Blood cell count. Medical search

The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.

The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.

The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

The cells found in the body fluid circulating throughout the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.

The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A peripheral blood picture resembling that of leukemia or indistinguishable from it on the basis of morphologic appearance alone. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The number of RETICULOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. The values are expressed as a percentage of the ERYTHROCYTE COUNT or in the form of an index ("corrected reticulocyte index"), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood.

A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.

Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

An examination of chemicals in the blood.

Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

The development and formation of various types of BLOOD CELLS. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).

A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

An infant during the first month after birth.

An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.

Any type of variation in the appearance of energy output of the sun. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)

The susceptibility of CAPILLARIES, under conditions of increased stress, to leakage.

Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups according to the staining properties of the granules: neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic. Mature granulocytes are the NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.

A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

A receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in HEMATOPOIESIS. It is closely related to FMS PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN and is commonly mutated in acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.

Enlargement of the spleen.

Condition characterized by splenomegaly, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells in the presence of a normal or hyperactive bone marrow, and the potential for reversal by splenectomy.

The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the BONE MARROW in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.

Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.

Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.

Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.

An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.

The process by which blood or its components are kept viable outside of the organism from which they are derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

Immature, nucleated ERYTHROCYTES occupying the stage of ERYTHROPOIESIS that follows formation of ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. The normal series is called normoblasts. Cells called MEGALOBLASTS are a pathologic series of erythroblasts.

The formation of clumps of RED BLOOD CELLS under low or non-flow conditions, resulting from the attraction forces between the red blood cells. The cells adhere to each other in rouleaux aggregates. Slight mechanical force, such as occurs in the circulation, is enough to disperse these aggregates. Stronger or weaker than normal aggregation may result from a variety of effects in the ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE or in BLOOD PLASMA. The degree of aggregation is affected by ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY, erythrocyte membrane sialylation, masking of negative surface charge by plasma proteins, etc. BLOOD VISCOSITY and the ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE are affected by the amount of erythrocyte aggregation and are parameters used to measure the aggregation.

A blood group consisting mainly of the antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different human groups; amorphic genes are common.

Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

Clotting time of PLASMA recalcified in the presence of excess TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN. Factors measured are FIBRINOGEN; PROTHROMBIN; FACTOR V; FACTOR VII; and FACTOR X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with COUMARINS.

A count of SPERM in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.

The senescence of RED BLOOD CELLS. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

Soluble protein fragments formed by the proteolytic action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. FDP and their complexes profoundly impair the hemostatic process and are a major cause of hemorrhage in intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.

Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.

A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.

A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.

Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.

A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.

Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.

Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)

A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.

Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.

A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.

The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.

Volume of circulating ERYTHROCYTES . It is usually measured by RADIOISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.

A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.

The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.

Iron-containing proteins that are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Their major function is to store IRON in a nontoxic bioavailable form. Each ferritin molecule consists of ferric iron in a hollow protein shell (APOFERRITINS) made of 24 subunits of various sequences depending on the species and tissue types.

A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.

The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of BLOOD from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements (eg. ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION), and the process of BLOOD COAGULATION.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

Proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. These proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. It is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms.

A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)

Interleukin-8 receptor modulates IgE production and B-cell expansion and trafficking in allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation. (1/1848)

We examined the role of the interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptor in a murine model of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation using mice with a targeted deletion of the murine IL-8 receptor homologue (IL-8r-/-). Wild-type (Wt) and IL-8r-/- mice were systemically immunized to ovalbumin (OVA) and were exposed with either single or multiple challenge of aerosolized phosphate-buffered saline (OVA/PBS) or OVA (OVA/OVA). Analysis of cells recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed a diminished recruitment of neutrophils to the airway lumen after single challenge in IL-8r-/- mice compared with Wt mice, whereas multiply challenged IL-8r-/- mice had increased B cells and fewer neutrophils compared with Wt mice. Both Wt and IL-8r-/- OVA/OVA mice recruited similar numbers of eosinophils to the BAL fluid and exhibited comparable degrees of pulmonary inflammation histologically. Both total and OVA-specific IgE levels were greater in multiply challenged IL-8r-/- OVA/OVA mice than in Wt mice. Both the IL-8r-/- OVA/OVA and OVA/PBS mice were significantly less responsive to methacholine than their respective Wt groups, but both Wt and IL-8r mice showed similar degrees of enhancement after multiple allergen challenge. The data demonstrate that the IL-8r modulates IgE production, airway responsiveness, and the composition of the cells (B cells and neutrophils) recruited to the airway lumen in response to antigen. (+info)

