

1. Limited sun exposure: Vitamin D is produced in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. People who live in regions with limited sunlight, such as far north or south latitudes, may experience vitamin D deficiency.
2. Poor dietary intake: Vitamin D is found in few foods, such as fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified dairy products. People who follow a restrictive diet or do not consume enough of these foods may develop vitamin D deficiency.
3. Inability to convert vitamin D: Vitamin D undergoes two stages of conversion in the body before it becomes active. The first stage occurs in the skin, and the second stage occurs in the liver. People who have a genetic disorder or certain medical conditions may experience difficulty converting vitamin D, leading to deficiency.
4. Certain medications: Some medications, such as anticonvulsants and glucocorticoids, can interfere with vitamin D metabolism and lead to deficiency.
5. Increased demand: Vitamin D deficiency can occur in people who have high demands for vitamin D, such as pregnant or lactating women, older adults, and individuals with certain medical conditions like osteomalacia or rickets.

Vitamin D deficiency can cause a range of health problems, including:

1. Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
2. Rickets (a childhood disease that causes softening of the bones)
3. Increased risk of fractures
4. Muscle weakness and pain
5. Fatigue and malaise
6. Depression and seasonal affective disorder
7. Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis
8. Cardiovascular disease
9. Certain types of cancer, such as colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer

If you suspect you may have a vitamin D deficiency, it's important to speak with your healthcare provider, who can diagnose the deficiency through a blood test and recommend appropriate treatment. Treatment for vitamin D deficiency typically involves taking supplements or increasing exposure to sunlight.

The main symptoms of HPP include:

1. Difficulty swallowing and breathing due to respiratory muscle weakness
2. Severe bone weakening and deformities, such as bowed legs, pigeon chest, and clubfoot
3. Tooth decay and loss of teeth at an early age
4. Dental caries and enamel hypoplasia
5. Delayed growth and development
6. Increased risk of fractures
7. Soft and weak muscles
8. Intellectual disability

The diagnosis of HPP is based on a combination of clinical findings, radiologic studies (such as X-rays), and laboratory tests to measure enzyme activity. Treatment for HPP typically involves managing the symptoms and preventing complications, such as:

1. Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility
2. Orthotics and assistive devices to support weakened bones and joints
3. Pain management with medications
4. Regular dental care to prevent tooth decay and gum disease
5. Nutritional supplements to ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
6. Surgery to correct skeletal deformities or repair fractures
7. Respiratory support with ventilation devices as needed.

The prognosis for HPP is generally poor, with many individuals experiencing significant disability and shortened lifespan. However, early diagnosis and appropriate management can improve quality of life and reduce the risk of complications.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.

In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

Some common types of spinal diseases include:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine wear down over time, leading to pain and stiffness in the back.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a condition where a vertebra slips out of place, either forward or backward, and can cause pressure on nearby nerves and muscles.
5. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.
6. Spinal infections: These are infections that can affect any part of the spine, including the discs, vertebrae, and soft tissues.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spine, either primary ( originating in the spine) or metastatic (originating elsewhere in the body).
8. Osteoporotic fractures: These are fractures that occur in the spine as a result of weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
9. Spinal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the spine, either as a result of injury or as a congenital condition.
10. Spinal degeneration: This is a general term for any type of wear and tear on the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration.

If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Surgery is often necessary to treat bone cysts, aneurysmal, and the type of surgery will depend on the size and location of the cyst. The goal of surgery is to remove the cyst and any associated damage to the bone. In some cases, the bone may need to be repaired or replaced with a prosthetic.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are relatively rare and account for only about 1% of all bone tumors. They can occur in people of any age but are most commonly seen in children and young adults. Treatment is usually successful, but there is a risk of complications such as infection or nerve damage.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are also known as bone aneurysmal cysts or BACs. They are different from other types of bone cysts, such as simple bone cysts or fibrous dysplasia, which have a different cause and may require different treatment.

Overall, the prognosis for bone cysts, aneurysmal is generally good if they are treated promptly and effectively. However, there is always a risk of complications, and ongoing follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to monitor for any signs of recurrence or further problems.

The symptoms of chronic renal insufficiency can be subtle and may develop gradually over time. They may include fatigue, weakness, swelling in the legs and ankles, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty concentrating. As the disease progresses, patients may experience shortness of breath, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease.

Chronic renal insufficiency is diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level of waste products in the blood, such as creatinine and urea. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound and CT scans, may also be used to evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment for chronic renal insufficiency focuses on slowing the progression of the disease and managing its symptoms. This may include medications to control high blood pressure, diabetes, and anemia, as well as dietary changes and fluid restrictions. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of chronic renal insufficiency involves managing underlying conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, and avoiding substances that can damage the kidneys, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption. Early detection and treatment of kidney disease can help prevent the progression to chronic renal insufficiency.

Chondrocalcinosis is a type of calcifying disorder, which is a group of conditions characterized by the deposition of minerals such as calcium and phosphate in soft tissues. This condition can affect various joints in the body, including the hips, knees, shoulders, and elbows.

In this article, we will explore the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of chondrocalcinosis. We will also discuss the surgical procedures used to treat this condition and the potential complications that can arise.

Definition of Chondrocalcinosis:

Chondrocalcinosis is a medical term that refers to the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals within cartilage. This condition is also known as chondromalacia or calcifying joint disease. It is a type of calcifying disorder, which affects the cartilage in various joints throughout the body.

Causes of Chondrocalcinosis:

The exact cause of chondrocalcinosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to aging, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Some risk factors for developing chondrocalcinosis include:

Age: The risk of developing chondrocalcinosis increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Family history: People with a family history of chondrocalcinosis are more likely to develop the condition.

Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: These conditions can increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, can increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Symptoms of Chondrocalcinosis:

The symptoms of chondrocalcinosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the joints affected. Common symptoms include:

Pain: Pain is one of the most common symptoms of chondrocalcinosis, particularly in the affected joint.

Stiffness: Joint stiffness and limited range of motion can also occur as a result of chondrocalcinosis.

Swelling: Swelling in the affected joint is another common symptom of chondrocalcinosis.

Redness: The affected joint may become red and warm to the touch due to inflammation.

Crepitus: Crepitus, or a grinding sensation, may be felt in the affected joint as a result of the calcium pyrophosphate crystals rubbing against each other.

Treatment of Chondrocalcinosis:

There is no cure for chondrocalcinosis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the condition. These may include:

Pain relief medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help maintain joint mobility and strength.

Joint injections: Injecting corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid into the affected joint can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain.

Surgery: In severe cases of chondrocalcinosis, surgery may be necessary to remove the calcium pyrophosphate crystals or repair damaged tissue.

