Blood testis barrier. Medical search

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

The network of channels formed at the termination of the straight SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES in the mediastinum testis. Rete testis channels drain into the efferent ductules that pass into the caput EPIDIDYMIS.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.

A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.

Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. They are under the regulation of PITUITARY HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. TESTOSTERONE is the major androgen (ANDROGENS) produced.

A specialized barrier, in the TESTIS, between the interstitial BLOOD compartment and the adluminal compartment of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. The barrier is formed by layers of cells from the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM of the capillary BLOOD VESSELS, to the SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules. TIGHT JUNCTIONS form between adjacent SERTOLI CELLS, as well as between the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Male germ cells derived from the haploid secondary SPERMATOCYTES. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to SPERMATOZOA.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

Euploid male germ cells of an early stage of SPERMATOGENESIS, derived from prespermatogonia. With the onset of puberty, spermatogonia at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule proliferate by mitotic then meiotic divisions and give rise to the haploid SPERMATOCYTES.

The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.

A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.

The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar EPITHELIUM and capillary ENDOTHELIUM with their adherent BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPITHELIAL CELL cytoplasm. PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE occurs across this membrane.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Pathological processes of the TESTIS.

Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.

Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)

Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

A count of SPERM in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.

The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).

Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

A cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A MARVEL domain protein that plays an important role in the formation and regulation of the TIGHT JUNCTION paracellular permeability barrier.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The selectively permeable barrier, in the EYE, formed by the nonpigmented layer of the EPITHELIUM of the CILIARY BODY, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the IRIS. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.

The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.

The surgical removal of one or both testicles.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

A transcription factor that plays an essential role in the development of the TESTES. It is encoded by a gene on the Y chromosome and contains a specific HMG-BOX DOMAIN that is found within members of the SOX family of transcription factors.

A 195-kDa zonula occludens protein that is distinguished by the presence of a ZU5 domain at the C-terminal of the molecule.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A saclike, glandular diverticulum on each ductus deferens in male vertebrates. It is united with the excretory duct and serves for temporary storage of semen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.

The barrier between the perineurium of PERIPHERAL NERVES and the endothelium (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR) of endoneurial CAPILLARIES. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.

Gonadal neoplasm composed entirely of SERTOLI CELLS or may have a component of GRANULOSA CELLS. Some of the Sertoli cell tumors produce ESTROGEN or ANDROGENS, but seldom in sufficient quantity to cause clinical symptoms such as FEMINIZATION or masculinization (VIRILISM).

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A surgical procedure in which an undescended testicle is sutured inside the SCROTUM in male infants or children to correct CRYPTORCHIDISM. Orchiopexy is also performed to treat TESTICULAR TORSION in adults and adolescents.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Movement characteristics of SPERMATOZOA in a fresh specimen. It is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Hormones produced in the testis.

The maturing process of SPERMATOZOA after leaving the testicular SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. Maturation in SPERM MOTILITY and FERTILITY takes place in the EPIDIDYMIS as the sperm migrate from caput epididymis to cauda epididymis.

A large family of transmembrane proteins found in TIGHT JUNCTIONS. They take part in the formation of paracellular barriers and pores that regulate paracellular permeability.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Either of a pair of tubular structures formed by DUCTUS DEFERENS; ARTERIES; VEINS; LYMPHATIC VESSELS; and nerves. The spermatic cord extends from the deep inguinal ring through the INGUINAL CANAL to the TESTIS in the SCROTUM.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

Mutant strains of mice that produce little or no hair.

The primary testis-determining gene in mammalians, located on the Y CHROMOSOME. It codes for a high mobility group box transcription factor (TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS) which initiates the development of the TESTES from the embryonic GONADS.

An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.

A claudin subtype that is found localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS in VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. The protein was initially identified as one of several proteins which are deleted in VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME and may play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Passage of leptin across the blood-testis barrier. (1/152)

Leptin is a 17-kDa protein, secreted by fat, that controls adiposity and has been proposed to have numerous effects on reproduction in the mouse. To assess whether the effects of leptin on testicular function are direct, we determined whether leptin can cross the murine blood-testis barrier. Multiple time regression analysis showed that a small amount of blood-borne leptin is able to enter the testis but does so by a nonsaturable process. In addition, no significant expression of leptin receptors was found at the Leydig cells or Sertoli cells of the testis. This compares with the presence of a saturable transport system for leptin at the blood-brain barrier and abundant receptors for leptin at the leptomeninges, neurons, and choroid plexus of the central nervous system (CNS). These results support the hypothesis that the effects of leptin on reproductive function are not mediated at the level of the testis but indirectly, probably through the CNS. (+info)

Evaluation of cholesteryl ester transfer in the seminiferous tubule cells of immature rats in vivo and in vitro. (2/152)

Sertoli cells and germ cells are separated from the interstitial blood capillaries by an extracellular matrix and the peritubular cells, which constitute a barrier to the movement of plasma lipoproteins. The present study was undertaken to evaluate in vivo and in vitro the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl ester transfer from plasma to seminiferous tubule cells in the testis of 30-day-old rats. Firstly, the transfer of HDL cholesteryl oleate from plasma to testicular compartments was evaluated and, secondly, the role of apolipoproteins A-I and E in the uptake of cholesteryl ester by Sertoli cells was investigated. At 2 h after the administration of HDL reconstituted with [3H]cholesteryl ester, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and apolipoproteins, the tissue space in the interstitial cells (740 +/- 60 microliters g-1 cell protein) was fourfold higher than that in the seminiferous tubule cells (170 +/- 10 microliters g-1). Sertoli cells were isolated and incubated with [3H]cholesteryl ester HDL reconstituted with apolipoprotein A-I or E to evaluate the mechanisms of cholesteryl ester influx. At the same apolipoprotein concentration (50 micrograms apolipoprotein ml-1 medium), the uptake of [3H]cholesteryl oleate from phospholipid-apolipoprotein E vesicles was twofold higher than that with phospholipid-apolipoprotein A-I vesicles. The presence of heparin reduced the uptake of cholesteryl ester from apolipoprotein E vesicles but not with apolipoprotein A-I vesicles, indicating that uptake of apolipoprotein A-I vesicles via a secretion of apolipoprotein E by the cells themselves was not involved. These results demonstrate that plasma lipoprotein cholesterol is able to cross the testis lamina propria and that Sertoli cells take up cholesteryl ester for seminiferous tubule cell metabolism mainly via an apolipoprotein E pathway. (+info)

Passive immunization with anti-laminin immunoglobulin G modifies the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium and induces arrest of spermatogenesis in the guinea pig. (3/152)

In the testis, the base of the Sertoli cells is in contact with the basement membrane matrix, in which the laminins constitute the major noncollagenous components. We have previously demonstrated that antibodies against a preparation enriched in basement membranes of seminiferous tubules (STBM) or a noncollagenous fraction of STBM passively transferred induced modifications to the basement membranes and focal sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. In the present report, we tested the effect of passive immunization with anti-laminin IgG on the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, and maintenance of the blood-testis barrier in the adult guinea pig. Rabbit antibodies to laminin 1 (IgG fraction) were injected in adult male guinea pigs (GP). Nonimmunized GP and GP immunized with normal rabbit serum IgG were used as controls. Measurements of variations in the diameter and lumen of the tubules and in the size of individual components of the tubular limiting membrane showed that the highest percentage of tubules with reduced lumen occurred 30 days after passive immunization with anti-laminin, when the limiting membrane was thickest and lesions to the seminiferous epithelium were most severe. The lesions included thickening of the limiting membrane, infolding in the basal lamina, deposits of immune complexes coincident with sloughing of pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids, and vacuolization of the Sertoli cells. Mononuclear cell infiltration of the tubules was rare. Permeability tracer studies revealed that Sertoli cell tight junctions remained impermeable. Fifty and 80 days after treatment, the basement membrane of the tubules and the progression of the spermatogenesis were normal. Passive immunization with anti-laminin IgG provided a valuable experimental model for the in vivo study of the influence of the basement membrane on the issue of spermatogenesis and the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium. (+info)

Effect of efferent duct ligation on the function of the blood-testis barrier in rats. (4/152)