Relative efficacy of 32P and 89Sr in palliation in skeletal metastases. (2/1848)

32p and 89Sr have been shown to produce significant pain relief in patients with skeletal metastases from advanced cancer. Clinically significant pancytopenia has not been reported in doses up to 12 mCi (444 MBq) of either radionuclide. To date, no reports comparing the relative efficacy and toxicity of the two radionuclides in comparable patient populations have been available. Although a cure has not been reported, both treatments have achieved substantial pain relief. However, several studies have used semiquantitative measures such as "slight," "fair," "partial" and "dramatic" responses, which lend themselves to subjective bias. This report examines the responses to treatment with 32P or 89Sr by attempting a quantification of pain relief and quality of life using the patients as their own controls and compares toxicity in terms of hematological parameters. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with skeletal metastases were treated for pain relief with either 32P (16 patients) or 89Sr (15 patients). Inclusion criteria were pain from bone scan-positive sites above a subjective score of 5 of 10 despite analgesic therapy with narcotic or non-narcotic medication, limitation of movement related to the performance of routine daily activity and a predicted life expectancy of at least 4 mo. The patients had not had chemotherapy or radiotherapy during the previous 6 wk and had normal serum creatinine, white cell and platelet counts. 32P was given orally as a 12 mCi dose, and 89Sr was given intravenously as a 4 mCi (148 MBq) dose. The patients were monitored for 4 mo. RESULTS: Complete absence of pain was seen in 7 of 16 patients who were given 32P and in 7 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Pain scores fell by at least 50% of the pretreatment score in 14 of 16 patients who were given 32P and 14 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Mean duration of pain relief was 9.6 wk with 32P and 10 wk with 89Sr. Analgesic scores fell along with the drop in pain scores. A fall in total white cell, absolute granulocyte and platelet counts occurred in all patients. Subnormal values of white cells and platelets were seen in 5 and 7 patients, respectively, with 32P, and in 0 and 4 patients, respectively, after 89Sr therapy. The decrease in platelet count (but not absolute granulocyte count) was statistically significant when 32P patients were compared with 89Sr patients. However, in no instance did the fall in blood counts require treatment. Absolute granulocyte counts did not fall below 1000 in any patient. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of either efficacy or toxicity. CONCLUSION: No justification has been found in this study for the recommendation of 89Sr over the considerably less expensive oral 32P for the palliation of skeletal pain from metastases of advanced cancer. (+info)

The minimum CD34 threshold depends on prior chemotherapy in autologous peripheral blood stem cell recipients. (3/1848)

We analysed 57 patients with non-myeloid malignancies who received a non-purged autologous PBSCT. All had similar mobilisation and conditioning regimens. A high prior chemotherapy score and the number of chemotherapy lines used (P = 0.015 and P = 0.01, respectively) were adverse predictors of CD34 cell yields. Lower CD34 values (P = 0.002) were seen in patients treated with potent stem cell toxins (BCNU, melphalan, CCNU and mustine), designated toxicity factor 4 agents (TF4). All patients infused with grafts containing CD34 cell doses between 1.0 and 2.0 x 10(6)/kg (range 1.25-1.90) engrafted by day 51. The only variable associated with slow platelet recovery was exposure to TF4 (P = 0.007). The majority of patients with CD34 >1.0 x 10(6)/kg achieved rapid and sustained engraftment and the only predictive factor of delayed recovery is prior exposure to stem cell toxins. Potential PBSCT candidates should if possible avoid first line and salvage chemotherapy containing TF4 drugs. We therefore advocate a minimum CD34 threshold of >1.0 x 10(6)/kg in patients without extensive prior chemoradiotherapy, and > or = 2.0 x 10(6)/kg in all other patients. (+info)

A technique for dual determination of cytotoxic and helper lymphocyte precursor frequency by a miniaturized dye release method. (4/1848)

