Bone and bones. Medical search

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

Diseases of BONES.

Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

Breaks in bones.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.

Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

The bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. It includes the FEMUR; PATELLA; TIBIA; and FIBULA.

Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.

Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.

Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.

The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.

A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.

The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.

Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.

Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.

The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.

The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.

Fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. Although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of BONE formation. It plays additional roles in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B and OSTEOPROTEGERIN. It plays an important role in regulating OSTEOCLAST differentiation and activation.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

The bones of the free part of the upper extremity including the HUMERUS; RADIUS; and ULNA.

Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)

A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.

Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.

Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

The shaft of long bones.

Techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. The purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. Bone marrow purging is used in both autologous and allogeneic BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION.

A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.

The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

The CARPAL BONES; METACARPAL BONES; and FINGER PHALANGES. In each hand there are eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The spinal or vertebral column.

Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.

The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A highly glycosylated and sulfated phosphoprotein that is found almost exclusively in mineralized connective tissues. It is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to hydroxyapatite through polyglutamic acid sequences and mediates cell attachment through an RGD sequence.

The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.

The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.

The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.

Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The region of the HAND between the WRIST and the FINGERS.

Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.

A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.

Centers for acquiring, characterizing, and storing bones or bone tissue for future use.

A circular structural unit of bone tissue. It consists of a central hole, the Haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

The development and formation of various types of BLOOD CELLS. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from BONE. Bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes.

Nodular bones which lie within a tendon and slide over another bony surface. The PATELLA (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone.

A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.

A bone that forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.

Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.

Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.

The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.

A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.

The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.

The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.

Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.

A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that is specific for RANK LIGAND and plays a role in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis. It is also expressed on DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in regulating dendritic cell survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.

A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Artificial substitutes for body parts and materials inserted into organisms during experimental studies.

A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).

Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.

The bones of the upper and lower ARM. They include the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.

The bones of the upper and lower LEG. They include the PELVIC BONES.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).

A bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in CARTILAGE formation. It is a potent regulator of the growth of CHONDROCYTES and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. Evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in MICE, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears.

Fractures of the femur.

Bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. An external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. The technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.

The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.

An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the TRANSPLANTATION of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells.

A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.

Irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. It is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.

Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. The metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the C-propeptide of PROCOLLAGEN and may act as a regulator of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX deposition. Alternative splicing of MRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several PROTEIN ISOFORMS.

Inflammation of the bone.

The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.

A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.

A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for removal of new growth or other abnormal tissue, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. It is performed with a curet (curette), a spoon-shaped instrument designed for that purpose. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Dorland, 27th ed)

Transfer of MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS).

A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Removal of minerals from bones during bone examination.

A negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in the regulation of BONE metabolism and a variety of other biological functions. Cell signaling by osteopontin may occur through a cell adhesion sequence that recognizes INTEGRIN ALPHA-V BETA-3.

A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.

Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.

Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.

Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Abnormal calcium metabolism in normocalcaemic sarcoidosis. (1/8177)

In studies of calcium metabolism in 13 unselected patients with untreated sarcoidosis all were normocalcaemic but five had hypercalcuria. All had normal renal function. Calcium absorption was indexed by a double isotope test. 45Ca hyperabsorption occurred in six patients. Ten kinetic studies were carried out with 47Ca and in six bone turnover was increased. 45Ca absorption correlated well with the calculated bone uptake rate of calcium, and with urine calcium excretion. These results suggest that in sarcoidosis abnormalities in calcium metabolism are fairly common although they rarely result in sustained hypercalcaemia. (+info)

A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo. (2/8177)

Morphogenesis depends on the precise control of basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Wnt5a may regulate these processes since it is expressed in a gradient at the caudal end of the growing embryo during gastrulation, and later in the distal-most aspect of several structures that extend from the body. A loss-of-function mutation of Wnt5a leads to an inability to extend the A-P axis due to a progressive reduction in the size of caudal structures. In the limbs, truncation of the proximal skeleton and absence of distal digits correlates with reduced proliferation of putative progenitor cells within the progress zone. However, expression of progress zone markers, and several genes implicated in distal outgrowth and patterning including Distalless, Hoxd and Fgf family members was not altered. Taken together with the outgrowth defects observed in the developing face, ears and genitals, our data indicates that Wnt5a regulates a pathway common to many structures whose development requires extension from the primary body axis. The reduced number of proliferating cells in both the progress zone and the primitive streak mesoderm suggests that one function of Wnt5a is to regulate the proliferation of progenitor cells. (+info)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (3/8177)

Mutations in GDF-5, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, result in the autosomal recessive syndromes brachypod (bp) in mice and Hunter-Thompson and Grebe-type chondrodysplasias in humans. These syndromes are all characterised by the shortening of the appendicular skeleton and loss or abnormal development of some joints. To investigate how GDF-5 controls skeletogenesis, we overexpressed GDF-5 during chick limb development using the retrovirus, RCASBP. This resulted in up to a 37.5% increase in length of the skeletal elements, which was predominantly due to an increase in the number of chondrocytes. By injecting virus at different stages of development, we show that GDF-5 can increase both the size of the early cartilage condensation and the later developing skeletal element. Using in vitro micromass cultures as a model system to study the early steps of chondrogenesis, we show that GDF-5 increases chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. We did not detect changes in proliferation. However, cell suspension cultures showed that GDF-5 might act at these stages by increasing cell adhesion, a critical determinant of early chondrogenesis. In contrast, pulse labelling experiments of GDF-5-infected limbs showed that at later stages of skeletal development GDF-5 can increase proliferation of chondrocytes. Thus, here we show two mechanisms of how GDF-5 may control different stages of skeletogenesis. Finally, our data show that levels of GDF-5 expression/activity are important in controlling the size of skeletal elements and provides a possible explanation for the variation in the severity of skeletal defects resulting from mutations in GDF-5. (+info)

Elevated carboxy terminal cross linked telopeptide of type I collagen in alcoholic cirrhosis: relation to liver and kidney function and bone metabolism. (4/8177)

BACKGROUND: The carboxy terminal cross linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) has been put forward as a marker of bone resorption. Patients with alcoholic liver disease may have osteodystrophy. AIMS: To assess circulating and regional concentrations of ICTP in relation to liver dysfunction, bone metabolism, and fibrosis. METHODS: In 15 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 20 controls, hepatic venous, renal venous, and femoral arterial concentrations of ICTP, and bone mass and metabolism were measured. RESULTS: Circulating ICTP was higher in patients with cirrhosis than in controls. No overall significant hepatic disposal or production was found in the patient or control groups but slightly increased production was found in a subset of patients with advanced disease. Significant renal extraction was observed in the controls, whereas only a borderline significant extraction was observed in the patients. Measurements of bone mass and metabolism indicated only a mild degree of osteodystrophy in the patients with cirrhosis. ICTP correlated significantly in the cirrhotic patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction and fibrosis, but not with measurements of bone mass or metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: ICTP is highly elevated in patients with cirrhosis, with no detectable hepatic net production or disposal. No relation between ICTP and markers of bone metabolism was identified, but there was a relation to indicators of liver dysfunction and fibrosis. As the cirrhotic patients conceivably only had mild osteopenia, the elevated ICTP in cirrhosis may therefore primarily reflect liver failure and hepatic fibrosis. (+info)

Predicting bone loss following orthotopic liver transplantation. (5/8177)

BACKGROUND: Hepatic osteodystrophy occurs in the majority of patients with advanced chronic liver disease with the abnormalities in bone metabolism accelerating following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). AIMS: To examine changes in bone mineral density (BMD) following OLT and to investigate factors that lead to bone loss. METHODS: Twelve patients had BMD (at both the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN)) and biochemical markers measured preoperatively and for 24 months following OLT. RESULTS: BMD was low in 75% of patients prior to OLT and decreased significantly from baseline at the LS at three months and the FN at six months. BMD began to increase thereafter at both sites, approaching baseline values at the LS by 12 months. Bone formation markers, osteocalcin and procollagen type I carboxy propeptide, decreased immediately post-OLT, with a concomitant increase seen in the resorption markers pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. This resulted in a negative uncoupling index early post-OLT, that rebounded to positive values after six months. There was a significant correlation between the change in the uncoupling index between six and three months which preceded the increase in BMD at 12 months. The decrease in BMD recorded early post-OLT correlated with vitamin D levels at three months. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that increased resorption and inadequate formation are the major contributors to additional bone loss following OLT. Non-invasive biochemical markers precede later changes in BMD in this patient group following OLT and may have a role in investigating and planning intervention strategies to prevent bone loss in future studies. (+info)

The use of variable lactate/malic dehydrogenase ratios to distinguish between progenitor cells of cartilage and bone in the embryonic chick. (6/8177)

The activities of LDH and MDH have been studied, both in differentiated cartilage and bone from the embryonic chick, and in the pool of mixed osteogenic and chondrogenic stem cells found on the quadratojugal, a membrane bone. In confirmation of the model proposed by Reddi & Huggins (1971) we found that the LDH/MDH ratio was greater than 1 in cartilage and less than 1 in bone. Furthermore we established, for the first time, that ratios occurred in the chondrogenic and osteogenic stem cells, similar to the ratios in their differentiated counterparts. Alteration in LDH/MDH resulted from variations in the level of LDH/mug protein. MDH/mug protein remained constant, even when LDH/MDH was changing. We interpret these results in terms of adaptation of chondrogenic progenitor cells for anaerobic metabolism and anticipate that our model will be applicable to other skeletal systems where stem cells are being studied. (+info)

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (7/8177)

Fossil shellfish powder (FS) and Ezo giant scallop shell powder (EG) were rendered soluble with lactate and citrate under decompression (FSEx and EGEx, respectively) and we examined the effects of lactate-citrate solubilization of FS and EG on mineral absorption, tissue mineral contents, serum biochemical indices and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The apparent absorption ratios of minerals tended to be high in the rats fed with the solubilized mineral sources, those in the FSEx group being significantly higher than in the FS group. There was no significant difference in the tibia mineral content among the OVX groups. BMD at the distal femoral diaphysis was significantly increased by FSEx and EGEx feeding. It is suggested that solubilization with lactate and citrate under decompression increased the solubility and bioavailability of calcium from such natural sources of shellfish calcium as FS and EG. (+info)

