Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood.
Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Separation of molecules and particles by a simultaneous action of carrier liquid flow and focusing field forces (electrical, sedimentation, or thermal), without a stationary phase.
Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
A technique used to separate particles according to their densities in a continuous density gradient. The sample is usually mixed with a solution of known gradient materials and subjected to centrifugation. Each particle sediments to the position at which the gradient density is equal to its own. The range of the density gradient is usually greater than that of the sample particles. It is used in purifying biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, organelles, and cell types.
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen (specifically, hydrogen-3) that contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus, making it radioactive with a half-life of about 12.3 years, and is used in various applications including nuclear research, illumination, and dating techniques due to its low energy beta decay.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.
The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.
The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.
A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.
Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.
A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.
A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.
The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.
Process whereby a cell, bodily structure, or organism (animal or plant) receives or detects a gravity stimulus. Gravity sensing plays an important role in the directional growth and development of an organism (GRAVITROPISM).
A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.
The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.
Uridine is a nucleoside, specifically a derivative of pyrimidine, that is composed of a uracil molecule joined to a ribose sugar molecule through a β-N1 glycosidic bond, and has significant roles in RNA synthesis, energy transfer, and cell signaling.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Near-patient test for C-reactive protein in general practice: assessment of clinical, organizational, and economic outcomes. (1/890)

BACKGROUND: The benefits of near-patient, point-of-care tests have not been fully examined. We have assessed the clinical, organizational, and economic outcomes of implementing a near-patient test for C-reactive protein (CRP) in general practice. METHODS: In a randomized crossover trial during intervention periods, general practitioners (GPs) were allowed to measure CRP within 3 min, using NycoCard(R) CRP. During control periods, they had to mail blood samples for CRP measurements to the hospital laboratory and received test results 24-48 h later. Twenty-nine general practice clinics participated (64 GPs), and 1853 patients were included in the study. Results were evaluated at both the level of participating GPs and the level of included patients. RESULTS: For participating GPs, the overall use of erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) decreased by 8% (95% confidence interval, 1-14%) during intervention periods, and the number of blood samples mailed to the hospital laboratory decreased by 6% (1-10%). No reduction in the prescription of antibiotics was seen. The proportion of study patients having a follow-up telephone consultation was reduced from 63% to 53% (P = 0. 0001), and patients with CRP concentrations >50 mg/L had their antibiotic treatments started earlier when CRP was measured in general practices (P = 0.0161). CONCLUSION: The implementation of the near-patient CRP test was cost-effective mainly on the basis of a reduction in the use of services from the hospital laboratory by GPs. If the implementation is followed by education and clinical guidelines, opportunities exist for additional reduction in the use of ESR and for a more appropriate use of antibiotics.  (+info)

Patients with thrombocytosis have normal or slightly elevated thrombopoietin levels. (2/890)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The distinction between clonal and reactive thrombocytoses is a frequent problem and implies different therapeutic options. As thrombopoietin (TPO) is the main regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, we measured TPO levels in patients with thrombocytosis in an attempt to understand the regulation and potential utility of distinguishing thrombocytoses. DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum TPO levels, platelet counts, mean platelet volume, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age were evaluated in 25 patients with clonal thrombocytosis (15 with essential thrombocythemia, 6 with polycythemia vera and 4 with chronic myeloid leukemia) and in 50 patients with reactive thrombocytosis distributed in three groups: 1) patients in post-surgical states; 2) patients with solid tumors; and 3) patients with inflammatory diseases. RESULTS: TPO levels were slightly increased in patients with clonal (135+/-50 pg/mL) and reactive (147+/-58 pg/mL) thrombocytosis compared with controls (121+/-58 pg/mL). Analyzing the different groups, patients with essential thrombocythemia had the lowest TPO levels (120+/-28 pg/mL) and patients with solid tumors the highest levels (162+/-59 pg/mL). Patients with clonal thrombocytosis were older, had higher platelet counts, mean platelet volume and hemoglobin, and lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate than patients with reactive thrombocytosis. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Minor differences were observed in TPO levels between patients with primary and secondary thrombocytoses. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, but not TPO levels, may be a useful tool for discriminating both types of thrombocytoses.  (+info)

Effect of leukocytapheresis therapy using a leukocyte removal filter in Crohn's disease. (3/890)

Eighteen patients with active Crohn's disease were treated with one leukocytapheresis session per week for a five-week intensive therapy, decreasing to one leukocytapheresis session per month for five sessions of initial maintenance therapy. Nutritional indices, inflammatory reactions, flow cytometry profiles, and cytokine production were also assessed before and after the intensive and initial maintenance therapy. Nine of the patients (50%) attained remission at the end of the intensive therapy. The nine non-remission patients had exhibited longer periods of suffering and more severely affected sites prior to the therapy. In 14 of 18 patients (77.8%), the nutritional indices, Internal Organization of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) score and Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) improved from the pretherapy levels, but only the remission group (50%) showed improvement in C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The remission group showed significantly higher pretherapy CD4+ CD45+ cell ratios and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production than the non-remission group, and significantly lower activated cells.  (+info)

HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with polymyalgia rheumatica in northern Italy: correlation with disease severity. (4/890)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of HLA-DRB1 alleles with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) in a Mediterranean country and to explore the role of HLA-DRB1 genes in determining disease severity. METHODS: A five year prospective follow up study of 92 consecutive PMR patients diagnosed by the secondary referral centre of rheumatology of Reggio Emilia, Italy was conducted. HLA-DRB1 alleles were determined in the 92 patients, in 29 DR4 positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and in 148 controls from the same geographical area by polymerase chain reaction amplification and oligonucleotide hybridisation. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1 types and in the expression of HLA-DRB 70-74 shared motif between PMR and controls. The frequency of the patients with double dose of epitope was low and not significantly different in PMR and in controls. No significant differences in the distribution of HLA-DR4 subtypes were observed between DR4+ PMR, DR+ RA, and DR4+ controls. Results of the univariate analysis indicated that an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at diagnosis > 72 mm 1st h, the presence of HLA-DR1, DR10, rheumatoid epitope, and the type of rheumatoid epitope were significant risk factors associated with relapse/recurrence. Cox proportional hazards modelling identified two variables that independently increased the risk of relapse/recurrence: ESR at diagnosis > 72 mm 1st h (RR=1.5) and type 2 (encoded by a non-DR4 allele) rheumatoid epitope (RR=2.7). CONCLUSION: These data from a Mediterranean country showed no association of rheumatoid epitope with PMR in northern Italian patients. A high ESR at diagnosis and the presence of rheumatoid epitope encoded by a non-DR4 allele are independent valuable markers of disease severity.  (+info)

Relationship between urinary pyridinium cross-links, disease activity and disease subsets of ankylosing spondylitis. (5/890)

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to determine the urinary levels of pyridinium cross-links and urinary beta-isomerized fragments derived from the C-telopeptide of the alpha1 chain of type I collagen (beta-CTX) as markers of bone resorption in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to study their relationship to markers of disease activity [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)] and to disease subsets of this condition. METHODS: The serum calcium, osteocalcin (OC), parathormone (PTH), 25 OHD3 levels, beta-CTX and the urinary combined free pyridinolines (f-Pyr + f-Dpyr), urinary free deoxypyridinoline (f-Dpyr) and urinary free pyridinoline (f-Pyr) were evaluated and compared in 32 AS patients and 25 controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated at the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. RESULTS: The serum markers of bone metabolism (serum calcium, PTH, 25 OHD3 and OC) were in the normal range in the AS group. AS patients had a lowered lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.01) (corresponding T score: P = 0.03), but femoral neck BMD did not differ significantly between AS and controls (P = 0.08) (corresponding T score: P = 0.11). There was no difference in the urinary levels of pyridinium cross-links and beta-CTX between AS patients and controls. A positive correlation between ESR, (f-Pyr + f-Dpyr) (r = 0.42; P = 0.018) and f-Dpyr (r = 0.49; P = 0.005) was observed. In the different disease subsets of AS, we found that patients with peripheral involvement had higher (f-Pyr + f-Dpyr) (P = 0.04) and f-Dpyr levels (P = 0.04), patients with early disease had elevated (f-Pyr + f-Dpyr) (P = 0.01), f-Dpyr (P = 0.02) and f-Pyr (P = 0.01) levels, and that those with raised ESR had enhanced f-Dpyr (P = 0.009) excretion. Patients were then stratified according to disease duration, peripheral involvement and sex, and this allowed us to observe that only urinary f-Dpyr remained elevated in patients independently from these variables and that raised ESR is the more relevant parameter for explaining this high level of excretion. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there was no difference in the levels of urinary pyridinium cross-links and beta-CTX between AS and controls. However, urinary excretion of some of these collagen compounds was enhanced in subgroups of AS, mainly in patients with raised ESR. Thus, AS patients with laboratory evidence of active disease could have a higher risk of bone loss.  (+info)