Helper (HTLPf) and cytotoxic (CTLPf) lymphocyte precursor frequency assays are increasingly used in bone marrow stem cell and organ transplant compatibility testing. Current techniques require large cell numbers and radioisotopes. To improve the technique, we developed a miniaturized fluorescent read-out combined HTLPf/CTLPf limiting dilution assay. The assay requires only 5 x 10(6) stimulators, 2 x 10(6) responders and 0.24 x 10(6) target cells in Terasaki plates (40 microl/well). For the HTLPf, culture supernatants from each well were assayed for IL-2 production. The IL-2-dependent proliferation of the mouse 9.12 cell line was detected by a semi-automated fluorescent dye technique. After addition of rhIL-2 (recombinant human IL-2) on days 3 and 7, CTLPs were detected on day 10 by measuring the lysis of dye-labeled targets. Results were comparable to standard radioisotope-based techniques. The assay had a coefficient of variation of approximately 30%. The assay detected helper CD4 cells, pure cytotoxic CD8, helper CD8 cells and helper/cytotoxic CD8 cells. Discrimination was demonstrated between HLA-matched related and non-related pairs. The ease of testing and small cell numbers required should facilitate further evaluation of HTLPf and CTLPf for compatibility testing in unrelated donor transplantation and monitoring immune responses following adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. (+info)

Effects of isoproterenol on myocardial structure and function in septic rats. (5/1848)

In this study we sought to determine the effect of sepsis on two sequelae of prolonged (24-h) beta-agonist administration, myocardial hypertrophy and catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham study groups and then further randomized to receive isoproterenol (2.4 mg. kg-1. day-1 iv) or placebo treatment. At 24 h, myocardial function was assessed by using the Langendorff isolated-heart technique or the heart processed for plain light microscopy. We found that 1) sepsis reduced contractile function, indicated by a rightward shift in the Starling curve (ANOVA with repeated measures, sepsis effect, P < 0.002); 2) sepsis-induced myocardial depression was reversed by isoproterenol treatment (isoproterenol effect, P < 0.0001); 3) sepsis reduced, but did not block, isoproterenol-induced myocardial hypertrophy (isoproterenol effect, P < 0.0001); 4) sepsis did not protect the heart from catecholamine-induced tissue injury; 5) the septic heart was protected against the effects of ischemiareperfusion (decreased postreperfusion resting tension, ANOVA with repeated measures, P < 0.01), an effect attenuated by isoproterenol treatment (P < 0.005); and 6) sepsis reduced the incidence of sustained asystole or ventricular fibrillation after ischemia-reperfusion (P < 0.05), an effect also attenuated by isoproterenol treatment (P < 0.01). We conclude that, in sepsis, beta-agonists induce changes in myocardial weight and function consistent with acute myocardial hypertrophy. These changes occur at the expense of significant tissue injury and increased sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion-induced tissue injury. (+info)

Phase I and pharmacologic study of the combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and topotecan administered intravenously every 21 days as first-line therapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. (6/1848)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of administering topotecan in combination with paclitaxel and cisplatin without and with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support as first-line chemotherapy in women with incompletely resected stage III and stage IV ovarian carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Starting doses were paclitaxel 110 mg/m2 administered over 24 hours (day 1), followed by cisplatin 50 mg/m2 over 3 hours (day 2) and topotecan 0.3 mg/m2/d over 30 minutes for 5 consecutive days (days 2 to 6). Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. After encountering dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) without G-CSF support, the maximum-tolerated dose was defined as 5 microg/kg of G-CSF subcutaneously starting on day 6. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients received a total of 116 courses at four different dose levels. The DLT was neutropenia. At the first dose level, all six patients experienced grade 4 myelosuppression. G-CSF support permitted further dose escalation of cisplatin and topotecan. Nonhematologic toxicities, primarily fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and neurosensory neuropathy, were observed but were generally mild. Of 15 patients assessable for response, nine had a complete response, four achieved a partial response, and two had stable disease. CONCLUSION: Neutropenia was the DLT of this combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and topotecan. The recommended phase II dose is paclitaxel 110 mg/m2 (day 1), followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m2 (day 2) and topotecan 0.3 mg/m2/d (days 2 to 6) with G-CSF support repeated every 3 weeks. (+info)

Genetic evidence for functional redundancy of Platelet/Endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1): CD31-deficient mice reveal PECAM-1-dependent and PECAM-1-independent functions. (7/1848)

Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31), a member of the Ig superfamily, is expressed strongly at endothelial cell-cell junctions, on platelets, and on most leukocytes. CD31 has been postulated to play a role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and has been implicated as a key mediator of the transendothelial migration of leukocytes. To further define the physiologic role of CD31, we used targeted gene disruption of the CD31 gene in embryonic stem cells to generate CD31-deficient mice. CD31-deficient mice (CD31KO) are viable and born at the expected Mendelian frequency, remain healthy, and exhibit no obvious vascular developmental defects. In response to inflammatory challenge, polymorphonuclear leukocytes of CD31KO mice are arrested between the vascular endothelium and the basement membrane of inflammatory site mesenteric microvessels, confirming a role for CD31 in the migration of neutrophils through the subendothelial extracellular matrix. Normal numbers of leukocytes are recovered from inflammatory sites in CD31KO mice, however, suggesting that the defect in leukocyte migration across basal lamina observed in the absence of CD31 may be compensated for by the use of other adhesion molecules, or possibly an increased rate of migration. Homing of T lymphocytes in vivo is normal, and CD31KO mice are able to mount a cutaneous hypersensitivity response normally. In addition, CD31-mediated homophilic adhesion does not appear to play a role in platelet aggregation in vitro. This study provides genetic evidence that CD31 is involved in transbasement membrane migration, but does not play an obligatory role in either vascular development or leukocyte migration. (+info)