A novel skeletal dysplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans is caused by a Lys650Met mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene. (8/8177)

We have identified a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) missense mutation in four unrelated individuals with skeletal dysplasia that approaches the severity observed in thanatophoric dysplasia type I (TD1). However, three of the four individuals developed extensive areas of acanthosis nigricans beginning in early childhood, suffer from severe neurological impairments, and have survived past infancy without prolonged life-support measures. The FGFR3 mutation (A1949T: Lys650Met) occurs at the nucleotide adjacent to the TD type II (TD2) mutation (A1948G: Lys650Glu) and results in a different amino acid substitution at a highly conserved codon in the kinase domain activation loop. Transient transfection studies with FGFR3 mutant constructs show that the Lys650Met mutation causes a dramatic increase in constitutive receptor kinase activity, approximately three times greater than that observed with the Lys650Glu mutation. We refer to the phenotype caused by the Lys650Met mutation as "severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans" (SADDAN) because it differs significantly from the phenotypes of other known FGFR3 mutations. (+info)

"Palaeos Vertebrates > Bones > Teeth: Tooth Implantation". Bertin, Thomas J. C.; Thivichon-Prince, Béatrice; LeBlanc, Aaron R. H ... dentition is a morphological arrangement in which the base of the tooth is completely enclosed in a deep socket of bone, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecodont_dentition

... one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. PLP is the ... DXA may show abnormal bone mineral density which may correlate with disease severity, although bone mineral density in HPP ... Bone. 40 (6): 1655-61. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.01.020. PMID 17395561. "Hypophosphatasia Signs and Symptoms". Hypophosphatasia. ... In the long bones, there is an abrupt change from a normal appearance in the shaft (diaphysis) to uncalcified regions near the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatasia

The name "Gasterosteiformes" means "bone-bellies". It is derived from Ancient Greek gaster (γαστήρ; "stomach", "abdomen") + ... and basisphenoid bones are absent. The body is often partly or completely covered with dermal plates. ... ostoun (ὀστοῦν; "bone"). The ending for fish orders "-formes" is derived from Latin and indicates "of similar form". ... then appear to be derived offshoots of the scorpaeniform-gasterosteiform radiation which have apomorphically lost the bone " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasterosteiformes

... bone metastases and hypercalcemia. Bisphosphonates reduce breakdown of bones by inhibiting osteoclasts, they have a long ... They are used for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone disorders that cause bone fragility and diseases where bone ... "Comparison of the distribution of 3H-alendronate and 3H-Etidronate in rat and mouse bones". Bone. 19 (3): 281-290. doi:10.1016/ ... Bone. Bisphosphonates. 49 (1): 20-33. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.774. ISSN 8756-3282. PMID 21497677. Coxon, F.P.; Rogers, M.J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_bisphosphonates

The expanded regions are also sclerotic and gives the characteristic bone-in-bone appearance. Platyspondyly is the development ... Other limbic abnormalities include progressive bowing of long bones, which is present in rare cases. In general, patients ... Bone. 120: 495-503. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.12.002. PMID 30537558. John E, Kozlowski K, Masel J, Muralinath S, Vijayalakshmi G ... which is a pit on the bone surface enclosed by the osteoclast for bone resorption. The accumulation of ions in the lacuna ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysosteosclerosis

Bone. 40 (5): 1415-24. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2006.12.066. PMID 17293177. van Bommel EF, Hendriksz TR, Huiskes AW, Zeegers AG ( ... permanent growth arrest through selective induction of apoptosis in growth plate chondrocytes in cultured rat metatarsal bones ... "Tamoxifen impairs both longitudinal and cortical bone growth in young male rats". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 23 (8 ... A beneficial side effect of tamoxifen is that it prevents bone loss by acting as an ER agonist (i.e., mimicking the effects of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen

... is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to ... The impairment of bone metabolism causes inadequate bone mineralization. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and ... Osteomalacia is a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of the bone. Many of the effects of ... soft bones Easy fracturing Bending of bones Osteomalacia in adults starts insidiously as aches and pains in the lumbar (lower ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomalacia

The movement of joints, compressive loads on the cartilage and bone during exercise, and shear pressure on the blood vessel ... Articular cartilage is the connective tissue that protects bones of load-bearing joints like knee, shoulder by providing a ... It deforms in response to compressive load, thereby reducing stress on bones. This mechanical responsiveness of articular ... Surgical tension application devices are used for bone fracture healing, orthodontics, cosmetic breast expansion and closure of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanobiology

Five hierarchical structures of bone are presented below. Compact bone and spongy bone are on a scale of several millimetres to ... but the most common ones are calcium carbonate found in mollusk shells and hydroxyapatite present in teeth and bones. Although ... The mineral in bone (known as bone mineral) is hydroxyapatite with a lot of carbonate ions, while the organic portion is made ... Bone, mollusc shells, deep sea sponge Euplectella species, radiolarians, diatoms, antler bone, tendon, cartilage, tooth enamel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralized_tissues

Skull bones[edit]. Methods from this group attempt to derive ICP from mechanical properties of the skull bones rather than of ... bone, brain, or fluid). Unfortunately, a reproducible quantitative relationship between the diameter of the cranium and ICP ... In Sinha's [14] method resonant frequency of the skull bones is determined first, then a sinusoidal excitation at the resonant ... as the bones strongly attenuate the transmission of the ultrasound at these frequencies. TCD is primarily a technique for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-invasive_intracranial_pressure_measurement_methods

Bones[edit]. Mounting evidence indicates that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have important effects on bone health ... The data from one study indicated that bone mineral density is negatively associated with saturated fat intake, and that men ... Corwin RL, Hartman TJ, Maczuga SA, Graubard BI (2006). "Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with bone density ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fats

Lakes wrote that the bones were "apparently a vertebra and a humerus bone of some gigantic saurian."[64] While Lakes sent Marsh ... Port Kennedy Bone Cave. Footnotes[edit]. *^ Davidson found no evidence in any of the surviving Cope correspondence and papers ... Davidson, Jane (1997). The Bone Sharp: The Life of Edward Drinker Cope. Academy of Natural Sciences. ISBN 978-0-910006-53-8.. ... "Bone Wars: The Cope-Marsh Rivalry". The Academy of Natural Sciences. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2009- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope

Muscles and bones. The most commonly sought medical attention is for joint pain, with the small joints of the hand and wrist ... and SLE may be associated with an increased risk of bone fractures in relatively young women.[19] ... in contrast to bone marrow-derived DC, neither take it up nor present it via MHC molecules. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus

Bones of upper limb. *Bones of lower limb. A03: Joints (juncturae)[edit]. *General terms [3] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica

... to study bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration, and bone transplantation from one person to another.[9] Sections of bones, ... Bone, muscle, and nerve transplantation experiments. From about September 1942 to about December 1943 experiments were ... Prisoners were also experimented on by having their bone marrow injected with bacteria to study the effectiveness of new drugs ... "Nuremberg - Document Viewer - Deposition concerning medical experiments at Ravensbrueck [bone/muscle/nerve experiments]". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation

5 Bones transferred in 1942. *6 Bone transfer in 2019. *7 Jerusalem ossuaries ... Bone transfer in 2019[edit]. On July 2, 2019, it was announced that Pope Francis had transferred the nine bone fragments which ... Two books were written about the tomb and bones of St. Peter: "The Bones of St Peter" by John Evangelist Walsh and "The ... Bone testing revealed that the remains belonged to a man in his sixties[citation needed]. On June 26, 1968, Pope Paul VI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter's_tomb

Terms for bones. Notes[edit]. This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918 ... The sternum is a long, flat bone that forms the front of the rib cage. The cartilages of the top seven ribs (the true ribs) ... Bones[edit]. Ribs and vertebrae[edit]. The first rib (the topmost one) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ... "Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax". Retrieved 2007-08-23.. [permanent dead link] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_cage

Each hip bone consists of 3 sections, ilium, ischium, and pubis. During childhood, these sections are separate bones, joined by ... 2-4. Hip bone (os coxae) 1. Sacrum (os sacrum), 2. Ilium (os ilium), 3. Ischium (os ischii) 4. Pubic bone (os pubis) (4a. ... The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones. The hip bones are connected to each other anteriorly at the pubic symphysis, ... "In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pelvis

The phalanges /fəˈlæŋdʒiːz/ (singular: phalanx /ˈfælæŋks/) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In ... Bone anatomy[edit]. Each phalanx consists of a central part, called the body, and two extremities. ... Moreover, of all the bones of the hand, the distal phalanges are the first to ossify.[3]:6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand ... The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot. There are 56 phalanges in the human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_phalanx

The hindfoot is composed of the talus (or ankle bone) and the calcaneus (or heel bone). The two long bones of the lower leg, ... The five irregular bones of the midfoot, the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones, form the arches of the foot which ... Often absent, the opponens digiti minimi originates near the cuboid bone and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal bone. These ... This arch stretches from the heel bone over the "keystone" ankle bone to the three medial metatarsals. In contrast, the lateral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instep

Bones[edit]. Arthralgia is seen in up to half of people, and is usually a non-erosive poly or oligoarthritis primarily of the ... Osteoporotic bone marrow defect. *Paget's disease of bone. *Periapical abscess *Phoenix abscess ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behçet’s_disease

Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by ... The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) (/ˈhaɪɔɪd/[2][3]) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of ... The hyoid bone is classed as an irregular bone and consists of a central part called the body, and two pairs of horns, the ... Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the lingual artery, which runs down from the tongue to the greater horns of the bone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoid

Bones[edit]. Main article: Tubercle (human skeleton). In the human skeleton, a tubercle or tuberosity is a protrusion that ... The muscles attach by tendons, where the enthesis is the connective tissue between the tendon and bone.[4] For example, the ... On bones, they are usually eminences used for muscle connections. Larger tubercles are also known as tuberosities. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle

It was obvious that the sound propagated very well through the bones of the maxilla to the inner ear. This became the starting ... Cochlear Bone Anchored Solutions is a company based in Gothenburg, Sweden, that manufactures and distributes bone conduction ... When Cochlear bought the company in 2005, the name changed to Cochlear Bone Anchored Solutions. The acronym "BAHA" (for bone ... The Baha system is a bone conduction hearing system designed, developed and marketed by Cochlear Bone Anchored Solutions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_Baha