The influence of a partially HLA-matched blood transfusion on the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. (6/890)

OBJECTIVE: Based on the immunosuppressive effects of blood transfusions in organ transplantation, we determined the effect of a blood transfusion on disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHOD: In this double-blind pilot study, 40 patients with active RA were randomly assigned to receive a HLA-DRB1-matched blood transfusion (n = 30) or placebo (n = 10). Disease activity was scored according to the American College of Rheumatology response criteria during 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: After 1 month and 6 months, respectively, 6 and 16% of patients fulfilled the response criteria in the blood transfusion group compared to none and 30%, respectively, in the placebo group. Following correction for the increase in haemoglobin levels, a majority of the response parameters in the blood transfusion group showed significant improvement compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSION: A DRB1-matched blood transfusion shows improvement of symptoms in several RA patients. Additional studies are required to identify blood transfusion regimens that enhance the potential for therapeutic responses.  (+info)

Inflammatory status as a main determinant of outcome in patients with unstable angina, independent of coagulation activation and endothelial cell function. (7/890)

AIMS: Inflammation, endothelial cell function and the coagulation system have been demonstrated to be involved in the onset and course of unstable angina. Whether a proinflammatory state independently determines outcome is unknown and has not been determined yet in a clinically well defined study population of consecutive patients admitted with unstable angina. METHODS AND RESULTS: Markers of inflammation, coagulation activation and endothelial cell function were determined on admission in blood of 211 consecutive patients with severe unstable angina and were related to the in-hospital course. Refractory unstable angina occurred in 76 patients (36%) during their hospital stay. In a univariate analysis, C-reactive protein (P = 0.03), fibrinogen (P < 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.001) levels were significantly higher in patients with refractory unstable angina, when compared with patients who had an uneventful clinical course. The odds ratios (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking behaviour and cholesterol levels of the occurrence of refractory unstable angina for patients in the highest quartile compared with patients in the lowest quartile of inflammatory markers were 2.19 (0.94-5.11) for C-reactive protein, 2.83 (1.13-7.10) for fibrinogen and 4.72 (1.70-13.09) for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The findings were not affected by the presence or absence of myocardial necrosis or the interval between onset of angina and blood collection. No association was found between markers of coagulation activation or markers of endothelial cell function, and in-hospital outcome. CONCLUSION: We found that in a clinically well-defined study population of patients with severe unstable angina, a proinflammatory state is an important and independent determinant of short-term outcome. The data strengthen the importance of inflammation in this syndrome.  (+info)

Genotyping for disease associated HLA DR beta 1 alleles and the need for early joint surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: a quantitative evaluation. (8/890)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of HLA DR beta 1 disease associated epitope (DAE) and erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) in predicting the need for major joint replacement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Sixty five RA patients who had undergone hip, knee or shoulder arthroplasty within 15 years of disease onset and 65 who had not. HLA DR beta 1 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction. ESR at first hospital visit was noted. RESULTS: Significantly more patients with two DAE required surgery, (32% v 9%), chi 2 = 13.9, p = 0.001, odds ratio = 5.4 (95% CI: 1.8, 16). Sensitivity was poor, 32%, specificity high, 91%. Presentation ESR was higher in surgery patients compared with non-surgery patients, 52 mm 1st h v 25 mm 1st h, p < 0.001, but was independent of DAE status. Sensitivity of an ESR of 30 mm 1st h was 75%, specificity 53%. CONCLUSION: The presence of two DAE is a risk factor for major joint surgery in RA and is independent of ESR, whereas in those with one or no DAE, a high ESR is an important predictor.  (+info)

Blood sedimentation, also known as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), is a medical test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle at the bottom of a tube of unclotted blood over a specific period of time. The test is used to detect and monitor inflammation in the body.

During an acute inflammatory response, certain proteins in the blood, such as fibrinogen, increase in concentration. These proteins cause red blood cells to stick together and form rouleaux (stacks of disc-shaped cells). As a result, the red blood cells settle more quickly, leading to a higher ESR.

The ESR test is a non-specific test, meaning that it does not identify the specific cause of inflammation. However, it can be used as an indicator of underlying conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.

The ESR test is usually performed by drawing a sample of blood into a special tube and allowing it to sit undisturbed for one hour. The distance that the red blood cells have settled is then measured and recorded as the ESR. Normal values for ESR vary depending on age and gender, with higher values indicating greater inflammation.

Ultracentrifugation is a medical and laboratory technique used for the separation of particles of different sizes, densities, or shapes from a mixture based on their sedimentation rates. This process involves the use of a specialized piece of equipment called an ultracentrifuge, which can generate very high centrifugal forces, much greater than those produced by a regular centrifuge.

In ultracentrifugation, a sample is placed in a special tube and spun at extremely high speeds, causing the particles within the sample to separate based on their size, shape, and density. The larger or denser particles will sediment faster and accumulate at the bottom of the tube, while smaller or less dense particles will remain suspended in the solution or sediment more slowly.

Ultracentrifugation is a valuable tool in various fields, including biochemistry, molecular biology, and virology. It can be used to purify and concentrate viruses, subcellular organelles, membrane fractions, ribosomes, DNA, and other macromolecules from complex mixtures. The technique can also provide information about the size, shape, and density of these particles, making it a crucial method for characterizing and studying their properties.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient is a medical laboratory technique used to separate and purify different components of a mixture based on their size, density, and shape. This method involves the use of a centrifuge and a density gradient medium, such as sucrose or cesium chloride, to create a stable density gradient within a column or tube.

The sample is carefully layered onto the top of the gradient and then subjected to high-speed centrifugation. During centrifugation, the particles in the sample move through the gradient based on their size, density, and shape, with heavier particles migrating faster and further than lighter ones. This results in the separation of different components of the mixture into distinct bands or zones within the gradient.

This technique is commonly used to purify and concentrate various types of biological materials, such as viruses, organelles, ribosomes, and subcellular fractions, from complex mixtures. It allows for the isolation of pure and intact particles, which can then be collected and analyzed for further study or use in downstream applications.

In summary, Centrifugation, Density Gradient is a medical laboratory technique used to separate and purify different components of a mixture based on their size, density, and shape using a centrifuge and a density gradient medium.

Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.

Macromolecular substances, also known as macromolecules, are large, complex molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers. These substances are formed through polymerization, a process in which many small molecules combine to form a larger one. Macromolecular substances can be naturally occurring, such as proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates, or synthetic, such as plastics and synthetic fibers.

In the context of medicine, macromolecular substances are often used in the development of drugs and medical devices. For example, some drugs are designed to bind to specific macromolecules in the body, such as proteins or DNA, in order to alter their function and produce a therapeutic effect. Additionally, macromolecular substances may be used in the creation of medical implants, such as artificial joints and heart valves, due to their strength and durability.

It is important for healthcare professionals to have an understanding of macromolecular substances and how they function in the body, as this knowledge can inform the development and use of medical treatments.

Field flow fractionation (FFF) is a type of separation technique used in laboratory settings, particularly in the field of biophysics and analytical chemistry. It is not a medical term per se, but it can have applications in medical research and diagnostics. Here's a brief explanation:

Field flow fractionation separates particles or molecules based on their size, shape, charge, or other physical properties by applying a field (like a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field) within a narrow channel. The sample is introduced at one end of the channel and the field causes the particles to move along the channel at different speeds, depending on their properties. Larger or denser particles will move more slowly than smaller or lighter ones, allowing for separation based on size or density.