Prevention of Chondrocalcinosis:

There is no guaranteed way to prevent chondrocalcinosis, but there are several measures that can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. These may include:

Maintaining a healthy weight: Excessive weight can put additional strain on the joints and increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Staying active: Regular exercise can help maintain joint mobility and strength, reducing the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Wearing protective gear: Wearing protective gear such as knee pads or elbow pads when engaging in activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints can help reduce the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Avoiding excessive stress on the joints: Avoiding activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints, such as heavy lifting or bending, can help reduce the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Early diagnosis and treatment of chondrocalcinosis can help manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the condition. If you suspect you may have chondrocalcinosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

An infectious bone disease is a bone disease primarily associated with an infection. An example is osteomyelitis. Root, Richard ... Clinical Infectious Diseases: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 741. ISBN 9780195081039. Retrieved 5 December ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal disease stubs, ...
"Paediatric Immunology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Infectious Diseases". Newcastle Hospitals. Retrieved 15 April 2018. "The ... The Great North Children's Hospital is one of two units in the UK which perform bone marrow transplants for children who were ...
Bone spurs in a premaxilla, claw, and two metacarpals. Exostosis in a toe bone possibly attributable to an infectious disease. ... Avulsion injuries Block vertebrae Broken teeth Bone spurs Co-Ossification Cysts Exostosis Fractured bones Fused bones Gout ... Forelimb pathologies tended to be close to the body, occurring in bones like the scapula or humerus. Toe bone fractures were ... Three of the 105 toe bones from indeterminate tyrannosaurids were found to have stress fractures. One of the five finger bones ...
It causes disease in the joints, bones and respiratory system of birds. It is found throughout the world and infection may be ... referred to as Infectious Synovitis, Avian Mycoplasmosis, Infectious Sinusitis and Mycoplasma Arthritis. It is of economic ... Bird diseases, Bacterial diseases, Mycoplasma, All stub articles, Veterinary medicine stubs). ... The disease is most commonly seen in chickens, and transmission occurs both vertically and horizontally. Common clinical signs ...
Diseases of bone and joint (non-neoplastic and non-infectious disorders of bone, skeletal dysplasias/dysostoses, constitutional ... Destruction of part of the jaw bone may give the appearance of advanced gum disease. The cause is a genetic mutation in the ... The disease was once thought to be a lipid storage disease as the lesions have a high cholesterol content, but the blood ... In 1940, Louis Litchtenstein and Henry L. Jaffe described a self-limiting disease characterised by "isolated bone lesions". A ...
Bone loss and osteoclastogenesis are induced by inflammation in infectious and autoimmune diseases. A recent study has ... It has been shown to be involved in the onset of many diseases, which includes Inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies have ... Activation of these genes results in robust osteoclast formation and bone loss. This process is absent in TLR5 knockout mice ... TLR5 may play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). TLR5-deficient mice develop spontaneous colitis and metabolic ...
Roodman GD, Windle JJ (February 2005). "Paget disease of bone". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 115 (2): 200-208. doi: ... 2020). "Slow Viruses & Prions.". Medical Microbiology & Immunology: A Guide to Clinical Infectious Diseases (16th ed.). McGraw ... A slow virus disease is a disease that, after an extended period of latency, follows a slow, progressive course spanning months ... Slow viruses cause a variety of diseases, including cancer. §JC virus & BK virus only cause disease in immunocompromised ...
Its areas of focus include study of infectious diseases, biodefense, military medicine, battlefield medicine, and bone marrow ... The Infectious Diseases Directorate conducts research on infectious diseases that are considered to be significant threats to ... The Naval Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory is also located in the Silver Spring facility. It provides clinical ... "Naval Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory". U.S. Naval Medical Research Center. Retrieved 25 July 2014. "NMRC Subordinate ...
However, no infectious virus has yet been isolated as a causative agent, and other evidence suggests an intrinsic ... and does not spread from bone to bone. Rarely, a bone affected by Paget's disease can transform into a malignant bone cancer. ... Paget's Disease of Bone Overview - NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center (Webarchive template ... Charles, Julia F.; Siris, Ethel S.; Roodman, G. David (2018). "Paget Disease of Bone". Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases ...
... focuses its efforts on several fields of immunodiagnostics: infectious diseases, bone and mineral, endocrinology, ... Infectious diseases • Gastrointestinal infections • Bone and mineral metabolism • Endocrinology • Hypertension • Oncology • ... The company is also active in molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases and for the detection of some forms of leukemia. In ... DiaSorin has focused its research on the area of infectious diseases, with tests based on different matrices-including blood, ...
Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8493-2321-8. Retrieved 2009-01-09. Taber, Clarence ... Pelvic girdle Right hip bone. Internal surface. Right hip bone. External surface. (Body of ilium is the top of the blue circle ... The brevis shelf is the bony ridge at the inner side of the fossa, the bone wall forming the internal face of the rear part of ... Crest of ilium is labeled at top.) Plan of ossification of the hip bone. Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the ...
... an extremely rare disease of bone. Benchmark changes in the understanding of medical science and the practice of medicine have ... lead the scientific advances behind the modern RotaTeq vaccine for infectious childhood diarrhea. In 2006, Drs. Kaplan and ...
One notable infectious disease of American origin is syphilis. Aside from that, most of the major infectious diseases known ... Paleo-scientists can see the expression of disease by looking at its effect on bones, yet this offers a limited view. Most ... For more than 1,000 years travelers brought goods and infectious diseases from the East, where some of the latter had jumped ... 1}}} Although a variety of infectious diseases existed in the Americas in pre-Columbian times, the limited size of the ...
Schmitt, SK (June 2017). "Reactive Arthritis". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (Review). 31 (2): 265-77. doi: ... "OrthoKids - Osgood-Schlatter's Disease". "Sever's Disease". Kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2014-04-29. Hendrix CL (2005). "Calcaneal ... Examples include: Osgood-Schlatter disease (apophysitis of the tibial tubercle) Sever's disease (apophysitis of the posterior ... which is occasionally present In the fifth metatarsal bone, the most proximal part of the bone is termed the "tuberosity", and ...
... as a burn or wound prevention and/or treatment of blood-borne pathogens treatment of infectious diseases management of bone and ...
... and inflammatory bowel disease Malignancy - bone metastasis from lung, breast, prostate, thyroid, among others Infectious - ... Low back pain is not a specific disease but rather a complaint that may be caused by a large number of underlying problems of ... When a disc degenerates as a result of injury or disease, the makeup of a disc changes: blood vessels and nerves may grow into ... Low back pain (LBP) or lumbago is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back, in between the lower ...
... brittle bone disease, infectious proventriculitis, helicopter disease and pale bird syndrome). It consists of stunted growth in ... General hygiene and correct breeding conditions (especially correct brooding temperatures) may be efficient, but the disease ...
... synthesis and testing of novel antimicrobial therapeutics for in vivo and clinical applications in infectious bone disease. He ... Bad to the Bone: on in vitro and ex vivo microbial biofilm ability to directly destroy colonized bone surfaces without ... Working with chemists, Sedghizadeh designed and tested novel bone-targeted antibiotic conjugates to treat bone infections. ... Bone 2021. Zhong E, Chang A, Stucky A, Chen X, Mundluru T, Khalifeh M, Sedghizadeh PP. Genomic analysis of oral lichen planus ...