The triquetral is one of the eight carpal bones of the hand. It is a three-faced bone found within the proximal row of carpal ... The triquetral bone (/traɪˈkwɛtrəl, -ˈkwiː-/; also called triquetrum, pyramidal, three-faced, and formerly cuneiform bone) is ... It connects with the pisiform, hamate, and lunate bones. It is the 3rd most commonly fractured carpal bone. ... The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand.[1] :708 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triquetral

Bones[edit]. The bones that make up the knee are the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula. In the posterolateral corner, the bony ... J Bone Joint Surg. 1987;69A: 233-242 *^ a b c d Grood ES, Stowers SF, Noyes FR: Limits of movement in the human knee: Effect of ... J Bone Joint Surg. 1988;70A: 88-97 *^ a b Veltri DM, Deng XH, Torzilli PA, et al: The role of the popliteofibular ligament in ... J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:16-22 *^ a b LaPrade RF, Wozniczka JK, Stellmaker MP, Wijdicks CA. Analysis of the static ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterolateral_injuries

... was the reduction of fractured bones: "...the broken bone had to be splinted, extended and adjusted, and if this was not ... Setting bones[edit]. Examples of healed fractures in prehistoric human bones, suggesting setting and splinting have been found ... Brothwell, D.R. Digging up Bones. 1963:126 *^ La tribu Yanto en el Perú. Manuel Antonio Muñiz y W. J. Mc. Gree. In this study, ... Dupuytren, Guillaume (1847). On the injuries and diseases of bones. Sydenham Society. Retrieved 7 December 2012.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_surgery

Light-Framed/Fine Boned [32] *Substance of long bones is slight and thin relative to the size & mass of the horse. Especially ... Overall balance and bone[edit]. Insufficient Bone *Measuring the circumference of the top of the cannon bone, just below the ... Coarse-Boned/Sturdy-Framed [33] *Overall bones are larger, wider, & stronger in a horse with either light or bulky muscled ... The humerus (a.k.a. the arm bone) The arm bone is from the point of shoulder to the elbow, it is covered in heavy muscle and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_conformation

One genus, Pachycrocuta, was a 200 kg (440 lb) mega-scavenger that could splinter the bones of elephants[citation needed]. With ... Bone-crushing hyenas[edit]. By 10-14 million years ago, the hyena family had split into two distinct groups: dog-like hyenas ... The bone-crushing hyenas survived the changes in climate and the arrival of canids, which wiped out the dog-like hyenas, though ... Their dentition is similar to that of the canid, but is more specialised for consuming coarse food and crushing bones. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena

Replacement of the bones provides a possibility for the correction of the hypotelorism at the same time.[42] A bone graft is ... The bone is still more malleable and can be remodelled relatively 'simply' by greenstick fractures of the bone.[42] At ... Most of the bones that collectively form the cranial vault - i.e. the frontal, the parietal and the occipital bones - are ... induced by resorption of the innermost bone layer of the skull with deposition of new bone on the outermost layer, thereby ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniosynostosis

Nearby were discovered the bones of her dead puppies.. *The University of Notre Dame used an Irish Terrier as its mascot until ... when an Irish Terrier is very small and light-boned, it loses the correct racy type. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_terrier

such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients.[37] Also, cats, which ... Hypercarnivores, however, have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing, and in some cases strong jaws for bone- ... crushing, as in the case of hyenas, allowing them to consume bones; some extinct groups, notably the Machairodontinae, had ... "Osteophagia and bone modifications by giraffe and other large ungulates". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (12): 4139- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

Due to the linear articulation of bones, the force is able to travel freely across these joints and bones and be dissipated ... means a break in specifically the second metacarpal bone or third metacarpal bone,[12] with "bar room fracture" being specific ... A boxer's fracture is the break of the 5th metacarpal bones of the hand near the knuckle.[4] Occasionally it is used to refer ... creating a dorsal bend in the bone, ultimately causing the fracture when the bone is bent too far. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer's_fracture

They would have fewer side-effects, while still promoting muscle and bone tissue growth and regeneration. These claims are, ... broken bones and pain. Muscle atrophy results from a co-morbidity of several common diseases, including cancer, AIDS, ... when the patient has a primary injury such as an immobilized broken bone (set in a cast or immobilized in traction), for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

Nelson, D.E., Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave, cited by Morley, p. 47 ... Early examples of artistic expression, such as the Venus of Tan-Tan and the patterns found on elephant bones from Bilzingsleben ... Upper Paleolithic (and possibly Middle Paleolithic)[83] humans used flute-like bone pipes as musical instruments,[38][84] and ... In Africa, bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archaeological record. The first evidence of human fishing is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

... bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of ... evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1 Ma;[26] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological

If the markings spread into the usable portion of the pelt, such as into the belly or on the pin bones, it is a ... They have fine bone and a skinny body, and, unlike many other breeds, were never raised primarily for meat. This breed's main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_rabbit

... bone shape, skeletal features, fetal heart function, volume evaluation, fetal lung maturity, and general fetus well being. ... TIS for soft tissues in the first trimester and TIB for bones in second and third trimesters) as low as possible, preferably ... across the two parietal bones), the head circumference, the length of the femur, the crown-heel length (head to heel), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography

The gypsum crust many of these fossils were discovered under acted as a powerful preservation tool, protecting the bones from ... Histological observations of Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) in the bone structure of capitosaurids suggested that they lived ... There was no bone present, but the natural impression of the skull was later brought to Barnum Brown, an American ... where bones are very well preserved. Though there is little certainty in how Stanocephalosaurus breathed, paleontologists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanocephalosaurus

Bone of My Bones is the debut album by English singer Ebony Bones, an alias of Ebony Thomas. All tracks are written by Ebony ... Bones, except where noted. "We Know All About U" contains a sample from "Bulgarian Chicks" by Balkan Beat Box. "Dont Fart On ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_of_My_Bones

Bones are incredibly efficient - more efficient than any man-made structure, says Chris Williams, an architecture professor at ... Bone Structure. Bones are incredibly efficient - more efficient than any man-made structure, says Chris Williams, an ...

https://www.wired.com/2001/01/bone-structure/

Human bone char, referred to as "bone charcoal," is mentioned in Thomas Pynchons novel The Crying of Lot 49. The bones come ... Heating bones in an oxygen-rich atmosphere gives bone ash, which is chemically quite different. Used bone char can be ... Bone char is primarily made from cattle and pig bones; however, to prevent the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the skull ... Bone char (Latin: carbo animalis) is a porous, black, granular material produced by charring animal bones. Its composition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_char

... a broken bone can be scary for them and parents alike. Heres the lowdown on what to expect. ... A bone health campaign for girls ages 9 to 12 that teaches how to get and keep strong, healthy bones for life. "Grow strong ... The AAOS provides information for the public on sports safety, and bone, joint, muscle, ligament and tendon injuries or ...

http://kidshealth.org/ChildrensHealthNetwork/en/parents/b-bone.html?view=rr

... the single bone surrounding the ear that is formed from the fused pro-otic, epiotic, and opisthotic bones. Source for ... information on periotic bone: A Dictionary of Zoology dictionary. ... periotic bone In Mammalia, the single bone surrounding the ear ... periotic bone A Dictionary of Zoology © A Dictionary of Zoology 1999, originally published by Oxford University Press 1999. ... www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/periotic-bone ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/periotic-bone

ATC let us hang out and the BOnes flew under us!. * Category *Howto & Style ...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoOG6BwJfLc&feature=related

Boning can get pricey, heres a nifty way to avoid the costs... JUST SO YOU KNOW: This works REALLY WELL if you reinforce with ... How to make a corset adding the bones in part 3 - Duration: 9:59. Des Swags Curtain Maker 15,009 views ... The boning will be sturdy enough to use in legitimate corsets. It will bend and act like spiral steel. I use this in all of my ... Boning can get pricey, heres a nifty way to avoid the costs.... JUST SO YOU KNOW: This works REALLY WELL if you reinforce with ...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rj-bhPdoTss

Check out American Bone Healths events, learn more, or contact this organizer. ... American Bone Health is using Eventbrite to organize upcoming events. ... American Bone Health teaches people how to build and keep strong and healthy bones for life with practical and up-to-date ... information and resources to inspire them to prevent bone loss, osteoporosis and fractures. ...

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... or other devices to make your bone (or bones) stable again. This can help relieve pain and restore function. ... Surgical options for bone metastasis include: * Surgically placing a support into the bone: A surgeon can place a rod, pins, ... Surgery to remove a bone tumor: In rare cases, if you have just a single area of metastasis in one area of a bone, you have no ... If your bone is so weakened by metastasis that it has fractured or is about to fracture, you may need to have surgery. These ...

https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/recur_metast/treat_metast/options/local/bone/surgery

... carpal bones) plus two long bones in your forearm - the radius and the ulna. The most commonly injured carpal bone is the ... Your wrist is made up of eight small bones ( ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/carpal-bones/img-20007898

How could it be? Young Aggie discovers a Brontosaurus bone at Gruesome Gorge ... but no dinosaur fossil has ever been ... You can also try doing a general search for the term dinosaur bones . You can also limit results to books that contain two ... Books tagged: dinosaur bones These results show books which have been specifically tagged with this keyword. ... and in the process unearths a dinosaur bone. (Age Level - 7-10) ...

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Worst of all, she is unmindful of her crooked bones.. When Irréelle makes one final, unforgivable mistake by destroying a ... A spooky and adventurous debut illustrated fantasy novel about a girl made of dust and bone and imagination who seeks the truth ... Praise For The Bone Garden…. "Best read aloud on a dark autumn night (under a cozy blanket, of course), this magical story-and ... "Beautifully haunting and elegantly told, The Bone Garden enchanted me from page one and kept me spellbound until the very end. ...

https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781250296894?aff=CandidCeillie

Do iPhone owners love their games as much as dogs love bones? Weve no idea, but peripherals firm 22Moo hopes to find out by ... The Bone can connect into the iPhone or Touch over Bluetooth or through a cable connection, the firm added. Other GameBone ... Firm digs up iPhone 3.0 gaming bone. Fetch?. By James Sherwood 23 Jun 2009 at 11:30 ... shaped like a bone. Were not convinced the controllers dog-proof, mind. ...

https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/06/23/gamebone_pro/

... derived the stem cells from bone marrow samples to locate and repair broken bones in mice. Now the work is poised to move to ... "Without that glue, the bone will not be able to heal.". But just creating cartilage is not enough to fix a broken bone. The ... When they extracted bone marrow from these glow-in-the-dark mice, they got glow-in-the-dark stem cells, which the researchers ... The possibility of using a potion like Skelegro to treat severe bone fractures may soon be more than the stuff of wizard tales ...

http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1435904/stem_cells_may_help_rebuild_damaged_bone/

Osteoporosis Society says that people should get regular sun exposure for small amounts of time to maintain healthy bones. ... This in turn is important for maintaining healthy bones, as the vitamin helps to ensure we take up enough calcium from the food ... Britons are being urged to get outdoors and make the most of the sunshine in order to protect their bones. ...