In the context of medical research, FFF can be used to separate and analyze biological molecules like proteins, DNA, or nanoparticles, which can have important implications in fields such as drug development, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.

Zonal centrifugation is a type of centrifugation technique used in laboratory settings, particularly in the field of molecular biology and biochemistry. It involves the use of a specialized rotor with a radial gradient that allows for the separation of particles based on their size, density, and shape.

In zonal centrifugation, a sample is placed in a zone or sector of the rotor, which is then spun at high speeds to generate centrifugal force. This force causes the particles within the sample to migrate through the radial gradient towards the outer edge of the rotor, where they are separated based on their physical properties.

Zonal centrifugation is often used to purify subcellular fractions, such as organelles or membrane fragments, from complex biological samples. It can also be used to separate and concentrate viruses, ribosomes, and other large macromolecular complexes. The technique allows for high resolution separation of particles, making it a valuable tool in many areas of research.

Centrifugation is a laboratory technique that involves the use of a machine called a centrifuge to separate mixtures based on their differing densities or sizes. The mixture is placed in a rotor and spun at high speeds, causing the denser components to move away from the center of rotation and the less dense components to remain nearer the center. This separation allows for the recovery and analysis of specific particles, such as cells, viruses, or subcellular organelles, from complex mixtures.

The force exerted on the mixture during centrifugation is described in terms of relative centrifugal force (RCF) or g-force, which represents the number of times greater the acceleration due to centrifugation is than the acceleration due to gravity. The RCF is determined by the speed of rotation (revolutions per minute, or RPM), the radius of rotation, and the duration of centrifugation.

Centrifugation has numerous applications in various fields, including clinical laboratories, biochemistry, molecular biology, and virology. It is a fundamental technique for isolating and concentrating particles from solutions, enabling further analysis and characterization.

Gel chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that separates molecules based on their size or molecular weight. It uses a stationary phase that consists of a gel matrix made up of cross-linked polymers, such as dextran, agarose, or polyacrylamide. The gel matrix contains pores of various sizes, which allow smaller molecules to penetrate deeper into the matrix while larger molecules are excluded.

In gel chromatography, a mixture of molecules is loaded onto the top of the gel column and eluted with a solvent that moves down the column by gravity or pressure. As the sample components move down the column, they interact with the gel matrix and get separated based on their size. Smaller molecules can enter the pores of the gel and take longer to elute, while larger molecules are excluded from the pores and elute more quickly.

Gel chromatography is commonly used to separate and purify proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules based on their size and molecular weight. It is also used in the analysis of polymers, colloids, and other materials with a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:

1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)

Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).

Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.

In this process:

1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.

EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.

Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).

In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.

In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.

REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.

Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.

Isopycnic centrifugation is a type of centrifugation technique used in medical and scientific research. The term "isopycnic" refers to the process of separating particles based on their density, where the density of the particles is equal to that of the surrounding medium. In this technique, a sample containing particles of different densities is placed in a gradient medium within a centrifuge tube and then subjected to high-speed centrifugation.

During centrifugation, the particles move through the gradient medium until they reach a layer where their density matches that of the surrounding medium. Once the particles reach this point, they will no longer continue to move, even if the centrifugation continues for an extended period. This results in the separation of particles based on their densities, with denser particles settling at lower levels and less dense particles settling at higher levels.

Isopycnic centrifugation is a useful technique for separating and purifying various types of biological particles, such as viruses, organelles, and subcellular structures. It can also be used to study the properties of these particles, including their density, size, and shape.

Tritium is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry. Tritium (symbol: T or 3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton in its nucleus. It is also known as heavy hydrogen or superheavy hydrogen.

Tritium has a half-life of about 12.3 years, which means that it decays by emitting a low-energy beta particle (an electron) to become helium-3. Due to its radioactive nature and relatively short half-life, tritium is used in various applications, including nuclear weapons, fusion reactors, luminous paints, and medical research.

In the context of medicine, tritium may be used as a radioactive tracer in some scientific studies or medical research, but it is not a term commonly used to describe a medical condition or treatment.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

Chromatography is a technique used in analytical chemistry for the separation, identification, and quantification of the components of a mixture. It is based on the differential distribution of the components of a mixture between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase can be a solid or liquid, while the mobile phase is a gas, liquid, or supercritical fluid that moves through the stationary phase carrying the sample components.

The interaction between the sample components and the stationary and mobile phases determines how quickly each component will move through the system. Components that interact more strongly with the stationary phase will move more slowly than those that interact more strongly with the mobile phase. This difference in migration rates allows for the separation of the components, which can then be detected and quantified.

There are many different types of chromatography, including paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each type has its own strengths and weaknesses, and is best suited for specific applications.

In summary, chromatography is a powerful analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture based on their differential distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by persistent inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and subsequent damage to the articular cartilage and bone. The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, specifically targeting the synovial membrane lining the joint capsule. This results in swelling, pain, warmth, and stiffness in affected joints, often most severely in the hands and feet.

RA can also have extra-articular manifestations, affecting other organs such as the lungs, heart, skin, eyes, and blood vessels. The exact cause of RA remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing rheumatoid arthritis to prevent joint damage, disability, and systemic complications.

Nucleic acid denaturation is the process of separating the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule, or unwinding the helical structure of an RNA molecule, by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that hold the strands together. This process is typically caused by exposure to high temperatures, changes in pH, or the presence of chemicals called denaturants.

Denaturation can also cause changes in the shape and function of nucleic acids. For example, it can disrupt the secondary and tertiary structures of RNA molecules, which can affect their ability to bind to other molecules and carry out their functions within the cell.

In molecular biology, nucleic acid denaturation is often used as a tool for studying the structure and function of nucleic acids. For example, it can be used to separate the two strands of a DNA molecule for sequencing or amplification, or to study the interactions between nucleic acids and other molecules.

It's important to note that denaturation is a reversible process, and under the right conditions, the double-stranded structure of DNA can be restored through a process called renaturation or annealing.

DEAE-cellulose chromatography is a method of purification and separation of biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes. DEAE stands for diethylaminoethyl, which is a type of charged functional group that is covalently bound to cellulose, creating a matrix with positive charges.

In this method, the mixture of biological molecules is applied to a column packed with DEAE-cellulose. The positively charged DEAE groups attract and bind negatively charged molecules in the mixture, such as nucleic acids and proteins, while allowing uncharged or neutrally charged molecules to pass through.

By adjusting the pH, ionic strength, or concentration of salt in the buffer solution used to elute the bound molecules from the column, it is possible to selectively elute specific molecules based on their charge and binding affinity to the DEAE-cellulose matrix. This makes DEAE-cellulose chromatography a powerful tool for purifying and separating biological molecules with high resolution and efficiency.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

Viscosity is a physical property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. In medical terms, viscosity is often discussed in relation to bodily fluids such as blood or synovial fluid (found in joints). The unit of measurement for viscosity is the poise, although it is more commonly expressed in millipascals-second (mPa.s) in SI units. Highly viscous fluids flow more slowly than less viscous fluids. Changes in the viscosity of bodily fluids can have significant implications for health and disease; for example, increased blood viscosity has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, while decreased synovial fluid viscosity can contribute to joint pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Circular dichroism (CD) is a technique used in physics and chemistry to study the structure of molecules, particularly large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. It measures the difference in absorption of left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. This difference in absorption can provide information about the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, including its chirality or "handedness."

In more technical terms, CD is a form of spectroscopy that measures the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light as a function of wavelength. The CD signal is measured in units of millidegrees (mdeg) and can be positive or negative, depending on the type of chromophore and its orientation within the molecule.

CD spectra can provide valuable information about the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, as well as the conformation of nucleic acids. For example, alpha-helical proteins typically exhibit a strong positive band near 190 nm and two negative bands at around 208 nm and 222 nm, while beta-sheet proteins show a strong positive band near 195 nm and two negative bands at around 217 nm and 175 nm.

