A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
Diseases of BONES.
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
Breaks in bones.
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.
A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.
Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
The bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. It includes the FEMUR; PATELLA; TIBIA; and FIBULA.
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.
Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.
The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.
Fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. Although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B and OSTEOPROTEGERIN. It plays an important role in regulating OSTEOCLAST differentiation and activation.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).
Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.
The bones of the free part of the upper extremity including the HUMERUS; RADIUS; and ULNA.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)
A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.
The shaft of long bones.
Techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. The purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. Bone marrow purging is used in both autologous and allogeneic BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION.
A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.
The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The CARPAL BONES; METACARPAL BONES; and FINGER PHALANGES. In each hand there are eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges.
The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A highly glycosylated and sulfated phosphoprotein that is found almost exclusively in mineralized connective tissues. It is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to hydroxyapatite through polyglutamic acid sequences and mediates cell attachment through an RGD sequence.
The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The region of the HAND between the WRIST and the FINGERS.
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)
Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
Centers for acquiring, characterizing, and storing bones or bone tissue for future use.
A circular structural unit of bone tissue. It consists of a central hole, the Haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae.
Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.
The development and formation of various types of BLOOD CELLS. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes.
Nodular bones which lie within a tendon and slide over another bony surface. The PATELLA (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.
A bone that forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.
The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.
The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.
The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.
The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.
Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
A tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that is specific for RANK LIGAND and plays a role in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis. It is also expressed on DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in regulating dendritic cell survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.
The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Artificial substitutes for body parts and materials inserted into organisms during experimental studies.
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).
Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.
The bones of the upper and lower ARM. They include the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.
The bones of the upper and lower LEG. They include the PELVIC BONES.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).
A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears.
Fractures of the femur.
Bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. An external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. The technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.
The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.
An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the TRANSPLANTATION of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
Irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. It is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms.
The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.
Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.
A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.
A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS.
Inflammation of the bone.
The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for removal of new growth or other abnormal tissue, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. It is performed with a curet (curette), a spoon-shaped instrument designed for that purpose. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Dorland, 27th ed)
Transfer of MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS).
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Removal of minerals from bones during bone examination.
A negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in the regulation of BONE metabolism and a variety of other biological functions. Cell signaling by osteopontin may occur through a cell adhesion sequence that recognizes INTEGRIN ALPHA-V BETA-3.
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.
Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.
Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Abnormal calcium metabolism in normocalcaemic sarcoidosis. (1/8177)

In studies of calcium metabolism in 13 unselected patients with untreated sarcoidosis all were normocalcaemic but five had hypercalcuria. All had normal renal function. Calcium absorption was indexed by a double isotope test. 45Ca hyperabsorption occurred in six patients. Ten kinetic studies were carried out with 47Ca and in six bone turnover was increased. 45Ca absorption correlated well with the calculated bone uptake rate of calcium, and with urine calcium excretion. These results suggest that in sarcoidosis abnormalities in calcium metabolism are fairly common although they rarely result in sustained hypercalcaemia.  (+info)

A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo. (2/8177)

Morphogenesis depends on the precise control of basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Wnt5a may regulate these processes since it is expressed in a gradient at the caudal end of the growing embryo during gastrulation, and later in the distal-most aspect of several structures that extend from the body. A loss-of-function mutation of Wnt5a leads to an inability to extend the A-P axis due to a progressive reduction in the size of caudal structures. In the limbs, truncation of the proximal skeleton and absence of distal digits correlates with reduced proliferation of putative progenitor cells within the progress zone. However, expression of progress zone markers, and several genes implicated in distal outgrowth and patterning including Distalless, Hoxd and Fgf family members was not altered. Taken together with the outgrowth defects observed in the developing face, ears and genitals, our data indicates that Wnt5a regulates a pathway common to many structures whose development requires extension from the primary body axis. The reduced number of proliferating cells in both the progress zone and the primitive streak mesoderm suggests that one function of Wnt5a is to regulate the proliferation of progenitor cells.  (+info)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (3/8177)

Mutations in GDF-5, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, result in the autosomal recessive syndromes brachypod (bp) in mice and Hunter-Thompson and Grebe-type chondrodysplasias in humans. These syndromes are all characterised by the shortening of the appendicular skeleton and loss or abnormal development of some joints. To investigate how GDF-5 controls skeletogenesis, we overexpressed GDF-5 during chick limb development using the retrovirus, RCASBP. This resulted in up to a 37.5% increase in length of the skeletal elements, which was predominantly due to an increase in the number of chondrocytes. By injecting virus at different stages of development, we show that GDF-5 can increase both the size of the early cartilage condensation and the later developing skeletal element. Using in vitro micromass cultures as a model system to study the early steps of chondrogenesis, we show that GDF-5 increases chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. We did not detect changes in proliferation. However, cell suspension cultures showed that GDF-5 might act at these stages by increasing cell adhesion, a critical determinant of early chondrogenesis. In contrast, pulse labelling experiments of GDF-5-infected limbs showed that at later stages of skeletal development GDF-5 can increase proliferation of chondrocytes. Thus, here we show two mechanisms of how GDF-5 may control different stages of skeletogenesis. Finally, our data show that levels of GDF-5 expression/activity are important in controlling the size of skeletal elements and provides a possible explanation for the variation in the severity of skeletal defects resulting from mutations in GDF-5.  (+info)

Elevated carboxy terminal cross linked telopeptide of type I collagen in alcoholic cirrhosis: relation to liver and kidney function and bone metabolism. (4/8177)

BACKGROUND: The carboxy terminal cross linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) has been put forward as a marker of bone resorption. Patients with alcoholic liver disease may have osteodystrophy. AIMS: To assess circulating and regional concentrations of ICTP in relation to liver dysfunction, bone metabolism, and fibrosis. METHODS: In 15 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 20 controls, hepatic venous, renal venous, and femoral arterial concentrations of ICTP, and bone mass and metabolism were measured. RESULTS: Circulating ICTP was higher in patients with cirrhosis than in controls. No overall significant hepatic disposal or production was found in the patient or control groups but slightly increased production was found in a subset of patients with advanced disease. Significant renal extraction was observed in the controls, whereas only a borderline significant extraction was observed in the patients. Measurements of bone mass and metabolism indicated only a mild degree of osteodystrophy in the patients with cirrhosis. ICTP correlated significantly in the cirrhotic patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction and fibrosis, but not with measurements of bone mass or metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: ICTP is highly elevated in patients with cirrhosis, with no detectable hepatic net production or disposal. No relation between ICTP and markers of bone metabolism was identified, but there was a relation to indicators of liver dysfunction and fibrosis. As the cirrhotic patients conceivably only had mild osteopenia, the elevated ICTP in cirrhosis may therefore primarily reflect liver failure and hepatic fibrosis.  (+info)

Predicting bone loss following orthotopic liver transplantation. (5/8177)

BACKGROUND: Hepatic osteodystrophy occurs in the majority of patients with advanced chronic liver disease with the abnormalities in bone metabolism accelerating following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). AIMS: To examine changes in bone mineral density (BMD) following OLT and to investigate factors that lead to bone loss. METHODS: Twelve patients had BMD (at both the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN)) and biochemical markers measured preoperatively and for 24 months following OLT. RESULTS: BMD was low in 75% of patients prior to OLT and decreased significantly from baseline at the LS at three months and the FN at six months. BMD began to increase thereafter at both sites, approaching baseline values at the LS by 12 months. Bone formation markers, osteocalcin and procollagen type I carboxy propeptide, decreased immediately post-OLT, with a concomitant increase seen in the resorption markers pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. This resulted in a negative uncoupling index early post-OLT, that rebounded to positive values after six months. There was a significant correlation between the change in the uncoupling index between six and three months which preceded the increase in BMD at 12 months. The decrease in BMD recorded early post-OLT correlated with vitamin D levels at three months. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that increased resorption and inadequate formation are the major contributors to additional bone loss following OLT. Non-invasive biochemical markers precede later changes in BMD in this patient group following OLT and may have a role in investigating and planning intervention strategies to prevent bone loss in future studies.  (+info)

The use of variable lactate/malic dehydrogenase ratios to distinguish between progenitor cells of cartilage and bone in the embryonic chick. (6/8177)

The activities of LDH and MDH have been studied, both in differentiated cartilage and bone from the embryonic chick, and in the pool of mixed osteogenic and chondrogenic stem cells found on the quadratojugal, a membrane bone. In confirmation of the model proposed by Reddi & Huggins (1971) we found that the LDH/MDH ratio was greater than 1 in cartilage and less than 1 in bone. Furthermore we established, for the first time, that ratios occurred in the chondrogenic and osteogenic stem cells, similar to the ratios in their differentiated counterparts. Alteration in LDH/MDH resulted from variations in the level of LDH/mug protein. MDH/mug protein remained constant, even when LDH/MDH was changing. We interpret these results in terms of adaptation of chondrogenic progenitor cells for anaerobic metabolism and anticipate that our model will be applicable to other skeletal systems where stem cells are being studied.  (+info)

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (7/8177)

Fossil shellfish powder (FS) and Ezo giant scallop shell powder (EG) were rendered soluble with lactate and citrate under decompression (FSEx and EGEx, respectively) and we examined the effects of lactate-citrate solubilization of FS and EG on mineral absorption, tissue mineral contents, serum biochemical indices and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The apparent absorption ratios of minerals tended to be high in the rats fed with the solubilized mineral sources, those in the FSEx group being significantly higher than in the FS group. There was no significant difference in the tibia mineral content among the OVX groups. BMD at the distal femoral diaphysis was significantly increased by FSEx and EGEx feeding. It is suggested that solubilization with lactate and citrate under decompression increased the solubility and bioavailability of calcium from such natural sources of shellfish calcium as FS and EG.  (+info)

A novel skeletal dysplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans is caused by a Lys650Met mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene. (8/8177)

We have identified a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) missense mutation in four unrelated individuals with skeletal dysplasia that approaches the severity observed in thanatophoric dysplasia type I (TD1). However, three of the four individuals developed extensive areas of acanthosis nigricans beginning in early childhood, suffer from severe neurological impairments, and have survived past infancy without prolonged life-support measures. The FGFR3 mutation (A1949T: Lys650Met) occurs at the nucleotide adjacent to the TD type II (TD2) mutation (A1948G: Lys650Glu) and results in a different amino acid substitution at a highly conserved codon in the kinase domain activation loop. Transient transfection studies with FGFR3 mutant constructs show that the Lys650Met mutation causes a dramatic increase in constitutive receptor kinase activity, approximately three times greater than that observed with the Lys650Glu mutation. We refer to the phenotype caused by the Lys650Met mutation as "severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans" (SADDAN) because it differs significantly from the phenotypes of other known FGFR3 mutations.  (+info)

There are several factors that can contribute to bone resorption, including:

1. Hormonal changes: Hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin can regulate bone resorption. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to excessive bone resorption.
2. Aging: As we age, our bones undergo remodeling more frequently, leading to increased bone resorption.
3. Nutrient deficiencies: Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients can impair bone health and lead to excessive bone resorption.
4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase bone resorption, leading to bone loss and weakening.
5. Genetics: Some genetic disorders can affect bone metabolism and lead to abnormal bone resorption.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can increase bone resorption.
7. Diseases: Conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and bone cancer can lead to abnormal bone resorption.