... or Paget's disease of bone) Osteitis fibrosa cystica (or Osteitis fibrosa, or Von Recklinghausen's disease of bone) Osteitis ... More specifically, it can refer to one of the following conditions: Osteomyelitis, or infectious osteitis, mainly bacterial ... "Paget's Disease of Bone". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 August 2021. Frawley, Ed. "Panosteitis or PANO" ( ... pubis Radiation osteitis Osteitis condensans ilii Panosteitis, a long bone condition in large breed dogs In horses, pedal ...
... a Short-term fellowship in Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation in Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases ... He initiated the Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Registry (IPIDR) in 1999 under supervision of Professor Asghar ... "Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases", Immunology of Aging" and "Cancer Immunology" series. He has also won the 12th and 18th Razi ... Northern Supra Regional Bone Marrow Transplant Unit for SCID and Related Disorders, Newcastle, UK, awarded by the ESID ( ...
Diagnostic radiology Emergency Medicine Gastroenterology Genetics Heart disease Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease ... Addiction Medicine Anesthesiology Bone and joint conditions Breast disease Cancer Cardiology Cardiothoracic surgery Dentistry ...
BMC Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-59. PMC 3565948. PMID 23374883. Russell, Jonathan R, Huang, ... Aspergillus tubingensis has also been implicated in the infection of maxillary bone following a tooth extraction. Oisewacz, ... "Infectious keratitis caused by Aspergillus tubingensis". Cornea. 28 (8): 951-954. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181967098. PMID ... "Involvement of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus tubingensis in osteomyelitis of the maxillary bone: a case report". ...
Sarkar R, Nair V, Sinha S, Garg VK, Rodriguez DA (2011). "7. Infectious diseases". In Taylor S, Gathers RC, Callender VD, ... Thabit AK, Fatani DF, Bamakhrama MS, Barnawi OA, Basudan LO, Alhejaili SF (April 2019). "Antibiotic penetration into bone and ... International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 81: 128-136. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.005. PMID 30772469. Kumar P, Clark ML ( ... Despite having a lower than optimum drug penetration into bone ratio of 10-20%, flucloxacillin appears effective in treating ...
Emerging Infectious Diseases. U.S.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human ... Al, J. Rigaill et (2018). "Community-Acquired Staphylococcus argenteus Sequence Type 2250 Bone and Joint Infection, France, ...
Other problems include long hours of work, respiratory and skin diseases, life-threatening tetanus, joint and bone deformities ... non-HIV infectious diseases, and malaria was largely correlated with child labour. They concluded these results by saying that ... In the same study Willis found that prostituted children have higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) than non- ...
... in infectious disease at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He ... Nir-Paz, Ran (March 2019). "Successful treatment of antibiotic resistant poly-microbial bone infection with bacteriophages and ... In 2016, while serving as the Head of the Division of Infectious Diseases at the UC San Diego School of Medicine, Schooley was ... In 1990, Schooley was recruited as the head of the Division of Infectious Diseases for the Health Sciences Center at the ...
Poly-microbial Bone Infection With Bacteriophages and Antibiotics Combination". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (11): 2015- ... who was head of the Division of Infectious Disease at the UC San Diego School of Medicine at the time. Researchers from Texas A ...
The disease develops as a complication or progression of either Epstein-Barr virus-positive infectious mononucleosis (EPV+ IM) ... These cells may also occur in the bone marrow. Individuals who are immunodeficient because of disease, immunosuppressive drugs ... Chronic autoimmune or inflammatory diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Giant-cell arteritis, sarcoidosis, or ... 5) Chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Giant-cell arteritis, ...
Study of Chono bones reveal they were prone to suffer joint problems, infectious diseases and in some cases traumatic injuries ... These diseases were associated with their lifestyle. Scholar Alberto Trivera considers that there is no continuity between the ... Isotope studies of human bones found in former Chono territory suggest the Chonos maintained a chiefly marine-based diet over ...
... myocardial infarction and lung infarction Acute kidney disease Acute liver disease Rhabdomyolysis Pancreatitis Bone fractures ... Hemolytic anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia Infections such as infectious mononucleosis, meningitis, encephalitis, HIV/AIDS ... "Diseases - Metabolic Diseases - Causes/Inheritance". Muscular Dystrophy Association. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016. ... "Glycogen storage disease XI - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2 March 2016. "LDHB gene". Genetics ...
Dunne EF, Park IU (December 2013). "HPV and HPV-associated diseases". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 27 (4): 765- ... bone fractures, and (rarely) leakage of urine or feces from the vagina. Bleeding after douching or after a pelvic exam is a ... Infectious causes of cancer, Papillomavirus-associated diseases, Sexually transmitted diseases and infections, Wikipedia ... In advanced disease, metastases may be present in the abdomen, lungs, or elsewhere. Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may ...
Infectious disease deaths in Pennsylvania, Les Neuf Sœurs, Masonic Grand Masters, Members of the American Philosophical Society ... The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House (the organization responsible for the restoration) note that the bones were likely ... Respiratory disease deaths in Pennsylvania, Rhetoric theorists, Scientists from Boston, Scientists from Philadelphia, Signers ... time apart is that he may have blamed her for possibly preventing their son Francis from being inoculated against the disease ...
In 2010, updated guidelines were issued by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, recommending use of cefepime, ... suppresses the bone marrow from producing blood cells).[citation needed] The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in ... Guidelines issued in 2002 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend the use of particular combinations of ...
Disease processes that FDC may contribute include primary FDC-tumor, chronic inflammatory conditions, HIV-1 infection ... Unlike dendritic cells (DC), FDCs are not derived from the bone-marrow hematopoietic stem cell, but are of mesenchymal origin. ... "Follicular Dendritic Cells Retain Infectious HIV in Cycling Endosomes". PLOS Pathogens. 11 (12): e1005285. doi:10.1371/journal. ... Aguzzi A, Kranich J, Krautler NJ (2014). "Follicular dendritic cells: origin, phenotype, and function in health and disease". ...
Michael J. Smith, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Louisville, an "infectious diseases expert who has studied the ... Bone, James; Rose, David (14 February 2009). "MMR scare doctor Andrew Wakefield makes fortune in US". The Times. London, UK. ... Inflammatory Bowel Disease); particularly Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis and regressive behavioural disease (RBD) (also ... These childhood diseases can do real damage, so we're proud to be an organisation that gets the good news out there - the ...
... which is a severe disease that affects internal organs, including the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The parasitic pathogen is ... Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (12): 1480-1485. doi:10.3201/eid0812.010485. PMC 2738513. PMID 12498667. Abbehusen, Melissa ... Although chickens cannot serve as host reservoirs for the disease, chickens may play a crucial role in sustaining populations ... Transmission and development of the disease are consequently dependent upon the sandfly's access to multiple blood meals. Dogs ...
Upton Allen - pediatric infectious disease specialist Daniel Aykroyd - actor and entrepreneur Dr. Alan Bernstein - cancer ... Maria Bone Ms. Helena Kusiak Ms. Irene Wallace Mr. Stanislaw Wojtecki Mrs. Janina Jekosz Mr. Stanislaw Jekosz Ms. Svetlana ...
... disease), 17th-century Mexican people, 17th-century Mexican poets, 17th-century writers, Hieronymite nuns, Infectious disease ... During renovations at the cloister in the 1970s, bones believed to be those of Sor Juana were discovered. A medallion similar ...
608 A physical examination and medical history are generally not enough to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious ... the audible grating of bones, ligaments, or particles within the excess synovial fluid.: p. 20 In human anatomy, a bursa is a ... and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.: p. 22 Some cases are idiopathic, though these may be caused by trauma that the ... Occupational diseases, Overuse injuries, Soft tissue disorders, Knee injuries and disorders). ...