The function of the blood-testis barrier has been assessed from the ratio of the Cr-EDTA space in the parenchyma to the measured interstitial volume in the testes of rats at various times after unilateral ligation of the efferent ducts. The barrier remained effective during the phase of fluid accumulation and testicular mass gain, which was linear for at least 24 h, but the testis mass began to decrease between 32 and 40 h after efferent duct ligation, and the Cr-EDTA space at 40 and 48 h after efferent duct ligation exceeded the volume of the interstitial tissue. This finding indicated that, at these times, the barrier to Cr-EDTA, which is normally excluded from the tubules, had broken down and the marker was entering the tubules. Thereafter, the Cr-EDTA space decreased again to be less than the interstitial tissue volume, indicating a restoration of the barrier function, although degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium continued to become more obvious. The present study is the first report of a reversible breakdown of the barrier, but the relevance of the breakdown to the effects on spermatogenesis requires further study. (+info)

Testicular damage by microcirculatory disruption and colonization of an immune-privileged site during Borrelia crocidurae infection. (5/152)

The agent of African relapsing fever, Borrelia crocidurae, causes reversible multiple organ damage. We hypothesize that this damage is caused when the spirochete forms aggregate with erythrocytes in vivo, creating rosettes that plug the microcirculatory system. To test this hypothesis, we compared testicular microcirculation over an extended time period in two groups of rats: one experimentally inoculated with B. crocidurae, the other with the nonerythrocyte rosette-forming Borrelia hermsii. In the B. crocidurae group, erythrocyte rosettes formed during spiro-chetemia blocked precapillary blood vessels and reduced the normal pattern of microcirculatory blood flow. After spirochetemia, erythrocyte rosettes disappeared and flow was normalized. Decreased blood flow and focal vascular damage with increased permeability and interstitial bleeding adjacent to the erythrocyte microemboli induced cell death in seminiferous tubules. Interestingly, we found that B. crocidurae could penetrate the tubules and remain in the testis long after the end of spirochetemia, suggesting that the testis can serve as a reservoir for this bacteria in subsequent relapses. The group infected with B. hermsii displayed normal testicular blood flow and vasomotion at all selected time points, and suffered no testicular damage. These results confirmed our hypothesis that the erythrocyte rosettes produce vascular obstruction and are the main cause of histopathology seen in model animal and human infections. (+info)

A 22-amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of rat occludin perturbs the blood-testis barrier and disrupts spermatogenesis reversibly in vivo. (6/152)

When Sertoli cells were cultured in vitro on Matrigel-coated bicameral units, the assembly of the inter-Sertoli tight junction (TJ) permeability barrier correlated with an induction of occludin expression. Inclusion of a 22-amino acid peptide, NH(2)-GSQIYTICSQFYTPGGTGLYVD-COOH, corresponding to residues 209-230 in the second extracellular loop of rat occludin, at 0.2-4 microM into Sertoli cell cultures could perturb the assembly of Sertoli TJs dose-dependently and reversibly. This peptide apparently exerts its effects by interfering with the homotypic interactions of two occludin molecules between adjacent Sertoli cells at the sites of TJs, thereby disrupting TJs, which, in turn, causes a decline in transepithelial electrical resistance across the Sertoli cell epithelium. When similar experiments were performed using a 22-amino acid myotubularin peptide, NH(2)-TKVNERYELCDTYPALLAVPAN-COOH (residues 156-177), no effects on the assembly of inter-Sertoli TJs in vitro were noted. When a single dose of this synthetic occludin peptide was administered to adult rats intratesticularly at 1.5-10 mg/testis, germ cells began to deplete from the seminiferous epithelium within 8-16 days. By 27 days, virtually all tubules were devoid of germ cells. This antispermatogenic effect was reversible, because germ cells progressively repopulated the epithelium thereafter. Treated testes were indistinguishable from normal or control testes by 68 days post-occludin peptide treatment when assessed using histological analysis. In contrast, control rats receiving either no treatment, vehicle alone, or a 22-amino acid synthetic peptide of myotubularin displayed no changes in the testicular morphology at all time points. The occludin peptide-induced germ cell depletion was also accompanied by a disruption of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) when assessed by micropuncture techniques quantifying [(125)I]-BSA in rete testis fluid and seminiferous tubular fluid following i.v. administration of [(125)I]-BSA through the jugular vein. These results illustrate that the occludin peptide-induced disruption of the BTB may possibly affect the underlying adherens junctions, which causes premature release of germ cells from the epithelium and reversible infertility. (+info)

Expression of a blood-brain barrier-specific antigen in the reproductive tract of the male rat. (7/152)

The endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) is a protein expressed specifically by the endothelial cells of the rat brain barrier vessels. This antigen has been described as a 'barrier protein' and is used as a marker for the competent blood-brain barrier. A blood-testis barrier has also been described. However, unlike the blood-brain barrier, which is formed by endothelial cells, the blood-testis barrier is formed mainly by the Sertoli cells, which provide an isolated environment for spermatogenic cells within the seminiferous tubules. Testicular blood vessels express the erythroid glucose transporter protein and other markers, which are strongly expressed in brain blood vessels, and may contribute to the blood-testis barrier. This study was carried out to determine whether Sertoli cells or testicular blood vessels express EBA. Tissues of other organs were used as controls for EBA expression. EBA was expressed by the endothelial cells in most microvessels of the testis, and in a few vessels of the epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens and bladder-neck region. Furthermore, EBA was strongly and consistently detected in epithelial cells of the rete testis and dorsolateral prostate gland, and in a few epithelial cells of the ventral prostate gland, the seminal vesicle and the coagulating gland. However, Sertoli cells, which are the main site of the blood-testis barrier, were negative for EBA. In conclusion, EBA may have a wider role in rat tissues than has been previously appreciated. (+info)

Cr(V) involvement in the toxicity pathway of testicular damage. (8/152)

AIM: The functional integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in male mice exposed to Cr(V) was studied in order to clarify the mechanism underlying testicular injury. METHODS: Adult male mice were subcutaneously injected repeated doses of 8.02 micromol (0.5 ml) of Cr/mouse.day for 5 days. Animals receiving a similar volume of bis(hydroxyethyl)-aminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane buffer (BT) were used as controls. The animals were sacrificed on day 6 and small fragments of seminiferous tubules, approximately 8-10 mm length, were incised and sutured at both ends. They were exposed in vitro to horseradish peroxidase-containing culture medium for 10 minutes. Tissues were then fixed and processed for ultrastructural studies. RESULTS: Controls and Cr(V)-treated group resulted in the uptake of the tracer by Sertoli cells. However, the major finding consisted in the permeability of the BTB only in the Cr(V)-group, as evidenced by the presence of the tracer within the junctions between the neighbouring Sertoli cells. CONCLUSION: The BTB is disrupted in mice submitted to Cr(V). The permeability of the BTB is a crucial feature to be investigated for the understanding of lesions within the seminiferous tubule. (+info)

The blood-testis barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes. The ... This composition is maintained by blood-testis barrier. The barrier also protects the germ cells from blood-borne noxious ... Blood-air barrier - Membrane separating alveolar air from blood in lung capillaries Blood-brain barrier - Semipermeable ... "blood-testis barrier" is misleading in that it is not a blood-organ barrier in a strict sense, but is formed between Sertoli ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–testis_barrier

In addition the blood testis barrier provides architectural support and is composed of tight junction components such as ... These tight junctions form the blood testis barrier (BTB) and have been suggested to play a role in isolating differentiated ... "Molecular dynamics of the blood-testis barrier components during murine spermatogenesis". Molecular Reproduction and ... been shown to be a necessary component of these tight junctions as mice lacking this gene have a defective blood testis barrier ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_niche

... it shuts down the natural production of Testosterone by altering blood-testis barrier components. Despite this fact, Nandrolone ... "Nandrolone decanoate interferes with testosterone biosynthesis altering blood-testis barrier components". Journal of Cellular ... The blood half-life for the combined process of hydrolysis into nandrolone and elimination of nandrolone is 4.3 hours. ... Like testosterone, nandrolone is highly protein-bound and is present in the blood in both bound and free fractions. It has very ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate

The blood-testis barrier separates the immune system and the developing spermatozoa. The tight junction between the Sertoli ... or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier. The concept has been used by fertility clinics to explain ... cells form the blood-testis barrier but it is usually breached by physiological leakage. Not all sperms are protected by the ... This method is safe for the fetus since it only requires a peripheral blood sample from the mother and has been used to map ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_immunology

Spermatozoa are protected from the male's immune system by the blood-testis barrier. However, spermatozoa are deposited into ... Blood samples were taken twice a month, and booster injections were given when antibody titers declined below 50 ng/mL in women ... A novel family of protease inhibitors expressed in the epididymis and testis". Gene. 270 (1-2): 93-102. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119( ... "Therapeutic levels of levonorgestrel detected in blood plasma of fish: results from screening rainbow trout exposed to treated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunocontraception

Mital, Payal; Hinton, Barry T.; Dufour, Jannette M. (2011-05-01). "The blood-testis and blood-epididymis barriers are more than ... They create the Sertoli cell barrier, which complements the blood-testis barrier. The protection is ensured by tight junctions ... The blood-testis barrier is likely to contribute to the survival of sperm. However, it is believed in the field of testicular ... immunology that the blood-testis barrier cannot account for all immune suppression in the testis, due to (1) its incompleteness ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_privilege

It is able to cross the blood-testis barrier and blood-brain barrier. The oral LD50 of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol is 152 mg/kg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MCPD

The blood-testis barrier is likely to contribute to the survival of sperm. However, it is believed in the field of testicular ... Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and ... immunology that the blood-testis barrier cannot account for all immune suppression in the testis, due to (1) its incompleteness ... at a region called the rete testis and (2) the presence of immunogenic molecules outside the blood-testis barrier, on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_immunology

... and HIV-infected white blood cells, thereby avoiding an immune response from the host organism. The blood-testis barrier, ... The blood-testis barrier is also important in preventing toxic substances from disrupting spermatogenesis. Fertilization relies ... prevents communication between the forming spermatozoa in the testis and the blood vessels (and immune cells circulating within ... It also has a ring centriole (annulus) that form a diffusion barrier between the middle piece and the principal piece and serve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon

"Neonatally administered diethylstilbestrol retards the development of the blood-testis barrier in the rat". Journal of ... PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD (1939) was able to show that 90% of the folliculin taken up in the blood of the vena portae is inactivated ... These differences result in DES having an increased risk of blood clots, cardiovascular issues, and certain other adverse ... and it may have direct cytotoxic effects in the testes and prostate gland. DES has also been found to decrease DNA synthesis at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol

It may also promote the integrity of Sertoli cell tight junctions at the blood testis barrier. RAI14 contains 15 exons and is ... Sertoli cells are involved in the creation of the blood testis barrier and provides a specialized, protected environment within ... testis, and spleen. Within the human brain, RAI14 expression is abundant in the area around the brain stem and medulla. The ... particularly the cell-cell interactions of Sertoli cells from within the testis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankycorbin

ErLin S, WenJie W, LiNing W, BingXin L, MingDe L, Yan S, RuiFa H (May 2015). "Musashi-1 maintains blood-testis barrier ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_granule

PT-DLBCL develops in an immune privileged site, the testis, which lies within the blood-testes barrier. Immune privileged sites ... About 30-40% of afflicted individuals present concurrently with hydrocele testis, i.e. an enlarged testis due to the ... Cheah CY, Wirth A, Seymour JF (January 2014). "Primary testicular lymphoma". Blood. 123 (4): 486-93. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-10- ... a drug which penetrates the blood-brain barrier or, in cases unable to tolerate high dose systemic methotrexate, intrathecal (i ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_testicular_diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma

This protein in a cooperation with the second loop of occludin maintains the blood-testis barrier and spermatogenesis. PMP22/ ... JAM-A maintains barrier properties in the endothelium and the epithelium as well as JAM-B and -C in Sertoli cells and ... Therefore the result of the overexpression of mutant occludin in epithelial cells leads to break down the barrier function of ... The different proportion of claudin species in the cell gives them specific barrier properties. Claudins also have a function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction_proteins

JAM-1 and JAM-2 are also present in and contribute to the polarity of the blood-testis barrier. Studies have also shown that ... Proteins of the Tight Junction in the Blood-Brain Barrier. Blood-Spinal Cord and Brain Barriers in Health and Disease. San ... Bauer HC, Traweger A, Bauer H (2004-01-01). "Proteins of the Tight Junction in the Blood-Brain Barrier". In HS, Westman J (eds ... Angiogenesis is the generation of blood vessels from old blood vessels. Studies have shown that proteins found in tight ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junctional_adhesion_molecule

Ingestion of 0.01% DEHP caused damage to the blood-testis barrier as well as induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis. ... DEHP makes these plastics softer and more flexible and was first introduced in the 1940s in blood bags. For this reason, ... Sumner, R.N.; Byers, A.; Zhang, Z. (2021). "Environmental chemicals in dog testes reflect their geographical source and may be ... The results showed that regional differences in concentration of the chemicals are reflected in dog testes and that pathologies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate

... via the blood-testis barrier Contribute to the spermatogonial stem cell niche The intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and ... via the blood-testis barrier Secrete substances initiating meiosis Secrete supporting testicular fluid Secrete androgen-binding ... and the formation of the blood-testis barrier. ABP is essential to concentrating testosterone in levels high enough to initiate ... soluble ICAM-1 have antagonistic effects on the tight junctions forming the blood-testis barrier. ICAM-2 molecules regulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis

If prevalence was the case, the infectious proteins would then have to cross the blood-testis barrier to make transmission ... and blood group. Some of these catalogues are available via the Internet, while others are only made available to patients when ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation

Traditionally, the breakdown of the blood-testis barrier had been established as the cause of ASA production. This mechanism ... Apart from breaching of blood-testis barrier, epididymal distension, raised intraluminal pressure, and sperm granuloma ... While IgG and IgA might be present in blood serum and/or genital tract fluids, IgM is only present in blood serum. IgG ... MAR test in its original version is based on the classical Coombs test; sperm is mixed with human red blood cells coated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisperm_antibodies

... and soluble ICAM-1 have antagonistic effects on the tight junctions forming the blood-testis barrier, thus playing a ... "Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 attenuates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and blood-brain barrier dysfunction ... Blood. 106 (2): 584-92. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-12-4942. PMC 1635241. PMID 15811956. Gjelstrup LC, Boesen T, Kragstrup TW, ... Blood. 106 (2): 584-92. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-12-4942. PMC 1635241. PMID 15811956. Intercellular+Adhesion+Molecule-1 at the US ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM-1

In the process, it creates anti-testicular cell antibodies, or proteins that cross the injured blood-testis barrier and damage ... Gangrene, or a type of tissue damage caused by lack of blood supply, of the testis. Sepsis, in extremely rare cases (0,03%), if ... Typically, venous blood flow is compromised first. The increase in venous pressure subsequently causes decreased arterial blood ... Such testes are usually necrotic from birth and must be removed surgically.: 315 The exact cause of or specific risk factors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_torsion

They are responsible for the differentiation of spermatids, the maintenance of the blood-testis barrier, and the secretion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustentacular_cell

ICAM-2 molecules regulate spermatid adhesion on Sertoli cell on the apical side of the blood-testis barrier (towards the lumen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM2

The occluding junctions of Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier, a structure that partitions the interstitial blood ... must be dynamically reformed and broken to allow the immunoidentical spermatogonia to cross through the blood-testis barrier so ... Sertoli cells control the entry and exit of nutrients, hormones, and other chemicals into the tubules of the testis as well as ... Sertoli cells are a type of sustentacular "nurse" cell found in human testes which contribute to the process of spermatogenesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli_cell

... may refer to: In biology: Blood-testis barrier in testicular anatomy Blood-thymus barrier Bovine tuberculosis or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTB

... blood-ovary/blood-testes barrier, increased number of immune cells relative to non-reproductive organs) can be compared to the ... Clotting in an individual's wounded blood vessels can be compared to the entrance-plugging behaviour of special ant workers in ... to ward off mosquitoes and other blood-sucking ornithophillous (bird-targeting) insects. After the broader definition of social ... "Aromatic plants in bird nests as a protection against blood-sucking flying insects?". Behavioural Processes. 56 (2): 113-120. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_immunity

... and at the blood-testis barrier, the blood-brain barrier, and the membranes of hematopoietic progenitor and other stem cells. ... The protein also carries the Jr(a) antigen, which defines the Junior blood group system. It is inhibited by some calcium ... Kniffin CL (2013). "OMIM entry # 614490 - BLOOD GROUP, JUNIOR SYSTEM; JR". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Retrieved 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCG2

... and in the capillary endothelial cells composing the blood-brain barrier and blood-testis barrier, where it pumps them back ... This protein also functions as a transporter in the blood-brain barrier. Mutations in this gene are associated with colchicine ... van Assema DM, van Berckel BN (2016). "Blood-Brain Barrier ABC-transporter P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer's Disease: Still a ... Schinkel AH (April 1999). "P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 36 (2-3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein

... the infectious proteins would still have to cross the blood-testis barrier to make transmission possible. Sperm were first ... takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. This process involves the production of several successive sperm cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm

Part of the blood-ocular barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the retina Blood-testis barrier - A physical ... Blood-air barrier - Membrane separating alveolar air from blood in lung capillaries Blood-brain barrier - Semipermeable ... Physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the eye itself Blood-retinal barrier - ... barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes (Articles with short description, Short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–thymus_barrier

A physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes Blood-thymus barrier - Barrier ... The blood-air barrier or air-blood barrier, (alveolar-capillary barrier or membrane) exists in the gas exchanging region of the ... Part of the blood-ocular barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the retina Blood-testis barrier - ... Blood-brain barrier - Semipermeable capillary border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the brain Blood- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–air_barrier

Men with high blood pressure are more likely to develop prostate cancer. A small increase in risk is associated with lack of ... May 2021). "Perceived barriers to the adoption of active surveillance in low-risk prostate cancer: a qualitative analysis of ... Surgical removal of the testes (orchiectomy) to treat prostate cancer was first performed in the 1890s, with limited success. ... Elevated blood testosterone levels may increase risk. Genetics may affect risk, as suggested by associations with race, family ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

Avulsion of the skin of the pubic area including the scrotal sac and testis, with the left testis separate. OSHA Investigates ... He had to hop a 91-centimetre (3 ft) Plexiglas barrier and several guardrail fences and descend the steps into the 24 m × 30 m ... Zimmerman, Tim (July 15, 2011). "Blood in the Water". Outside Online. Retrieved March 2, 2022. M. Á. Montero (4/10/2010) "La ... The orca then followed Peters, proceeding over a netted barrier towards Peters. This was the second documented incident of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca_attack

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is diagnosed when maternal systolic blood pressure exceeds 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ... was found with regards to testis and kidney cancer. Two mechanisms have been proposed by which PFOA could cause Leydig cell ... result which reduce beta-oxidation and thus nutrient production leading to a breakdown of the colonic epithelial barrier. ... Further, blood PFAS levels decline when direct contact ceases. Levels of PFOA and PFOS have declined in US and European ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances

It crosses the blood-brain barrier and exerts effects in the central nervous system. Bicalutamide is metabolized in the liver ... The maturation as well as transport of sperm occurs not only in the testes but also outside of the testes in the epididymides ... Based on animal research, it was initially thought that bicalutamide was unable to cross the blood-brain barrier into the ... Schinkel AH (April 1999). "P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier". Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 36 (2-3): 179-194. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_bicalutamide

This crosses the bone marrow barrier to the blood and is consumed in the lung by alveolar macrophages. Cytokines are signals ... TPO is primarily synthesized in the liver but can be made by kidneys, testes, brain, and even bone marrow stromal cells. It has ... doi:10.1182/blood.V97.1.139. PMID 11133753. Wright, JH (June 7, 1906). "The origin and nature of the blood plates". Boston ... Blood. 90 (9): 3423-29. doi:10.1182/blood.V90.9.3423. PMID 9345025. Avecilla ST, Hattori K, Heissig B, Tejada R, Liao F, Shido ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte

... and because of their polarity are believed to cross the blood-brain barrier via carrier-mediated transport. Elimination of ... Sanford LM, Baker SJ (January 2010). "Prolactin regulation of testosterone secretion and testes growth in DLS rams at the onset ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiapride

From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex- ... The presence of the Y-chromosome in males prompts the development of testes, which release testosterone, the primary androgen ... As both blood type and Rh factor are genetically inherited traits controlled by alleles located on chromosome 9 and chromosome ... Ellis L, Ficek C, Burke D, Das S (February 2008). "Eye color, hair color, blood type, and the rhesus factor: exploring possible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation

A complex that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier is generated by reduction of 99m Tc O− 4 with tin(II) in the presence of ... as it does not deliver a radiation dose to the testes. It is also used in labeling of autologus red blood cells for MUGA scans ... Pertechnetate salts, such as sodium pertechnetate, cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier. In addition to the salivary and ... It is also used in the study of blood perfusion, regional accumulation, and cerebral lesions in the brain, as it accumulates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertechnetate

Blood. 99 (5): 1591-601. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.5.1594. PMID 11861273. Tachibana O, Nakazawa H, Lampe J, Watanabe K, Kleihues P ... Immune privilege: Cells in immune privileged areas such as the cornea or testes express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of ... "Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors". Nat Med. 20 (6): 607-15. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_ligand

Blood-air barrier Blood-brain barrier Blood-ocular barrier Blood-retinal barrier Blood-testis barrier Blood-thymus barrier ... Blood-placental barrier This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Blood barrier. If an internal link ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_barrier

Language barriers and the appearance of medical teams in protective suits sometimes increased fears of the virus. In Liberia, a ... In December 2015, a study was released that found that the viral load found in a patient's blood in the week after the onset of ... and it is thought that this same protection may allow the virus to survive in the testes for an unknown time. On 14 September ... While no evidence of the virus was found in his blood, his semen revealed Ebola virus RNA closely matching the variant that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic

... bilateral symmetry bile duct biology bipolar cells of the retina bitemporal heminopia blastomere blood blood brain barrier body ... Terminal sulcus of tongue terminal vein tertiary sensory neuron testicle testis thalamic fasciculus thalamogeniculate artery ... renal cortex renal hilus renal pyramids renal system reproductive system respiratory system restiform body rete rete testis ... region of hypothalamus tubercle tubercle of rib tuberculum impar tuberoinfundibular tract tuberosity tunica vaginalis testis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

Man-made obstacles such as fences and road barriers can also lead to populations becoming isolated. Since it prefers to live in ... Like all reptiles, chicken turtles are cold-blooded and must regulate their body temperature. The main way they do this is ... This period varies by location; in Florida, the testes are largest during the hottest months of summer, while in South Carolina ... A 2016 study of two chicken turtle specimens captured in Alabama identified a previously unknown species of blood fluke, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_turtle

They kill their prey by biting the throat, which damages the trachea and the major blood vessels of the neck. The size of the ... The introduction of agriculture reduced dingo distribution, and by the early 1900s, large barrier fences, including the Dingo ... Catling, PC (1979). "Seasonal variation in plasma testosterone and the testis in captive male dingoes, Canis familiaries dingo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo

The drug has been found to cross the blood-brain barrier, whereas levels in semen were found to be undetectable. Finasteride is ... testes, epididymides, skin, hair follicles, liver, kidneys, and brain, among others. By inhibiting 5α-reductase and thus ... The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises that donation of blood or plasma be deferred for at least one month after taking ... "Deferral of Blood and Plasma donors - Medications". FDA. 28 July 1993. Retrieved 30 January 2020. FDA. Posted 9 June 2011. 5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finasteride

Simvastatin is a known inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, and most importantly is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has ... The highest levels of DHCR7 expression have been detected in the adrenal gland, the testis, the liver and in brain tissue. Its ... It should also be noted that cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, thus within the brain, biosynthesis is the only ... However, dietary cholesterol does not reduce the levels of 7DHC, cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and does not appear to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith–Lemli–Opitz_syndrome

A power doppler blood flow study is done prior to injection. The blood flow can be destroyed and the node rendered inactive. ... Superficial structures such as muscle, tendon, testis, breast, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and the neonatal brain are ... until these completely close at about 1 year of age by which time they have formed a virtually impenetrable acoustic barrier to ... Power doppler visualized blood flow can be eradicated, and there may be a drop in the cancer blood marker test, thyroglobulin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound

A blood smear is a simple and fairly accurate diagnostic tool, provided the blood sample is taken during the period in the day ... Protection is similar to that of other mosquito-spread illnesses; one can use barriers both physical (a mosquito net), chemical ... Other symptoms that may occur include orchitis, an inflammation of the testes, which is accompanied by painful, immediate ... Secondly, he found in 1879 that the blood-dwelling forms had a nocturnal periodicity with large numbers appearing in the blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti

The surgeon moves one or both testes, with blood vessels, from an abdominal or inguinal position to the scrotum. If the ... Assuming infant surgery is successful, there is no barrier to engaging in normal sexual activities, and less distortion of ... Testes in androgen insensitivity are a special case: if there is any degree of responsiveness to testosterone, they should be ... 1) If the gonads are dysgenetic testes or streak gonads and at least some of the boy's cells have a Y chromosome, the gonads or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions

... on the other side of the placental barrier. The placenta also provides a reservoir of blood for the fetus, delivering blood to ... hCG also assists the male fetus by stimulating the testes to produce testosterone, which is the hormone needed to allow the sex ... bringing the fetal blood extremely close to the maternal blood; but no intermingling of fetal and maternal blood occurs (" ... The placenta functions as a selective barrier between maternal and fetal cells, preventing maternal blood, proteins and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta

Glyphosate causes blood-testis barrier damage and low quality sperm via a destructive process called oxidative stress, shows a ... Glyphosate damages blood-testis barrier via NOX1-triggered oxidative stress in rats: Long-term exposure as a potential risk for ... Glyphosate (GLY) causes blood-testis barrier (BTB) damage and low-quality sperm.. • GLY-induced BTB injury contributes to sperm ... the glyphosate-induced sperm damage was probably due to the disruption that the chemical causes to the blood-testis barrier. ...

https://gmwatch.org/en/2022/106-news/latest-news/19963-glyphosate-damages-blood-testis-barrier-and-causes-poor-quality-sperm

Nucleoside Transport at the Blood-Testis Barrier Studied with Primary-Cultured Sertoli Cells. Ryo Kato, Tomoji Maeda, Toshihiro ... Nucleoside Transport at the Blood-Testis Barrier Studied with Primary-Cultured Sertoli Cells. Ryo Kato, Tomoji Maeda, Toshihiro ... Nucleoside Transport at the Blood-Testis Barrier Studied with Primary-Cultured Sertoli Cells. Ryo Kato, Tomoji Maeda, Toshihiro ... Nucleoside Transport at the Blood-Testis Barrier Studied with Primary-Cultured Sertoli Cells ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/312/2/601/tab-e-letters

Testis tissues were collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis, and the testis weight was estimated. Levels of ... is a physical barrier of the testis to prevent various exogenous substrates from entering apical compartments and provides ... In addition, QJT down-regulated the expression of p38 protein in rat testis and up-regulated the expressions of key proteins ZO ... QJT resolved the pathological injury of rats testis induced by CP. Furthermore, MDA levels were significantly reduced, and the ...

https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-022-03615-z

... the blood-testis barrier (BTB) is constituted by specialized junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells in the seminiferous ... Although the BTB is one of the tightest blood-tissue barriers in the mammalian body, it undergoes extensive restructuring at ... By using Sertoli cells cultured in vitro with an established TJ permeability barrier that mimicked the BTB in vivo, Cdc42 was ... Consequently, this prevented the disruption of Sertoli cell TJ permeability barrier and redistribution of TJ proteins (e.g., ...

https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_cbr_basic-research/249/

... testis barrier and steroids. Curr Top Mol Endocrinol 2: 223-33. SETCHELL BP, MAIN SJ (1978) Drugs and the blood-testis barrier ... WAITES GM, GLADWELL RT (1982) Physiological significance of fluid secretion in the testis and blood-testis barrier. Physiol Rev ... Compartmentalization and the blood-testis barrier. The seminiferous epithelium is divided functionally in two compartments, so- ... The blood-testis barrier is formed at approximately 1518 days of age in rat and 10-16 days postpartum in mouse, as constituted ...

https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602011000200009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

NPs can pass through the blood–testis barrier, placental barrier, and epithelial barrier, which protect reproductive ... NP accumulation damages organs (testis, epididymis, ovary, and uterus) by destroying Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ ... Previous studies have shown that numerous types of NPs are able to pass certain biological barriers and exert toxic effects on ... NPs can pass through the blood-testis barrier, placental barrier, and epithelial barrier, which protect reproductive tissues, ...

https://www.dovepress.com/potential-adverse-effects-of-nanoparticles-on-the-reproductive-system-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN

The blood-testis and blood-epididymis barriers are more than just their tight junctions. Biol Reprod. 2011;84:851-8. DOIPubMed ... Immunologic privilege in the central nervous system and the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:13-21. DOI ... cord blood, and colostrum were tested by ELISA for IgM and IgG against Ebola virus antigens (26). Cord blood was negative for ... Cord blood, colostrum, amniotic fluid, and swab samples were kept refrigerated until processed or frozen on dry ice for ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/7/16-0269_article

B.form blood-testis barrier. *. C. C.provide nutrients for developing sperm ... Afferent arteriole vasodilation_______blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular-capillary blood pressure to ... B. is the movement of a substance from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen ... C. is the movement of a substance from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capilliary blood ...

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=human-physiology-exam-5

8 Combined with the potential for blood-testis barrier breakdown, this is concerning.9 Fortunately, sexual transmission risk by ... Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and ... Wang Z and Xu X: scRNA-seq profiling of human testes reveals the presence of the ACE2 receptor, a target for SARS-CoV-2 ... Achua JK, Chu KY, Ibrahim E et al: Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections on testis. World J ...

https://www.auanet.org/membership/publications-overview/auanews/all-articles/2021/september-2021/covid-and-sexual-medicine

Tight junctions develop between adjacent Sertoli cells to form a blood-testis barrier [40], [41], but this barrier has not yet ... Dym M, Fawcett DW (1970) The blood-testis barrier in the rat and the physiological compartmentation of the seminiferous ... After the barrier forms, spermatogonial stem cells reside in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules and are on the ... Type A spermatogonia are the most abundant germ cell type in the testis from birth to puberty in humans [58]. Therefore, human ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0087439

In the testis this blood-testis barrier is maintained strictly by the myoid cells and Sertoli cells.14 In the epididymis T- ... breakdown of the blood-testis / blood-epididymis barrier due to trauma or infection with escape of sperm antigens directly into ... The breakdown of these barriers in the testis and epididymis results in production of ASA.15 A breach in the epididymal ... Mann MC, Freiss AE, Stoffel MH: Blood-tissue barriers in the male reproductive tract of the dog: a morphological study using ...

https://ispub.com/IJU/8/1/7598

... physical blood-tissue barriers, such as the blood-testis barrier and the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we found that ... variants from blood may help overcome barriers associated with the complex association of specific mutations with cancer, ... isolated from blood culture during January 2015-September 2016. C. auris BSI cases were compared to other Candida species BSI ... Whether ZIKV infection of white blood cells is required for dissemination of the virus to immune privileged sites has not been ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v12issue32.html

Cryptorchidism literally means hidden or obscure testis and generally refers to an undescended or maldescended testis. ... Suture violation of the blood-testis barrier may also play a role in future antisperm antibody development. Further ... Options for the treatment of an intra-abdominal testis vary depending on the patients age, testis size, contralateral testis, ... The Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy with division of the internal spermatic artery allows the testis to survive on the blood supply ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/438378-168905/what-is-the-role-of-primary-hormonal-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-cryptorchidism

Urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure destroys blood-testis barrier (BTB) integrity through excessive ROS-mediated ...

https://www.pacherbs.com/flushots,flushot,herbsforflu,Chineseherbsforflu/immune-boosting-herbs/

... getting into all the body tissues and crossing the blood-brain, blood-placenta and blood-testis barriers.1 Williams observes ... The risk factors include apple-shaped obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, a high triglyceride level and low HDL- ... "that can increase heart rate and blood flow" and as a relaxant "that can open blood vessels and loosen muscular tissues."20 The ... The association between genetic risk score and blood pressure is modified by coffee consumption: gene-diet interaction analysis ...

https://www.westonaprice.org/es/health-topics/cuppa-joe-or-cuppa-jolt-why-you-should-avoid-coffee/

Moreover, qRT-PCR and western blotting data indicated that La2O3 NPs affecting the blood-testis barrier (BTB)-related genes in ... In this study, the effect of the intragastric administration of two different-sized La2O3 particles in the testes of mice for ... La2O3 NPs accumulate more than micro-sized La2O3 (MPs) in mice testes. The histopathological evaluation showed that moderate ... Effects of intragastric administration of La2O3 nanoparticles on mouse testes ...