Bone resorption can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing: This test measures the density of bone in specific areas of the body. Low BMD can indicate bone loss and excessive bone resorption.
2. X-rays and imaging studies: These tests can help identify abnormal bone growth or other signs of bone resorption.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain hormones and nutrients that are involved in bone metabolism.
4. Bone biopsy: A bone biopsy can provide a direct view of the bone tissue and help diagnose conditions such as Paget's disease or bone cancer.

Treatment for bone resorption depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other medications can help slow or stop bone resorption.
2. Diet and exercise: A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, can help maintain strong bones.
3. Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to improve bone strength and mobility.
4. Surgery: In severe cases of bone resorption, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Some common types of bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by brittle, porous bones that are prone to fracture.
2. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that causes pain and stiffness in the joints.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
4. Bone cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the bones.
5. Paget's disease of bone: A condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and deformity.
6. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone and can cause brittle bones and other skeletal deformities.
7. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare condition characterized by abnormal growth and development of bone tissue.
8. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
9. Bone cysts: Fluid-filled cavities that can form in the bones and cause pain, weakness, and deformity.
10. Bone spurs: Abnormal growths of bone that can form along the edges of joints and cause pain and stiffness.

Bone diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and bone biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

* Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.
* Rickets: A vitamin D-deficient disease that causes softening of the bones in children.
* Osteomalacia: A condition similar to rickets, but affecting adults and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
* Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in bone metabolism and an increase in bone resorption.
* Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, leading to low levels of calcium and vitamin D and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases, metabolic are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate bone metabolism. Treatment depends on the specific underlying cause of the disease and may include medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.

Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.

In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:

* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer

Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

There are several types of bone cysts, including:

1. Simple bone cysts: These are the most common type of bone cyst and typically occur in children and young adults. They are filled with air or fluid and do not contain any cancerous cells.
2. Angiomatous cysts: These are smaller than simple bone cysts and are usually found near the ends of long bones. They are also filled with blood vessels and do not contain any cancerous cells.
3. Unicameral (simple) bone cysts: These are similar to simple bone cysts but are larger and may be more complex in shape.
4. Multicameral bone cysts: These are larger than unicameral bone cysts and may contain multiple chambers filled with air or fluid.
5. Enchondromas: These are benign tumors that occur within the cartilage of a bone. They are usually found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
6. Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that occur in the cartilage of a bone. They are typically found in the long bones of the arms and legs.
7. Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the cartilage and bone of a joint. They are usually found near the ends of long bones.
8. Malignant bone cysts: These are rare and can be cancerous. They may occur in any bone of the body and can be aggressive, spreading quickly to other areas of the body.

The symptoms of bone cysts can vary depending on their size and location. They may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. In some cases, they may also lead to fractures or deformities.

Diagnosis of bone cysts usually involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions.

Treatment for bone cysts depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require any treatment, while larger cysts may need to be drained or surgically removed. In some cases, medication such as bisphosphonates may be used to help reduce the risk of fractures.

In conclusion, bone cysts are abnormalities that can occur in any bone of the body. They can be benign or malignant and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests, and treatment may involve observation, draining, or surgical removal.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms such as pain, swelling, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment options for bone marrow neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Here are some examples of bone marrow neoplasms:

1. Osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the bone-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

2. Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the cartilage-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

3. Myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells produce antibodies to fight infections, but with myeloma, the abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of antibodies that can cause a variety of symptoms.

4. Ewing's sarcoma: A rare malignant tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

5. Askin's tumor: A rare malignant tumor that arises from the fat cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

These are just a few examples of the many types of bone marrow neoplasms that can occur. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a bone marrow neoplasm, such as pain or swelling in the affected area, fatigue, fever, or weight loss. A healthcare professional can perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Surgery is often necessary to treat bone cysts, aneurysmal, and the type of surgery will depend on the size and location of the cyst. The goal of surgery is to remove the cyst and any associated damage to the bone. In some cases, the bone may need to be repaired or replaced with a prosthetic.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are relatively rare and account for only about 1% of all bone tumors. They can occur in people of any age but are most commonly seen in children and young adults. Treatment is usually successful, but there is a risk of complications such as infection or nerve damage.

Bone cysts, aneurysmal are also known as bone aneurysmal cysts or BACs. They are different from other types of bone cysts, such as simple bone cysts or fibrous dysplasia, which have a different cause and may require different treatment.

Overall, the prognosis for bone cysts, aneurysmal is generally good if they are treated promptly and effectively. However, there is always a risk of complications, and ongoing follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to monitor for any signs of recurrence or further problems.

The hallmark of GCTB is its large size, with tumors often measuring several centimeters in diameter. The tumor cells are giant cells, which are larger than normal osteoblasts, and they have a distinctive "salt and pepper" appearance under the microscope due to the mixture of light and dark-staining cytoplasmic granules.

The clinical presentation of GCTB varies depending on the location and size of the tumor. Large tumors can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. Smaller tumors may not cause any symptoms and may be incidentally discovered on imaging studies performed for other reasons.

GCTB is a slow-growing tumor, and the exact cause of its development is unknown. Genetic mutations have been identified in some cases, but the exact mechanisms underlying GCTB remain unclear. Treatment options for GCTB include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the size and location of the tumor and the patient's overall health.

In conclusion, giant cell tumor of bone is a rare and benign bone tumor that can occur in any bone of the body. It is characterized by its large size and distinctive histopathological features. Treatment options vary depending on the size and location of the tumor and the patient's overall health.

Osteolysis can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause osteolysis by secreting enzymes that break down bone tissue.
2. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, causing osteolysis.
3. Tumors: Malignant tumors like multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma can cause osteolysis by producing enzymes that destroy bone tissue.
4. Degenerative conditions: Conditions like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Paget's disease can lead to osteolysis due to the gradual breakdown of bone tissue.

Symptoms of osteolysis may include:

1. Bone pain or tenderness
2. Fractures or fracture risk
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in affected joints
4. Swelling or redness in the affected area
5. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections

Treatment for osteolysis depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infections
2. Pain management with medication or physical therapy
3. Surgery to repair or replace damaged bone tissue
4. Orthotics or assistive devices to support affected joints
5. Medications to slow down or stop bone loss, such as bisphosphonates or denosumab

In conclusion, osteolysis is a condition where there is a gradual loss or destruction of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone density and structural integrity. It can be caused by various factors, including infection, inflammation, tumors, and degenerative conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain management, surgery, orthotics, and medications to slow down or stop bone loss.

During menopause, the levels of estrogen in the body decrease significantly, which can lead to a loss of bone density and an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis include:

* Family history of osteoporosis
* Early menopause (before age 45)
* Poor diet or inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake
* Sedentary lifestyle or lack of exercise
* Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants
* Other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and liver or kidney disease.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, which can determine the density of bones and detect any loss of bone mass. Treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis typically involve a combination of medications and lifestyle changes, such as:

* Bisphosphonates, which help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which can help to replace the estrogen that is lost during menopause and improve bone density
* Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which mimic the effects of estrogen on bone density but have fewer risks than HRT
* RANK ligand inhibitors, which can help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogues, which can help to increase bone density and improve bone quality.

It is important for women to discuss their individual risks and benefits with their healthcare provider when determining the best course of treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Additionally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding substances that can harm bone health (such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption) can also help to manage the condition.

Examples of infectious bone diseases include:

1. Osteomyelitis: This is a bacterial infection of the bone that can cause pain, swelling, and fever. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Bacterial arthritis: This is an infection of the joints that can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is often caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Tuberculosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
4. Pyogenic infections: These are infections caused by Pus-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause osteomyelitis and other bone infections.
5. Fungal infections: These are infections caused by fungi such as Aspergillus or Candida that can infect the bones and cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections such as HIV, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 can cause bone infections like osteomyelitis.
7. Mycobacterial infections: These are infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
8. Lyme disease: This is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
9. Endometriosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus and can cause pain, inflammation, and bone damage.
10. Bone cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the bones and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.

These are just some of the possible causes of bone pain, and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The exact cause of Osteitis Deformans is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition typically affects people over the age of 50, and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Osteitis Deformans can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Pain in the affected bone, which can be aching or sharp
* Stiffness and limited mobility in the affected joint
* Deformity of the bone, such as curvature or thickening
* Fatigue and tiredness
* Increased risk of fractures

The diagnosis of Osteitis Deformans is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and blood tests to rule out other conditions.

There is no cure for Osteitis Deformans, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. Treatment options may include:

* Pain medication
* Physical therapy to maintain mobility and strength
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected bone
* Surgery to correct deformities or repair fractures
* Medications to prevent or treat complications such as osteoporosis.

It is important for individuals with Osteitis Deformans to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and maintain a good quality of life. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with Osteitis Deformans are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

In the medical field, pathologic bone demineralization is often diagnosed through tests such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which measure bone mineral density (BMD), and bone biopsy, which examines bone tissue samples for signs of mineral loss. Treatment options may include addressing underlying causes, hormone replacement therapy, medications to increase bone density, and lifestyle modifications such as exercise and a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.

In summary, pathologic bone demineralization is a condition where there is an abnormal loss of minerals from the bones, leading to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. It can occur due to various underlying causes, and is diagnosed through tests such as DXA scans and bone biopsy. Treatment options include addressing underlying causes, hormone replacement therapy, medications to increase bone density, and lifestyle modifications.