They have a hive mind and their teeth, claws and blood are highly infectious. The film is based on the novel I Am Legend by ... Ellen inspects the koala's blood and finds out that the disease was created by an unknown enzyme found in the koala's cerebral ... The virus slowly eats away at their flesh, exposing their spines and other bones structures. ... These creatures are mutants created by a flesh-eating virus that evolved to give its host infectious properties and turned them ...
"Infectious bite". See Magazine. 11 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007. Ankeny, ... The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease. Lead track " ... 2011, p. 516 Bessman, Jim (27 December 1986). "Is Offbeat Act Ready for Mainstream? Fetchin Rattles Some Bones" (PDF). ...
Infectious diseases, Bacterial diseases, Tropical diseases, Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions). ... Deep tissue invasion - Infection may spread deep to the subcutaneous tissue, but rarely involve the bone Chronic ulceration - ... The disease is most common in native laborers and in schoolchildren of the tropics and subtropics during the rainy season and ... In some of these countries, such as northern Papua New Guinea, it is the most common skin disease.[citation needed] Skin lesion ...
He also performed innovative studies on the heart, infectious diseases and bacteriology, splenomegaly, nephrology, lung disease ... bone marrow and lymph glands, and that they are the result of the uncontrolled proliferation of staminal blood cells. This ... He gave his name to Banti's disease. Banti was born in Montebichieri in Tuscany. His father was a physician. He studied ... Banti continued with further observations and in 1913 decided that the leukaemias are systematic diseases arising from the ...
The deep fibular nerve is also subject to injury resulting from lower motor neuron disease, diabetes, ischemia, and infectious ... It begins at the lateral side of the fibula bone, and then enters the anterior compartment by piercing the anterior ...
Thus, similar immune systems may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see Major histocompatibility complex and sexual ... where their cranial bone length in the lower mandibular tooth row has changed. Having a high homozygosity rate is problematic ... It seems that this infectious tissue derives from left-over sperm from their father, who has found a sneaky way of having more ... "Polycystic Kidney Disease". www.vet.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-08. Tave D (1999). Inbreeding and brood stock management. ...
January 2022). "Lewy body disease or diseases with Lewy bodies?". NPJ Parkinson's Disease (Review). 8 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/ ... To lessen the risk of fractures in individuals at risk for falls, bone mineral density screening and testing of vitamin D ... January 2022). "Infectious Agents as Potential Drivers of α-Synucleinopathies" (PDF). Mov Disord (Review). 37 (3): 464-477. doi ... Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Parkinson's disease dementia. The APOE gene has three common variants. One, ...
Infectious Disease Reports. 4 (1): 12. doi:10.4081/idr.2012.e12. PMC 3892651. PMID 24470919. "Gianotti-crosti syndrome. ... October 1997). "Gianotti-Crosti syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus antigenemia after bone marrow transplantation". Bone ... hand-foot-and-mouth disease, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, lichen planus, papular urticaria, papular purpuric ... 2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. "Gianotti-crosti syndrome, ...
BMC Infectious Diseases. 17 (1): 458. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2562-y. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 5493863. PMID 28666419. Eed, Heba ... Bone, Q. (2008). Biology of fishes. Richard H. Moore (3rd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-88522-2. OCLC ...
2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 63 (4): e1-e60. doi:10.1093/cid/ ... in long-term use there is a warning of the risk of bone fluorosis and periostitis especially in elderly patients. Additionally ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 November 2016. Smith J, Safdar N, Knasinski V, Simmons W, Bhavnani SM, ... including people undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT), who have hematologic cancers or who undergo organ ...
The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 7 (4): 266-281. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6. PMID 17376384. Hinuma, Yorio; Nagata, Kinya ... Allogenic bone marrow transplantation has been investigated in the treatment of HTLV-1 disease with varied results. One case ... The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 7 (266): 266-81. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6. PMID 17376384. Tajima, K. (1988). "The ... Infectious causes of cancer, Sexually transmitted diseases and infections). ...
These pollutants can cause gastrointestinal cancers and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases. They can also be poisoned ... These vibrations are received through fatty tissues in the jaw, which is then rerouted into the ear-bone and into the brain ... This is followed by the colonization of bones and surrounding sediments (which contain organic matter) by enrichment ... Finally, sulfophilic bacteria reduce the bones releasing hydrogen sulfide enabling the growth of chemoautotrophic organisms, ...
Bone scans should reveal osteoblastic appearance due to increased bone density in the areas of bone metastasis-the reverse of ... radical prostatectomy probably has similar outcomes for disease-specific survival and probably reduces risk of disease ... Yaghi MD, Kehinde EO (2015). "Oral antibiotics in trans-rectal prostate biopsy and its efficacy to reduce infectious ... bones of the spine), pelvis, or ribs. Spread of cancer into other bones such as the femur is usually to the part of the bone ...
At the same time, the Māori suffered high mortality rates from Eurasian infectious diseases, such as influenza, smallpox and ... There may have been some exploration and settlement before eruption of Mount Tarawera in about 1315, based on finds of bones ... Compared with non-Māori, Māori people experience higher rates of heart disease, strokes, most cancers, respiratory diseases, ... It is the only known New Zealand archaeological site containing the bones of people who were born elsewhere. Factors that ...
Ginaldi L, Loreto MF, Corsi MP, Modesti M, De Martinis M (August 2001). "Immunosenescence and infectious diseases". Microbes ... "Enhanced differentiation of splenic plasma cells but diminished long-lived high-affinity bone marrow plasma cells in aged mice ... This leaves the body practically devoid of virgin T cells, which makes it more prone to a variety of diseases. shift in the ... However, such a distribution shift leads to increased susceptibility to non-persistent infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases, ...
Vaccinations provide immunity for the body to actively prevent an infectious disease. Tobacco use is the largest preventable ... The benefits of regular physical activity include weight control; reduced risk of chronic disease; strengthened bones and ... Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved 13 April 2017. "Physical activity and health". Centers for Disease ... Sleep deficiency increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, excess weight, and risk- ...
McAlister V (June 2005). "Sacred disease of our times: failure of the infectious disease model of spongiform encephalopathy". ... A ban on feeding meat and bone meal to cattle has resulted in a strong reduction in cases in countries where the disease has ... Bovine diseases, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Infectious diseases with eradication efforts, Foodborne illnesses, ... "Organ distribution of prion proteins in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 3 (4): 214-22. doi ...
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (observational) study number 00-I-0159: Natural History, ... Finally, some patients with STAT3 HIES have scoliosis, as well as bones that fracture easily. Autosomal recessive[citation ... They named the disease after the biblical figure Job, whose body was covered with boils by Satan. In 1972, Buckley et al. ... Immunodeficiency Diseases (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071621519. Grimbacher B, Holland SM, Gallin JI, ...
Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases, Infectious causes of cancer). ... The extracavitary tumors may develop in lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, spleen, liver, lungs ... As their disease progresses, however, individuals with the classical effusion-form of PEL may develop extracavitary tumors and ... In this study, patients with advanced Ann Arbor Stage III or IV disease had a particularly poor survival rate at 1 year of 25 ...
Poliomyelitis, known as the disease Polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that lives in the throat and ... break in the bone hospital acquired infections blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a blood clot ... Without treatment as many as half the patients can die from the disease. Pertussis is a highly contagious disease that is ... "Meningococcal Disease". CDC. CDC. Retrieved 11 April 2014. "Meningococcal Disease Causes and Spread to Others". CDC. CDC. ...