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/news/a22718/sunny-weather-good-for-bone-health/

... can help determine how quickly you are losing bone mass and density. ... A bone density test measures the strength and density of your bones as you approach menopause and, when the test is repeated ... also known as bone mass measurement or bone mineral density test, measures the strength and density of your bones as you ... and by doing a bone density test or bone mass measurement.. What is a bone density test?. A bone density test, ...

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/bone-density-test

... postmenopausal women who took 25 mg of a type of aromatase inhibitor called exemestane daily for two years experienced bone ... "Brisk walking several times a day or hopping on a treadmill is an effective way to keep bones strong," said Shockney. "Bone ... While low bone mass offers clues to a womans risk of bone fracture or even osteoporosis, this study was too small and did not ... Bone density is typically measured in doctors offices by a standard bone density test. But the women enrolled in the study, ...

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/hormone-therapy-raises-womens-risk-bone-loss/story?id=15523612&singlePage=true

With breaks in larger bones or when the bone breaks into more than two pieces, the doctor may put a metal pin in the bone to ... Most broken bones will need a cast to keep the bone from moving so it can heal. A cast is essentially a big bandage with two ... Broken Bones. The harder kids play, the harder they fall. The fact is, broken bones, or fractures, are common in childhood and ... To set the bone, the doctor will put the pieces of the broken bone in the right position so they can grow back together into ...

https://www.rchsd.org/health-articles/broken-bones/

... have revealed a communication system between the knee joint and developing bones in mice, which controls bone growth during ... Knee joint signals bones to grow Researchers suggest neighboring cells in nearby joints help control bone growth in mice ... Writing in the journal eLife, the authors suggest that bone growth is controlled not only from within the bone itself, but by ... have revealed a communication system between the knee joint and developing bones in mice, which controls bone growth during ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/e-kjs072517.php

Bones, Muscles and joints (orthopaedics). *Brain, Spine and Nervous System (neurology & neurosurgery) ... Bone Cancers. There are different types of bone cancers, which are typically defined as a malignant (cancerous) tumor of the ... Bone Cancers. There are many bone cancers that require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed in ... Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma). Our multidisciplinary team of specialists provides comprehensive treatment for patients with bone ...

http://www.massgeneral.org/conditions/condition.aspx?id=69

... bones frontal processes. These sit midline to each other to form the bridge of the nose. ... Each human has two nasal bones located in the upper-middle area of the face, between the maxillary (upper jaw) ... Each nasal bone has four bones, which form joints: two cranium and two facial bones. The cranium bones are called the ethmoid ... The facial bones are the maxilla and opposite nasal. Each nasal bone has four borders: the superior, inferior, lateral, and ...

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/nasal-bone/male

They were told they have osteoporosis but they were unaware of it until they broke a bone. What exactly is osteoporosis, and ... Several of my friends have had falls recently where they have broken a bone. ... Bone is living tissue. To keep bones strong, your body is always breaking down old bone and replacing it with new bone tissue. ... You can have a bone density test to find out how solid your bones are. Your doctor may suggest a type of bone density test ...

https://www.latimes.com/socal/la-canada-valley-sun/entertainment/tn-vsl-xpm-2010-08-18-tn-vsl-seniorliving-20100818-story.html

It now seems that fluoxetine - the compound in Prozac - depletes bones over time ... Some antidepressants have been linked to an increased risk of bone fractures. ... Antidepressant makes bones weaker by slowing down new growth. Split by light: the antidepressant fluoxetine can cause bone loss ... During the first three weeks, bones grew stronger as the fluoxetine impaired osteoclasts, cells that usually deplete bone ...

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104592-antidepressant-makes-bones-weaker-by-slowing-down-new-growth/

The model gives unique insight into the crystals inside our bones ... A blurry brown picture is the most detailed 3D image of bone ... Many research groups are interested in growing bone in the lab as a way to treat bone diseases, or to develop new, tough ... Bone is mostly made of mineral crystals and the protein collagen. While the structure of collagen is well understood, how the ... A blurry brown picture is the most detailed 3D image of bone ever produced. It may look fuzzy, but the model developed from ...

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2168058-your-bones-contain-crystals-shaped-like-fingers-and-hands/

Living in polluted areas increases the risk of brittle bones and devastating fractures in the elderly, a major new study ... Bone health Living in polluted areas increases the risk of brittle bones and devastating fractures in the elderly, a major new ... Among the many benefits of clean air, our research suggests, are improved bone health and a way to prevent bone fractures. Dr ... Among the many benefits of clean air, our research suggests, are improved bone health and a way to prevent bone fractures. ...

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/11/09/living-near-polluted-roads-boosts-risk-fractured-bones-scientists/

The immediate response to a fracture is bleeding from the blood vessels dotted throughout our bones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The clotted blood collects around the bone fracture. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Stem cells from the surrounding tissues, bone marrow , and blood respond to the immune system's call, and they migrate to the fracture. (medicalnewstoday.com)
New bone starts to form mostly at the edges of the fracture. (medicalnewstoday.com)
If your bone is so weakened by metastasis that it has fractured or is about to fracture, you may need to have surgery. (breastcancer.org)
Internal fixation (osteosynthesis) of bone is aimed at restoration of continuity and stability during healing of a fracture , arthrodesis, or osteotomy ( see below ). (britannica.com)
Osteotomy is aimed at correction of bony or articular deformity by cutting through bone and letting the fracture heal in the desired position, usually with the aid of internal fixation. (britannica.com)
Common indications for transplantation of bone are nonunion of a fracture, a bone cyst , arthrodesis, and structural defects in cancellous bone caused by compression fracture-for example, the heel bone. (britannica.com)
You have already experienced a bone fracture that may be the result of thinning bones. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
While low bone mass offers clues to a woman's risk of bone fracture or even osteoporosis, this study was too small and did not follow the women long enough to see whether either condition developed. (go.com)
The classic signs of a fracture are pain, swelling, and deformity (which looks like a bump or change in shape of the bone). (rchsd.org)
A fracture through the growing part of a child's bone (called the growth plate ) may not show up on X-ray. (rchsd.org)
A stronger force will also result in a complete fracture of younger bones. (rchsd.org)
Molecular geneticist and study author Associate Professor Scott Wilson of the University of Western Australia , says low bone mineral density is the strongest predictor of osteoporotic fracture. (abc.net.au)
The DXA test gives you important information to help you understand your risk for a fracture or broken bone. (latimes.com)
Fracture, bone - does ibuprofen slow down the process of healing broken bones? (drugs.com)
Fracture, bone - My sister had a humerus bone surgery on 2nd March.25 screwed and a titanium plate? (drugs.com)
Fracture, bone - I fell off a roof shoveling snow and ice about 25 years ago, the fall left me with? (drugs.com)
Talus bone fracture pain 5 years later? (drugs.com)
It's less severe than a bone fracture. (rochester.edu)
With a bone fracture, all of the trabeculae in a region of bone have broken. (rochester.edu)
But you may be given an X-ray to rule out a bone fracture. (rochester.edu)

Triquetral fractures can occur due to forceful flexion of the wrist, causing an avulsion of the dorsal aspect of the bone that is often hidden on anterior radiographs, but can be seen as a tiny bone fragment on lateral views. (wikipedia.org)
The study, which reviewed 58 published reports on the relationship between dairy products and the risk of fractures, found little or no connection between dairy-product intake and improved bone health. (edweek.org)
This increases the risk of bone pain, fractures , and other life-threatening events. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These fractures do not heal in the same way that a healthy bone would. (breastcancer.org)
The possibility of using a potion like Skelegro to treat severe bone fractures may soon be more than the stuff of wizard tales. (redorbit.com)
Children diagnosed with a condition known as brittle bone disease can suffer from multiple, painful fractures over their lifetimes. (redorbit.com)
When they extracted bone marrow from these glow-in-the-dark mice, they got glow-in-the-dark stem cells, which the researchers then injected into ordinary mice with bone fractures. (redorbit.com)
Your mother, grandmother, or another close relative had osteoporosis or bone fractures. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The majority of fractures in older women are due to cortical bone loss, according to Jane Cauley, a professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, who wrote an accompanying editorial published in the Lancet Oncology. (go.com)
The fact is, broken bones , or fractures, are common in childhood and often happen when kids are playing or participating in sports. (rchsd.org)
Because their bones are softer and more likely to bend than break in half, kids are more likely to have incomplete fractures (fractures that go partially through the bone). (rchsd.org)
In a large, six-year observational study of over 144,000 postmenopausal women, higher protein intake was linked to a lower risk of forearm fractures and significantly higher bone density in the hip, spine and total body ( 27 ). (healthline.com)
In the short term, those who take fluoxetine are less likely to break a bone, but the risk of bone depletion and fractures rises when they have been taking the drug for a year or more. (newscientist.com)
Until now, it has been difficult to tell if depression itself may have been causing bone fractures through lifestyle changes such as smoking and drinking more, and eating a poorer diet. (newscientist.com)
L iving in polluted areas increases the risk of brittle bones and devastating fractures in the elderly, a major new study suggests. (telegraph.co.uk)