The term "osteomyelitis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "myelitis," meaning inflammation of the spinal cord. The condition is caused by an infection that spreads to the bone from another part of the body, such as a skin wound or a urinary tract infection.

There are several different types of osteomyelitis, including:

1. Acute osteomyelitis: This type of infection occurs suddenly and can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Chronic osteomyelitis: This type of infection develops slowly over time and is often caused by bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. Pyogenic osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by bacteria that enter the body through a skin wound or other opening.
4. Tubercular osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is often associated with tuberculosis.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis can include fever, chills, fatigue, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to fight the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged bone.

Preventing osteomyelitis involves taking steps to avoid infections altogether, such as practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated against certain diseases, and seeking medical attention promptly if an infection is suspected.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The word "osteomalacia" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "malakos," meaning soft. It was first used in the medical literature in the early 20th century to describe a condition that was previously known as "rachitic osteomalacia."

The symptoms of osteomalacia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and an increased risk of fractures. Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or bone scans.

Treatment of osteomalacia depends on the underlying cause, but may include vitamin D and calcium supplements, avoidance of aluminum-containing antacids, and management of any underlying disorders that are contributing to the condition. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

Preventing osteomalacia involves maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D and calcium in the body, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and managing any underlying medical conditions that can contribute to the condition. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications such as fractures and improve quality of life for individuals with osteomalacia.

There are several types of osteosclerosis, including:

1. Juvenile osteosclerosis: A rare condition that affects children and adolescents, characterized by abnormal bone growth and development.
2. Paget's disease of bone: A chronic disorder that causes enlarged and deformed bones due to excessive bone resorption and formation.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones, blue sclerae, and other physical abnormalities.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, leading to an overgrowth of bone tissue.
5. Chronic kidney disease: A condition in which the kidneys do not function properly, leading to an imbalance of minerals in the body that can cause bone abnormalities.

The symptoms of osteosclerosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joints
* Weakness or fatigue
* Fractures or breaks in the affected bone
* Abnormal bone growth or deformity

Treatment for osteosclerosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Medications such as bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, or surgery may be recommended to manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. In some cases, physicians may recommend lifestyle modifications such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding substances that can harm the bones, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

In conclusion, osteosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and hardening of the bones, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent further damage to the bones.

ROD can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

* Weakened bones and increased risk of fractures
* Tooth decay and gum disease
* Rickets-like symptoms in children
* Osteoporosis
* Difficulty healing from injuries or surgery

The condition is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood and urine tests), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or bone density scans).

Treatment for ROD typically involves managing the underlying kidney disease, correcting any nutritional imbalances, and implementing measures to strengthen bones. This may include:

* Medications to lower phosphate levels and increase calcium absorption
* Dietary modifications to reduce phosphate intake and increase calcium intake
* Vitamin D and calcium supplements
* Regular exercise and weight-bearing activities to promote bone strength

In severe cases of ROD, surgical interventions may be necessary, such as bone transplantation or the use of bone-forming medications.

ROD is a serious complication of CKD that can significantly impact quality of life and increase the risk of mortality. Early detection and management are essential to prevent or delay the progression of this condition.

Heterotopic ossification can cause a range of symptoms depending on its location and severity, including pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the affected limb or joint. Treatment options for heterotopic ossification include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to maintain range of motion, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth.

In medical imaging, heterotopic ossification is often diagnosed using X-rays or other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. These tests can help identify the presence of bone growth in an abnormal location and determine the extent of the condition.

Overall, heterotopic ossification is a relatively rare condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life if left untreated. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is more common in older adults, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. There are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, including:

1. Family history: Having a family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases the risk of developing the disease.
2. Age: The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases with age, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.
3. Race: African Americans are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma than other races.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
5. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals has been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones, particularly in the spine, ribs, or long bones, is a common symptom of multiple myeloma.
2. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak is another common symptom of the disease.
3. Infections: Patients with multiple myeloma may be more susceptible to infections due to the impaired functioning of their immune system.
4. Bone fractures: Weakened bones can lead to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, or ribs.
5. Kidney problems: Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to problems such as kidney failure or proteinuria (excess protein in the urine).
6. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
7. Increased calcium levels: High levels of calcium in the blood can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and confusion.
8. Neurological problems: Multiple myeloma can cause neurological problems such as headaches, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC can help identify abnormalities in the numbers and characteristics of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) and abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
3. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the urine.
4. Immunofixation: This test is used to identify the type of antibody produced by myeloma cells and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
5. Bone marrow biopsy: A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and determine the extent of the disease.
6. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to assess the extent of bone damage or other complications of multiple myeloma.
7. Genetic testing: Genetic testing may be used to identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with multiple myeloma and to monitor the response of the disease to treatment.

It's important to note that not all patients with MGUS or smoldering myeloma will develop multiple myeloma, and some patients with multiple myeloma may not have any symptoms at all. However, if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or have a family history of multiple myeloma, it's important to talk to your doctor about your risk and any tests that may be appropriate for you.

There are several types of osteosarcomas, including:

1. High-grade osteosarcoma: This is the most common type of osteosarcoma and tends to grow quickly.
2. Low-grade osteosarcoma: This type of osteosarcoma grows more slowly than high-grade osteosarcoma.
3. Chondrosarcoma: This is a type of osteosarcoma that arises in the cartilage cells of the bone.
4. Ewing's family of tumors: These are rare types of osteosarcoma that can occur in any bone of the body.

The exact cause of osteosarcoma is not known, but certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include:

1. Previous radiation exposure
2. Paget's disease of bone
3. Li-Fraumeni syndrome (a genetic disorder that increases the risk of certain types of cancer)
4. Familial retinoblastoma (a rare inherited condition)
5. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as herbicides and industrial chemicals.

Symptoms of osteosarcoma may include:

1. Pain in the affected bone, which may be worse at night or with activity
2. Swelling and redness around the affected area
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in the affected limb
4. A visible lump or mass on the affected bone
5. Fractures or breaks in the affected bone

If osteosarcoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. These may include:

1. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans
2. Biopsy, in which a sample of tissue is removed from the affected bone and examined under a microscope for cancer cells
3. Blood tests to check for elevated levels of certain enzymes that are produced by osteosarcoma cells
4. Bone scans to look for areas of increased activity or metabolism in the bones.

Examples of spontaneous fractures include:

1. Pathological fractures: Fractures that occur in the presence of a bone-weakening condition such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or bone cancer.
2. Stress fractures: Small cracks in the bone that occur due to repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in athletes or individuals engaged in high-impact activities.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Osteoporotic fractures: Fractures that occur due to bone loss and weakening associated with osteoporosis.
5. Frailty fractures: Fractures that occur in individuals who are frail or have a low bone mineral density, often seen in older adults.

Symptoms of spontaneous fractures may include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for these fractures depends on the underlying cause and may involve immobilization, medication, or surgery.

The word "osteopetrosis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "petros," meaning rock or stone. This name reflects the dense and hard nature of the bones affected by the disorder.

Osteopetrosis can be caused by mutations in several genes that are involved in bone development and growth. The condition is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disorder. However, some cases may be caused by spontaneous mutations or other factors.

Symptoms of osteopetrosis can vary depending on the severity of the disorder and the specific affected bones. Common symptoms include bone pain, limited mobility, and an increased risk of fractures. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, and difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Treatment for osteopetrosis usually involves a combination of medications and surgery. Medications such as bisphosphonates and denintuzumab mafodotin can help reduce bone pain and the risk of fractures, while surgery may be necessary to correct deformities or repair broken bones. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells.

Overall, osteopetrosis is a rare and debilitating disorder that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for managing symptoms and preventing complications.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

Tibial fractures can range in severity from minor cracks or hairline breaks to more severe breaks that extend into the bone's shaft or even the joint. Treatment for these injuries often involves immobilization of the affected leg with a cast, brace, or walking boot, as well as pain management with medication and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

There are different types of osteitis, including:

1. Osteitis fibrosa: A benign condition characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue in the bone, which can cause pain and stiffness.
2. Osteitis multiformis: A chronic condition that causes multiple areas of bone inflammation, often seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.
3. Osteitis pseudogout: A condition characterized by the deposition of crystals in the bone, which can cause episodes of sudden and severe joint pain.
4. Osteitis suppurativa: A chronic condition characterized by recurring abscesses or pockets of pus in the bone, often seen in patients with a history of skin infections.

Symptoms of osteitis can include pain, swelling, redness and warmth over the affected area. Treatment options may vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics for infection, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgical intervention to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the femur, which is the longest bone in the human body and runs from the hip joint to the knee joint. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their impact on the affected individual can range from minimal to severe.

Types of Femoral Neoplasms:

There are several types of femoral neoplasms, including:

1. Osteosarcoma: This is a type of primary bone cancer that originates in the femur. It is rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
2. Chondrosarcoma: This is another type of primary bone cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the femur. It is more common than osteosarcoma and affects mostly older adults.
3. Ewing's Sarcoma: This is a rare type of bone cancer that can occur in any bone, including the femur. It typically affects children and young adults.
4. Giant Cell Tumor: This is a benign tumor that occurs in the bones, including the femur. While it is not cancerous, it can cause significant symptoms and may require surgical treatment.

Symptoms of Femoral Neoplasms:

The symptoms of femoral neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain: Patients with femoral neoplasms may experience pain in the affected leg, which can be worse with activity or weight-bearing.
2. Swelling: The affected limb may become swollen due to fluid accumulation or the growth of the tumor.
3. Limited mobility: Patients may experience limited mobility or stiffness in the affected joint due to pain or swelling.
4. Fracture: In some cases, femoral neoplasms can cause a fracture or weakening of the bone, which can lead to further complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Neoplasms:

The diagnosis of femoral neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies and biopsy. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, can help identify the location and extent of the tumor. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment for femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure that they do not grow or change over time.
2. Surgery: Many femoral neoplasms can be treated with surgery to remove the tumor and any affected bone tissue. In some cases, this may involve removing a portion of the femur or replacing it with a prosthetic implant.
3. Radiation therapy: This may be used in combination with surgery to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
4. Chemotherapy: This may also be used in combination with surgery and radiation therapy to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
5. Targeted therapy: This is a type of chemotherapy that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the tumor. Examples include denintuzumab mafodotin, which targets a protein called B-cell CD19, and olaratumab, which targets a protein called platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-alpha).
6. Immunotherapy: This is a type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Examples include pembrolizumab and nivolumab, which are checkpoint inhibitors that work by blocking proteins on T cells that prevent them from attacking cancer cells.