Single leukapheresis products collected from healthy donors after the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor contain ten-fold higher numbers of long-term reconstituting hematopoietic progenitor cells than conventional bone marrow allografts. (8/1848)

Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) have been used successfully for hematopoietic reconstitution following allogeneic transplantation. The ease of harvest, the faster engraftment and the high yield of CD34+ cells have made this source of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) an attractive alternative to bone marrow (BM). In the present study we compared the engraftment potential of conventional BM allografts and single leukapheresis products (LPs) collected from healthy donors following the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). For this, lineage-committed and primitive HPCs were assessed by flow cytometry and by colony- and cobblestone area-forming cell (CFC, CAFC) assays. Mean numbers of CD34+ cells in LPs (n = 11) were similar to that of BM grafts (n = 12) (278+/-57 vs 227+/-34 x 10(6) CD34+ cells). The frequencies of CFCs, week 5 CAFCs and week 8 CAFCs were 1.6-, 8.4- and 10.3-fold higher in the CD34+ compartment of mobilized blood than that of marrow, resulting in significantly higher yields of clonogenic HPCs in LPs when compared to BM grafts. We conclude that G-CSF preferentially mobilizes clonogenic progenitors capable of short- and, in particular, longterm reconstitution, and that the engraftment potential of single LPs is superior to that of BM allografts. Hence, the use of PBPCs may be favorable for protocols that include graft manipulations with expected cell loss (eg T cell depletion, CD34+ selection). PBPCs may also be advantageous for gene therapy trials due to their high numbers of potential target cells (eg CAFCs). (+info)

Blumenreich MS (1990). "The White Blood Cell and Differential Count". In Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds.). Clinical Methods ... A granulocyte, also referred to as a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), is a type of white blood cell that has multi lobed ... These are multipotent cells that reside in the bone marrow niche and have the ability to give rise to all heamatopoetic cells, ... It restricts the cell cycle of immature cells by inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4 and promotes granulocytic differentiation. Steady ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulopoiesis

White blood cell count is usually elevated. Severe sepsis may present with hypothermia or leukopenia. The pathological process ... There is relative destruction of the ganglion cells and swelling of the nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus, with concomitant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_megacolon

At admission: Age > 55 years WBC count > 16000 cells/mm3 Blood glucose > 11.11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL) Serum AST > 250 IU/100 ml ... 100 ml WBC count > 18000 cells/mm3 Within 48 hours: Serum calcium < 8 mg/dL Hematocrit decreased by > 10% Base deficit > 4 mEq/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranson_criteria

The white blood cell count may be mildly elevated. Fecal calprotectin, a marker of colon inflammation, may be elevated in ... although the white blood cell count may be mildly elevated. Fecal calprotectin, a marker of colon inflammation, may be elevated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis

Bloodwork may show dehydration and/or increased white blood cell count. X-rays will show an enlarged uterus, and ultrasound ... Höglund, Odd Viking; Lövebrant, Johanna; Olsson, Ulf; Höglund, Katja (17 November 2016). "Blood pressure and heart rate during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyometra

Bacterial infection Complete blood count Leukocytosis in head trauma White blood cell Rogers, Kara, ed. (2011), "Leukocytosis ... in which either immature white blood cells (acute leukemia) or mature, yet non-functional, white blood cells (chronic leukemia ... Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently ... Specific references are found in article Reference ranges for blood tests#White blood cells 2. "Leukocytosis Treatment & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis

Whole blood analysis may show an elevated white blood cell count; this finding lends support to the theory that panosteitis is ... where the blood vessels enter the bone). This evidence may not be present for up to ten days after lameness begins. Treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panosteitis

Side effects include hyperthermia and decrease in white blood cell count. These effects tend to be mild and transient. It is a ... It has also been tried on cancer cell cultures. RFeIFN-ω, delivered topically, is ineffective against feline upper respiratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_feline_interferon_omega