... infectious diseases, oncology and haematology wards Level 07 - General surgery, trauma, orthopaedic, rheumatology, ... the bone marrow transplant ward, some inpatient and outpatient services as well as teaching and research facilities. The ... The hospital treated both Europeans and Māori, though the diseases were different, with the Pakeha treated mostly for the ...
Osteomyelitis of Parietal Bone in Melioidosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(8):1257. doi:10.3201/eid1308.070479.. ... Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Vol. 2. Oxford (UK): Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p. 2622-32. ... usually part of a disseminated infection involving metaphyseal regions of long bones and vertebral bodies. Localized bone ... To the Editor: In Europe and the United States, melioidosis is a rare disease, with no cases reported thus far from Slovenia. ...
The slight loss in bone mineral density associated with HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) antiretroviral use is reversible in ... funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Data from the substudy presented today illustrate ... Hip bone mineral densities also increased in the first six months after stopping PrEP and returned to normal levels by a median ... Overall, the new findings indicate that Truvada-based oral PrEP does not pose an irreversible effect on bone mineral density ...
Particular antiretroviral therapy regimens may decrease bone mass density in both adolescents and older people living with HIV. ... inhibiting new bone formation and accelerating bone loss.3 Other risk factors for bone loss or fracture in the HIV population ... Dont miss out on todays top content on Infectious Disease Advisor. Register for free and gain unlimited access to:. - ... In patients with HIV, the disease process and ART may contribute to bone loss, resulting in osteopenia or osteoporosis and ...
Learn about who is at risk for osteomyelitis and how these bone infections are treated and diagnosed. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Bone Diseases, Infectious (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Osteomyelitis (National ... People who are at risk for bone infections include those with diabetes, poor circulation, or recent injury to the bone. You may ... Bone pain or tenderness (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Disseminated tuberculosis (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in ...
Tuberculosis in patients who had recently undergone spinal surgery that used a single lot of bone repair product. ... Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), ... Modeling Infectious Diseases in Healthcare Network (MInD - Healthcare)plus icon *Past Awardees ... CDC is working to respond to tuberculosis (TB) disease cases associated with viable bone matrix material. The cases appear to ...
Bone Diseases, Infectious. Infections. Bone Diseases. Musculoskeletal Diseases. Spinal Diseases. Arthritis. Joint Diseases. ... use of condoms was suggested as an adjunct to the methods previously addressed to protect against sexually transmitted diseases ...
Learn about diagnosis and specialist referrals for Paget disease of bone. ... Living With the Disease. Find resources for patients and caregivers that address the challenges of living with a rare disease. ... The National Library of Medicines Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is used to classify and organize diseases and disease ... Many doctors have limited experience diagnosing rare diseases. In addition, rare diseases can have symptoms that are hard to ...
Categories: Bone Diseases, Infectious Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
Bugs, drugs, and bones: A pediatric infectious disease specialist reflects on management of musculoskeletal infections. Journal ... Bugs, drugs, and bones: A pediatric infectious disease specialist reflects on management of musculoskeletal infections. / ... Bugs, drugs, and bones: A pediatric infectious disease specialist reflects on management of musculoskeletal infections. ... Nelson, J. D. / Bugs, drugs, and bones : A pediatric infectious disease specialist reflects on management of musculoskeletal ...
... infectious disease; metabolism and bone health; and reproductive health across the lifespan. A multidisciplinary Advisory ... and related diseases. The program focuses on CVD and related diseases because of the impacts of heart dis- ease on women, the ... Research focus areas reflect the strong interdisciplinary infrastructure at UTMB and include: Aging, Cancer, Infectious Disease ... The 3 core strength areas are: 1) diseases specific to women (e.g. womens cancer and reproductive biology); 2) sex and gender ...
... an unsightly and debilitating disease in preantibiotic populations. The osteological analysis of 5,387 individuals excavated by ... Treponematosis is a syndrome of chronic infectious diseases. There has been much debate on its origins and spread, particularly ... Bone Diseases, Infectious / epidemiology Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Isotopic tracing of the impact of mobility on infectious disease: The origin of people with treponematosis buried in hull, ...
... use of tenofovir tied to lower bone mineral content in babies. ... The Study appears in Clinical Infectious Diseases.. "At this ... Drug used to treat HIV linked to lower bone mass in newborns. NIH study finds mothers use of tenofovir tied to lower bone ... info/bone/bone_health/juvenile/default.asp#3.. About the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human ... the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Office of AIDS Research, the National Institute of Mental Health ...
... including the development of teeth and bone; emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, fungal ... and parasitic disorders and AIDS; neoplastic diseases; chronic disabling diseases, such as osteoporosis and related bone ... HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention ... Primary emphasis is placed upon understanding, preventing, diagnosing, and treating dental, oral and craniofacial diseases and ...
... what is now known as graft versus host disease (GVHD) as a syndrome called secondary disease to differentiate it from primary ... Mice that were given allogeneic spleen cells after irradiation developed fatal secondary disease (skin abnormalities and ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infectious Diseases Society of America. American Society of Blood and Marrow ... Diseases & Conditions Long-Term Effects of Bone Marrow Transplantation * 2003/viewarticle/highlighting-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver ...
Delayed non-infectious lung disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients.. Trisolini R; Stanzani M; Lazzari Agli L; ... Lung diseases after bone marrow transplantation. Results of a clinical, radiological, histological, immunological and lung ... European Bone Marrow Transplantation-Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party.. Socié G; Henry-Amar M; Bacigalupo A; Hows J; ... Outcome of bone marrow transplantation patients requiring mechanical ventilation.. Huaringa AJ; Leyva FJ; Giralt SA; Blanco J; ...
When might you refer patients with eosinophilia to an infectious disease specialist or to a hematologist to do a bone marrow ... Once its been diagnosed, its important to refer to infectious diseases, so the care team can then look at other potential ... When youre thinking about infectious diseases, these are patients who will usually have some gastrointestinal upset. They have ... New Developments Related to Lung Complications in Pediatric Rheumatic Disease * Asthma Is a Genetic Disease. Why Does That ...
Abstract The prevalence and role of anaerobic bacteria in bone infection were investigated in this prospective study on 134 ... Anaerobic bacteria in bone and joint infections. Review of infectious diseases, 1984, 6:165-70. ... Anaerobic osteomyelitis of long bones. Review of infectious diseases, 1983, 5(4):692-712. ... Journal of bone and joint surgery, 1981, 63(B):126-31.. *Cole WG, Dalziel RE, Leitl S. Treatment of acute osteomyelitis in ...
bones become exceedingly dense;. - marrow space is filled w/ unresorbed dense bone;. - disease results from lack of ... there is absence of marrow elements & these patients are susceptible to infectious diseases;. - genetics and clinical ... pelvis may appear as a bone within a bone and sclerotic vertebrae may have a "rugger jersey" appearance;. - may be difficult to ... Bone densitometry observations of osteopetrosis in response to bone marrow transplantation.. Recent advances toward ...
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.. Terms. Bone Diseases, Infectious Preferred Term Term UI T005330. Date01/01/ ... Musculoskeletal Diseases [C05] * Bone Diseases [C05.116] * Bone Cysts [C05.116.070] * Bone Diseases, Developmental [C05.116.099 ... Bone Diseases, Infectious Preferred Concept UI. M0002779. Scope Note. ... Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.. Entry Version. BONE DIS INFECT. NLM Classification #. WE 251. Previous ...