The prognosis for patients with femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with benign tumors than those with malignant ones. However, even for patients with malignant tumors, there are many treatment options available, and the prognosis can vary depending on the specifics of the case.

It's important to note that these are general treatment options and the best course of treatment will depend on the specifics of each individual case. Patients should discuss their diagnosis and treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate course of action for their specific situation.

Also known as nonunion or malunion.

Note: This term is not intended to be used as a substitute for proper medical advice. Do you have a specific question about your condition? Please ask your healthcare provider for more information.

Some common types of mandibular diseases include:

1. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders: These are conditions that affect the joint that connects the mandible to the skull, causing pain and limited mobility in the jaw.
2. Osteomyelitis: This is a bone infection that can occur in the mandible, often as a result of trauma or infection.
3. Bone cancer: This is a malignant tumor that can develop in the mandible, often affecting the jawbone and surrounding tissues.
4. Osteogenic sarcoma: This is a type of bone cancer that typically occurs in the mandible of young adults.
5. Fibrous dysplasia: This is a developmental disorder where abnormal fibrous tissue develops in the mandible, leading to bone deformity and pain.
6. Non-odontogenic mandibular keratocyst: This is a benign cyst that can occur in the mandible, often causing pain and swelling.
7. Mandibular fracture: This is a break in the mandible that can be caused by trauma, such as a fall or a blow to the face.
8. Ameloblastoma: This is a rare benign tumor that develops in the mandible, often causing pain and swelling.
9. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a type of bacterial infection that can occur in the mandible, often causing pain and swelling.
10. Osteochondroma: This is a benign cartilage-capped bone tumor that can occur in the mandible, often causing pain and limited mobility in the jaw.

These are just a few examples of mandibular diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the mandible as well. If you are experiencing any symptoms or pain in your jaw, it is important to see a dentist or oral surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Osteonecrosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Trauma or injury to the bone
* Blood vessel disorders, such as blood clots or inflammation
* Certain medications, such as corticosteroids
* Alcohol consumption
* Avascular necrosis can also be a complication of other conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease.

There are several risk factors for developing osteonecrosis, including:

* Previous joint surgery or injury
* Family history of osteonecrosis
* Age, as the risk increases with age
* Gender, as women are more likely to be affected than men
* Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and alcoholism.

Symptoms of osteonecrosis can include:

* Pain in the affected joint, which may worsen over time
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joint
* Swelling or redness in the affected area
* A grinding or cracking sensation in the joint.

To diagnose osteonecrosis, a doctor may use a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans to evaluate the bone and joint. Treatment options for osteonecrosis depend on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Conservative management with pain medication and physical therapy
* Bone grafting or surgical intervention to repair or replace the damaged bone and joint.

The diagnosis of GVHD is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options include immunosuppressive drugs, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, stem cell transplantation reversal or donor lymphocyte infusion.

Prevention of GVHD includes selecting the right donor, using conditioning regimens that minimize damage to the recipient's bone marrow, and providing appropriate immunosuppression after transplantation. Early detection and management of GVHD are critical to prevent long-term complications and improve survival rates.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

There are different types of hyperostosis, including:

1. Hyperostosis fibrosa: This is a condition where there is excessive bone growth in the thickening of the cortical bone, leading to a hard and firm consistency. It can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skull, spine, or long bones.
2. Hyperostosis iritis: This is a condition where there is excessive bone growth in the iris of the eye, leading to symptoms such as vision loss, pain, and light sensitivity.
3. Hyperostosis mediastinitis: This is a rare condition where there is excessive bone growth in the mediastinum, a region between the lungs and the spine. It can cause compression of nearby structures and lead to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
4. Hyperostosis of the sacrum: This is a condition where there is excessive bone growth in the sacrum, a triangular bone at the base of the spine. It can cause compression of nearby structures and lead to symptoms such as lower back pain, sciatica, and difficulty walking.

Hyperostosis can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications to manage symptoms, physical therapy, or surgery to remove excess bone growth.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and increased risk of bleeding or infection. Treatment options for aplastic anemia typically involve blood transfusions and immunosuppressive drugs to stimulate the bone marrow to produce new blood cells. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.

Overall, aplastic anemia is a rare and serious condition that requires careful management by a healthcare provider to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

There are several different types of leukemia, including:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Stress fractures can occur in any bone, but are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower extremities (such as the femur, tibia, and fibula). They can also occur in the bones of the upper extremities (such as the humerus, ulna, and radius) and in the spine.

Symptoms of stress fractures may include pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness over the affected area. In some cases, a individual may experience a snapping or popping sensation when bending or twisting. If left untreated, stress fractures can progress to more severe fractures and lead to chronic pain, limited mobility, and other complications.

Treatment for stress fractures typically involves rest, physical therapy, and medication to manage pain and inflammation. In some cases, a brace or cast may be used to immobilize the affected area and allow it to heal. Surgery may be necessary in more severe cases or if the fracture does not heal properly with conservative treatment.

Preventing stress fractures involves taking steps to reduce the amount of repetitive stress placed on bones, such as increasing training intensity gradually, wearing proper footwear and protective gear, and incorporating strengthening exercises into one's workout routine. Proper nutrition and hydration can also help support bone health and reduce the risk of fractures.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.

In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

1. Bone fractures: The most common symptom of OI is an increased risk of fractures, which can occur with minimal trauma or even without any apparent cause.
2. Dental problems: People with OI may have poorly formed teeth, tooth decay, and gum disease.
3. Short stature: Many individuals with OI are short in stature, due to the effects of chronic fractures and pain on growth and development.
4. Muscle weakness: Some people with OI may experience muscle weakness, particularly in the limbs.
5. Joint problems: OI can cause issues with joint mobility and stability, leading to arthritis and other degenerative conditions.
6. Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine is common in people with OI, which can lead to back pain and respiratory problems.
7. Blue sclerae: A distinctive feature of OI is the presence of blue-colored sclerae (the white part of the eye).
8. Other symptoms: Some people with OI may experience hearing loss, vision problems, and delayed development.

There are several types of OI, each caused by a mutation in a specific gene. The most common forms of OI are type I, type II, and type III. Type I is the mildest form and type III is the most severe. There is no cure for OI, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

1. Bracing and orthotics: To support weakened bones and improve posture.
2. Physical therapy: To maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Pain management: To reduce the risk of chronic pain and improve quality of life.
4. Dental care: Regular dental check-ups and appropriate treatment to prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
5. Respiratory care: To manage breathing problems and prevent respiratory infections.
6. Monitoring for hearing loss: Regular hearing tests to detect any hearing loss and provide appropriate intervention.
7. Early intervention: To help children with OI develop skills and abilities to their full potential.
8. Genetic counseling: For families with a history of OI, to understand the risks and implications for future pregnancies.

It's important for people with OI to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications. With proper care and support, many people with OI can lead active and fulfilling lives.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