... degree Celsius Erythrocyte cell count in patient blood NPU01960 Blood-Erythrocytes; number concentration = ? x 1012 per litre ... BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS." Example 2: The reference for 'Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain' ... Example 1: In the items listed above, the reference for 'Blood' is 'Medical Subject Headings database (MESH), ID D001769' which ... blood plasma, pituitary gland, skin, kidney, whole body) The component - the specific part or process that is of interest in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPU_terminology

Winston had a very low white and red blood cell count. He ruptured his spleen, did not have enough cells to fight it, and died ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrin_Winston

It is often defined specifically as an increased white blood cell count in cerebrospinal fluid. Increased white blood cell ... is an increased cell count (from Greek pleion, "more"), particularly an increase in white blood cell count, in a bodily fluid, ... count in the blood is called leukocytosis. TheFreeDictionary > pleocytosis Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleocytosis

Blood cell counts should be taken very frequently. Patients with renal disease should receive flucytosine cautiously and in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flucytosine

1878). "Über Blutkörper-Zählung" [About Counting Blood Cells]. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (in German). Jena, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Abbe

... but continue to survive within the blood cells, feeding on the cytoplasm. The lobster's blood cell count drops, and the ... They may be engulfed by phagocytosis into the lobster's blood cells, ... In a severe infection, the ability of the lobster's blood pigment haemocyanin to carry oxygen may be reduced by up to 50%. The ... The stores of glycogen in the hepatopancreas become depleted, concentrations of glucose and lactic acid in the blood drop, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffkaemia

He had increased difficulty breathing, and his white blood cell count had plummeted. The doctors found that his immune system ... He knew the minute I walked into the room that I wanted something more from him-more blood, more lymph fluid, more something." ... Rayford had never traveled outside the Midwestern United States and he told his doctors that he had never received a blood ... The Western blot test found that antibodies against all nine detectable HIV proteins were present in Rayford's blood. An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rayford

Exposure to benzene reduces red blood cell count and is linked to leukemia. An 80 km long toxic slick drifted down the Amur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Jilin_chemical_plant_explosions

Common side effect include low blood cell counts and vomiting. Other side effects include tiredness and depression. It is not ... Proliferating cancer cells need to replicate their DNA and undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to DNA strand ... Normal or non-proliferating cells are more apt to repair the DNA damage, but still some of the healthy cells will be damaged. ... reproductive effects including reduction in sperm count and ovarian failure. When combined with ethanol, procarbazine may cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procarbazine

Levels of electrolytes and blood cells counts were also disrupted. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby; it is not known if ... T cells protect the body from cancer by killing certain cancer cells. But cancer cells evolve proteins to protect themselves ... called programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 or programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L1 or PD-L2), binds to PD-1, the T cell becomes ... Thus, the T cells can kill the cancer cells. This is an example of immune checkpoint blockade. PD-1 is a protein on the surface ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivolumab

... also has the ability to increase red blood cell count. With a larger amount of red blood cells, blood ... Trenbolone also has a negative impact on blood pressure, but it does not appear to negatively affect most healthy adult men in ... This naturally produced protein-based hormone affects every cell in the body of an organism and plays a large role in muscle ... Extreme muscle growth and cell splitting compared is facilitated through trenbolone acetate administration when compared to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate

This includes kidney damage, which causes low urine output and bloody urine; low white blood cell counts that can last for ... Symptoms of toxicity include gastrointestinal upset, fever, muscle pain, low blood cell counts, and organ failure. People with ... Effects of long-term colchicine toxicity include agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, low white blood cell counts, aplastic ... Severe side effects may include low blood cells and rhabdomyolysis, and the medication can be deadly in overdose. It is not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine

Monitoring of liver enzymes, platelets, and blood cell counts are recommended. Lamotrigine generally has minimal side effects, ... As a result, kidney function and blood levels of lithium are monitored in patients being treated with lithium. Therapeutic ... blood pressure, and waist circumference. Taking antipsychotics for long periods or at high doses can also cause tardive ... as well as some rare but serious side effects such as blood dyscrasias, pancreatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, and hepatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_bipolar_disorder

Often, the white blood cell count will be normal and the patient will be afebrile. Treatment usually includes antibiotics, and ... Discs respond to osmotic pressure therefore movement is beneficial to increase their blood flow and fluid dynamics. This is why ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discitis