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) ... antibiotics and antifungals to ... an inherited bone disease). Interferon gamma-1b is in a class of medications called ... ... Types of Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) ... Immune System and Disorders/Specifics ... Immune System and Disorders ... National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ...
Infectious diseases. *. Drugs: infectious diseases (271). *. Emerging infectious diseases. *. Bird flu (1) ... The clinical impact of metabolic bone disease in coeliac disease W E Fickling, X A McFarlane, A K Bhalla, D A F Robertson ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Bone marrow, postmortem. Culture positive for F. tularensis. Kidney recipient 2, discharged. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ... Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (C.A. Nelson, N.A. Kwit, L. ...
Our data elucidates the cell biology of a prothrombo-inflammatory state caused by disease and vascular injury, and recalcitrant ... 6 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, ... Still, platelets role in hypercoagulability after surgical intervention for metastatic bone disease (MBD) is ill-defined. ... Heightened Procoagulation after Post-Operative Thromboprophylaxis Completion in Patients with Metastatic Bone Disease from ...
... new anti-infectious agents, sophisticated simulation models, even genetic therapies are all likely to materialize in the future ... National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases for research on connective tissue biochemistry and bone ... Vaccines against caries and periodontal disease, new anti-infectious agents, sophisticated simulation models, even genetic ... and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for AIDS research. ...
... nsplantation: Case Report and Public Health Recommendations ... Reported by: AIDS Program, Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. Editorial Note. Editorial Note: This is the first reported case ... Bone grafts may be procured from the recipients own bone (autograft) or from either living donors who are having bone removed ... Allograft bone obtained from the hospital bone bank was used in the procedure. The recipient was seen by a physician 21 days ...
The researchers added, however, that the protection against HIV offered by Truvada far outweighs any possible risks from bone ... yet persistent bone loss in younger adolescent males, suggests a study supported by the NICHD. ... It appears in Clinical Infectious Diseases.. Background. Truvada combines the drugs emtricitabine and tenofovir in a single ... A total of 91 adolescents from the two studies had either lost bone mass or failed to accumulate new bone mass and so qualified ...
Internal Medicine - Infectious Disease. Specialty Interests. Bone and Joint Infection, general ID, Mycobacteria, bronchiectasis ... Infectious Disease. Cleveland, OH USA. 2006 Residency - University Hospitals of Cleveland. Internal Medicine. Cleveland, OH USA ... Medicine & Infectious Disease. Sao Paulo, 1995 Medical Education - University Federal of Espirito Santo. Victoria Espirito ...
... leading to the type of bone loss associated with a severe form of gum disease, according to a new study in mice and humans. ... of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine and colleagues from NIHs National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( ... Researchers Identify Immune Culprits Linked to Inflammation and Bone Loss in Gum Disease * ... which can lead to loss of bone and teeth in an advanced stage of the disease called periodontitis. ...
Identify the bacteria • Infectious disease consult is helpful • Infected bone requires stability to resolve infection • May ... Bone loss • Soft tissue injury • Bone involved and anatomic location Open tibial shaft fx with bone loss vs closed nondisplaced ... Three Modalities of Electric bone Growth Stimulators • 1. Direct current - implantation of cathode in bone and anode on skin • ... Heart disease, COPD, kidney/liver disease • Nutrition • Smoking • Medications • Ambulatory/functional status now and prior to ...
  • The Tri-Service National Capital Consortium Fellowship in Pediatric Infectious Diseases provides optimal training in the clinical, educational, and scholarly aspects of military pediatric infectious diseases for future practice and leadership in military medicine. (pids.org)
  • Emphasis is placed on clinical proficiency in the full spectrum of pediatric infectious diseases, global health, emerging infectious threats, military systems-based practice, relevant scholarly activity, quality improvement, and leadership. (pids.org)
  • Overall, the new findings indicate that Truvada-based oral PrEP does not pose an irreversible effect on bone mineral density and support using PrEP to prevent HIV infection in at-risk young adults. (nih.gov)
  • A blood test or imaging test such as an x-ray can tell if you have a bone infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2. Imaging findings of atypical mycobacterial infection in the temporal bone. (nih.gov)
  • see "Bone, Joint - Degeneration"), arthritis due to microbial infection is associated with copius fluid and fibrinous exudate within the joint space. (nih.gov)
  • The prevalence and role of anaerobic bacteria in bone infection were investigated in this prospective study on 134 cases with pyogenic osteomyelitis. (who.int)
  • The recipient had no known risk for HIV infection other than the bone grafting procedure, and the bone donor was subsequently found to have been infected with HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • We also provide HIV/AIDS treatment for children with perinatally acquired HIV infection, as part of the Rush/Cook County Center for Research and Education in Infectious Diseases (CORE Center). (rush.edu)
  • Overall, there is no infection that our Rush pediatric infectious disease team won't treat. (rush.edu)
  • Truvada, a drug combination that reduces the chances of HIV infection in high-risk people may result in small, yet persistent bone loss in younger adolescent males, suggests a study supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), part of the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers concluded that the potential decline in bone density in the younger participants was counterbalanced by the lower risk of HIV infection associated with PrEP. (nih.gov)
  • Th17 cells are known to protect against oral thrush, a fungal infection of the mouth, but they are also linked to inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and colitis, suggesting that they play dual roles in health and disease. (nih.gov)
  • This fact sheet summarizes the effects of various dietary supplement ingredients on immune function and the risk of selected infectious diseases, including the common cold, influenza and other respiratory tract infections, infectious diarrhea, and HIV infection. (nih.gov)
  • When a fever indicates that you may have an infection, when an infection is potentially serious, or when problems occur with treatment, it may be necessary to consult an infectious diseases specialist. (conwayregional.org)
  • An infectious disease specialist may also prescribe treatments such as medication - usually antibiotics - to help combat your infection. (conwayregional.org)
  • The slight loss in bone mineral density associated with HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) antiretroviral use is reversible in young adult patients who stop taking the drugs, according to findings presented by researchers today at the 23rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in Boston. (nih.gov)
  • Particular antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens may decrease bone mass density (BMD) in both adolescents living with HIV and older people living with HIV (PWHIV), according to multiple study results presented at the virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), held from March 8 to 11, 2020. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • People who are at risk for bone infections include those with diabetes , poor circulation, or recent injury to the bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nelson, JD 1999, ' Bugs, drugs, and bones: A pediatric infectious disease specialist reflects on management of musculoskeletal infections ', Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics , vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 141-142. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Overview of Rickettsial and Related Infections Rickettsial diseases (rickettsioses) and related diseases (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, scrub typhus) are caused by a group of gram-negative, obligately intracellular coccobacilli. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The Division's Surgical Infectious Diseases team at the IHV is composed of infectious disease specialists with extensive experience in caring for patients with wide range of infections acquired after surgery and other infections that require surgical intervention to treat, including bone (osteomyelitis), hardware, prosthetic joint, and abdominal infections, inflammation of the brain's ventricles (ventriculitis), and pneumonia. (ihv.org)
  • Axial nonenhanced computed tomography showing moth-eaten appearance of right parietal bone characteristic of osteomyelitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Computed tomography of the scalp was performed ( Figure ), and osteomyelitis of the right parietal bone was detected. (cdc.gov)