... is the debut album by English singer Ebony Bones, an alias of Ebony Thomas. All tracks are written by Ebony ... Ebony Bones albums, 2009 debut albums, All stub articles, 2000s electronic album stubs). ... Bones, except where noted. "We Know All About U" contains a sample from "Bulgarian Chicks" by Balkan Beat Box. "Don't Fart On ...
... tissue is mineralized tissue of two types, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Other types of tissue found in bones include ... Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum. Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act ... cancellous bone at the ends of the bones. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The ... giant-cell tumor of bone, and aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer can arise in bone tissue, and bones are also a common site for other ...
... , Böning or Boening may refer to Boning (also deboning), removing the bones from a carcass in butchering Boning (baseball ... rubbing a bat with bone Boning, vulgar slang for sexual intercourse Boning (corsetry), the rigid parts of a corset John Boning ... 1805-1879), English cricketer Wigald Boning (born 1967), German entertainer Boning Island in the Andaman Islands Alfred Böning ... Look up boning in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... page lists articles associated with the title Boning. If an ...
Human bone char, referred to as "bone charcoal", is mentioned in Thomas Pynchon's novel The Crying of Lot 49. The bones come ... Bone char is primarily made from cattle and pig bones; however, to prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the skull ... Bone char (Latin: carbo animalis) is a porous, black, granular material produced by charring animal bones. Its composition ... Heating bones in an oxygen-rich atmosphere gives bone ash, which is chemically quite different.[clarification needed][citation ...
Some of the dermal bone functions regard biomechanical aspects such as protection against predators. The dermal bones are also ... A dermal bone or investing bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification forming ... Dermal bone is formed within the dermis and grows by accretion only - the outer portion of the bone is deposited by osteoblasts ... In bony fish, dermal bone is found in the fin rays and scales. A special example of dermal bone is the clavicle. ...
It is the 2nd most commonly fractured carpal bone. The triquetral is one of the eight carpal bones of the hand. It is a three- ... faced bone found within the proximal row of carpal bones. Situated beneath the pisiform, it is one of the carpal bones that ... Bones of the left hand. Palmar surface. Triquetral shown in yellow. Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface. Triquetral shown in ... Triquetral bone of the left hand (shown in red). Animation. Triquetral bone of the left hand. Close up. Animation. Triquetral ...
The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and paired temporal bones, and maxillary bones. The ... is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is ... It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered ... The bone is also absent in living amphibians. With the exception of turtles, the jugal bone in reptiles forms a relatively ...
... the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. The cuboid bone is the most lateral of the bones in the distal ... Bones of the lower limb, Bones of the foot, Tarsal bones). ... The bone provides a groove where the tendon of the peroneus ... on this facet glides the sesamoid bone or cartilage frequently found in the tendon of the peroneus longus. The surface of bone ... from the medial part of the under surface of the cuboid bone, from the contiguous portion of the lateral cuneiform bone, and ...
He collects bones from around the chambers of his castle and uses them to make soap in a cauldron. He then delivers the soap to ... February 1988 Bone Cruncher review, Computer and Video Games, Issue 76, February 1988 Bone Cruncher at Lemon 64 Bone Cruncher ... Bone Cruncher is a puzzle video game for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, and Commodore 64 first published by Superior Software ... They can also be lured into trapdoors but then their bones are lost. Spiders, as well as being deadly to Bono, eat skeletons. ...
Parts of a long bone (Femur) Classification of bones by shape Distribution of forces on a long bone (Femur) Part of a long bone ... Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone) which ... The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone. This is covered by a membrane of ... The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular ...
Many modern tetrapods lack a quadratojugal bone as it has been lost or fused to other bones. Modern examples of tetrapods ... Developmentally, the quadratojugal bone is a dermal bone in the temporal series, forming the original braincase. The squamosal ... In animals with a quadratojugal bone, it is typically found connected to the jugal (cheek) bone from the front and the ... Although a tiny bone similar in position to the quadratojugal has been observed in the placoderm Entelognathus and some early ...
Oraculology is the discipline for the study of oracle bones and the oracle bone script. The Shang-dynasty oracle bones are ... bone and bronze inscriptions may predate the oracle bones. However, the oracle bones are considered the earliest significant ... One oracle bone might be used for one session or for many, and one session could be recorded on a number of bones. The divined ... Due to the use of these shells in addition to bones, early references to the oracle bone script often used the term "shell and ...
... "bone" in slang Bone, a 2004 album by Tim Booth "Bones", a song by Die Monster Die from Withdrawal Method "Bones", a song by Joe ... the sequel to Bone: Out from Boneville Bone, a slang term for objects used in gaming: Dice Bone (dominoes), in dominoes Bones, ... known as bone (from "B-one") Bone china, a type of porcelain Boner (disambiguation) Bones (disambiguation) This disambiguation ... Look up bone or bones in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A bone is a rigid connective organ that makes up the skeleton of ...
A bone sarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumour, a type of sarcoma that starts in the bones. This is in contrast to most bone ... Bone sarcomas are rare, and mostly affect the legs. The other type of sarcoma is a soft-tissue sarcoma. There are three main ... A chondrosarcoma is the type of bone cancer that starts in the cartilage cells. It is the most common type found in adults. ... The three main types of bone sarcoma are an osteosarcoma, most frequently found of the three; Ewing's sarcoma, and a ...
The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at ... Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position. Right nasal bone. Outer surface. Right nasal bone. Inner ... In primitive bony fish and tetrapods, the nasal bones are the most anterior of a set of four paired bones forming the roof of ... Turtles, unusually, lack nasal bones, with the prefrontal bones of the orbit reaching all the way to the nostrils. ...
... is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and ... Bone remodeling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with ... In some cases where bone resorption outpaces ossification, the bone is broken down much faster than it can be renewed. The bone ... Bone remodeling Nuclear factor-kappa B Bone+Resorption at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...
It is homologous to the tympanic bone in mammals, due to the incorporation of several jaw bones into the mammalian middle ear ... bones near the jaw joint. As the dentary increased in size over million of years, two of these postdentary bones, the articular ... These postdentary bones, even before their articular function was lost, probably transmitted sound vibrations to the stapes and ... The angular is a large bone in the lower jaw (mandible) of amphibians and reptiles (birds included), which is connected to all ...
... is a mixture of finely and coarsely ground animal bones and slaughter-house waste products. It is used as a dietary ... Blood meal Bone crusher Feather meal Meat and bone meal Organic hydroponic solutions Brigham and Women's Hospital. "Bone Meal ... Bone meal, along with a variety of other meals, especially meat meal, is used as a dietary/mineral supplement for livestock. ... Bone meal was historically used as a human dietary calcium supplement. Research has shown that calcium and lead in their ionic ...
Spongy bones in prehistoric MARICOTAS. Science Volume 193, Issue 4248, Pages 141-143. Retrieved on July 9, 2007. " ... Bone disease refers to the medical conditions which affect the bone. A bone disease is also called an "osteopathy", but because ... or Paget's disease of bone) Osteitis fibrosa cystica (or Osteitis fibrosa, or Von Recklinghausen's disease of bone) Osteitis ... Osteochondrodysplasia is a general term for a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage. Ambe Avascular necrosis or ...
In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. Bone marrow ... Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. ... Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, ... Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as ...
Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the primary connection between the bones of the ... The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and ... Position of the hip bones (shown in red). Animation. Right hip bone. Animation. Right hip bone. External surface. Right hip ... Bones of the lower limb, Bones of the pelvis, Flat bones, Skeletal system). ...
Pain caused by cancer within bones is one of the most severe forms of pain. Because of its severity and uniqueness with respect ... that innervate bone tissue leads to the sensation of bone pain. Bone pain originates from both the periosteum and the bone ... Bone pain (also known medically by several other names) is pain coming from a bone, and is caused by damaging stimuli. It ... According to studies of bone cancer in mouse femur models, it has been determined that bone pain related to cancer occurs as a ...
It separates the parietal bones and the frontal bone. Squamosal suture. It separates the parietal bones and the temporal bone. ... The anterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and the postorbital bone. The posterior part of the bone ... This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The parietal bones make ... Figure 1 : Left parietal bone. Outer surface. Figure 2 : Left parietal bone. Inner surface. Left parietal bone (shown in green ...
The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones in the human hand. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is ... The capitate bone is a bone in the human wrist found in the center of the carpal bone region, located at the distal end of the ... The capitate is the largest carpal bone found within the hand. The capitate is found within the distal row of carpal bones. The ... Capitate bone of the left hand. Close up. Animation. Capitate bone of the left hand. Ulnar surface (little-finger-side surface ...
... , Inc. manufactures, distributes, and sells osteological reproductions of human and animal bones. Located in ... The manufacturing of Bone Clones reproductions began in 1993. Bone Clones reproductions are made from a custom blended ... Bone Clones have been featured on television, numerous magazine and newspaper articles and museum exhibitions including: "Bone ... Handel, N (2002) Dem Bones, Dem Clones. Los Angeles Times, 10 March 2002 Retrieved 30 June 2014 Sorenson, D (2007) Faux bones ...
3][4] Fone Bone: The hero of the series, Fone Bone is the most courageous of the Bones but also the youngest. He and his cousin ... three pewter bone figures of Fone Bone, Phoney Bone and Smiley Bone, a copy of The Cartoonist documentary DVD, a miniature ... The first volume of the series (Bone: Out from Boneville) follows Fone Bone and his two cousins, Phoncible P. "Phoney" Bone and ... The group includes avaricious Phoncible P. "Phoney" Bone, goofy cigar-smoking Smiley Bone, and everyman character Fone Bone. ...
... the postfrontal and postorbital bones along its front and/or outer edge, and the supratemporal bone along its rear edge. Rarely ... The Intertemporal bone is a paired cranial bone present in bony fish and certain extinct amphibian-grade tetrapods. It lies in ... When the intertemporal bone is lost, either the postfrontal and supratemporal lengthen to contact each other (or the tabular ... Many lineages of four-limbed vertebrates ("tetrapods" in the broad sense) have lost the intertemporal bone. These include ...
A bone bed is any geological stratum or deposit that contains bones of whatever kind. Inevitably, such deposits are sedimentary ... an Edmontosaurus annectens bone bed in Wyoming, an Edmontosaurus regalis bone bed in Alberta, a Gryposaurus bone bed in the ... Terrestrial bonebed examples are: the Triassic Metoposaurus bone bed from Portugal, the Mapusaurus bone bed at Cañadón del Gato ... One of the best-known of these is the Ludlow Bone Bed, which is found at the base of the Downton Sandstone in the Upper Ludlow ...
Often, these bones form in response to strain, or can be present as a normal variant. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone ... Sesamoid bones generally have a very limited blood supply, rendering them prone to avascular necrosis (bone death from lack of ... In some people, only a single sesamoid is found on the first metatarsal bone. One or both of the sesamoid bones under the first ... In the foot-the first metatarsal bone usually has two sesamoid bones at its connection to the big toe (both within the tendon ...