This often includes a CBC (Complete Blood Count) which can show anemia. A CBC includes WBC (White Blood Cell Count) which can ... Pre-conception counseling in the United States is recommended to include: Height and weight to calculate BMI Blood pressure ... or the presence of blood which can indicate a urinary tract infection. Urinalysis might also show the presence of glucose ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling

To decrease this risk, it is recommended that the white blood cell count be regularly monitored. Other serious risks include ... Clozapine carries a black box warning for drug-induced agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count). Without monitoring, ... Clozapine is associated with a relatively high risk of low white blood cells (agranulocytosis), a condition of suppressed ... These are direct effects that are also present in astrocyte cell cultures not containing neurons. Clozapine prevents impaired ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine

Other severe side effects include liver problems and low blood cell counts. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. ... One possible side effect is agranulocytosis, a decrease of white blood cells in the blood. Symptoms and signs of ... A decrease in blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) also may occur. Since platelets are important for the clotting of blood, ... PTU does not inhibit the action of the sodium-dependent iodide transporter located on follicular cells' basolateral membranes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylthiouracil

Severe side effects include low blood cell counts and shortness of breath. It should not be given to people who have a current ... loss of white blood cells and blood platelets, gastrointestinal problems, high blood pressure, excessive sweating, depression, ... Yang H, Ganguly A, Cabral F (October 2010). "Inhibition of cell migration and cell division correlates with distinct effects of ... due to a decreased number of white blood cells, so it was hypothesized that vinblastine might be effective against cancers of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinblastine

It also requires weekly white blood cell counts to monitor potential neutropenia. Loxapine binds D2, D3 and D4 with high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist

Basic blood biochemistry and cell counts can also be used to accurately predict the chronological age. Further studies of the ... subjected to single cell profiling of their T-cell receptors, revealed accumulations of cytotoxic CD4 T-cells through clonal ... Recent data suggests that an increased frequency of senescent CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood is associated with the ... Levels of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells and naive T cells have been used to give good predictions of the expected lifespan of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging

... low red blood cell count), sight disorders, light sensitivity and rashes (all below 20%). Serious side effects occurred in 19% ... of tumour cells. When taken with a meal, the absolute bioavailability of the drug is 37%, and highest blood plasma ... Dec 2015 McKeage K (January 2015). "Alectinib: a review of its use in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer". ... Inhibition of ALK subsequently blocks cell signalling pathways, including STAT3 and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and induces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alectinib

... serial white blood cell count and temperature are closely monitored. Typically, the intravenous antibiotics are continued until ... Blood tests such as a complete blood count may show neutrophilia. Microbiological culture of the urine, with or without blood ... Specifically, the presence of nitrite and white blood cells on a urine test strip in patients with typical symptoms are ... E. coli can invade the superficial umbrella cells of the bladder to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs), which can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritis

1156 patients with a mean of 87 CD4 cell counts and mean viral load of 100,000 copies/ml were randomized to one of the two ... Capaldini L (August 1997). "Protease inhibitors' metabolic side effects: cholesterol, triglycerides, blood sugar, and "Crix ... There were higher CD4 cell counts and less viral load in patients assigned to the three-drug group, proving that a three-drug ... Eligible patients were those who received AZT for at least 6 months and have CD4 cell counts between 50 and 400, viral loads of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir

A normal PET data set has millions of counts for the whole acquisition, while the CT can reach a few billion counts. This ... "J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 30 (5): 985-93. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.269. PMC 2949183. PMID 20029452.. ... This tracer is a glucose analog that is taken up by glucose-using cells and phosphorylated by hexokinase (whose mitochondrial ... Changing of regional blood flow in various anatomic structures (as a measure of the injected positron emitter) can be ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan

... an initially decreased white blood cell count followed by an increased white blood cell count; elevated levels of the liver ... cells lining the inside of blood vessels), liver cells, and several types of immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and ... dendritic cells and other cells including liver cells, fibroblasts, and adrenal gland cells.[93] Viral replication triggers ... Blood products such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma may also be used.[135] Other regulators of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease

... and Th1 cells.[45] IL-1α stimulates increased skin cell activity and reproduction, which, in turn, fuels comedo development.[45 ... ductus arteriosus blood vessel.[47][150] Prolonged use of salicylic acid over significant areas of the skin or under occlusive ... The Leeds acne grading technique counts acne lesions on the face, back, and chest and categorizes them as inflammatory or non- ... and accumulation of skin cells in the hair follicle.[1] In healthy skin, the skin cells that have died come up to the surface ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Sometimes an underlying medical condition is sought, and this may include blood tests for full blood count and hematinics. If a ... Polymorphonuclear cells also infiltrate the epithelium, and chronic inflammatory cells infiltrate the lamina propria. Atrophic ... in persons with blood group O and in non-secretors of blood group antigens in saliva. Increased rates of Candida carriage are ... Apart from true hyphae, Candida can also form pseudohyphae - elongated filamentous cells, lined end to end. As a general rule, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