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jts/45/8/_contents/-char/en

These results indicate that, in the rat, a significant blood-testis barrier to MTX exists at the tubular but probably not at ... Methotrexate Levels in the Interstitial Space and Seminiferous Tubule of Rat Testis Riccardo Riccardi; Riccardo Riccardi ... The ability of methotrexate (MTX) to pass from the blood into the interstitial space and seminiferous tubule of the rat was ... Blood (via a jugular vein cannula), testicular interstitial fluid, and seminiferous tubule fluid (via direct micropuncture) ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/42/5/1617/486634/Methotrexate-Levels-in-the-Interstitial-Space-and

The skin permeability barrier is fortified by estrogen but is impaired by progesterone and androgens. Dehydroepiandrosterone ... The balance of modulatory effects of sex hormones on immune responses and skin barrier might regulate the course of AD. ... We review the effects of sex hormones on immune responses and skin permeability barrier and propose possible hypotheses for the ... skin barrier impairment, and pruritus. The prevalence of AD in childhood is slightly higher in boys than in girls; after ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/19/4660/htm

The cytokine storm due to SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause damage to the blood-testes barrier as well as cause an increase in ... Tags: ACE2, Angiotensin, Anti-Inflammatory, Birth Weight, Bleeding, Blood, CD4, Cell, Cell Membrane, Chemokine, Chemokines, ... Blood tests may be able to guide treatment discussions for patients with metastatic cancer ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221003/How-COVID-19-affects-the-female-reproductive-system.aspx

... restricted by the blood-brain and blood-testes barriers (Rozman and Klaassen, 1996). The results observed in the subacute and ... Once absorbed it is expected that the reaction products and its metabolites are distributed within the blood stream. Here the ... After becoming bioavailable, it is assumed that the substance and its metabolites will circulate within the blood stream and ... More specifically, access to the central nervous system or the testes is likely to be ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/sv/web/guest/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12434/7/2/1

Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms , Mammography , Women , Black or African American , Blood-Testis Barrier , Preventive ... The study aimed to identify barriers to preventative screening for breast cancer among African American women (AAW) using a ... Perspectives of African American women about barriers to breast cancer prevention and screening practices: A qualitative study ... We explored the influence of personal barriers,stereotypes, socioeconomic status, culture, attitudes, and beliefs on African ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/aimafro/?lang=en&q=mh:Blood-Testis+Barrier

... the identified research suggests that nanoparticles cross the blood testes barrier and deposit in the testes, and that there is ... Testes; Toxins; Author Keywords: Nanoparticles; nanomaterials; reproductive toxicity; testes; germline cells; sperm ... This review summarizes the current published research on deposition/translocation of nanoparticles to the testes and male ... Three articles pertained to deposition/ translocation of nanoparticles in the testes, two pertained to cytotoxicity of ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=+%27ultrafine%2A%27+OR+%28%27nano%2A%27+AND+%27particle%2A%27%29+OR+%27nanotech%2A%27+OR+%27nanomaterial%2A%27+OR+%27nanoparticle%2A%27+OR+%27nanotube%2A%27+&f1=%2A&Startyear=&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&Limit=25000&Sort=DP+DESC&whichdate=DP&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=177&RecNo=1761&View=f&

c-Yes regulates cell adhesion at the apical ectoplasmic specialization-blood-testis barrier axis via its effects on protein ...

https://www.cytoskeleton.com/bsa04

... and the blood-testis barrier [42]. Our data revealed that both aging and chronic noise exposure dysregulated the mRNA and ... To evaluate the state of intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability after chronic noise exposure, we screened the ... and ET in the blood using ELISA. Noise exposure dose-dependently decreased 5-HT and GABA concentrations in the blood, whereas ... Intracardiac blood was drawn, and serum was obtained by centrifuging for 10 min at 3000g. The serum was then stored at − 80 °C ...

https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-018-1223-4

... blood-CSF barrier, blood-testis barrier, intestinal epithelia (absorption), airway epithelia, liver epithelia and the kidney ... it is common knowledge among researchers that membrane transporters play a key role in the function of the blood-brain barrier ... interaction of compounds with a wide array of membrane transporter proteins found at these vital pharmacological barriers." ...

https://www.technologynetworks.com/drug-discovery/news/solvo-and-xenotech-announce-north-american-distribution-and-service-representation-agreement-209776

... blood-testis barrier, blood-brain barrier, and blood-placenta barrier etc. and accumulating in the lung, liver, and spleen etc ... GFNs can induce acute and chronic injuries in tissues by penetrating through the blood-air barrier, ... Blood Testing Protocol And Chelation For Heavy Metals *Protocol For Heavy Metal Testing ...

https://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/graphene-skies/?replytocom=1860913

NP accumulation damages organs (testis, epididymis, ovary, and uterus) by destroying Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells, causing reproductive organ dysfunction that adversely affects sperm quality, quantity, morphology, and motility or reduces the number of mature oocytes and disrupts primary and secondary follicular development. (dovepress.com)
The effects of obstructive azoospermia on the testis and epididymis have been studied in vasectomized subjects. (ispub.com)
However, effects of obstruction to sperm egress in primary obstructive azoospermia on the testes and epididymis have not been extensively reported. (ispub.com)
The present study on fifty patients of primary obstructive azoospermia focuses on the local immune response and its effect on the testis and epididymis. (ispub.com)
6 They postulated that these abnormalities may be a consequence of severe stress on the testis due to defective absorption of testicular fluid by the obstructed epididymis and the resultant pressure effect caused by fluid circulation. (ispub.com)
The epididymis is located along the posterolateral surface of the testis and is encapsulated by the tunica vaginalis. (medscape.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the histological structure of the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens of quail male reproductive system by light and electron microscopy. (trdizin.gov.tr)
According to the researchers, blood-testes/deferens/epididymis barriers are "imperfect" in preventing viruses in blood from crossing into the male reproductive tract. (id-ea.org)

Glyphosate causes blood-testis barrier damage and low quality sperm via a destructive process called oxidative stress, shows a new study in rats and rat testicular cells. (gmwatch.org)
Glyphosate was found to be present in the blood and testis of both dose groups and affected testicular function. (gmwatch.org)
There are many factors leading to abnormal sperm quality, among which the damage of blood testicular barrier (BTB) is one of the important factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Testicular biopsy is indicated in azoospermic men with a normal-sized testis and normal findings on hormonal studies to evaluate for ductal obstruction, to further evaluate idiopathic infertility, and to retrieve sperm. (medscape.com)
The ability of methotrexate (MTX) to pass from the blood into the interstitial space and seminiferous tubule of the rat was investigated using testicular micropuncture. (aacrjournals.org)
Although several studies have reported testicular impairments caused by cadmium (Cd) or obesity alone, the combined effect of Cd and obesity on the testes and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Testicular torsion is defined as a twisting of the spermatic cord structures (see the image below), followed by venous congestion, loss of arterial inflow, and subsequent ischemia of the ipsilateral testis. (medscape.com)
Prompt surgical treatment is crucial to preventing ischemic injury to the testis and possible testicular loss. (medscape.com)
Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators and activins, recruitment of immune cells, increased fibrosis, disruption of the blood-testis-barrier, and increased apoptosis were directly proportional to the observed testicular damage in EAEO. (monash.edu)
Using a male mouse chronic infection model, we show that chlamydial infection persists in the testes, adversely affecting the testicular environment. (edu.au)
Dr. Dolores Lamb from the Baylor College of Medicine presented on normal testicular development and recent advances in our understanding of the complex anatomy of the human testis. (forbeckforums.org)

In experiments using cells directly derived from rat testis (Sertoli cells), the researchers found that the glyphosate-induced sperm damage was probably due to the disruption that the chemical causes to the blood-testis barrier. (gmwatch.org)
Glyphosate (GLY) causes blood-testis barrier (BTB) damage and low-quality sperm. (gmwatch.org)
While research into the potential reproductive toxicity of nanoparticle s is still in its infancy, the identified research suggests that nanoparticle s cross the blood testes barrier and deposit in the testes, and that there is potential for adverse effects on sperm cells. (cdc.gov)
What happens after sperm leaves the rete testis? (easynotecards.com)
It functions as an organ of transport, storage, and maturation for sperm, and receives vascular supply in conjunction with the testis. (medscape.com)
Therefore, by understanding the importance of nitric oxide in binding strong fusion forces, appropriate male contraceptive methods can be directed to prevent sperm maturation throughout the blood-testis barrier, thus preventing the formation of active sperm in pregnancy [ 7 ]. (ejmoams.com)
The blood-testis barrier is the most important part of the testicle that prevents harmful substances from entering the sperm. (onlineincomezeal.com)
Sperm can swim across the blood-testis barrier while they remain at rest within the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. (onlineincomezeal.com)
The viruses are able to survive within testes because the immune response is restricted to enable survival of sperm. (id-ea.org)