CD spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the structural changes that occur in biological molecules under different conditions, such as temperature, pH, or the presence of ligands or other molecules. It can also be used to monitor the folding and unfolding of proteins, as well as the binding of drugs or other small molecules to their targets.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Cell fractionation is a laboratory technique used to separate different cellular components or organelles based on their size, density, and other physical properties. This process involves breaking open the cell (usually through homogenization), and then separating the various components using various methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and ultracentrifugation.

The resulting fractions can include the cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and other organelles. Each fraction can then be analyzed separately to study the biochemical and functional properties of the individual components.

Cell fractionation is a valuable tool in cell biology research, allowing scientists to study the structure, function, and interactions of various cellular components in a more detailed and precise manner.

"Physicochemical phenomena" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, physicochemical phenomena refer to the physical and chemical interactions and processes that occur within living organisms or biological systems. These phenomena can include various properties and reactions such as pH levels, osmotic pressure, enzyme kinetics, and thermodynamics, among others.

In a broader context, physicochemical phenomena play an essential role in understanding the mechanisms of drug action, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. For instance, the solubility, permeability, and stability of drugs are all physicochemical properties that can affect their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) within the body.

Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, an understanding of physicochemical phenomena is crucial to the study and practice of pharmacology, toxicology, and other related medical fields.

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the fundamental principles and laws governing the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular and atomic levels. It combines elements of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering to study the properties, composition, structure, and transformation of matter. Key areas of focus in physical chemistry include thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy.

In essence, physical chemists aim to understand how and why chemical reactions occur, what drives them, and how they can be controlled or predicted. This knowledge is crucial for developing new materials, medicines, energy technologies, and other applications that benefit society.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a geriatric rheumatic disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and stiffness, particularly affecting the neck, shoulders, hips, and thighs. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and low-grade fever. The onset of PMR can be sudden or gradual, and it tends to affect individuals over 50 years of age, more commonly women than men.

The exact cause of Polymyalgia Rheumatica remains unknown; however, it is believed to involve an autoimmune response leading to inflammation in the affected areas. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests (such as elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein), and sometimes imaging studies. Treatment usually includes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, along with monitoring for potential side effects from long-term steroid use. In many cases, PMR can be successfully managed with appropriate treatment, allowing individuals to return to their normal activities.

Disc electrophoresis is a type of electrophoresis technique used to separate and analyze DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and electrical charge. In this method, the samples are placed in a gel matrix (usually agarose or polyacrylamide) and an electric field is applied. The smaller and/or more negatively charged molecules migrate faster through the gel and separate from larger and/or less charged molecules, creating a pattern of bands that can be visualized and analyzed.

The term "disc" refers to the characteristic disc-shaped pattern that is often seen in the separated protein bands when using this technique. This pattern is created by the interaction between the size, charge, and shape of the proteins, resulting in a distinct banding pattern that can be used for identification and analysis.

Disc electrophoresis is widely used in molecular biology and genetics research, as well as in diagnostic testing and forensic science.

In the context of medicine, "chemistry" often refers to the field of study concerned with the properties, composition, and structure of elements and compounds, as well as their reactions with one another. It is a fundamental science that underlies much of modern medicine, including pharmacology (the study of drugs), toxicology (the study of poisons), and biochemistry (the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms).

In addition to its role as a basic science, chemistry is also used in medical testing and diagnosis. For example, clinical chemistry involves the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine to detect and measure various substances, such as glucose, cholesterol, and electrolytes, that can provide important information about a person's health status.

Overall, chemistry plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms of diseases, developing new treatments, and improving diagnostic tests and techniques.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection in the body. It is named after its ability to bind to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococcus, a type of bacteria. CRP levels can be measured with a simple blood test and are often used as a marker of inflammation or infection. Elevated CRP levels may indicate a variety of conditions, including infections, tissue damage, and chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. However, it is important to note that CRP is not specific to any particular condition, so additional tests are usually needed to make a definitive diagnosis.

Chemical phenomena refer to the changes and interactions that occur at the molecular or atomic level when chemicals are involved. These phenomena can include chemical reactions, in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted into different substances (products), as well as physical properties that change as a result of chemical interactions, such as color, state of matter, and solubility. Chemical phenomena can be studied through various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, biochemistry, and physics.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Metrizamide is a contrast medium used in myelography, discography, and angiography to enhance the visibility of structures during X-ray or other radiological examinations. It's an ionic, water-soluble, non-ionic, monomeric contrast agent that belongs to the class of agents called triiodinated benzoic acid derivatives.

When administered, Metrizamide mixes with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and provides a clear image of the spinal cord and surrounding structures during myelography. It can also be used in discography to help diagnose disc-related pain by outlining the structure of intervertebral discs.

It's important to note that Metrizamide has been largely replaced by other contrast agents due to its potential side effects, including headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and in rare cases, brain damage or death.

'Gravity sensing' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, in the context of physiology and neuroscience, it refers to the ability of certain cells or organisms to detect and respond to changes in gravity. This is particularly relevant in the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

In the human body, gravity sensing in the vestibular system is achieved through the detection of head movement and position by hair cells located in the inner ear. These hair cells are embedded in a gel-like structure within the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule of the vestibular apparatus. When the head moves, the fluid within these structures moves as well, bending the hair cells and stimulating nerve impulses that are sent to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to help us maintain our balance and spatial orientation.

Therefore, while not a traditional medical definition, gravity sensing is an important concept in understanding how the body maintains its equilibrium and navigates through space.

Sucrose is a type of simple sugar, also known as a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and is often extracted and refined for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.

The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O11, and it has a molecular weight of 342.3 g/mol. In its pure form, sucrose is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a reference compound for determining the sweetness of other substances, with a standard sucrose solution having a sweetness value of 1.0.

Sucrose is absorbed by the body through the small intestine and metabolized into glucose and fructose, which are then used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. While moderate consumption of sucrose is generally considered safe, excessive intake can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.

Chemical precipitation is a process in which a chemical compound becomes a solid, insoluble form, known as a precipitate, from a liquid solution. This occurs when the concentration of the compound in the solution exceeds its solubility limit and forms a separate phase. The reaction that causes the formation of the precipitate can be a result of various factors such as changes in temperature, pH, or the addition of another chemical reagent.

In the medical field, chemical precipitation is used in diagnostic tests to detect and measure the presence of certain substances in body fluids, such as blood or urine. For example, a common test for kidney function involves adding a chemical reagent to a urine sample, which causes the excess protein in the urine to precipitate out of solution. The amount of precipitate formed can then be measured and used to diagnose and monitor kidney disease.

Chemical precipitation is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as heavy metal poisoning. In this case, a chelating agent is administered to bind with the toxic metal ions in the body, forming an insoluble compound that can be excreted through the urine or feces. This process helps to reduce the amount of toxic metals in the body and alleviate symptoms associated with poisoning.

In the context of medical terminology, "solutions" refers to a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, in which one substance (the solute) is uniformly distributed within another substance (the solvent). The solvent is typically the greater component of the solution and is capable of dissolving the solute.

Solutions can be classified based on the physical state of the solvent and solute. For instance, a solution in which both the solvent and solute are liquids is called a liquid solution or simply a solution. A solid solution is one where the solvent is a solid and the solute is either a gas, liquid, or solid. Similarly, a gas solution refers to a mixture where the solvent is a gas and the solute can be a gas, liquid, or solid.

In medical applications, solutions are often used as vehicles for administering medications, such as intravenous (IV) fluids, oral rehydration solutions, eye drops, and topical creams or ointments. The composition of these solutions is carefully controlled to ensure the appropriate concentration and delivery of the active ingredients.

Phosphorus isotopes are different forms of the element phosphorus that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei, while the number of protons remains the same. The most common and stable isotope of phosphorus is 31P, which contains 15 protons and 16 neutrons. However, there are also several other isotopes of phosphorus that exist, including 32P and 33P, which are radioactive and have 15 protons and 17 or 18 neutrons, respectively. These radioactive isotopes are often used in medical research and treatment, such as in the form of radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose and treat various diseases.