This constant regeneration means that bone tissue is always healthy and fully functioning. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Medical researchers at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill announced Monday that they have made strides in the technology to rebuild damaged bone tissue using stem cells. (redorbit.com)
If the bone cells of the transplant survive, they can continue to form bone and can stimulate adjacent tissue to form bone. (britannica.com)
Without survival, the transplant may function as a scaffold for invasion by tissue from adjacent bone, guided by the microstructure of the dead transplant. (britannica.com)
Gross injury to nerves, vessels, and soft tissues and primary tumours of bone or other connective tissue usually affect relatively young individuals. (britannica.com)
Bone-building continues throughout life, as a body constantly renews and reshapes the bones' living tissue. (kidshealth.org)
Connective tissue cells in the heart turn into bone-producing cells in response to injury, University of California, Los Angeles scientists report November 17 in Cell Stem Cell . (eurekalert.org)
Normal skeletons collapse into piles of loose bones if the flesh and connective tissue that joined them in life are removed. (theatlantic.com)
There are different types of bone cancers, which are typically defined as a malignant (cancerous) tumor of the bone that destroys normal bone tissue. (massgeneral.org)
The Sarcoma Program in the Department of Radiation Oncology uses state-of-the-art radiation therapies to treat soft tissue and bone tumors, both malignant and benign. (massgeneral.org)
Bone is living tissue. (latimes.com)
To keep bones strong, your body is always breaking down old bone and replacing it with new bone tissue. (latimes.com)
During the first three weeks, bones grew stronger as the fluoxetine impaired osteoclasts, cells that usually deplete bone tissue. (newscientist.com)
The soft tissue that fills most bone cavities and consists of yellowish fatty tissue or reddish vascular tissue. (thefreedictionary.com)
The spongy, red tissue that fills the bone cavities of mammals. (thefreedictionary.com)
The bone is a dynamic hard tissue that undergoes a continuous remodelling process to maintain skeletal strength and integrity, with 10% of the skeleton being replaced annually. (nih.gov)
Surgeons use the location and size of tumour to plan how to completely remove the bone cancer along with a margin of normal tissue. (cancer.ca)
What is Bone Tissue? (wisegeek.com)
Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a type of connective tissue used in forming bones. (wisegeek.com)
There are two types of bone tissue, referred to as cortical bone and cancellous bone. (wisegeek.com)
There are two types of cortical bone tissue as well, known as lamellar and woven bone. (wisegeek.com)
This is the weaker of the two types of bone tissue. (wisegeek.com)
It resembles a sponge, and can usually be found inside bones, surrounded by cortical tissue, and at joints at the end of long bones. (wisegeek.com)
Although it is much less dense and comparatively weaker than cortical bone tissue, cancellous tissue serves an important purpose. (wisegeek.com)
Recent stem cell research has lead to promising work in bone tissue engineering. (wisegeek.com)
Scientists at the Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics in Faenza found that by heating rattan wood at high pressures while adding calcium and phosphate, they can create a synthetic for bone that is load-bearing, durable, and structured so much like real bone that blood and tissue cells have no problem treating it as if it were a continuation of the actual bone. (treehugger.com)
Bone is made of different kinds of tissue. (rochester.edu)
The periosteum is a thin layer of tissue that covers most of a bone. (rochester.edu)
It contains the bone marrow and fibrous tissue called trabeculae. (rochester.edu)

Previous studies identified multiple risk and protective variants of CNR2 gene dealing with the relationship to bone density and/or osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
Selective CB1R/ CB2R-inverse agonists/antagonists and CB2R-inverse agonists/antagonists are candidates for prevention of bone mass loss and combined antiresorptive and anabolic therapy for osteoporosis.Key words: cannabinoid receptors - endocannabinoids - marijuana - osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
Without medullary bone deposited in their marrow cavities, the calcium used for egg shells would come from their bones, giving them avian osteoporosis. (newscientist.com)
Women are about four times more likely than men to develop osteoporosis, or weak, porous bones. (usda.gov)
The scientists examined the relationship between vitamin B12 blood levels and indicators of bone health measured in 2,576 men and women, aged 30 to 87, participating in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. (usda.gov)
This in turn is important for maintaining healthy bones, as the vitamin helps to ensure we take up enough calcium from the food we eat, according to Dr Helen Macdonald, chair of the National Osteoporosis Society's Nutrition and Lifestyle Forum. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Some women are at greater risk for osteoporosis - the decrease of bone mass and density as a result of the depletion of bone calcium and protein - than others. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Your doctor can help you determine your risk of developing osteoporosis by taking your personal and family medical history, and by doing a bone density test or bone mass measurement. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
We know the bone structure matters in terms of strength," said Dr. Angela Cheung, director of the osteoporosis program at University Health Network in Toronto, and lead author of the study. (go.com)
Researchers followed 351 women with no history of osteoporosis for two years, and found an 8 percent decrease in thickness and area in the outer shell of the bone - called the cortical bone among the women taking exemestane, also known by the brand name Aromasin -- compared to only a 1 percent loss in the placebo group. (go.com)
Scientists have discovered a number of genes linked to the loss of bone mineral density and osteoporosis. (abc.net.au)
Osteoporosis develops when an individual's bone mineral density, the mass per cubic metre of bone, falls below a certain level. (abc.net.au)
But osteoporosis can develop as people get older and they lose some of those struts and rods, as well as bone mineral density from the shell of the bone, says Wilson. (abc.net.au)
Both osteopenia (low bone mass) and osteoporosis (brittle bones) are conditions characterized by low bone density. (healthline.com)
One major risk factor for osteoporosis in older adults is increased bone turnover, or the process of breaking down and forming new bone ( 7 ). (healthline.com)
It may also help protect against bone loss in younger and older women, including those with osteoporosis, osteopenia or breast cancer ( 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ). (healthline.com)
They were told they have osteoporosis but they were unaware of it until they broke a bone. (latimes.com)
Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones to the point where they break easily - most often bones in the hip, spine and wrist. (latimes.com)
Osteoporosis is called the 'silent disease' because you may not notice any changes until a bone breaks. (latimes.com)
Bone loss has started, but you can still take action to keep your bones strong and maybe prevent osteoporosis later in life. (latimes.com)
For some people, the first sign of osteoporosis is to realize they are getting shorter or to break a bone easily. (latimes.com)
Your doctor may suggest a type of bone density test called a DXA test if you are age 65 or older or if he or she thinks you are at risk for osteoporosis. (latimes.com)
Or, it could show that you have low bone mass or even osteoporosis. (latimes.com)
They believe that pollution affects the production of key hormones and bone minerals, leading to osteoporosis. (telegraph.co.uk)
The National Osteoporosis Society advises eating most dairy products, green leafy vegetables, broccoli and baked beans to gain healthy amounts of calcium and vitamin D, which is known to help strengthen bones. (telegraph.co.uk)

Milk Matters is a public health education campaign launched by the National Institutes of Health to promote calcium consumption among tweens and teens, especially during the ages of 11 to 15, a time of critical bone growth. (kidshealth.org)
An abstract of "Calcium, Dairy Products, and Bone Health in Children and Young Adults: A Reevaluation of the Evidence" is available online from Pediatrics . (edweek.org)
Are the pelleted bones calcium-depleted relative to fresh-killed (uneaten) small-mammal bones? (scienceblogs.com)
Does owl pellet composition vary during nesting (more calcium needed, from those bones, for making egg-shells) or are the bones regurgitated before much useful calcium/etc absorption takes place? (scienceblogs.com)
I have wondered if bony excrescences of some dinosaurs (frills, armour, bone-domes of Pachycephalosaurs etc) might usefully have served (amongst other uses) as storage depots for calcium/other minerals: as reserves of what might otherwise be limiting factors, thus allowing species so endowed to lay larger or oftener-repeated clutches of eggs, and/or to regurgitate calcium-rich material, to give their young a selective advantage ie rapid growth. (scienceblogs.com)
A type of bone that female birds use as a calcium reserve for making eggshell has been found inside the fossilised thigh bone of a Tyrannosaurus rex . (newscientist.com)
Densely mineralised and rich in blood vessels, medullary bone can be deposited quickly when females ovulate and can quickly release calcium when it is needed to form eggshell, says Mary Schweitzer at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, US, and one of the study team. (newscientist.com)
The calcium reserves are critical for female birds because they have strong but lightly-structured bones. (newscientist.com)
Bones store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when it's needed by other parts of the body. (kidshealth.org)
The amounts of certain vitamins and minerals that you eat, especially vitamin D and calcium , directly affect how much calcium is stored in the bones. (kidshealth.org)
The study also found that the medication worsened age-related bone loss even for those who took adequate supplements of vitamin D and calcium, which are prescribed to prevent bone loss. (go.com)
The discovery helps explain why some people who survive heart damage develop abnormal calcium deposits--the main component of bone--in the valves or walls of the heart. (eurekalert.org)
Bone density is a measurement of the amount of calcium and other minerals found in your bones. (healthline.com)
Researchers have reported that low protein intake decreases calcium absorption and may also affect rates of bone formation and breakdown ( 22 ). (healthline.com)
However, concerns have also been raised that high-protein diets leach calcium from bones in order to counteract increased acidity in the blood. (healthline.com)
In a finely balanced, coupled and sequential process (indicated by the dashed arrows), haematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived osteoclasts resorb bone (releasing growth factors and calcium) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived osteoblasts replace the voids with new bone, a process that is dependent on osteoblast commitment, proliferation and differentiation coupled with osteoblast production of type I collagen and its subsequent mineralization to form the calcified matrix of bone. (nih.gov)
Minerals that the body needs, like calcium , are also stored in cortical bone until the body has a need for them. (wisegeek.com)

The fundamental problems in transplantation of bone, as with other tissues, are cell death because of deficient blood supply and a tendency toward rejection. (britannica.com)
Tissues outside of the bones don't naturally calcify, yet mineralization of organs, including the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, occurs with age and is exacerbated in people with diabetes or kidney disease. (eurekalert.org)
Consistent with the expected role of neighboring signals, damaging these surrounding tissues impaired growth plate function and stunted bone growth. (eurekalert.org)
This may involve removing some of the soft tissues surrounding the bone or a joint next to the affected bone. (cancer.ca)
Amputation is usually only necessary when the bone cancer affects vital nerves or blood vessels to the limb or the tumour is so large it affects all of the soft tissues surrounding the bone cancer. (cancer.ca)

Cell-rich cancellous bone stimulates bone formation more effectively than does cortical bone , which gives better structural support. (britannica.com)
Cortical bone is also known as compact or dense bone, and most of a body's bones are made from this kind of bone. (wisegeek.com)
Purposes of cortical bone include protection, support, and storage of minerals . (wisegeek.com)