The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is a physical barrier of the testis to prevent various exogenous substrates from entering apical compartments and provides immune privilege for spermatogenesis, which is essential for normal spermatogenic function of testis. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, at very young ages there are relatively few spermatogonial stem cells in the testes that will proliferate and sustain spermatogenesis as the male matures sexually. (plos.org)
Specifically, NO regulates the timely opening and closing of this barrier, which has been found to be important in the process of spermatogenesis, cell maturation, and development. (ejmoams.com)
Inhibition of spermatogenesis indicates for decreased zinc levels in 3-week whereas the increase in 6-week experiment indicates for accumulation of zinc in oedomatous fluid and uncontrolled diffusion of zinc across the blood testis barrier. (who.int)
She reviewed information on the process of normal spermatogenesis, the blood-testes barrier, normal germinal and supportive cell interactions and the normal hormonal milieu within the testis. (forbeckforums.org)

Seminiferous tubuli directly opened to rete testis (RT). (trdizin.gov.tr)

NPs can pass through the blood-testis barrier, placental barrier, and epithelial barrier, which protect reproductive tissues, and then accumulate in reproductive organs. (dovepress.com)
Molecular hydrogen can readily permeate through biomembranes such as the blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, and placental barrier, thus benefiting hard-to-reach organs (e.g., brain) and organelles due to its low molecular mass, non-ionic state, and hydrophobic properties. (kykindia.com)
Zika virus also infects monocytes, facilitating passage across blood-brain and placental barriers. (medscape.com)

By using Sertoli cells cultured in vitro with an established TJ permeability barrier that mimicked the BTB in vivo, Cdc42 was shown to be a crucial regulator that mediated the TGF-β3-induced BTB disruption. (popcouncil.org)
Consequently, this prevented the disruption of Sertoli cell TJ permeability barrier and redistribution of TJ proteins (e.g. (popcouncil.org)
Furthermore, using an in vitro Sertoli cell barrier model and MMP9-/mice, we found that ZIKV infection directly affected the permeability of the bloodtestis barrier (BTB), and knockout or inhibition of MMP9 reduced the effects of ZIKV on the Sertoli cell BTB, highlighting its role in ZIKV-induced disruption of the BTB. (scite.ai)

However, the mechanisms through which ZIKV enters the testes remain unclear. (scite.ai)

Distally located testes in older boys are more likely to descend in response to hormonal treatment than abdominal testes. (medscape.com)
Herramientas clínicas en el diagnóstico del desarrollo sexual anómalo: ¿del análisis hormonal al análisis genético? (conicet.gov.ar)

In this study, the effect of the intragastric administration of two different-sized La 2 O 3 particles in the testes of mice for 60 days was investigated. (go.jp)
Although the body weight of mice treated or not treated with La 2 O 3 NPs was not different and La 2 O 3 NPs were distributed in the organs including the testis, liver, kidney, spleen, heart and brain. (go.jp)
La 2 O 3 NPs accumulate more than micro-sized La 2 O 3 (MPs) in mice testes. (go.jp)
Moreover, qRT-PCR and western blotting data indicated that La 2 O 3 NPs affecting the blood-testis barrier (BTB)-related genes in mice testes. (go.jp)
We examined the combined effect of whole-life exposure to low-dose Cd started at preconception and post-weaning high-fat diet (HFD) on the testes of offspring mice. (bvsalud.org)
Immunized mice developed EAEO by 50 days (induction rate of 100%), and were characterized by a >50% reduction in testis weight, complete loss of germ cells, and a marked peritubular fibrotic response. (monash.edu)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Histological and biochemical changes in testis of zinc deficient BALB/c strain of mice. (who.int)
Bedwal RS, Edwards MS, Katoch M, Bahuguna A, Dewan R. Histological and biochemical changes in testis of zinc deficient BALB/c strain of mice. (who.int)
We hereby demonstrate for the first time that the structurally complex antiretroviral drug enfuvirtide (Enf), which normally is unable to penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid, is allowed to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in mice by conjugation with a nanoconstruct. (medicineinnovates.com)

it is also involved in the regulation and assembly of tight junctions within the blood-testis barrier. (ejmoams.com)
May also promote integrity of Sertoli cell tight junctions at the blood-testis barrier. (cansar.ai)

Previous studies have shown that numerous types of NPs are able to pass certain biological barriers and exert toxic effects on crucial organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidney. (dovepress.com)
Estrogen receptors and aromatase (enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen ) are abundant in brain, penis, and testes, organs important for sexual function. (healyourselfathome.com)

Testis tissues were collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis, and the testis weight was estimated. (biomedcentral.com)
Levels of BTB-related proteins and antioxidant enzyme were analyzed in the testis tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
The expression of steroidogenic enzymes and StAR was downregulated in testis tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Zika virus has tropism for various tissues in the human body such as skin, blood, placenta cells, testes, retinal cells, neural stem cells and neuroprogenitor cells. (medscape.com)

Because the blood-testis barrier limits direct access of molecules from the plasma into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule, one important question is the method by which germ cells obtain vitamin C. Some interesting results have thrown light on this matter. (scielo.cl)
Infection increased leukocyte infiltration, disrupted the blood:testis barrier and reduced spermiogenic cell numbers and seminiferous tubule volume. (edu.au)

Considering that the smaller a molecule, the more easily it may be taken up, reaction products with a molecular weight below 200 g/mol, which is the case for the majority of the UVCB, may pass through aqueous pores or may be carried through the epithelial barrier by the bulk passage of water. (europa.eu)

There was much discussion on the implications of the blood-testis barrier in protecting germ cells from the toxic effects of systemic chemotherapy. (forbeckforums.org)

A specialized barrier, in the TESTIS , between the interstitial BLOOD compartment and the adluminal compartment of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES . (bvsalud.org)
2. Aire, TA (1997): The Structural of the Interstitial Tissue of the Active and Resting Avian Testis. (trdizin.gov.tr)

Three articles pertained to deposition/ translocation of nanoparticle s in the testes, two pertained to cytotoxicity of nanoparticle s on male germline cells, and one study assessed deposition and bioaccumulation of nanoparticle s in the testes, and potential for adverse reproductive outcomes in successive offspring. (cdc.gov)
The testis is a paired organ within the scrotum that functions as a male reproductive and endocrine organ. (medscape.com)
Other factors that may also influence whether viruses exist in semen are level of viremia, inflammatory mediators (altering blood-barrier permeability), systemic immunosuppression, male reproductive tract immune responses, presence of sexually transmitted diseases, and the virus structural stability. (id-ea.org)

The authors demonstrated the increase in enfuvirtide delivery as a nanoconjugate across the blood brain barrier in both in vitro and in vivo. (medicineinnovates.com)

Anchoring mechanisms have ranged from using an external cage to fastening the testis to the fascia lata of the thigh or the contralateral testis for lengthening of the spermatic cord. (medscape.com)

The barrier is formed by layers of cells from the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM of the capillary BLOOD VESSELS , to the SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules. (bvsalud.org)
This is because your surgeon must cut the main blood vessels that bring blood to the testicles. (onlineincomezeal.com)
Epidermis, as other epithelia, lacks blood vessels and rests on a specialized layer of extracellular matrix known as basal lamina. (uvigo.es)
The papillary dermis, closer to the epidermis and in contact with the basal lamina, forms the dermal papillae and it is connective tissue with abundant blood vessels for feeding the epidermis, but also for body temperature regulation by vasodilation and vasoconstriction. (uvigo.es)
Each drug fulfilled a different purpose, including tamping down inflammation, inhibiting the production of collagen which would lead to scarring, and encouraging the new growth of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and muscle. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Plays a role in actin regulation at the ectoplasmic specialization, a type of cell junction specific to testis. (cansar.ai)

In addition, QJT down-regulated the expression of p38 protein in rat testis and up-regulated the expressions of key proteins ZO-1, occludin and F-actin in BTB. (biomedcentral.com)
2010. "Regulation of blood-testis barrier dynamics by TGF-β3 is a Cdc42-dependent protein trafficking event," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(25): 11399-11404. (popcouncil.org)
Activin A and B protein levels were significantly increased in EAEO testes at 50 days, compared with untreated controls but not at 80 days, whereas the inhibin subunit mRNA levels (Inha and Inhbb) decreased in EAEO testes, becoming significantly lower after 80 days compared with control animals. (monash.edu)

Taken together, these findings suggested that La 2 O 3 NPs activated inflammation responses and cross the BTB in the murine testes. (go.jp)
Therefore, activin may play a role in promoting inflammation and fibrosis during EAEO in mouse testis. (monash.edu)
Inflammation and dysbiosis prevent toxins from being excreted, and in some cases they can be released back into the blood stream due to conditions like leaky gut. (wordpress.com)