Ion exchange chromatography is a type of chromatography technique used to separate and analyze charged molecules (ions) based on their ability to exchange bound ions in a solid resin or gel with ions of similar charge in the mobile phase. The stationary phase, often called an ion exchanger, contains fixed ated functional groups that can attract counter-ions of opposite charge from the sample mixture.

In this technique, the sample is loaded onto an ion exchange column containing the charged resin or gel. As the sample moves through the column, ions in the sample compete for binding sites on the stationary phase with ions already present in the column. The ions that bind most strongly to the stationary phase will elute (come off) slower than those that bind more weakly.

Ion exchange chromatography can be performed using either cation exchangers, which exchange positive ions (cations), or anion exchangers, which exchange negative ions (anions). The pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase can be adjusted to control the binding and elution of specific ions.

Ion exchange chromatography is widely used in various applications such as water treatment, protein purification, and chemical analysis.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.

Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.

Affinity chromatography is a type of chromatography technique used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate and purify proteins based on their biological characteristics, such as their ability to bind specifically to certain ligands or molecules. This method utilizes a stationary phase that is coated with a specific ligand (e.g., an antibody, antigen, receptor, or enzyme) that selectively interacts with the target protein in a sample.

The process typically involves the following steps:

1. Preparation of the affinity chromatography column: The stationary phase, usually a solid matrix such as agarose beads or magnetic beads, is modified by covalently attaching the ligand to its surface.
2. Application of the sample: The protein mixture is applied to the top of the affinity chromatography column, allowing it to flow through the stationary phase under gravity or pressure.
3. Binding and washing: As the sample flows through the column, the target protein selectively binds to the ligand on the stationary phase, while other proteins and impurities pass through. The column is then washed with a suitable buffer to remove any unbound proteins and contaminants.
4. Elution of the bound protein: The target protein can be eluted from the column using various methods, such as changing the pH, ionic strength, or polarity of the buffer, or by introducing a competitive ligand that displaces the bound protein.
5. Collection and analysis: The eluted protein fraction is collected and analyzed for purity and identity, often through techniques like SDS-PAGE or mass spectrometry.

Affinity chromatography is a powerful tool in biochemistry and molecular biology due to its high selectivity and specificity, enabling the efficient isolation of target proteins from complex mixtures. However, it requires careful consideration of the binding affinity between the ligand and the protein, as well as optimization of the elution conditions to minimize potential damage or denaturation of the purified protein.

Ribonucleases (RNases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules by hydrolyzing the phosphodiester bonds. These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as RNA processing, turnover, and quality control. They can be classified into several types based on their specificities, mechanisms, and cellular localizations.

Some common classes of ribonucleases include:

1. Endoribonucleases: These enzymes cleave RNA internally, at specific sequences or structural motifs. Examples include RNase A, which targets single-stranded RNA; RNase III, which cuts double-stranded RNA at specific stem-loop structures; and RNase T1, which recognizes and cuts unpaired guanosine residues in RNA molecules.
2. Exoribonucleases: These enzymes remove nucleotides from the ends of RNA molecules. They can be further divided into 5'-3' exoribonucleases, which degrade RNA starting from the 5' end, and 3'-5' exoribonucleases, which start at the 3' end. Examples include Xrn1, a 5'-3' exoribonuclease involved in mRNA decay; and Dis3/RRP6, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease that participates in ribosomal RNA processing and degradation.
3. Specific ribonucleases: These enzymes target specific RNA molecules or regions with high precision. For example, RNase P is responsible for cleaving the 5' leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs) during their maturation; and RNase MRP is involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial RNA molecules.

Dysregulation or mutations in ribonucleases have been implicated in various human diseases, such as neurological disorders, cancer, and viral infections. Therefore, understanding their functions and mechanisms is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Carbon isotopes are variants of the chemical element carbon that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common and stable isotope of carbon is carbon-12 (^{12}C), which contains six protons and six neutrons. However, carbon can also come in other forms, known as isotopes, which contain different numbers of neutrons.

Carbon-13 (^{13}C) is a stable isotope of carbon that contains seven neutrons in its nucleus. It makes up about 1.1% of all carbon found on Earth and is used in various scientific applications, such as in tracing the metabolic pathways of organisms or in studying the age of fossilized materials.

Carbon-14 (^{14}C), also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that contains eight neutrons in its nucleus. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen gas. Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years, which makes it useful for dating organic materials, such as archaeological artifacts or fossils, up to around 60,000 years old.

Carbon isotopes are important in many scientific fields, including geology, biology, and medicine, and are used in a variety of applications, from studying the Earth's climate history to diagnosing medical conditions.

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.

In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.

Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.

Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique used in immunology to detect and measure the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample. It is based on the principle of diffusion, where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they reach equilibrium. In this technique, a sample containing an unknown quantity of antigen or antibody is placed in a gel or agar medium that contains a known quantity of antibody or antigen, respectively.

The two substances then diffuse towards each other and form a visible precipitate at the point where they meet and reach equivalence, which indicates the presence and quantity of the specific antigen or antibody in the sample. There are several types of immunodiffusion techniques, including radial immunodiffusion (RID) and double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony technique). These techniques are widely used in diagnostic laboratories to identify and measure various antigens and antibodies, such as those found in infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and allergic reactions.

Deoxyribonucleases (DNases) are a group of enzymes that cleave, or cut, the phosphodiester bonds in the backbone of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNases are classified based on their mechanism of action into two main categories: double-stranded DNases and single-stranded DNases.

Double-stranded DNases cleave both strands of the DNA duplex, while single-stranded DNases cleave only one strand. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and degradation. They are also used in research and clinical settings for applications such as DNA fragmentation analysis, DNA sequencing, and treatment of cystic fibrosis.

It's worth noting that there are many different types of DNases with varying specificities and activities, and the medical definition may vary depending on the context.

Uridine is a nucleoside that consists of a pyrimidine base (uracil) linked to a pentose sugar (ribose). It is a component of RNA, where it pairs with adenine. Uridine can also be found in various foods such as beer, broccoli, yeast, and meat. In the body, uridine can be synthesized from orotate or from the breakdown of RNA. It has several functions, including acting as a building block for RNA, contributing to energy metabolism, and regulating cell growth and differentiation. Uridine is also available as a dietary supplement and has been studied for its potential benefits in various health conditions.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.