  • Anaerobic osteomyelitis of the feet is usually associated with diabetes mellitus, severe trauma or other underlying diseases that can cause vascular insufficiency. (who.int)
  • Two hundred and ten bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained from 50 patients 10 days before and on defined days after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (nih.gov)
  • 1. Imaging review of the temporal bone: part I. Anatomy and inflammatory and neoplastic processes. (nih.gov)
  • He is the director of the Diagnostic Molecular Pathology Laboratory within the UCLA Medical Center, one of the first such facilities in the country to offer DNA-based tests for diagnosis of a wide variety of genetic, infectious, and neoplastic diseases, as well as bone marrow engraftment, patient specimen identification and paternity testing by DNA fingerprinting. (uclahealth.org)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (nih.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • Some dental schools are vital centers for the creation of new knowledge about oral diseases and their prevention or treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Editorial Note: This is the first reported case of HIV transmission by bone transplantation. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC is working to respond to tuberculosis (TB) disease cases associated with viable bone matrix material. (cdc.gov)
  • TB is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and can cause severe disease and death if untreated. (cdc.gov)
  • A fact sheet on bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a vaccine for tuberculosis disease. (nih.gov)
  • Results demonstrated that adolescents with HIV who were receiving efavirenz had consistent bone accrual benefit and had lower pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles compared with patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • 12. Imaging of inflammatory and infectious diseases in the temporal bone. (nih.gov)
  • There is a marked inflammatory infiltrate within the periarticular soft tissues and subjacent to the articular space and periosteal bone of the joint. (nih.gov)
  • Our data elucidates the cell biology of a prothrombo-inflammatory state caused by disease and vascular injury, and recalcitrant to thromboprophylaxis. (nih.gov)
  • Heavy monsoon rain is associated with severe disease course ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • with severe, malignant osteopetrosis (an inherited bone disease). (nih.gov)
  • An unhealthy population of microbes in the mouth triggers specialized immune cells that inflame and destroy tissues, leading to the type of bone loss associated with a severe form of gum disease, according to a new study in mice and humans. (nih.gov)
  • Acute diseases appear suddenly, last only a short time, but are severe. (nzdl.org)
  • Chronic diseases last a long time, but are not usually severe. (nzdl.org)
  • Vaccines against caries and periodontal disease, new anti-infectious agents, sophisticated simulation models, even genetic therapies are all likely to materialize in the future. (nih.gov)
  • A new study led by NIDCR clinical investigator Niki Moutsopoulos suggests that periodontal disease is driven by Th17 immune cells, which are triggered by an unhealthy bacterial community. (nih.gov)
  • Periodontal disease is a common disorder that affects nearly half of American adults over age 30, and 70 percent of adults 65 and older. (nih.gov)
  • Next, the group wanted to know if blocking Th17 cells could lessen periodontal disease. (nih.gov)
  • They may spread to the bone from nearby skin or muscles, or from another part of the body through the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infants exposed in the womb to a drug used to treat HIV and reduce the transmission of HIV from mother to child, may have lower bone mineral content than those exposed to other anti-HIV drugs, according to a National Institutes of Health study. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers then compared the bone mineral content of the two groups and found that the group of infants whose mothers took tenofovir, on average, had lower bone mineral content than the group of infants whose mothers were given other kinds of anti-HIV drugs. (nih.gov)
  • 3,10 Proinflammatory cytokines and viral load contribute directly to reduced bone mineral density through their effects on osteoclast and osteoblast activity, inhibiting new bone formation and accelerating bone loss. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Although the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated, it appears that acidosis acts as a general stimulator of osteoclasts derived from bone marrow precursors cells and enhances osteoclastic resorption. (frontiersin.org)
  • by influencing their formation, bone resorption activity and life span, by regulating expression of various molecular factors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, we have discussed the molecular role of acid/proton sensing genes in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation, survival, and activity, with an aim to understand the underlying mechanisms of acidosis-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. (frontiersin.org)
  • The process of getting a rare disease diagnosis can take several years. (nih.gov)
  • The specimens submitted for bacteriological diagnosis included: pus, live bone piece, sequestrum, infected tissue and venous blood. (who.int)
  • The Conway Regional Infectious Disease Clinic specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. (conwayregional.org)
  • Previous studies using sensitive scans have shown that HIV medications containing tenofovir slightly reduce bone mineral density, though not to a degree at which patients experience complications. (nih.gov)
  • 3,11 Tenofovir-based regimens are associated with higher rates of bone loss. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • The first-line regimens for adolescents with HIV includes tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), which is associated with bone and renal toxicity and decreased bone mass. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • NIH study finds mothers' use of tenofovir tied to lower bone mineral content in babies. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers found that pregnant women who received the drug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in their third trimester gave birth to babies whose bone mineral content was 12 percent lower than that of infants who were not exposed to the drug in the uterus. (nih.gov)
  • At this point, we can say that those who care for pregnant women with HIV and their children should be aware that prescribing tenofovir to pregnant women could be a concern for their infants' bones," said George K. Siberry, M.D., the first author of the study and medical officer with NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). (nih.gov)
  • for pregnant women with HIV and their children should be aware that prescribing tenofovir to pregnant women could be a concern for their infants' bones. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers called for additional studies to understand bone health and development among children born to women who took tenofovir during their pregnancies. (nih.gov)
  • However, the researchers do not know whether the lower bone mineral content of the children in the tenofovir group is abnormal and will increase the risk of fractures. (nih.gov)
  • The study authors point out that tenofovir use has been associated with bone loss in adults and older children. (nih.gov)
  • A few NIH-funded studies have found that adults who used tenofovir were at increased risk for bone fracture. (nih.gov)
  • The bone donor was a 52-year-old man who had donated his left femoral head, which was excised during a hip arthroplasty procedure performed for degenerative joint disease in November 1984. (cdc.gov)
  • HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of "Healthy People 2000," a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. (nih.gov)
  • In February 1988, a bone transplant recipient was diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after being found positive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and developing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). (cdc.gov)
  • Reported by: AIDS Program, Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • Congratulations as well to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases physician Lynne Mofenson on being named Federal Employee of the Year for her "pivotal role in preventing the AIDS epidemic among children by devising ways to put an end to mother-to-child transmission. (nih.gov)
  • The disease has a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Ten days later, high-grade fever up to 40°C developed, without any other signs or symptoms of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC recommends that all patients who received these products (#TDS222820) begin treatment for TB disease , even if they do not have any symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • You can tell an animal has a disease by looking for symptoms, or observable signs. (nzdl.org)