They are crescent shaped and were commonly used in the 19th century to hold fish or chicken bones discarded from the diner's ... Bone dishes were widely used in the 19th century but they gradually fell out of use, becoming unfashionable by the 1920s. At ... The shape of bone dishes varied widely, from simple crescent shapes to more complex fluted or novelty designs. Sydney Living ... A bone dish is a piece of tableware designed to nestle against a round plate. ...
... bone shape, skeletal features, fetal heart function, volume evaluation, fetal lung maturity, and general fetus well being. ... TIS for soft tissues in the first trimester and TIB for bones in second and third trimesters) as low as possible, preferably ... across the two parietal bones), the head circumference, the length of the femur, the crown-heel length (head to heel), and ...
The gypsum crust many of these fossils were discovered under acted as a powerful preservation tool, protecting the bones from ... Histological observations of Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) in the bone structure of capitosaurids suggested that they lived ... There was no bone present, but the natural impression of the skull was later brought to Barnum Brown, an American ... where bones are very well preserved. Though there is little certainty in how Stanocephalosaurus breathed, paleontologists ...
... most especially the lacrimal bones in the eye socket. Fusion of the frontal and parietal bones created a mass of bone ... There is nearly complete fusion of several cranial bones, namely the nasal and frontal bones; they are poorly differentiated ... The compressive and tensile strengths (the stresses at which the bone would fail) of the cranium were respectively 180 and 130 ... which encloses the middle and inner ear bones. J. monesi is the first dinomyid whose near complete skull has been discovered; ...
Mark, Metal (August 5, 2013). "BATTLECROSS: "WALL OF DEATH" COMPILATION FROM THE 2013 MAYHEM FESTIVAL!". SkullsN Bones. ... "Flesh and Bone". Fans from across America took to YouTube to debate which Mayhem Festival markets boasted the most 'brutal' ...
... magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but biocompatibility issues have ... and can snap together with enough force to break bones. These magnets are cheaper, lighter, and stronger than samarium-cobalt ...
"The Bone That Blew" in the Fox series Bones. "All I Can See" appeared on So You Think You Can Dance, aired on July 31, 2008. " ...
The animal bones typically that the people of Kibiro relied on fish for a source of food as well as on domesticated cows, goats ... pieces of freshwater shell and scraps of bone, both mammal and fish". In the two excavations that were done over 2 metric ... The majority of the animal remains were bones that appeared to be well preserved but were too shattered to be able to diagnosed ... There was also animal bones that were discovered at the deposit. With all of this being tied together with the other evidence ...
Like other entelodonts, its limbs were long and slender with the bones of the foreleg fused together and with only two toes on ... The extent of its carnivory is debated, but tooth wear suggests they specialized in crushing bone and ripping meat, and bite ... Enamel patterns suggest eating of nuts, roots, and vines, as well as meat and bones. The superficial similarity to peccaries, ... as well as features of its carpus and tarsus and the fusion of the bones of the lower leg. ...
"T-Bones Retire "Buck" O'Neil's Uniform Number". Kansas City T-Bones. May 26, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2013. "New for 2021: ... On October 6, O'Neil died at the age of 94 due to heart failure and bone marrow cancer. During the ESPN opening day broadcast ... Just before the Hall of Fame ceremonies, O'Neil signed a contract with the Kansas City T-Bones on July 17 to allow him to play ... The Kansas City T-Bones retired his number on May 26, 2006. In 2021, the team rebranded itself as the Kansas City Monarchs as a ...
Consider the use of bone: Divination techniques closely related to spodomancy include osteomancy (divination using bones, ... Bone is not the only alternative surface used. Some ancient Greek rituals of spodomancy required that the ashes be spread on a ... During the Qin (221 BC-206 BC) and Han (206 BCE-220 CE) dynasties in China, a form of spodomancy was used in which the bones of ... fire is used to cause cracks to appear in the bone. Ash may or may not be used to fill in these cracks, making them more ...
... bones found on each of the legs, on either side of the cannon bone (8 total); partially vestigial, these bones support the ... 20 bones per limb. Bones are connected to muscles via tendons and other bones via ligaments. Bones are also used to store ... Ligaments attach bone to bone or bone to tendon, and are vital in stabilizing joints as well as supporting structures. They are ... Horses have 205 bones, which are divided into the appendicular skeleton (the legs) and the axial skeleton (the skull, vertebral ...
The frontal bones are elongated, over four times longer than wide. The parietals do not share a midline crest. The front branch ... The lower edge of the dentary is convex but the edge of the angular bone is strongly concave, resulting in a sinuous profile ... of the squamosal bone is straight and elongated. On the upper rear corner of the squamosal a distinctive boss is present. ...
1: △△". Sacred Bone Records. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Roffman, Michael (May 22, 2017). "Twin Peaks getting two new ... 1: △△ on August 6, 2017, by Sacred Bones Records. Several tracks from Johnny Jewel's album Windswept also appear throughout. ...
Findings of dense coprolites consisting of bones suggest that predators lived near these rivers. While most gorgonopsians have ... Morphology and composition of bone-bearing coprolites from the Late Permian Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin, South Africa. ...
In addition, Eurotrochilus appear to have long nasal openings and large hyoid bones. The large hyoid bones are thought to ... These morphological specializations of the humeri allow the bone to rotate during hovering flight. Additional adaptions present ... The specimen had all of the same characteristics of E. inexpectatus but also had unique proportions of bones, a coracoid that ... The maxillary processes of the palatine bones in the beaks of Eurotrochilus are widely separated, indicating the presence of ...
Rapid weight gain Moodiness, irritability, or depression Muscle and bone weakness Memory and attention dysfunction Osteoporosis ... weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly. Women may have more hair and irregular menstruation. Occasionally there ...
This bone is important in mammals because it allows them to suckle, and move their tongue with precision. The complexity of the ... "New Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones". Science. 365 (6450): 276-279. Bibcode: ... It is unique for preserving the hyoid bone, which is almost unknown in the early mammal fossil record. The species is notable ...
... and fourth metatarsal bones. This ligament converts the groove on the plantar surface of the cuboid into a canal for the tendon ... and in front to the tuberosity on the plantar surface of the cuboid bone, the more superficial fibers being continued forward ...
The trochlear fovea is a slight depression on the anteromedial orbital surface of the orbital plate of the frontal bone. ... Bones of the head and neck, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs). ...
The splenial is a very thin sheet of bone in both species; it stretches much of the way along the lower jaws, but does not ... Each of the dentary bones is very slender, only about 22 mm wide even at the slightly thickened 'chin' of the symphysis. While ... Both the angular and the prearticular bones have thin posterior rami that entirely overlap the articular laterally and medially ... although the bones are fully fused. The jaws are also bowed slightly, curving downwards from the articular facet and then back ...
A large hole was found near the baby pliosaur that could have once held the bones of its mother or other pod members. An ... For the mythical creatures as Thunder Birds and Water Monsters, see Mayor (2005); "The Stone Medicine Bone, Pawnee Territory", ... The poorly preserved bones required a significant amount of plaster for the restoration, earning the specimen the mocking ... The researchers noticed that its bones were very dense. So dense, they speculated it would naturally sink in the water and ...
These fossils were then sent to Cope, who briefly described them in 1878 as part of the Bone Wars, a competition between Cope ... The next year in 1879, Cope named another species, Hypsirhophus "seeleyanus", based on several vertebrae, limb bones, and teeth ...
... along the articulation between the posterior edge of the petrous temporal bone and the anterior edge of the occipital bones to ... Lies between the inferior edge of the petrous temporal bone and the adjacent occipital bone and transmits the internal jugular ... Posteriorly it is enclosed by the occipital bone. Laterally portions of the squamous temporal and mastoid part of the temporal ... It transmits the facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) cranial nerves into a canal in the petrous temporal bone. ...
On the Bones of our Enemies' (the sung portion of which was used in neither film). The first half of 'Come Back!' depicts the ... 3 trombones, 2 tubas Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, tam-tam, bells, church bells, ... 3 trombones, tuba Percussion: timpani, piccolo timpani, bass drum, snare drum, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, tam-tam, bells, ... 3 trombones, 2 tubas Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, tam-tam, church bells, ...
64-65 Dyer (1989), p. 134 Hicks (2001), p. 8 "Bones reveal chubby monks aplenty". The Guardian. 15 July 2004. J. J. Verlaan ( ... almond milk and eggs in a pastry shell that could also include fruit and sometimes even bone marrow or fish. German-speaking ... "hard siege by Lent and fish bones". The trend from the 13th century onward was toward a more legalistic interpretation of ...
Typically, thick and dense bone is found in bottom feeders and low bone density is associated with mammals living in deep water ... This is followed by the colonization of bones and surrounding sediments (which contain organic matter) by enrichment ... Finally, sulfophilic bacteria reduce the bones releasing hydrogen sulphide enabling the growth of chemoautotrophic organisms, ... 112 These sounds are reflected by the dense concave bone of the cranium and an air sac at its base. The focused beam is ...
During the excavation the remains of 10 individuals were identified, consisting of numerous bones and bone fragments; six of ... "The Secret Bones In Benjamin Franklin's Basement". Londonist. Retrieved 15 July 2016. Newsletter of the friends of Benjamin ...
In addition, the bones of fish such as sardines were also found, indicating that active fishing was carried out. A number of ... The middens associated with such settlements contain bone, botanical material, mollusc shells, sherds, lithics, and other ...
Pors Nielsen, S. (2004). "The biological role of strontium". Bone. 35 (3): 583-588. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026. PMID ... Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of ... used to construct bones, seashells, eggshells, exoskeletons and mollusc shells.[citation needed] At least twenty chemical ...
Include activities that make their hearts beat faster, build muscles (like climbing or doing push-ups), and strengthen bones ( ... Children can do muscle- and bone-strengthening activity at least 3 days each week. Also, some activities, such as bicycling or ... Aerobic, Muscle- and Bone-Strengthening: What Counts for School-Aged Children and Adolescents?. ... Aerobic, Muscle- and Bone-Strengthening: What Counts for School-Aged Children and Adolescents? ...
Pain in the affected bone is the most common symptom of bone cancer. ... What are the signs and symptoms of bone cancer? ... Bone cancer can weaken the bone, but most often the bones do ... The information here focuses on primary bone cancers (cancers that start in bones) that most often are seen in adults. ... It may get worse at night or when the bone is used, such as when walking for a tumor in a leg bone. Over time, the pain can ...
Dr Misra offers insight and advice on improving bone density in these patients. ... Low bone density is common in those with anorexia nervosa. ... important for preventing bone loss and possibly increasing bone ... This increase in bone mass is essential for optimizing ones peak bone mass or ones "bone bank," achieved in the early to mid- ... Like 22-year-old singer Jackie Evancho, my patients bones resembled those of a much older woman; in fact, I would put her bone ...
Learn why bone pain may be a symptom of leukemia, which types of leukemia its most common with, and what you can do to relieve ... Bone pain caused by leukemia is most commonly reported in large and long bones, because these contain larger stores of bone ... What does leukemia bone pain feel like?. Bone pain that begins before a leukemia diagnosis can be brushed off as growing pains ... Leukemia bone pain in children vs. adults. Bone and joint pain were reported by roughly 20 to 60 percent. of children diagnosed ...
WebMD shows you how to keep your kids safe from broken bones, no matter what sport they play. ... If its a broken bone or another serious problem, theyll need to sit out until its completely healed. ... Sturdy bones are less likely to break. Help your child build them up with diet and exercise. Make sure they get lots of calcium ... Nemours Foundation: "Broken Bones," "Playground Safety," "Sports Physicals," "What Happens if You Keep Playing Sports When ...
... the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells are made. ... A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are performed to examine ... In a bone marrow biopsy, a small piece of intact bone marrow is removed so the structure of the bone marrow inside its bony ... Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells ... In a bone marrow aspiration, a small amount of liquid marrow is taken from inside the bone so the cells can be examined under a ...