While studying blood sedimentation he discovered that when test tubes are slightly tilted, sedimentation takes place at a much ... Boycott, A. E. (1920). "Sedimentation of blood corpuscles" (PDF). Nature. 104 (2621): 532. doi:10.1038/104532b0. S2CID 4248321 ...
Fabry, T. L. (1 November 1987). "Mechanism of erythrocyte aggregation and sedimentation". Blood. 70 (5): 1572-1576. doi:10.1182 ... American Society of Hematology (1 June 2006). "Rouleaux formation". Blood. 107 (11): 4205. doi:10.1182/blood.V107.11.4205.4205 ... Huang, C.R.; Pan, W.D.; Chen, H.Q.; Copley, A.L. (1 December 1987). "Thixotropic properties of whole blood from healthy human ... Conversely, the presence of rouleaux is a cause of disease because it will restrict the flow of blood throughout the body ...
The full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein are normal. Synovial fluid is typically viscous, ...
These are used to perform complete blood counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs), or coagulation tests. Automated cell ... Coagulometers require blood samples that have been drawn in tubes containing sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. These are used ... Some analysers have a modular slide maker which is able to both produce a blood film of consistent quality and stain the film, ... Automatic erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) readers, while not strictly analysers, do preferably have to comply to the 2011- ...
Laboratory tests might include: full blood count, liver enzymes, renal function and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.[citation ... In contrast, thrombocytopenia refers to abnormally low blood platelet numbers in the blood. High platelet counts do not ... Normal count is in the range of 150×109 to 450×109 platelets per liter of blood, but investigation is typically only considered ... High platelet counts can occur in patients with polycythemia vera (high red blood cell counts), and is an additional risk ...
... red blood cell counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Another possible side effect of eating this geophagia is the ...
If blood is poured into a glass jar, a process of coagulation and sedimentation starts. It ends with four clearly distinct ... are believed to have their roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot ... It might be called 'yellow bile', but today we recognize it as blood serum. Boddice, Rob (2017). Pain: A Very Short ... at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer ...
... an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and elevated C-reactive protein in blood.[citation needed] The term mycotic aneurysm ... Positive bacterial cultures from blood or the infected aneurysm wall itself may confirm the diagnosis, however blood cultures ... However, the word septic refers to infection involving the blood stream and is not really descriptive of the aneurysm ...
Other typical laboratory abnormalities include an elevated white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and ... Eosinophilic pneumonia is a disease in which an eosinophil, a type of white blood cell, accumulates in the lungs. These cells ... Eosinophilic pneumonia is diagnosed in one of three circumstances: when a complete blood count reveals increased eosinophils ... Laboratory tests typical of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia include increased levels of eosinophils in the blood, a high ...
These include elevations in blood markers for systemic inflammation (e.g. C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), ... However, elevated blood eosinophil counts may not occur during the early phase of the disorder. Other, less specific laboratory ... Hypereosinophilia (i.e. blood eosinophil counts at or above 1,500 per microliter) or, less commonly, eosinophilia (counts above ... The second stage is a thrombotic stage wherein the endocardium (i.e. interior wall) of the diseased heart forms blood clots ...
Screening for giant cell arteritis involves the blood tests of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and c-reactive protein. ...
Marked elevation of inflammatory markers is seen, including white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive ...
... total white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and viscosity. Other common body checks include urinalysis and ... Hematological investigations are blood tests estimating hemoglobin, platelet counts, ...
Tectonic controls on sedimentation within a foreland basin: the Bearpaw, Blood Reserve and St. Mary River Formations, ... The Blood Reserve Formation, also known as the Blood Reserve Sandstone, is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) ... The Blood Reserve sandstones are interpreted as shoreline, barrier island and tidal inlet deposits. The Blood Reserve Formation ... The Blood Reserve Formation rests conformably on the marine shales and siltstones of the Bearpaw Formation, and is overlain by ...
... but not blood protein abnormalities or elevation of the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation. After their internship, Bloodgood ...
No specific blood tests exist, but tests such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and alkaline phosphatase levels are often ... A complete blood count may show anemia (low red blood cell count) and leukocytosis (high white blood cell count). Other tests ...
... including complete blood count with leukocyte differential; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; serum levels of alanine ... The following routine tests are recommended: Complete blood count Blood chemistry (electrolytes, glucose, renal function, liver ... and mentions that blood tests for vitamins D and B12, infectious diseases, and adrenal insufficiency may be warranted. The old ... and C-Reactive protein Iron tests Celiac disease screening Urinalysis for blood cells, protein and glucose In addition to the ...
At Karolinska, he worked under Robin Fåhraeus in blood sedimentation and rheology and did research work on the pathophysiology ...
Other blood tests commonly performed are white blood cell count, electrolytes, kidney function and erythrocyte sedimentation ... A white blood cell count as high as 40.0×109/l (40,000/mm3) has been documented. The most important differential diagnosis in ... Lesinurad reduces blood uric acid levels by preventing uric acid absorption in the kidneys. It was approved in the United ... In 1848, English physician Alfred Baring Garrod identified excess uric acid in the blood as the cause of gout. Gout is rare in ...
Common tests that are conducted include complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C- ... November 2012). "Noninvasive optical characterization of muscle blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in women with ...
Medical technologist Phlebotomist Blood transfusion Gordon, Murray B. (1940). "Effect of External Temperature on Sedimentation ... A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood ... Several types of blood transfusion exist:[citation needed] Whole blood, which is blood transfused without separation. Red blood ... "Circular of Information for the use of Human Blood and Blood Components" (PDF). AABB, ARC, America's Blood Centers. p. 16. ...
"Effect of External Temperature on Sedimentation Rate of Red Blood Corpuscles". Journal of the American Medical Association. 114 ... Blood Transfusion Leaflets (NHS Blood and Transplant) Blood Transfusion Leaflets (Welsh Blood Service) Blood Transfusion ... Using another's blood must first start with donation of blood. Blood is most commonly donated as whole blood obtained ... parasites and white blood cells) in blood products. By inactivating white blood cells in donated blood products, riboflavin and ...
Coronary angiography is used to identify the blood supply to cardiac tumors. The vast majority of the tumors of the heart have ... and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Myxomas have been found to produce vascular endothelial growth factor, which ... The mass size can obstruct blood flow or interfere with cardiac valve function and produce symptoms of heart failure. A tumor ... Systemic symptoms including fever, fatigue, arthralgia, anemia, elevated white blood cell count, thrombocytosis, ...
Douglas-Wilson, Ian (1938). "A statistical comparison of the blood sedimentation rate and white blood cell count in acute ...
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend ... Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the measure of ability of erythrocytes (red blood cell) to fall through the blood ... ESR is also reduced by high blood viscosity, which slows the rate of fall. The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation is affected by ... doi:10.1182/blood-2018-99-117260. ISSN 0006-4971. Retrieved 2019-06-19. Eastham, R. D (1954). "The Erythrocyte Sedimentation ...
There are also elevations in three blood tests that help identify AAION: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive ... Damage to the blood vessels supplying the optic nerves leads to insufficient blood supply (ischemia) to the nerve and ... Furthermore, AION patients over the age of 75 should often be blood tested regardless. AAION requires urgent and critical ... Temporal arteritis is an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels that happens especially with advancing age. AAION ...
... erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cells (notably neutrophils). Platelet count can be low or high. Liver and kidney ... Also color or power Doppler ultrasound identify a low echogenicity blood clot. A CT scan or an MRI scan is more sensitive in ... The bacteria then invade the peritonsillar blood vessels where they can spread to the internal jugular vein. In this vein, the ... The thrombophlebitis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or ...
In the case of blood, for example, the sedimentation of blood cells from plasma can be achieved by rotating the biodisk for ... In this way, the sedimentation of different particles can be achieved. Many structures can be formed using the most common, ... Other functions such as sedimentation are also used in microfluidic platforms when necessary. Due to the different mass and ...
One blood test usually performed is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) which measures how fast the patient's red blood ... Another test that checks the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood may also be conducted. CRP is produced by the liver ... The slower the red blood cells settle, the higher the ESR value (measured in mm/hour), which means inflammation is present. ... There is no definitive laboratory test, but C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can be useful. ...
... elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high levels of white blood cells, and findings of problems in bone imaging. In the ... Blood tests show a high concentration of specific gamma-globulins (monoclonal gammopathy) of the IgM type. It almost always has ... Signs of inflammation are often present: these include an increased white blood cell count (leukocytosis) and a raised ... high levels of white blood cells or C-reactive protein. Other conditions which can cause periodic fevers, paraproteins or ...