  • Understanding the role of acidosis in osteoclast biology may lead to development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diseases related to low bone mass. (frontiersin.org)
  • The findings raise the possibility that males aged 15 to 19 years who take Truvada may not achieve their maximum bone mass and could be at risk for bone fractures later in life. (nih.gov)
  • However, the researchers saw declines in the participants' Z scores-a comparison of a person's bone density score to the average score for someone of the same age, race, and sex. (nih.gov)
  • Indirectly, immune function can be assessed by examining a person's risk and severity of infectious diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The findings result from a bone mineral density substudy of two large clinical trials, iPrEx and iPrEx OLE, funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (nih.gov)
  • To better understand this dynamic, the NIDCR scientists teamed up with an NIDCR-funded research group led by study senior author George Hajishengallis, DDS, PhD, at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine and colleagues from NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and National Cancer Institute (NCI). (nih.gov)
  • But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. (conwayregional.org)
  • Diseases caused by microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and one-celled parasites (protozoa). (nzdl.org)
  • Infectious diseases are those that happen when organisms, like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi get into the body. (bannerhealth.com)
  • Figure Legend: Figure 1 Bone, Joint - Inflammation, Chronic in a male B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study. (nih.gov)
  • Figure 8 Bone, Joint - Inflammation, Suppurative in a female Swiss CD-1 mouse from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 7). (nih.gov)
  • Inflammation may induce thickened synovial membranes that cover the articular surfaces of the joint (pannus) or may undermine the articular cartilage by eroding subchondral bone. (nih.gov)
  • Infectious causes of joint inflammation are uncommon in the B6C3F1 mouse and F344 rat. (nih.gov)
  • In those affected, bacteria trigger inflammation of the tissues that surround the teeth, which can lead to loss of bone and teeth in an advanced stage of the disease called periodontitis. (nih.gov)
  • RNA analysis showed the Th17-blocking drug led to reduced expression of genes involved in inflammation, tissue destruction, and bone loss, suggesting that Th17 cells may mediate these processes in periodontitis. (nih.gov)
  • Specialists at Rush also provide care to adults with infectious diseases. (rush.edu)
  • Many infectious disease specialists can administer IV antibiotics in the office. (conwayregional.org)
  • No association was found between detection of HHV-6 and acute graft-versus-host disease. (nih.gov)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is an immune-mediated condition resulting from a complex interaction between donor and recipient adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Autologous graft versus host disease (GVHD) involving the skin of a patient's arm appeared shortly after signs of engraftment appeared. (medscape.com)
  • However, the effect of certain ART regimens on bone and renal outcomes in PWHIV who demonstrate virologic suppression and adolescents with HIV is not well established. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Therefore, 3 different studies that were presented at CROI explored the association between ART and bone and renal outcomes in adolescents with HIV and older PWHIV. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Various bone and renal parameters were measured at the switch to TDF and at week 24 after the switch. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Because much of the current data on the relationships among BMD, alterations in the renal-bone axis, and the use of ART are predominantly from a younger population, a third study was aimed at gaining a better understanding of this relationship among older adults with HIV. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • NCT01850212 ) to explore the relative contribution of ART and alterations in the renal and bone biomarkers to lower BMD in older PWHIV. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • In patients with HIV, the disease process and ART may contribute to bone loss, resulting in osteopenia or osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • 3 Other risk factors for bone loss or fracture in the HIV population include low body mass index, smoking, substance abuse, glucocorticoid therapy, hypogonadism, coinfection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, and vitamin D deficiency (affects ~90% of patients). (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • The role of an infectious disease specialist is to review a patient's medical data, including records, X-rays, and laboratory reports. (conwayregional.org)
  • This quality care extends beyond the patient's hospitalization, with a dedicated postsurgical infectious disease practice at Waterloo Crossing in Columbia, MD. (ihv.org)
  • We have seen an increase in the number of bone marrow transplants performed, but there has been no major change in myeloablative regimens. (cdc.gov)
  • Particular antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens may decrease bone mass density (BMD) in both adolescents and older people living with HIV (PWHIV). (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • At Rush, physicians from more than 30 specialties address the full range of pediatric diseases and congenital problems. (rush.edu)
  • Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. (nih.gov)
  • They may order blood serum studies for antibodies indicating the presence of unusual or uncommon diseases. (conwayregional.org)
  • NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Moutsopoulos and colleagues observed that T helper (Th) 17 cells were much more prevalent in the gum tissue of humans with periodontitis than in the gums of their healthy counterparts, and that the amount of Th17 cells correlated with disease severity. (nih.gov)
  • Tracks a child's milestones from age 2 months to 5 years with Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) easy-to-use illustrated checklists. (nih.gov)
  • Families should keep in close touch with their physicians to monitor their child's bone development," Dr. Siberry added. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment should be coordinated with infectious disease and TB experts. (cdc.gov)
  • Animal Disease Control and Treatment (IIRR, 1996, 60 p. (nzdl.org)
  • 3. [Petrous portion of the temporal bone]. (nih.gov)
  • Information on how to promote healthy bone development in children is available from NIH's National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases at http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/bone/bone_health/juvenile/default.asp#3 . (nih.gov)
  • A previous study found that adults taking the drug combination experience some bone loss but recover bone mass within 12 to 18 months after they stop taking it. (nih.gov)
  • The authors conducted the current study to determine if adolescent males experiencing bone loss while on PrEP would recover bone mass after stopping the therapy, as adults do. (nih.gov)
  • Mental health support is available for patients and caregivers who are coping with the stress that can come with having a rare disease. (nih.gov)
  • The award recognizes Young's work to save the lives of patients with bone marrow failure diseases, including aplastic anemia . (nih.gov)
  • Data from the substudy presented today illustrate that bone mineral density decreased a measurable but clinically insignificant amount over the course of a year in young adult males and transgender participants with an average age of 24 taking a protective amount of PrEP. (nih.gov)
  • However, six months after stopping the regimen, bone mineral density levels in the spines of these individuals increased to levels consistent with study participants of the same age who took a placebo. (nih.gov)
  • Hip bone mineral densities also increased in the first six months after stopping PrEP and returned to normal levels by a median follow-up time of 73 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • Proper mineral content helps strengthen normal bones. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers used special, low-radiation X-ray scans, called DXA scans to measure bone mineral content within the first four weeks of birth. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Siberry added that it is also unknown whether children can regain bone mineral content as they get older. (nih.gov)
  • At week 24 of the original studies, on average, participants had decreases in bone mineral density for the lumbar spine, hip, and whole body. (nih.gov)
  • By week 48, lumbar spine and whole-body bone mineral scores had rebounded to the levels seen at enrollment. (nih.gov)
  • By 48 weeks after discontinuing PrEP, bone mineral density scores were at or above enrollment levels. (nih.gov)
  • For all participants, spine, hip, and whole-body bone mineral density Z scores declined by week 24 of PrEP. (nih.gov)