Regulation of blood-testis barrier dynamics by TGF-β3 is a Cdc42-depen" by Elissa W.P. Wong, Dolores D. Mruk et al. (popcouncil.org)

To accomplish this, the testis is organized into two main compartments: the tubular compartment and the interstitium. (scielo.cl)

In the testis, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) is constituted by specialized junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium near the basement membrane. (popcouncil.org)
Sertoli cells control germ cell proliferation and differentiation through cell-cell communication and form the blood-testis barrier. (scielo.cl)

Furthermore, we found that the expression of the testosterone synthesis-related genes LHCGR (luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor) and Hsd3b6 (3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 6) was significantly downregulated in Cd-treated testes, but these genes maintained similar expression levels in letrozole-treated testes as those in the control group. (bvsalud.org)

In contrast, studies show that NOS inhibitors facilitate the integration and strengthening of the Sertoli cell-tight junction barrier, preventing the passage of spermatocytes and their full maturation from spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa in this barrier. (ejmoams.com)

At 7wk, HF-fed animals exhibited several immune alterations (blood leukocyte/neutrophil number, lymph node B-cell proportionality)-effects which were more pronounced in SD rats. (cdc.gov)

MA146 trade name]is contraindicated in a child with: · hypersensitivity to any of the active ingredients to sulfonamide drugs or to any of the excipients (see section 6.1) · history of blood disorders with amodiaquine or pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine · history of liver injury with amodiaquine. (who.int)
After becoming bioavailable, it is assumed that the substance and its metabolites will circulate within the blood stream and will finally be transported to the liver where Phase I and Phase II metabolism may occur. (europa.eu)
By now, it is common knowledge among researchers that membrane transporters play a key role in the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-CSF barrier, blood-testis barrier, intestinal epithelia (absorption), airway epithelia, liver epithelia and the kidney epithelia," explained Gábor Heltovics, Solvo's Business Development Director. (technologynetworks.com)
While most of us know the liver as our major site of detoxification, it also acts as a filter for our blood, produces bile which helps to break down and absorb fat from our diet, and assists in keeping blood sugar levels balanced. (wordpress.com)

This review summarizes the current published research on deposition/translocation of nanoparticle s to the testes and male germline cells, and the potential cytotoxic effects. (cdc.gov)
This barrier creates an environment in which the bacterial cells grow with a change in the chemical composition of the liquid. (ejmoams.com)
13.18 Which type of cells form the blood-testes barrier? (oupsupport.com)
An increase of the total CD45+ leukocytes, comprising CD3+ T cells, CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD25+ T cells, and a novel population of CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells was also detected in EAEO testes. (monash.edu)
This is a rather complex process since there is a constant flux of cells from the basal to the superficial part of the epidermis for renewing and repairing the tissue, but at the same time there must be a tight cohesion between cells to make the epidermis a resistant barrier. (uvigo.es)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a unique flavivirus with high tropism to the testes. (scite.ai)

The blood-testis barrier also prevents the passage of toxins into the seminiferous tubules [ 6 ]. (ejmoams.com)

Whole-life exposure to Cd resulted in its accumulation in testes, and HFD induced obesity and lipid metabolism disorder. (bvsalud.org)

The testis parenchyma is surrounded by a three-layer capsule that from external to internal consists of the tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, and tunica vasculosa. (medscape.com)

In normal anatomy, the posterolateral attachments are a point of fixation that prevents the testis from twisting. (medscape.com)
Epidermis prevents water loss, is a barrier against toxic substances, withstand mechanical stress and is involved in immune responses. (uvigo.es)

reduced testosterone levels cause the testes to shrink while they are still in the scrotum. (onlineincomezeal.com)

The authors showed in this study that an antiretroviral drug complexed with iron oxide nanoparticles and coated with PMA amphiphilic polymer crosses the blood brain barrier. (medicineinnovates.com)

QJT resolved the pathological injury of rats testis induced by CP. (biomedcentral.com)

Collectively, we concluded that ZIKV infection promoted the expression of MMP9 which was further stabilized by NS1 induced K63-linked polyubiquitination to affect the TJPs/ type IV collagen network, thereby disrupting the BTB and facilitating ZIKV entry into the testes. (scite.ai)
In fact, we tend to cover major injuries with an amorphous mass of scar tissue, protecting it from further blood loss and infection and preventing further growth. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Solvo's leading assay systems are designed to detect interaction of compounds with a wide array of membrane transporter proteins found at these vital pharmacological barriers. (technologynetworks.com)

Antiporter proteins are also present in the blood-brain barrier, the kidney tubules and testes. (wordpress.com)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by T helper 2 cell (Th2)-shifted abnormal immunity, skin barrier impairment, and pruritus. (mdpi.com)
Similar changes were also observed in biopsies from human testes with inflammatory infiltrates. (monash.edu)

This study's findings demonstrated that African American women perceived the barriers to breast cancer screening include lack of information about available resources, belief that screening cannot change genetic predisposition, embarrassment from exposing the breast for a mammogram, fear of mammograms, and fear of a positive result. (bvsalud.org)

The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
Determining volatile organic compounds in human blood from a large sample production by using purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and during the birth process or via human milk (vertical transmission). (medscape.com)

Activin A receptor acvr1b and acvr2b mRNA levels were also significantly decreased in EAEO testes. (monash.edu)

The body while protecting the 1985) and had been taking methenolone when his blood was his image was sold by the thousands in "cabinet cards " and other prints. (rps-international.org)

This could have blocked the transport of material across the testis barrier and therefore might have increased AlPase levels. (who.int)

The study aimed to identify barriers to preventative screening for breast cancer among African American women (AAW) using a qualitative research design. (bvsalud.org)
The third study compared blood flow to the face when participants completed tasks designed to trigger embarrassment such as public speaking or singing. (thailandmedical.news)

The central nervous system (CNS) is a classic model of sanctuary where viral replication occurs despite a complete viral suppression in peripheral blood. (medicineinnovates.com)

Blood concentration of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy28

Organisms6

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Passage of leptin across the blood-testis barrier. (1/152)

Evaluation of cholesteryl ester transfer in the seminiferous tubule cells of immature rats in vivo and in vitro. (2/152)

Passive immunization with anti-laminin immunoglobulin G modifies the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium and induces arrest of spermatogenesis in the guinea pig. (3/152)

Effect of efferent duct ligation on the function of the blood-testis barrier in rats. (4/152)

Testicular damage by microcirculatory disruption and colonization of an immune-privileged site during Borrelia crocidurae infection. (5/152)

A 22-amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of rat occludin perturbs the blood-testis barrier and disrupts spermatogenesis reversibly in vivo. (6/152)

Expression of a blood-brain barrier-specific antigen in the reproductive tract of the male rat. (7/152)

Cr(V) involvement in the toxicity pathway of testicular damage. (8/152)

Testis

Blood-Brain Barrier

Rete Testis

Spermatogenesis

Sertoli Cells

Cryptorchidism

Leydig Cells

Blood-Testis Barrier

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

Spermatogonia

Seminiferous Epithelium

Blood-Retinal Barrier

Epididymis

Spermatocytes

Blood-Air Barrier

Testosterone

Testicular Diseases

Testicular Neoplasms

Tight Junctions

Communication Barriers

Permeability

Sperm Count

Organ Size

Molecular Sequence Data

Infertility, Male

RNA, Messenger

Germ Cells

Genitalia, Male

Orchitis

Spermatic Cord Torsion

Sexual Maturation

Scrotum

Tissue Distribution

Occludin

Immunohistochemistry

Capillary Permeability

Amino Acid Sequence

Base Sequence

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Organ Specificity

Blood-Aqueous Barrier

Sex Differentiation

Orchiectomy

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Fertility

Ovary

Sex-Determining Region Y Protein

Zonula Occludens-1 Protein

DNA, Complementary

Seminal Vesicles

In Situ Hybridization

Electric Impedance

Blood-Nerve Barrier

Sex Determination Processes

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Gonads

Sertoli Cell Tumor

Cell Membrane Permeability

Gene Expression

Orchiopexy

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Brain

Dibutyl Phthalate

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Time Factors

Cloning, Molecular

Blotting, Northern

Health Services Accessibility

Membrane Proteins

Sperm Motility

Cells, Cultured

Reproduction

Luteinizing Hormone

Epidermis

Seminoma

Testicular Hormones

Sperm Maturation

Claudins

Rats, Wistar