Bone heals by making cartilage to temporarily plug the hole created by the break. (medicalnewstoday.com)
It allows stem cells to first produce cartilage and then create new bone to heal the break, all of which is facilitated by a finely tuned sequence of events. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These cells start off two different pathways that allow bone to heal: bone formation and cartilage formation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, it is not a permanent solution because cartilage is not strong enough to withstand the pressures that bones experience in our daily lives. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The first step in bone healing is to create cartilage as a glue," Spagnoli said. (redorbit.com)
But just creating cartilage is not enough to fix a broken bone. (redorbit.com)
Epiphysiodesis (the fixing of the epiphysis to the bone shaft) is aimed at temporary or permanent cessation of growth in a metaphyseal cartilage. (britannica.com)
Cartilage (pronounced: KAR-tul-ij), a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other. (kidshealth.org)
These plates consist of multiplying cartilage cells that grow in length, and then change into hard, mineralized bone. (kidshealth.org)
Bone growth is an intricately controlled process which begins with an initial temporary cartilage structure -- the growth plate -- and involves many types of cell and signaling molecules. (eurekalert.org)
They found similar patterns in the left mouse leg to those seen in osteoarthritis, not only in the knee structures but also in the cartilage that wraps the bones' ends, suggesting that the injury response is a further mechanism that triggers altered signaling from the knee joint to the growth plate. (eurekalert.org)
The function of each nasal bone is to bind together the cartilage that forms individual nose contours and shapes. (healthline.com)
Where bones come together, there is usually a layer of cartilage at the edges. (rochester.edu)
An injury might also cause bleeding and swelling in the area between your cartilage and the bone beneath it. (rochester.edu)

In healthy bones, there is a constant ebb and flow: bone is removed by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Osteoclasts can be tricked into destroying too much bone, or osteoblasts may be cajoled into sheltering tumor cells and protecting them from chemotherapy . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Teitelbaum, S. L. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. (nature.com)

This mechanism of daily maintenance comes in handy when we are faced with a broken bone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Although many kids will have a broken bone at some point, it can be scary for them and parents alike. (rchsd.org)
Falls are a common part of childhood, but not every fall results in a broken bone. (rchsd.org)
In severe breaks, the broken bone might poke through the skin. (rchsd.org)
the broken bone comes through the skin. (rchsd.org)
Reassure your child that, with a little patience and cooperation, getting an X-ray to look at the broken bone won't take long. (rchsd.org)
You need good cirluation for any broken bone to heal. (drugs.com)
What is the best medicine for a broken bone? (drugs.com)

It was in 2016 when TMC's first bone marrow transplant was performed successfully. (thefreedictionary.com)

This study is the first to use computed tomography (CT) scans to take a detailed look at the exact type of bone loss experienced by women who take aromatase inhibitors. (go.com)
This causes a subperiosteal hematoma, a type of bone bruise. (rochester.edu)
Any type of bone in your body can get a bone bruise. (rochester.edu)

There are 2 main types of bone marrow - red and yellow. (cancer.ca)

Bone marrow is the soft, spongy area inside most bones. (cancer.ca)
Cancellous bone is also referred to as trabecular bone, and commonly referred to as spongy bone . (wisegeek.com)

In fact, in late stage breast cancer , approximately 70 percent of patients experience bone metastasis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The recent investigation was particularly interested in the molecular role of osteoblasts in bone metastasis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In rare cases, if you have just a single area of metastasis in one area of a bone, you have no other evidence of breast cancer in the body, and you're generally in good health, your doctor may consider surgery to remove that single tumor to give you a better chance of having an extended period with no evidence of disease. (breastcancer.org)
Doctors have different opinions on the usefulness of surgery for bone metastasis, so check with your doctor to see what he or she recommends. (breastcancer.org)
Schematic representation of tumour cell interactions within the bone microenvironment during stages of tumour metastasis to bone - tumour cell homing, dormancy, colonization and expansion. (nih.gov)

But a new study links vitamin B12 deficiency with low bone mineral density in men, and confirms similar, previously reported findings in women. (usda.gov)
The study found that those with vitamin B12 concentrations below 148 pM/L had significantly lower average bone mineral density--at the hip in men, and at the spine in women--than those with concentrations above. (usda.gov)
This study suggests adequate vitamin B12 intake is important for maintaining bone mineral density. (usda.gov)
A bone density test, also known as bone mass measurement or bone mineral density test, measures the strength and density of your bones as you approach menopause and, when the test is repeated sometime later, can help determine how quickly you are losing bone mass and density. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Bone mineral density is influenced by a number of factors including diet, exercise, hormones and genetics. (abc.net.au)
They then looked at participant's bone mineral density to work out if clusters of people with similar bone mineral densities also have similar variations in their SNPs, says Wilson. (abc.net.au)
In total, the meta-analysis found 20 genetic regions, known as loci, with a strong association to bone mineral density. (abc.net.au)
He says factors other than genetics, such as diet, sunlight and exercise, can affect bone mineral density. (abc.net.au)
Vegetables also seem to increase bone mineral density, also known as bone density. (healthline.com)
Studies in older men and women who performed weight-bearing exercise showed increases in bone mineral density, bone strength and bone size, as well as reductions in markers of bone turnover and inflammation ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). (healthline.com)

Woven bone is made very quickly by the cells called osteoblasts , and it is much weaker than lamellar. (wisegeek.com)

A group of archaeologists in England this week lifted the lid on a Roman child's coffin, discovering that it contains fragments of bones and two tiny bangles. (livescience.com)
Based on these tests, the surgeon will let you know the types of reconstruction options available following removal of your child's bone cancer. (cancer.ca)

Cancellous (pronounced: KAN-suh-lus) bone , which looks like a sponge, is inside compact bone. (kidshealth.org)

It is the 3rd most commonly fractured carpal bone. (wikipedia.org)
The most commonly injured carpal bone is the scaphoid bone, located near the base of your thumb. (mayoclinic.org)

It is composed mainly of collagen , or ossein, fibers, and bone cells called osteocytes. (wisegeek.com)

Ribbons and struts of bone lock his skull to his spine, span and immobilize his shoulder and hip joints. (theatlantic.com)
Our multidisciplinary team provides expert care for patients with chordoma, a slow-growing bone cancer that can occur anywhere along the spine from the base of the skull to the tailbone. (massgeneral.org)
In the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital, musculoskeletal radiologists are recognized internationally for clinical expertise in the diagnosis of bone, joint and spine disorders including sports injury, trauma, arthritis, cancer and other conditions. (massgeneral.org)
It is often difficult for doctors to completely remove bone tumours in the spine, pelvis and base of the skull, so they will use other treatments for these tumours. (cancer.ca)

Some sex-specific traits are preserved in bones, such as differences in size or skull adornment. (newscientist.com)
Inside, archaeologists found eight pieces of bone, including fragments of skull and face bone and a tooth. (cnn.com)

Help the skeleton find himself up to the last bone and become a human again! (steampowered.com)
In Just Bones, you play the role of a skeleton who wants to become human again. (steampowered.com)
Traction is applied by ropes and pulleys fastened to the skin by adhesive tape or directly to the skeleton with the aid of metal pins drilled into bone . (britannica.com)
Fisher hopes to display the bones at the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, possibly combined with fiberglass casts of bones from other Michigan mammoths to form a complete skeleton. (history.com)

Tumours produce various factors that regulate bone formation at different levels of osteoblast development. (nih.gov)

Each nasal bone has four bones, which form joints: two cranium and two facial bones. (healthline.com)
Each nasal bone has two surfaces: the outer and the inner. (healthline.com)
The outer surface of the nasal bone, which is covered by the compressor naris and the procerus muscles, is convex (it curves outward) from one side to the other and concavo-convex (curves in on one side and out on the other, like a contact lens) from the top to bottom. (healthline.com)
The inner surface of the nasal bone travels downward and has a groove that lets in one of the branches of the nasociliary nerve. (healthline.com)

Dubai: The distraught parents of a three-year old cancer patient are appealing for help with their little one's chances of survival hinging on an urgent bone marrow transplant procedure. (thefreedictionary.com)
What Conditions Do You Need a Bone Marrow Transplant for? (medicinenet.com)
What is a bone marrow transplant? (medicinenet.com)
What is a bone marrow transplant used for? (medicinenet.com)

Researchers funded by the Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) reported the findings in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research . (usda.gov)
This helped researchers examine the outer structure of the bone separately from the inner meshwork. (go.com)
In this case, the detailed look allowed researchers to see exactly how much bone loss the women experienced. (go.com)
The researchers also show that heart calcification can be prevented in mice by blocking an enzyme that regulates bone mineralization with small molecules. (eurekalert.org)
Researchers at Columbia University in New York studied the records of more than nine million people and found that even slight rises in airborne particles from vehicle emissions was linked to lower bone density. (telegraph.co.uk)
Initial studies on animals showed radiation had some of the most damaging effects on the bone marrow, and researchers then tested bone marrow transplants on these irradiated animals. (medicinenet.com)
This insight led the researchers to the unorthodox hypothesis that perhaps bones evolved, at least in part, to help animals escape from danger. (scientificamerican.com)
The researchers then knocked out the gene coding for the bone protein in mice and found the animals exhibited a much milder change in physiological fight-or-flight measures, such as increased heart rate, higher levels of blood glucose or a rise in temperature-confirmation that osteocalcin played a critical role in the stress response. (scientificamerican.com)

It is made up of a mesh-like network of tiny pieces of bone called trabeculae (pronounced: truh-BEH-kyoo-lee). (kidshealth.org)
(CNN) -- In a region already rich with archaeological artifacts, the excavation of a small alabaster box containing a few pieces of bone amid the ruins of a medieval monastery might easily have passed unnoticed. (cnn.com)
More than 1,000 pieces of bone, ranging from bison to mammoth, were discovered on Monday afternoon at Reser Stadium during a construction project. (go.com)

In this soft bone is where most of the body's blood cells are made. (kidshealth.org)
The bone marrow contains stem cells, which produce the body's red blood cells and platelets, and some types of white blood cells. (kidshealth.org)
Red bone marrow is almost completely made up of specialized cells that make the majority of the body's red and white blood cells, and platelets. (wisegeek.com)

Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments (pronounced: LIG-uh-mentz). (kidshealth.org)
A transformation that begins in childhood and progresses relentlessly throughout life turns the muscles, tendons, and ligaments of FOP sufferers into bone. (theatlantic.com)
Other injuries often happen along with a bone bruise, such as damage to nearby ligaments. (rochester.edu)

It is a three-sided bone found within the proximal row of carpal bones. (wikipedia.org)
A few studies found a more positive relationship between bone health and physical exercise. (edweek.org)
Now a structure called medullary bone, previously found only inside the leg bones of living female birds, has been identified inside the same T. rex femur which seems to have preserved blood vessels for nearly 70 million years. (newscientist.com)
In the study, she shows the T. rex medullary bone is similar to that found in living emus and ostriches - large animals which are close to the evolutionary roots of modern birds. (newscientist.com)
This is where bone marrow is found. (kidshealth.org)
But the new study found healthy postmenopausal women who took 25 mg of a type of aromatase inhibitor called exemestane daily for two years experienced bone loss in their wrists and ankles. (go.com)
Studies in children, including those with type 1 diabetes, have found that this type of activity increases the amount of bone created during the years of peak bone growth ( 9 , 10 ). (healthline.com)
However, one study found little improvement in bone density among older men who performed the highest level of weight-bearing exercise over nine months ( 15 ). (healthline.com)
One study in men with low bone mass found that although both resistance training and weight-bearing exercise increased bone density in several areas of the body, only resistance training had this effect in the hip ( 21 ). (healthline.com)
There have been discoveries of extinct species about 20 miles away from OSU, but this was the first time ancient bones were found on campus, according to Clark. (go.com)
While there were countless pieces of animal bone found, there were no artifacts or human bone discovered. (go.com)
Now archaeology students will be identifying bones in class that were found only a few hundred feet away from them. (go.com)
But her team have now found that giving mice fluoxetine - the active ingredient in Prozac - for six weeks causes them to lose bone mass. (newscientist.com)
Ducy's team found that citalopram didn't have any positive or negative impact on bones. (newscientist.com)
But the new study, published in the Lancet, found that pollution undermined bone strength regardless of lifestyle. (telegraph.co.uk)
This is the story of Edwin Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, two scientists who found and fought for those bones, and the artist Charles R. Knight who almost single-handedly brought dinosaurs back to life for an awestruck public. (indiebound.org)
Stem cells are found in the bone marrow, blood and umbilical cord blood. (cancer.ca)
In adults, most stem cells are found in the bone marrow. (cancer.ca)
The specimen, nicknamed Kevin, is the first Apatosaurus ajax muzzle ever found, and the discovery is likely to help paleontologists understand how A. ajax is related to other Apatosaurus kin, said Matthew Mossbrucker, the director of the Morrison Natural History Museum in Morrison, Colo., and the paleontologist who first identified the bones. (huffingtonpost.com)
The Franklin County coroner was scheduled to perform an autopsy yesterday on the remains, which were found not intact but rather, "a bone here, a bone there," Barker said. (dispatch.com)

A class of medication used to prevent and treat breast cancer in postmenopausal women may boost the risk of bone loss, according to a new study published Monday in the journal Lancet Oncology. (go.com)

How do broken bones heal? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Broken bones are painful, but the majority heal very well. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Twenty percent of broken bones cannot heal on their own, which affects 600,000 people in the United States each year. (redorbit.com)
Without that glue, the bone will not be able to heal. (redorbit.com)
davisleevickie, I have never heard of ibuprofen not causing bones to heal properly, but I sure know pain impedes the healing process. (drugs.com)
Most bone bruises slowly heal over 1 to 2 months. (rochester.edu)
A larger bone bruise may take longer to heal. (rochester.edu)
Most bone bruises heal without any problems. (rochester.edu)

Getting enough protein is important for healthy bones. (healthline.com)
In fact, about 50% of bone is made of protein. (healthline.com)
In fact, research suggests that older women, in particular, appear to have better bone density when they consume higher amounts of protein ( 25 , 26 , 27 ). (healthline.com)
What's more, diets containing a greater percentage of calories from protein may help preserve bone mass during weight loss. (healthline.com)
Now a new hormone has entered the picture-osteocalcin, a protein produced and secreted by bone. (scientificamerican.com)
Understanding the crucial components of the bone microenvironment that influence tumour localization, along with the tumour-derived factors that modulate cellular and protein matrix components of bone to favour tumour expansion and invasion, is central to the pathophysiology of bone metastases. (nih.gov)

It is easy to become lost with Irréelle as she navigates the eerie passages of the graveyard, listening to the hum of human bones. (indiebound.org)
If it were human bones, it would've taken a totally different direction," Sissel said. (go.com)
Do These Cave Dogs Hunger For Human Bones? (care2.com)
But some are now saying that the most dangerous force in Dahab comes not from the sea or car bombs in nearby cities, but from a blood-thirsty pack of rescue dogs who have developed a taste for human bones. (care2.com)

A high intake of green and yellow vegetables has been linked to increased bone mineralization during childhood and the maintenance of bone mass in young adults ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). (healthline.com)

Brisk walking several times a day or hopping on a treadmill is an effective way to keep bones strong," said Shockney. (go.com)

ClickPress, Mon Jul 29 2019] The attractive benefits of bone marrow processing systems over manual bone marrow aspiration and analytical chemistry isolation methods, such as consistency, high recoveries in a targeted volume, simultaneous processing, automation, smaller processing times, elimination of cell separation media or sedimentation agents, are driving the adoption of bone marrow processing systems. (thefreedictionary.com)
USPRwire, Fri Aug 16 2019] A bone marrow processing system is a functionally closed, sterile system designed for automatically isolating and concentrating stem cells derived from donated bone marrow aspirate. (thefreedictionary.com)

All of this loss makes your bones weaker. (latimes.com)

It could show that you have normal bone density. (latimes.com)
Some of these may delay normal bone healing. (rochester.edu)

What is a bone density test? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
What are some reasons for having a bone density test? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Bone density is typically measured in doctors' offices by a standard bone density test. (go.com)
But the women enrolled in the study, who were, on average, 60 years old, were periodically monitored using both a standard bone density test and a CT scan. (go.com)
You can have a bone density test to find out how solid your bones are. (latimes.com)

In adult mammals, the bone marrow of certain bones is the location of stem cells that give rise to the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. (thefreedictionary.com)
Bone marrow is the source of red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
Red bone marrow is where stem cells develop into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (cancer.ca)
Abnormal counts of red or white blood cells and platelets usually determine whether or not a bone marrow biopsy is necessary. (reference.com)

A new study published in Nature Metabolism unveils the presence of dense vascular networks in long bones that facilitate the egress of bone marrow cells and potentially the exchange of nutrients between the bone marrow and the systemic circulation. (nature.com)
It is very strong and dense, and it makes up the hard exterior of a bone. (wisegeek.com)

In reptiles and amphibians, the bone is instead referred to as the ulnare, since (at least in the most primitive fossils) it articulates with the ulna. (wikipedia.org)
Humerus , long bone of the upper limb or forelimb of land vertebrates that forms the shoulder joint above, where it articulates with a lateral depression of the shoulder blade (glenoid cavity of scapula ), and the elbow joint below, where it articulates with projections of the ulna and the radius . (britannica.com)
Your wrist is made up of eight small bones (carpal bones) plus two long bones in your forearm - the radius and the ulna. (mayoclinic.org)

Old bone is constantly being replaced by new bone in a finely tuned interplay of the cells present. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Their recent study focused specifically on bone metastases and how cancer cells communicate with bone cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Rebecca Tang, also in Kang's team, explains, "Previous work in the lab had shown that a molecule called Jagged1 is a critical part of this crosstalk and makes it easier for breast cancer cells to metastasize to bone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The research team, led by Dr. Anna Spagnoli, an associate professor of pediatrics at the university, derived the stem cells from bone marrow samples to locate and repair broken bones in mice. (redorbit.com)
In that instance, German scientists used a titanium jaw prosthesis as a scaffold in which they planted stem cells extracted from the patient's bone marrow. (redorbit.com)
To find out, Deb and his co-authors genetically tagged cardiac fibroblasts in mice and watched as they transitioned into bone-forming, osteoblast-like cells after heart injury. (eurekalert.org)
Writing in the journal eLife , the authors suggest that bone growth is controlled not only from within the bone itself, but by neighboring cells situated in nearby joints. (eurekalert.org)
These cells 'talk' to developing bone cells using different communication channels, instructing them to grow and mature. (eurekalert.org)
They first tested whether damage to cells surrounding the growth plate would affect bone growth in the left leg of mice. (eurekalert.org)
Further investigation revealed that loss of surrounding cells causes multiple changes in cell communication, which impairs bone cells' ability to multiply and increase in size. (eurekalert.org)
We have cells that resorb damaged bone and cells that rebuild the bone. (abc.net.au)
They're one of the best sources of vitamin C, which stimulates the production of bone-forming cells. (healthline.com)
In addition, some studies suggest that vitamin C's antioxidant effects may protect bone cells from damage ( 2 ). (healthline.com)
Bone marrow consists of the cells that populate the internal space of your bones. (medicinenet.com)
Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and sculpt the bone microenvironment to enhance tumour growth and to promote bone invasion. (nih.gov)
Tumour cells home to and enter the bone marrow cavity and either remain quiescent or dormant or begin growth and colonization. (nih.gov)
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), WNTs and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) provide signals to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to move to areas of bone formation and to differentiate to the osteoblast lineage. (nih.gov)
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. (cancer.ca)
Stem cells develop into blood cells in the bone marrow. (cancer.ca)
When blood cells are mature and able to function, they leave the bone marrow and move into the blood. (cancer.ca)
Umbilical cord blood also has stem cells but there are fewer stem cells than those in the bone marrow and blood. (cancer.ca)

A team of scientists has designed a new weapon to use in the war against bone metastases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Basic findings of tumour-bone interactions have uncovered numerous therapeutic opportunities that focus on the bone microenvironment to prevent and treat bone metastases. (nih.gov)

Knobby saves Nick and a Navajo boy from an abandoned mine shaft in Southwestern New Mexico, and in the process unearths a dinosaur bone. (smashwords.com)
Believing the strange object may have been a dinosaur bone, the farmer contacted the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, located just 10 miles away from his field. (history.com)