... expansion of HSC and their progeny is sufficient to normalize the blood cell counts and re-initiate the immune system. The ... Peripheral blood stem cells[26] are now the most common source of stem cells for HSCT. They are collected from the blood ... The donor's blood is withdrawn through a sterile needle in one arm and passed through a machine that removes white blood cells ... The red blood cells are returned to the donor. The peripheral stem cell yield is boosted with daily subcutaneous injections of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Marrow_Transplant

Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells,[223] while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells.[ ... counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, 1.00794(7) stands for 1.00794±0.00007, while 1.00794(72) stands for 1.007 ... Sodium is an essential nutrient that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH; the minimum ... The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion transporter proteins in the cell membrane.[231] The cell membrane ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

... low white blood cell count), thrombocytopenia (low platelets), and elevated aspartate transaminase levels in the blood. Lassa ... Fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and fighting hypotension are usually required. Intravenous interferon therapy has also ... or the virus itself in cell culture.[1] Other conditions that may present similarly include Ebola, malaria, typhoid fever, and ... to avoid contact with blood and body fluids. These issues in many countries are monitored by a department of public health. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_fever

Since this activated carbon has no effect on blood clotting factors, heparin or most other anticoagulants [11] this allows a ... In this illustration, the activated carbon is in the fourth level (counted from bottom). ... to higher temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas extracted for use in a hydrogen fuel cell ... Hemoperfusion is a treatment technique in which large volumes of the patient's blood are passed over an adsorbent substance in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal

Under different conditions, deoxygenated blood can be shunted back to the body or oxygenated blood can be shunted back to the ... Deaths from snakebites are uncommon in many parts of the world, but are still counted in tens of thousands per year in India.[ ... Cell. 25 (4): 326-328. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.011. PMID 23725759.. ... Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried.[146] The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being ...

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FISH, on the other hand, does not require living cells and can be quantified automatically, a computer counts the fluorescent ... Cells, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or frozen tissue sections are fixed, then ... FISH can also be used to detect diseased cells more easily than standard Cytogenetic methods, which require dividing cells and ... "Defining the sister rat mammary tumor cell lines HH-16 cl.2/1 and HH-16.cl.4 as an in vitro cell model for Erbb2". PLOS ONE. 7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

In this process, fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or fat cells, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be ... "The glycemic index (GI) factor is a ranking of foods based on their overall effect on blood sugar levels. The diet based around ... The first weight-loss book to promote calorie counting, and the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller, was the 1918 ... When the body is expending more energy than it is consuming (e.g. when exercising), the body's cells rely on internally stored ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_plan

However, these are counted upon the procedures and surgical tricks which are used to preserve the sensitivity. Considering the ... Other health conditions such as diabetes, abnormal blood clotting, ostomies, and obesity do not usually present a problem to ... Further in the future, stem cell biotechnology may also make this possible, with no need for anti-rejection drugs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery

... or a laboratory count. In oncology, the term nadir is used to represent the lowest level of a blood cell count while a patient ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir

The first blood was shed at the Wincanton Skirmish in Somerset. In Salisbury, James heard that some of his officers, such as ... Herschel then built a 20-ft reflecting telescope and invented the star count, working out that the Milky Way is a disc, which ... Nearby on Lydiard Fields in Lydiard Tregoze is Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells, which in 2002 was the world's first production site ... In March 2011, the region had the second-lowest unemployment claimant count in England, second to South East England, with 2.7 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England

歐美的農業政策與技術使糧食價格下滑。美國基於農業法案（英语：United States farm bill）對玉米、大豆、小麥、以及米補助，造成加工食品在價格上低於蔬果[102]。近年來國家開始制定熱量標示（英语：Calorie count laws）與 ... Informativeness of indices of blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids in relation to ischaemic heart disease mortality: the ... Cell (Review). 2004, 116 (2): 337-50. PMID 14744442. doi:10.1016

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I could hear my lung exhaling and had blood in my mouth. I believed I had been fatally stabbed."[189] Following the attack, ... Because some sales were not properly counted, the album originally peaked at number four in Britain.[88] ... he began radiotherapy at Staten Island University Hospital in New York City for non-small cell lung cancer that had spread to ...