Microsample analysis is highly beneficial in blood-based testing where cutting-edge bioanalytical technologies enable the ... Eects of sedimentation of small red blood cell aggregates on blood ow in narrow horizontal tubes. Biorheology 33, ... Effects of Sedimentation of Small Red Blood Cell Aggregates on Blood Flow in Narrow Horizontal Tubes ... gone sedimentation in the inlet. Using the device with anticoagulated blood yields approximately 1 μL per device. ...
Blood test for the rate of sedimentation of red blood cells. ... Blood test for the rate of sedimentation of red blood cells. ...
Polymyalgia Rheumatica / blood* * Polymyalgia Rheumatica / diagnosis* * Polymyalgia Rheumatica / drug therapy * Polymyalgia ... Polymyalgia rheumatica with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate at diagnosis J Rheumatol. 1999 Jun;26(6):1333-7. ... with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at diagnosis in a community based cohort of 232 patients. ...
Red Blood Cell Sedimentation Rate, Non-Automated. CPT Code 85651 A manual erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test where a lab ... Complete blood cell count (red cells, white blood cell, platelets), automated test and automated differential white blood cell ... Blood test, comprehensive group of blood chemicals (80053). *Established patient office or other outpatient visit, 30-39 ... Insertion of needle into vein for collection of blood sample (36415). * ...
Whole Blood Immunoassay Based on Centrifugal Bead Sedimentation journal, March 2011 * Schaff, U. Y.; Sommer, G. J. ... Apparatus and method for measuring white blood cell and platelet concentrations in blood patent, May 1979 * Wardlaw, Stephen C. ... Assay of blood or other biologic samples for target analytes patent, June 1997 * Levine, Robert A.; Wardlaw, Stephen C.; ... Method for separating the cellular components of blood samples patent, July 1989 * Smith, Ward C. ...
While studying blood sedimentation he discovered that when test tubes are slightly tilted, sedimentation takes place at a much ... Boycott, A. E. (1920). "Sedimentation of blood corpuscles" (PDF). Nature. 104 (2621): 532. doi:10.1038/104532b0. S2CID 4248321 ...
Blood Sedimentation * C-Reactive Protein / analysis * Double-Blind Method * Etanercept * Female * Health Status ...
HCoV, human coronavirus; WBC, white blood cell count; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; ND ...
erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Definition: Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood. ...
CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density ... Blood sampling was performed on admission, immediately after informed consent forms were signed, and all standard biochemical ... lower number of red blood cells (p = 0.037), hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.034) and hematocrit (p = 0.046) (Table 3), and ...
Length of sedimentation reaction in blood: a comparison of the test 1 ESR system with the ICSH reference method and the ... Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Assay. We measured the ESR in blood drawn in vacuum tubes containing K3EDTA (Becton Dickinson, ... increased blood pressure (arterial blood pressure ≥130/≥85 mmHg or current antihypertensive medication use); and (5) ... Agreement between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in hospital practice. Am J Med 2010;123:863.e7-13. ...
... complete blood cell (CBC) count; erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); electrolyte concentrations; iron studies; and liver ... The ulcers are typically broad-based and may be linear or geographic; blood, pus, or mucus may overlie the mucosa. Generally, ...
Test OverviewThe sedimentation rate (sed rate) blood test measures how quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle in a test ... When inflammation is present in the body, certain proteins cause red blood cells to stick ... Sedimentation Rate (Sed Rate). Test Overview. The sedimentation rate (sed rate) blood test measures how quickly red blood cells ... When a blood sample is taken, you may feel nothing at all from the needle. Or you might feel a quick sting or pinch. ...
Categories: Blood Sedimentation Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...
Blood tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ... These activities can improve blood flow to your back and promote healing. They also strengthen muscles in your stomach and back ...
Students demonstrate the erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR test) using a blood model composed of tomato juice, petroleum ... During the activity, students learn that when non-coagulated blood is let to stand in a tube, the red blood cells separate and ... Students demonstrate the erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR test) using a blood … ... The height in millimeters of the clear liquid on top of the sediment in a time period of one hour is taken as the sedimentation ...
R2005 Standard Specification for Blood Sedimentation Tube, Wintrobe, Glass, Disposable from SAI Global ... R2005 Standard Specification for Blood Sedimentation Tube, Wintrobe, Glass, Disposable from SAI Global ... 14.04, 2015 Defines disposable blood sedimentation tubes suitable for determining sedimentation rates and the volume of packed ... 14.04, 2015 Defines disposable blood sedimentation tubes suitable for determining sedimentation rates and the volume of packed ...
General laboratory tests include a complete blood count (CBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Typical results are a ... normal white blood cell count or mild lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and/or eosinophilia (,5%) and an elevated ESR. ...
testing a sample of the blood for rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, and red blood cell sedimentation rate ...
Students demonstrate the erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR test) using a blood model composed of tomato juice, petroleum ... During the activity, students learn that when non-coagulated blood is let to stand in a tube, the red blood cells separate and ... Students demonstrate the erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR test) using a blood … ... The height in millimeters of the clear liquid on top of the sediment in a time period of one hour is taken as the sedimentation ...
Complete blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) elevated ESR and hematocrit (due to hypoxemia). ... Arterial blood gas (ABG) can provide an early sign to distinguish beryllium sensitized individuals from those with CBD. Pulse ... a patients mononuclear cells are collected from blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and then cultured in vitro with and ... except for an abnormal blood beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT). Some patients with CBD identified through ...
Their blood was also tested for ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) levels to determine disease activity. The researchers also ... Controls blood pressure -- Quercetin has been shown to lower blood pressure and treat the complications often associated with ... The participants blood was tested both before and after the eight-week period and analyzed for inflammation markers related to ...
ESR (Sedimentation Rate) Blood Test Identify chronic inflammation through RBC descent in a test tube ... Blood Clotting and CirculationBlood SugarBoneCardiovascularCholesterolDigestionHealthy WeightHormonesImmune System ... Chemistry Panel & Complete Blood Count (CBC)Female Basic Hormone PanelFemale PanelMale Basic Hormone PanelMale PanelThyroid ... Thank you for these very affordable blood tests, they are a big help in managing my health! ...
Blood and Lymph System Has links on complete blood count, sedimentation rate tests, and anemia. Also includes links to lymph ... Also looks at how to manage blood sugar levels, diet, and medicines, including insulin. ...
ESR (Sedimentation Rate) Blood Test Identify chronic inflammation through RBC descent in a test tube ... Blood Clotting and CirculationBlood SugarBoneCardiovascularCholesterolDigestionHealthy WeightHormonesImmune System ... Chemistry Panel & Complete Blood Count (CBC)Female Basic Hormone PanelFemale PanelMale Basic Hormone PanelMale PanelThyroid ... Inc makes arrangements for your blood tests. Neither National Diagnostics, Inc or Life Extension will be liable for any acts or ...
When inflammation is severe, white blood cells settle in the anterior chamber forming a white interface with the overlying ... and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. However, adults who have a single episode of mild anterior uveitis that resolves with a ... Blood culture. May have no systemic symptoms by the time eye symptoms develop. ... Basic laboratory studies include complete blood count with differential, basic metabolic panel, urinalysis, ...
Blood and Lymph System Has links on complete blood count, sedimentation rate tests, and anemia. Also includes links to lymph ... Also looks at how to manage blood sugar levels, diet, and medicines, including insulin. ...
Initial Blood Tests. Characteristic results on initial blood tests in acute glomerulonephritis include the following:. * CBC: A ... Blood and Tissue Culture. Cultures of throat and skin lesions to rule out Streptococcus species may be obtained. Blood culture ... Echocardiography may be performed in patients with a new cardiac murmur or a positive blood culture to rule out endocarditis or ... Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and serum electrolytes (especially serum potassium) ...
Blood and Lymph System Has links on complete blood count, sedimentation rate tests, and anemia. Also includes links to lymph ... Also looks at how to manage blood sugar levels, diet, and medicines, including insulin. ...
  • Measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are frequently ordered jointly in clinical practice. (jabfm.org)
  • Serum or plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are employed in routine clinical practice as laboratory markers of systemic inflammation. (jabfm.org)
  • for complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and DNA isolation. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • There was no blood or protein in the urine. (hindawi.com)
  • Plus, women may have fewer markers of inflammation (such as C reactive protein and sedimentation rate) in their blood. (greatist.com)
  • The C-reactive protein test measures the amount of this protein in the blood. (successcds.net)
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been studied previously in this regard and were not useful. (amrita.edu)
  • Inflammation is generally tested with a blood test to check for C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), or plasma viscosity (PV) markers. (popsugar.com)
  • Tests for markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). (kyoto2.org)
  • Saipen et al dehydrogenase (LDH), erythrocyte sedimentation rate CoV-2) pneumonia and minimal pleural effusion on the (ESR), ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate ami- right. (who.int)