Find services to live your best life after a bone marrow or stem cell transplant. We address side effects, adjusting and ... Muscles, bones and joints. *Memory and concentration. *Hormones (thyroid function, and insulin and glucose control) ... Bone Marrow Transplant Survivorship Program The Bone Marrow Transplant Survivorship Program addresses the unique needs of bone ... Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant * Understanding Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants ...
... readers are impressed by a collection of light switches crafted from bovine bones and discussing other top stories. ... Commenter calls collection of light switches crafted from animal bones "fascinating". Share: ... "Just make sure the bone smell is long gone. I would hate to have my dog start chewing the wall sockets and get zapped." ... In this weeks comments update, readers are impressed by a collection of light switches crafted from bovine bones and ...
A Honolulu-based doctor shares her tips for keeping bones strong-whether youre 30 or 90. ... It is possible to reverse bone loss and strengthen bones with a combination of diet, exercise and medications. Bone-density ... The BMD compares bone in two categories. The Z-score compares your bones to the average of other women your age and size. The T ... All bone goes through a cycle of breaking down and rebuilding, and bisphosphonates slow bone breakdown, and thus increase bone ...
A child with this type of fracture will need to be checked over time to make sure the bone heals the right way and keeps ... Childrens bones have growth plates that let bones grow and harden with age. A child with this type of fracture will need to be ... Childrens bones have growth plates that let bones grow and harden with age. ... A splint, walking boot, stiff-soled shoe, or cast to keep the bones of the foot in place as it heals ...
It exposes more than just differently shaped funny bones. This is a sign of a total takeover of the national media by leftwing ... Now that weve agreed that our funny bones are shaped differently by our biases, lets review American Carols cultural and ... American Carol can also be compared to an X-ray tool for studying the disparity between differently shaped funny bones in ...
Bone marrow fat cells comprise the largest population of cells in the bone marrow cavity, a characteristic that has attracted ... Bone marrow fat cells comprise the largest population of cells in the bone marrow cavity, a characteristic that has attracted ... Why does starvation make bones fat? Am J Hum Biol. (2011) 23:577-85. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21202 ... bone metabolism, and the bone metastasis of tumors. Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs), as a component of the bone marrow ...
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The bones, including a skull, two arm bones, a leg bone and part of a jawbone, were found by a diver on the seabed beside a ... Bones find sparks serial killer hunt. Death to paedophiles written on skull discovered on Riviera seabed as police launch ... The bones were actually discovered last February when a professional diver fishing for urchins spotted what he thought was a ... POLICE are hunting a Riviera serial killer after a divers horror discovery of a cache of bones in the sea at Antibes. ...
Bone Loss see Bone Density; Osteoporosis * Bone Transplantation see Bone Grafts * Broken Bones see Fractures ... Bones, Joints and Muscles Topics * Achilles Tendon Injuries see Heel Injuries and Disorders ...
The temporal bone is the most complex bone in the human body. It houses many vital structures, including the cochlear and ... Osteoporosis: A Bare-Bones Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment Recommended. * 2002824654-overviewDiseases & Conditions ... The temporal bone is the most complex bone in the human body. It houses many vital structures, including the cochlear and ... Workup of temporal bone fracture. Contemporary CT imaging will be able to identify temporal bone fractures, including the type ...
... usually part of a disseminated infection involving metaphyseal regions of long bones and vertebral bodies. Localized bone ... Osteomyelitis of Parietal Bone in Melioidosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(8):1257. doi:10.3201/eid1308.070479.. ... Localized melioidotic osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:445-9.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Musculosceletal melioidosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:1811-5.PubMedGoogle Scholar ...
The simple bony cyst (SBC) it has been a described entity, in the long bones, since 1832, and your maxillary location was told ... Simple Bone Cyst - Case Report. Rev. cir. traumatol. buco-maxilo-fac. []. 2011, 11, 2, pp. 15-20. ISSN 1808-5210. ...
Lower Bone Mineral Density (BMD). Lead has been linked to problems with the development and health of bones. At high levels, ... Lead-exposed animals had decreased bone mass that resulted in bones that were more susceptible to fracture. Lead decreased ... Accelerated maturation of bone may ultimately result in a lower peak BMD being achieved in young adulthood, thus predisposing ... Substantial differences in bone marrow composition were observed, highlighted by an increase in adipocytes [Beier et al. 2013]. ...
Lippincott-Raven, 1999. Description: 288 pISBN: 0781717531Subject(s): Bone and bones -- metabolism -- congresses , Bone ... Nutrition and bone development / editors, Jean-Philippe Bonjour, Reginald C. Tsang. Contributor(s): Bonjour, Jean-Philippe , ...
Sutural bone. Skull. Issue Date: Dec-2021. Publisher: Society for Health Care & Research Development. ... Occasionally sutural bones are present at asterion. Asterion is commonly used as a surgical landmark for the lateral approach ... Study on the Incidence of the Occurrence of the Sutural Bones atAsterion in the Dry Adult Human Skulls of the South Indian ... Study on the Incidence of the Occurrence of the Sutural Bones atAsterion in the Dry Adult Human Skulls of the South Indian ...
Full text: Available Index: AIM (Africa) Main subject: Bone and Bones / Breast Neoplasms / Dose Fractionation, Radiation / ... Full text: Available Index: AIM (Africa) Main subject: Bone and Bones / Breast Neoplasms / Dose Fractionation, Radiation / ... There were 161 eligible breast cancer patients who were treated with PRT secondary to painful bone metastases between 1st ... The efficacy of palliative external beam radiotherapy (PRT) for relief of metastatic bone pain had been well established, a ...
Autologous bone marrow transplantation. *250 mcg/m²/day IV over a 2-hr period beginning 2-4 hr after bone marrow infusion, and ... SIDE EFFECTS: Aching or pain in the bones and muscles or headache may occur. Taking a non-aspirin pain reliever such as ... Autologous bone marrow transplantation. *≤2 years;: Safety and efficacy not established. *. >2 years. *250 mcg/m²/day IV over a ... Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or treatment of delayed neutrophil recovery or graft failure. *Disease progression or ...
... like a broken bone. Subacute pain is pain that lasts longer than 1 month but not more than 3 months. ... Broken bones. *Muscle sprains or strains. *Dental pain from infection, tooth extraction ...
HN - 2008 BX - Bone Spur MH - Ischemic Contracture UI - D054061 MN - C05.550.323.734 MN - C05.651.180.531 MN - C05.651.197.734 ... It is most commonly based on the appearance of the PELVIS; SKULL; STERNUM; and/or long bones. AN - SEX DETERMINATION (ANALYSIS ... In addition to the skin and cartilaginous tissue (CARTILAGE), it may include muscle and bone as well. AN - for facial skin ... It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common. HN - 2008 MH - Leukemia, ...
  • However, not all osteoporotic individuals suffer atraumatic fractures, and the association between bone mass and fracture incidence has yet to be clearly defined. (cdc.gov)
  • The osteoporosis component will also include assessment of risk factors for low bone mass and for falling, since both are related to the occurrence of osteoporotic hip fractures. (cdc.gov)
  • Sometimes a tumor can weaken a bone to the point where it breaks (fractures), which can cause a sudden onset of intense pain (see Fractures below). (cancer.org)
  • Therefore, fractures that involve the temporal bone continue along the skull base with a pattern that follows the weakest points of the anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • In the adult population, approximately 90% of temporal bone fractures are associated with concurrent intracranial injuries and 9% with cervical spine injuries. (medscape.com)
  • This is also why a thorough understanding of the etiology, classification, complications, and treatment of temporal bone fractures is mandatory for healthcare professionals involved in the care of individuals with such injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Contemporary CT imaging will be able to identify temporal bone fractures, including the type and direction, as well as the presence or absence of otic capsular involvement and the involved segment of temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • Information on Osteosarcoma, Ewing Tumors (Ewing sarcomas), and Bone Metastasis is covered separately. (cancer.org)
  • Bone marrow fat (BMF) acts as a metabolically active organ and plays an active role in energy storage, endocrine function, bone metabolism, and the bone metastasis of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
  • More recent work has revealed that BMF plays an important role in energy storage, endocrine function, bone metabolism, and regulation of the growth and metastasis of tumors ( 2 , 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Currently, BMF accumulation is thought to be correlated with osteoporosis, aging, type 1 diabetes, Cushing's disease, estrogen deficiency, anorexia nervosa, and bone metastasis in prostate and breast cancers ( 8 - 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells are made. (kidshealth.org)
  • In a bone marrow aspiration , a small amount of liquid marrow is taken from inside the bone so the cells can be examined under a microscope. (kidshealth.org)
  • In a bone marrow biopsy , a small piece of intact bone marrow is removed so the structure of the bone marrow inside its bony framework can be examined. (kidshealth.org)
  • Doctors perform bone marrow aspirations and biopsies when they're concerned about a problem in the bone marrow. (kidshealth.org)
  • They also may be done to collect a bone marrow sample for procedures (such as a stem cell transplant ) or other testing (such as chromosomal analysis). (kidshealth.org)
  • The person performing the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy will know your child's medical history, but might ask additional questions, such as what medicines your child is taking or whether he or she has any allergies. (kidshealth.org)
  • A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy usually takes about 30 minutes. (kidshealth.org)
  • A small amount of anesthetic medicine will be injected through the numb spot on the skin to prevent pain as the bone marrow needle is inserted through the skin and soft tissues. (kidshealth.org)
  • For the bone marrow aspiration, the doctor or nurse will carefully insert a needle into the biopsy site and will then attach a syringe to draw out a sample of fluid from inside the bone. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some kids feel a quick sharp cramp as the liquid bone marrow is withdrawn for the aspiration or as the sample of bone marrow is removed for the biopsy. (kidshealth.org)
  • Bone marrow fat cells comprise the largest population of cells in the bone marrow cavity, a characteristic that has attracted the attention of scholars from different disciplines. (frontiersin.org)
  • The perception that bone marrow adipocytes are "inert space fillers" has been broken, and currently, bone marrow fat is unanimously considered to be the third largest fat depot, after subcutaneous fat and visceral fat. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs), as a component of the bone marrow microenvironment, influence hematopoiesis through direct contact with cells and the secretion of adipocyte-derived factors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bone marrow fat (BMF) is located in the bone marrow cavity and accounts for 70% of adult bone marrow volume. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs) are derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the origin of BMAs might be heterogeneous ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Bone cavities are predominantly filled with active hematopoietic red bone marrow, the volume of which gradually decreases with age and is subsequently replaced with fat (yellow bone marrow) which gradually fills the entire marrow cavity through dynamic and reversible processes ( 10 , 15 , 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The fat in the bone marrow is different from the subcutaneous and visceral fat and exists in two distinct populations: constitutive marrow adipose tissue (cMAT) and regulated marrow adipose tissue (rMAT). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, the decrease of hematopoietic activity in bone marrow with age may be related to the accumulation of BMF. (frontiersin.org)
  • Low bone density, which increases fracture risk, is a serious consequence of anorexia nervosa, seen in both women and men. (medscape.com)
  • Low bone density has been reported as early as 6-12 months after a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. (medscape.com)
  • Teens with anorexia nervosa present a particular concern because this is the age at which bone mass typically increases markedly. (medscape.com)