A bone health campaign for girls ages 9 to 12 that teaches how to get and keep strong, healthy bones for life. (kidshealth.org)

Scientists believe that this may be due to the fact that blood vessel growth in the healing bone is delayed in smokers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, US, have revealed a communication system between the knee joint and developing bones in mice, which controls bone growth during early development and after injury. (eurekalert.org)
Scientists in Italy have discovered a way to transform rattan (yep, as in what we weave into furniture) into synthetic bone material, matching human bone structure incredibly closely - more so than anything else available right now. (treehugger.com)

Our multidisciplinary team of specialists provides comprehensive treatment for patients with bone cancers including osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and the Ewing Family of Tumors (EFTs). (massgeneral.org)

Anterior view of the bones of the right shoulder, showing the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone). (britannica.com)

Anthropology professor Loren Davis was called to the site to excavate the bones. (go.com)
See, we helped excavate that very bone several years ago on a very memorable day with Chiappe in the Utah desert. (latimes.com)

The epicondyles, one on either side of the bone, provide attachment for muscles concerned with movements of the forearm and fingers. (britannica.com)

However, there are cases wherein bone healing is not successful, and these cause significant health problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Exercise may play a bigger role in ensuring the growth of strong bones in children than consumption of milk and other dairy products, concludes a study conducted by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a health-advocacy organization based in Washington. (edweek.org)
In those studies that did show a relationship, the benefits to bone health were small. (edweek.org)
The findings from the CT study, she wrote, suggest that the negative side effects of aromatase inhibitors on bone health are "substantially underestimated. (go.com)
One of the best types of activity for bone health is weight-bearing or high-impact exercise, which promotes the formation of new bone. (healthline.com)
Performing weight-bearing and resistance training exercises can help increase bone formation during bone growth and protect bone health in older adults, including those with low bone density. (healthline.com)

Well-meaning attempts to break free the joints or to carve away excess bone invariably make things worse. (theatlantic.com)

Ancestral theropods were small animals with hollow bones, while other dinosaurs had very small marrow cavities with no room for such structures. (newscientist.com)
Soft red and yellow substances that fill cavities in bone. (thefreedictionary.com)

They compare your bone density with standards for what is expected in someone of your age, gender, and size, and to the optimal peak bone density of a healthy young adult of the same gender. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The mammoth's remains still need to be dated, but Fisher said the bones are from an adult male that likely lived between 11,700 and 15,000 years ago and was in its 40s when it died. (history.com)

Over a long period of time, you have taken medicine that speeds up bone loss, such as corticosteroids for treating rheumatoid arthritis or other conditions, or some anti-seizure medicines. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Further studies are needed to confirm and expand the repertoire of local regulators of bone growth, adding valuable insights to evolutionary studies and providing avenues for therapies that can correct long bone growth defects. (eurekalert.org)
One of the largest bones discovered was a mammoth femur, measuring about 5 feet long, which Davis said could mean the mammoth was anywhere from 14 to 15 feet or more in height according to Clark. (go.com)
We see bone gain, but it's not long-lasting, and is rapidly overwhelmed by the negative effects," says Ducy. (newscientist.com)
The circulatory system in long bones is incompletely understood. (nature.com)
At first, the pair thought they had hit a buried piece of wood, perhaps a fence post, but they soon realized they had uncovered something neither had ever seen before-an enormous three-foot-long bone. (history.com)
From the 1950s through 1960s, doctors performed several bone marrow transplants between genetically similar donors and leukemia patients (called "allogenic" transplants), without seeing significant long-term success except in the case of transplantation from identical twins. (medicinenet.com)
So recently when an unexpected bounty arrived from one of the still-functioning hotels who sent over bones and meat scraps, it inadvertently fueled the fires of superstition in some who have long regarded the dogs as predators. (care2.com)
How severe your symptoms are and how long they last depend on how severe the bone bruise is. (rochester.edu)
Your healthcare provider will tell you how long you should avoid putting weight on your bone. (rochester.edu)

The bones of kids and young teens are smaller than those of adults and contain 'growing zones' called growth plates. (kidshealth.org)
Because girls mature at an earlier age than boys, their growth plates change into hard bone at an earlier age. (kidshealth.org)
A better understanding of these communication channels could be used to improve treatment for correcting bone growth defects. (eurekalert.org)
At later stages of development, the insulin-like pathway was no longer active in the knee joint of either limb, showing that bone growth eventually becomes independent of this external influence. (eurekalert.org)
We have identified two components of the knee joint that control bone growth, at least following injury, and we've shown that signals from these components influence distinct growth plate signaling pathways and lead to reduced bone growth," concludes Alexandra Joyner, PhD, senior author and Developmental Biologist at Sloan Kettering. (eurekalert.org)
But by six weeks, the higher levels of serotonin prompted by the drug disrupted the ability of the hypothalamus region of the brain to promote bone growth. (newscientist.com)

Bone is, of course, key to keeping our bodies upright, but it is also a highly dynamic and active organ. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Bones provide support for our bodies and help form our shape. (kidshealth.org)
Bones also protect the organs in our bodies. (kidshealth.org)
FOP is not fatal, though patients often die young, starving after their jaws freeze shut or succumbing to respiratory problems if new bone bends their bodies and constricts their lungs. (theatlantic.com)
it's tempting to look for echoes of that reunion in the tunes that make up Magnetic Bodies/Maps of Bones . (pastemagazine.com)
Perhaps Maritime did take a step in the Promise Ring direction, with a bit more complexity and strangeness on Magnetic Bodies/Maps of Bones , but von Bohlen, Didier, Dan Hinz and Justin Klug also have a maturity and confidence that sets Maritime apart from its past. (pastemagazine.com)
The production from Brian Deck captures the band perfectly, allowing for the heightened nuance and shifts in tone that help to define Magnetic Bodies/Maps of Bones . (pastemagazine.com)

The outer shell of your bones also gets thinner. (latimes.com)

By sunset, without a break to eat or drink, the crew had excavated approximately 20 percent of the bones of the prehistoric elephant-like creature. (history.com)
At the end of a street of newly built high-rises in the northern Chinese city of Yanji stands an exposed cliff face, where paleontologists scrape away 100 million-year-old rock in search of prehistoric bones. (csmonitor.com)

The team identified a two-stage process by measuring bones, blood and gene activity. (newscientist.com)
Red bone marrow forms blood. (thefreedictionary.com)
Diseases of the marrow and blood can be debilitating or fatal, but for certain diseases, a treatment method is to implant some healthy bone marrow from a genetically compatible donor into a patient in the hope it will grow and replace the diseased marrow. (medicinenet.com)
If your bone bruise is very large, your body may have trouble getting blood flow back to the area. (rochester.edu)
Bone marrow biopsies are conducted to diagnose leukemia, specific anemias, infections and other blood disorders, MedlinePlus states. (reference.com)
Procedures used to test bone marrow include the bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (reference.com)

Bones are incredibly efficient - more efficient than any man-made structure,' says Chris Williams, an architecture professor at the University of Bath, England. (wired.com)
This happens in much the same way that bone is made during normal, everyday maintenance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A spooky and adventurous debut illustrated fantasy novel about a girl made of dust and bone and imagination who seeks the truth about the magic that brought her to life. (indiebound.org)
The pages of this book are filled with imagination incarnate-in the form of a haunting heroine made from dust, bone, and a heart of gold. (indiebound.org)
Poppy swears that she is now being haunted by a china doll - who claims that it is made from the ground-up bones of a murdered girl. (goodreads.com)
Improvements in compatibility testing and establishment of bone marrow donor registries made allogeneic transplants more successful. (medicinenet.com)
Most of the bones in an adult's body are made of lamellar bone. (wisegeek.com)
As a person grows older, more and more red bone marrow is replaced by yellow bone marrow, which is made mostly of fat. (wisegeek.com)
Soon facial bones may be replaced with custom made replacement bone. (wisegeek.com)

The facial bones are the maxilla and opposite nasal. (healthline.com)

Anatomy68

Organisms10

Diseases42

Chemicals and Drugs55

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment49

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Health Care5

Abnormal calcium metabolism in normocalcaemic sarcoidosis. (1/8177)

A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo. (2/8177)

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (3/8177)

Elevated carboxy terminal cross linked telopeptide of type I collagen in alcoholic cirrhosis: relation to liver and kidney function and bone metabolism. (4/8177)

Predicting bone loss following orthotopic liver transplantation. (5/8177)

The use of variable lactate/malic dehydrogenase ratios to distinguish between progenitor cells of cartilage and bone in the embryonic chick. (6/8177)

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (7/8177)

A novel skeletal dysplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans is caused by a Lys650Met mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene. (8/8177)

Bone and Bones

Bone Remodeling

Bone Density

Bone Resorption

Bone Marrow

Bone Neoplasms

Bone Development

Bone Marrow Cells

Bone Diseases

Bone Regeneration

Bone Matrix

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone Transplantation

Bone Substitutes

Bone Diseases, Metabolic

Fractures, Bone

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

Osteogenesis

Temporal Bone

Parietal Bone

Femur

Osteoblasts

Alveolar Bone Loss

Bone Cements

Tibia

Bone Cysts

Osteoclasts

Osteoporosis

Frontal Bone

Calcification, Physiologic

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7

Bone Marrow Diseases

Osteocalcin

X-Ray Microtomography

Leg Bones

Bone Marrow Neoplasms

Bone Marrow Examination

Pelvic Bones

Metacarpal Bones

Absorptiometry, Photon

Alkaline Phosphatase

Skull

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Metatarsal Bones

Tarsal Bones

Osteocytes

Diphosphonates

Cell Differentiation

Bone Demineralization Technique

Foot Bones

Ilium

Radius

Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal

Technetium Tc 99m Medronate

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6

RANK Ligand

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Bone Plates

Osseointegration

Periosteum

Arm Bones

Bone Screws

Parathyroid Hormone

Facial Bones

Hyoid Bone

Cells, Cultured

Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Humerus

Osteolysis

Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal

Fracture Healing

Lumbar Vertebrae

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Diaphyses

Bone Marrow Purging

Osteoprotegerin

Femur Neck

Biomechanical Phenomena