  • Laboratory tests such as complete blood count with differential, complete metabolic panel, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor , lipid panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone , and celiac screen should all be performed to investigate symptoms, but are often unhelpful. (medscape.com)
  • To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at diagnosis in a community based cohort of 232 patients. (nih.gov)
  • A manual erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test where a lab analyst places whole blood in a slender tube and records the distance in millimeters that the red cells fall in 60 minutes to determine the presence of inflammation in the body. (nh.gov)
  • General laboratory tests include a complete blood count (CBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). (medscape.com)
  • Their blood was also tested for ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) levels to determine disease activity. (naturalnews.com)
  • The ESR test measures the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a blood sample. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These can include a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to look for evidence of inflammation. (dana-farber.org)
  • The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was mildly elevated at 19 mm/hour. (hindawi.com)
  • Other common acute phase reactants include the ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and blood platelet count. (successcds.net)
  • Streck's ESR-Chex is a whole blood, two-level hematology control used to monitor erythrocyte sedimentation rates. (mlo-online.com)
  • These analyzers offer complete blood count (CBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) testing capabilities. (factmr.com)
  • White blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are normal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and biochemistry were normal. (cdc.gov)
  • The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is determined to look for any underlying disease process such a lupus or an infection. (medscape.com)
  • The rate at which red blood cells settle out when anticoagulated whole blood is allowed to stand is known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. (medscape.com)
  • His blood test showed elevated leukocyte count and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) with all other parameters within normal limit. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pulmonary tuberculosis count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, be aware of such toxicity. (who.int)
  • While studying blood sedimentation he discovered that when test tubes are slightly tilted, sedimentation takes place at a much higher rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood. (usda.gov)
  • The sedimentation rate (sed rate) blood test measures how quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle in a test tube in one hour. (uofmhealth.org)
  • There are many possible causes of a high sedimentation rate. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Has links on complete blood count, sedimentation rate tests, and anemia. (windhamhospital.org)
  • Red blood cells settle at a faster rate in people with inflammatory conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Blood work is normal except for an elevated sedimentation rate and lymphopenia. (vin.com)
  • To test our hypothesis that the erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) correlates well with clinical activity in inflammatory disease of the colon, but not of the small bowel, we stratified 49 Crohn's disease patients according to their anatomic involvement and then measured the correlations between ESR and clinical activity within each of these anatomical subgroups. (elsevierpure.com)
  • When inflammation is present in the body, certain proteins cause red blood cells to stick together and fall more quickly than normal to the bottom of the tube. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Inflammation of joints (such as polymyalgia rheumatica ) and blood vessels (such as giant cell arteritis ). (uofmhealth.org)
  • The participants' blood was tested both before and after the eight-week period and analyzed for inflammation markers related to rheumatoid arthritis. (naturalnews.com)
  • The normal range for a complement C4 blood test is 16 to 48 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 0.16 to 0.48 grams per liter (g/L). (rochester.edu)
  • Here, we detail and model a blood separation principle which exploits discrete viscosity differences caused by blood particle sedimentation in a laminar flow. (researchgate.net)
  • These conditions trigger an inflammatory process in the body, which leads to an increase in the number of proteins in the blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A health professional uses a needle to take a blood sample, usually from the arm. (uofmhealth.org)
  • When a blood sample is taken, you may feel nothing at all from the needle. (uofmhealth.org)
  • A needle is used to draw blood from a vein in your arm or hand. (rochester.edu)
  • Having a blood test with a needle carries some risks. (rochester.edu)
  • These results were confirmed by a clinical study scrutinising 8 blood markers in obese patients. (researchgate.net)
  • conrmed by a clinical study scrutinising 8 blood markers in obese patients. (researchgate.net)
  • Both the physician and the testing laboratory are independent contractors with whom National Diagnostics, Inc makes arrangements for your blood tests. (lifeextension.com)
  • Thank you for these very affordable blood tests, they are a big help in managing my health! (lifeextension.com)
  • If your healthcare provider suspects lupus, you may have a number of other blood tests to see how your immune system is functioning. (rochester.edu)
  • Routine screening tests for undifferentiated connective-tissue disease (UCTD) should include the following: Complete blood count. (kyoto2.org)
  • At inclusion, all participants underwent a comprehensive review of the medical history, clinical and physical examinations (including measurements of body height and weight), a panel of blood tests, and a maximal exercise tolerance bicycle test. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A complete blood count (CBC) with differential is used to rule out anemia as a cause of depression in bipolar affective disorder, or manic-depressive illness (MDI). (medscape.com)
  • Complete hematological examination along with fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar were done to rule out common immunocompromised condition such as diabetes, anemia, leukemia etc. (bvsalud.org)
  • The complete blood count initial y revealed leukopenia extremity, with some areas of erythematous petechial at 3.16 × 109/L (neutrophils 75%, lymphocytes 18%), confluence and islands of normal skin ( Fig. 2 ). (who.int)
  • Patients with beryllium sensitization (BeS) exhibit no signs or symptoms related to this cell-mediated immune response, except for an abnormal blood beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, atypical antipsychotics have been associated with weight gain and problems with blood glucose regulation in patients with diabetes, therefore, a baseline fasting glucose should be obtained. (medscape.com)
  • Frye and colleagues took an important first step in this process by analyzing 7.5 ml blood samples from patients diagnosed with unipolar depression (n=52), bipolar II disorder (n=49), and bipolar I disorder (n=46) as well as 141 control subjects. (medscape.com)
  • There, lab technicians will transfer the blood to a vertical test tube in which the red blood cells will slowly settle at the bottom. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Background: Prediction of outcome in diabetic foot infection (DFI) remains difficult due to lack of active signs of infection, and apparently normal white blood cell (WBC) count. (amrita.edu)
  • Local blood flow increases to transport the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and plasma proteins to the injured area. (medscape.com)
  • This test measures the amount of C4 proteins in your blood. (rochester.edu)
  • High blood sugar levels. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Also looks at how to manage blood sugar levels, diet, and medicines, including insulin. (windhamhospital.org)
  • It is hypothesized that the tumor recruits lymphocytes into the area, thus fluctuating levels of lymphocytes are available in the blood. (vin.com)
  • If the blood sample is mishandled, your C4 levels may be falsely low. (rochester.edu)
  • Treatment, especially with certain anticonvulsants, may depress the bone marrow-hence the need to check the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts for signs of bone marrow suppression. (medscape.com)
  • Other nutrients that are particularly necessary for the efficient production of ATP are B vitamins, manganese What it does: Helps to form healthy bones, cartilage, tissues and nerves, stabilises blood sugar, promotes healthy cells, essential for reproduction and red blood cell… and co-enzyme Q10. (patrickholford.com)
  • These bioinks are shear thinning, resist cell sedimentation, improve viability of multiple cell types, and enhance mechanical stability in hydrogels derived from them. (lu.se)
  • 3D printed constructs generated from rECM bioinks suppress the foreign body response, are pro-angiogenic and support recipient-derived de novo blood vessel formation across the entire graft thickness in a murine model of transplant immunosuppression. (lu.se)
  • Blood glucose using certain devices cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for home use. (cdc.gov)
  • People whose red blood cells settle faster will have elevated ESR values, indicating to doctors that a medical condition may be present. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This increase causes red blood cells to clump together and settle more quickly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A doctor will draw a small amount of blood from the individual's vein and send it to a laboratory. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • CONTAINED IN VOL. 14.04, 2015 Defines disposable blood sedimentation tubes suitable for determining sedimentation rates and the volume of packed red blood cells. (saiglobal.com)
  • 1.1 This specification covers disposable blood sedimentation tubes suitable for determining sedimentation rates and the volume of packed red blood cells. (saiglobal.com)
  • The extravascular pressure exerted by the edema may retard blood flow into the area and delay healing. (medscape.com)
  • When a blood sample is taken, a small bruise may form at the site. (uofmhealth.org)
  • ESR-Chex is manufactured from human red blood cells and is used in the same manner as a patient sample, with 12-month closed-vial stability and 95-day open-vial stability. (mlo-online.com)
  • The test is done with a blood sample. (rochester.edu)
  • So-called 'mechanical' methods of treatment (such as massage and exercise) do help to increase the supply of oxygen to tissues by stimulating the blood flow. (patrickholford.com)