  • Anorexia nervosa in teenagers results in very little or no increase in bone mass over time, with serious consequences for peak bone mass acquisition. (medscape.com)
  • Giving estrogen as an oral contraceptive pill is not effective in increasing bone density in anorexia nervosa because oral estrogen reduces levels of IGF-1 (necessary for bone formation) and also causes other biochemical changes that account for its lack of efficacy. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, bone loss occurs at different rates in different types of bone, so it is possible for individuals to have bone loss in the spine, but normal bone density in the forearm. (cdc.gov)
  • Cancer in the bones of the spine can press on the nerves coming out of the spinal cord. (cancer.org)
  • A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan revealed very low bone density at multiple sites. (medscape.com)
  • in fact, I would put her bone density in the same range as someone in their 70s. (medscape.com)
  • My patient was also diagnosed with the female athlete triad - a condition of low energy availability, where energy intake is insufficient to meet the needs of energy expenditure from excessive exercise, associated with irregular or absent menses and low bone density. (medscape.com)
  • A longer duration of illness and of loss of periods is associated with lower bone density. (medscape.com)
  • There is also an immediate increase in fracture risk from low bone density. (medscape.com)
  • Factors that contribute to low bone density include body composition and hormonal changes. (medscape.com)
  • The best strategy to improve bone density is to get to a healthy body weight. (medscape.com)
  • Bone density assessment should be repeated every 1-2 years to determine trends over time. (medscape.com)
  • How Else Can Bone Density Be Improved? (medscape.com)
  • The decision to include assessments of bone density in the survey was based on the recognition of the growing problem of osteoporosis, or decreased bone mass. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of the bone density component is to obtain estimates of the prevalence of low bone density of the hip in the U.S. population over 20 years of age, and in various subpopulation groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Also, because bone density values overlap between normal and osteoporotic individuals, clear criteria for definitions of abnormality have not been established. (cdc.gov)
  • Estimates of low bone density derived from NHANES III data will offer unique information regarding bone loss and osteoporosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The distribution of bone density at the hip that is collected in the survey will provide reference data for clinicians and researchers in assessing bone mass in individuals. (cdc.gov)
  • NHANES III will provide the first reference data on bone density from a nationally representative sample and will permit an examination of bone mineral density in black and Hispanic population subgroups, for whom prevalence of low bone mass is poorly defined. (cdc.gov)
  • You should also get your bone density checked if you have any kind of fracture after the age of 50, according to the Surgeon General's report. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • Doctors measure bone mass via a bone mineral density (BMD) test. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • The low bone mass that characterizes osteoporosis causes an increased susceptibility to spontaneous or a traumatic bone fracture. (cdc.gov)
  • Bone mass can decrease without symptoms for a significant period of time before fracture occurs, and since fracture is the main clinical sign of the disease, many clinicians and researchers limit the definitions of osteoporosis to the presence of an atraumatic fracture. (cdc.gov)
  • Each of them is at risk for developing osteoporosis, the most common bone disease in women. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • We often think of osteoporosis as a disease of aging, and it is-one-third of women who reach the age of 90 suffer from a fracture-but there are also some conditions that predispose younger women to having weaker bones. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • You build your bones until you are about 30, then your body stops adding new bone, according to the 2004 Surgeon General's Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • When you have osteoporosis, exercise can be an important component of strengthening your bones as well as reducing your risks for falls through balance exercise. (healthline.com)
  • Anyone with osteoporosis who's looking to increase their bone strength can benefit from the following eight exercises. (healthline.com)
  • Some bone tumors cause a lump or swelling in the area, although this might not happen until sometime after the area becomes painful. (cancer.org)
  • However, the initial assessment of the temporal bone trauma in the emergency department by the emergency personnel and the trauma team is critically important. (medscape.com)
  • The extracted information includes bio-data, presenting symptoms, metastatic sites, and bone pain assessment before and after four weeks of PRT using visual analogue pain scale (VAS), radiation doses, fractionation numbers and number of re-irradiation . (bvsalud.org)
  • The temporal bone is a very thick and hard structure located in the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • The bones, including a skull, two arm bones, a leg bone and part of a jawbone, were found by a diver on the seabed beside a popular coastal path. (connexionfrance.com)
  • The bones were actually discovered last February when a professional diver fishing for urchins spotted what he thought was a skull and bones in water 10 metres deep. (connexionfrance.com)
  • On Mardi Gras mornings before dawn, members of the North Side Skull and Bones Gang prowl the streets. (thesocietypages.org)
  • A child with this type of fracture will need to be checked over time to make sure the bone heals the right way and keeps growing. (denverhealth.org)
  • Just make sure the bone smell is long gone. (dezeen.com)
  • Objective: The present study aims to develop a histological descriptive analysis on the repair of bone defects filled with β-TCP, associated to pure titanium implants into cavities prepared in the calvarial bone of rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Axial nonenhanced computed tomography showing moth-eaten appearance of right parietal bone characteristic of osteomyelitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Computed tomography of the scalp was performed ( Figure ), and osteomyelitis of the right parietal bone was detected. (cdc.gov)
  • These include low levels of estrogen (important for preventing bone loss and possibly increasing bone formation), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and leptin (the latter two are both important for bone formation), and relatively high levels of cortisol (which has multiple deleterious effects on bone) and peptide YY (which reduces bone formation). (medscape.com)
  • The lower one's peak bone mass, the greater the risk for impaired bone health and fracture risk in later life. (medscape.com)
  • most patients with temporal bone fracture have a computed tomography (CT) scan of these. (medscape.com)
  • The information here focuses on primary bone cancers (cancers that start in bones) that most often are seen in adults. (cancer.org)
  • Cancers in the bones of the neck can sometimes cause a lump in the back of the throat that can lead to trouble swallowing or breathing. (cancer.org)
  • Aerobic, Muscle- and Bone-Strengthening: What Counts for School-Aged Children and Adolescents? (cdc.gov)
  • Bone cancer isn't common, and the symptoms it can cause are more likely to be due to other conditions, such as injuries or arthritis. (cancer.org)
  • Weight-bearing exercises, such as jogging, walking, stair climbing, dancing and weight lifting increase the overall bone mass, and improve bone strength. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • One hour of these exercises three times a week builds stronger bones in as early as six to nine months for most people. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • As a result, your bones will signal your body to produce added tissue to build stronger bones. (healthline.com)
  • Include activities that make their hearts beat faster, build muscles (like climbing or doing push-ups), and strengthen bones (like running or jumping). (cdc.gov)
  • If calcium levels in the blood are low, the body steals it from the bones to use it elsewhere, such as for your muscles and nerves. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • Results: It was verified an acceleration bone neoformation process in the presence of β-TCP. (bvsalud.org)
  • People with a fracture next to or through a bone tumor usually describe sudden severe pain in a bone that had been sore for a few months. (cancer.org)
  • The spectrum of temporal bone trauma is extremely varied, ranging from minor concussion without functional deficits to severe blunt or penetrating trauma with multifunctional deficits that involve the auditory and vestibular nerves, the facial nerve, and the intracranial contents. (medscape.com)
  • Most cases of temporal bone fracture involve severe body and/or head trauma. (medscape.com)
  • A decrease in muscle mass occurs with weight loss, which has a harmful effect on bone at almost every site. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical presentations specifically related to temporal bone trauma include facial nerve paralysis (partial or complete), hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, or mixed), vertigo , dizziness , otorrhagia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea , tympanic membrane perforation , and hemotympanum and canal laceration. (medscape.com)
  • So, the knowledge on the incidence of the presence of sutural bones at the asterion is important for surgeons. (who.int)
  • Thus the present study was undertaken to find out the incidence of the occurrence of the sutural bones present at the asterion. (who.int)
  • The incidence of the multiple sutural bones was also recorded on both the right and left sides. (who.int)
  • The incidence of type 1 and type 2 sutural bones was observed as 27.86% and 72.14% respectively. (who.int)
  • Conclusion: The data on the incidence of occurrence of sutural bones which was presented in the present study may be of great use to the radiologists and neurosurgeons for a better diagnosis and to minimize the complications while performing lateral approaches of the cranial fossa. (who.int)
  • These exercises involve challenging your muscle strength against gravity and putting pressure on your bones. (healthline.com)
  • A temporal bone fracture can involve none or all of these structures. (medscape.com)
  • Exercises such as walking or swimming may be beneficial to your lung and heart health but won't necessarily help you strengthen your bones. (healthline.com)
  • Presence and volume of loose connective tissue and newly formed bone tissue were analyzed, as well as the presence or absence of remaining material (β-TCP) into the defect. (bvsalud.org)
  • There were 161 eligible breast cancer patients who were treated with PRT secondary to painful bone metastases between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2009. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, with emphasis on articular abnormalities / Donald Resnick, Gen Niwayama. (who.int)
  • Occasionally sutural bones are present at asterion. (who.int)
  • There are different types of primary bone cancer . (cancer.org)
  • Pain in the area of the tumor is the most common sign of bone cancer. (cancer.org)
  • The efficacy of palliative external beam radiotherapy (PRT) for relief of metastatic bone pain had been well established, a single fraction is as effective as multiple fractions in relieving bone pain , but variation exist among the radiation oncologist in our environment on the ideal dose per fraction regimen. (bvsalud.org)
  • We retrospectively reviewed data from breast cancer patients treated with PRT using linear accelerator for metastatic bone pain in University College Hospital Ibadan between 2005 and 2009. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bone cancer, like many other types of cancer, can sometimes cause weight loss and fatigue. (cancer.org)
  • But after your bones are fully constructed, your body still deposits and withdraws calcium from them every day. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • When there is enough calcium in the blood, the body stores the extra in the bones, increasing their strength. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • The temporal bone is the most complex bone in the human body. (medscape.com)
  • This increase in bone mass is essential for optimizing one's peak bone mass or one's "bone bank," achieved in the early to mid-20s. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Elizabeth Nabel, the study's director, went on to say, "Based on all the results, women-particularly those over 60-should consider taking calcium and vitamin D for bone health. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • Children can do muscle- and bone-strengthening activity at least 3 days each week. (cdc.gov)
  • He confirmed that the humerus found was that of Stéphane Hirson, from Lagny-sur-Marne, outside Paris, and said that the bones appeared to have been in the water beside the Chemin des Douaniers for around 10 years. (connexionfrance.com)
  • A Honolulu-based doctor shares her tips for keeping bones strong-whether you're 30 or 90. (honolulumagazine.com)
  • The aspiration and biopsy are done by a trained medical practitioner (nurse or doctor) using a small needle inserted into a bone. (kidshealth.org)
  • Four bone defects were made into each one of the calvarial bones of rats and filled with: (a) β-TCP, (b) clot, (c) β-TCP + pure titanium screw, and (d) pure titanium screw. (bvsalud.org)