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Elevated blood sugar and insulin values do not predict who responds to an insulin-lowering medication, low-glycemic diet, and ... and interleukin-1 in modulating progesterone and oestradiol production by human luteinized granulosa cells in culture. Hum. ... of at least 10 ml is regarded as an acceptable definition of having polycystic ovarian morphology instead of follicle count.[58 ... Some other blood tests are suggestive but not diagnostic. The ratio of LH (Luteinizing hormone) to FSH (Follicle-stimulating ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/多囊卵巢綜合症

... only small increases in white cell counts, and no alveolar exudate. At the time that atypical pneumonia was first described, ... National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S.A. What Causes Pneumonia?. ... Mycoplasma is a type of bacteria without a cell wall and Chlamydias are intracellular parasites). As the conditions caused by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia

In cellular biology, the isothiocyanate derivative of fluorescein is often used to label and track cells in fluorescence ... The lifetimes can be recovered using time-correlated single photon counting or phase-modulation fluorimetry. ... in forensics and serology to detect latent blood stains, and in dye tracing. Fluorescein has an absorption maximum at 494 nm ... allowing biologists to target the fluorophore to specific proteins or structures within cells. This application is common in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescein

Patients with HACE have an elevated white blood cell count, but otherwise their blood count and biochemistry are normal. If a ... This demonstrated that the blood-brain barrier was broken by cerebral blood vessels, thus interfering with white matter ... it will show normal cerebral spinal fluid and cell counts but an increase in pressure.[7] In one study, CT scans of patients ... The brain swelling is likely a result of vasogenic edema, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier by fluids.[15] This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema

Some scientists have indicated that a fast will cause white blood cells to break down during the fasting, resulting in new ones ... But she must count the day she missed in Ramadan or they should donate the amount of a normal person's diet for each day missed ... But she must count the day she missed in Ramadan or they should donate the amount of a normal person's diet for each day missed ... Meat is understood not to include fish or cold-blooded animals.. Pope Pius XII had initially relaxed some of the regulations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasted

wasting syndrome - Western blot - white blood cells - wild-type virus - window period - Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) - ... complete blood count (CBC) - computed tomography scan (C-T scan) - concomitant drugs - condyloma - condyloma acuminatum - ... T suppressor cells - T4 cell - T4 cells (T-helper cells) - T8 cells - Tanner staging - TAT - TB - template - TeachAIDS - ... B-cell lymphoma - B cells - B lymphocytes (B cells) - bactericidal - bacteriostatic - bacterium - baculovirus - baseline - ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics

... and thus the white blood cell count is an important subset of the complete blood count. The normal white cell count is usually ... Counting and reference ranges. The complete blood cell count is a blood panel that includes the overall WBC count and various ... All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) ... T cells: *CD4+ helper T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD4 are known as CD4+ T cells. These cells have T-cell receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cell

The inflammatory cells involved include neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cells. Those who ... A chest X-ray and complete blood count may be useful to exclude other conditions at the time of diagnosis.[80] Characteristic ... These include any previous diagnosis of asthma or atopy, a higher blood eosinophil count, substantial variation in FEV1 over ... "Morbidity & Mortality: 2009 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases" (PDF). National Heart, Lung, and Blood ...

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The basic tests performed when an immunodeficiency is suspected should include a full blood count (including accurate ... cell responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells, cytokine production by cells Tests for B cell function: antibodies to routine ... natural killer cells and monocytes (CD15+), as well as activation markers (HLA-DR, CD25, CD80 (B cells). Tests for T cell ... Normal numbers of B cells with decreased IgG and IgA and increased IgM: Hyper-IgM syndromes Normal numbers of B cells with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immunodeficiency

APS provokes blood clots (thrombosis) in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage ... A low platelet count and positivity for antibodies against β2-glycoprotein 1 or phosphatidylserine may also be observed in a ... Kay Thackray (2003). Sticky Blood Explained. Braiswick. ISBN 978-1-898030-77-5.. A personal account of dealing with the ... Antiphospholipid syndrome can cause arterial or venous blood clots, in any organ system, or pregnancy-related complications. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

The Scoville rating of these sprays are 500,000 (sabre MK9 HVS unit) and 2,000,000 (Sabre, cell buster fog delivery). This was ... the ACLU report counts any death occurring within hours of exposure to pepper spray. In all 27 cases, the coroners' report ...

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... but clozapine can lower the white blood cell count in 1 to 4 percent of people who take it. This is a serious side effect.[16][ ... using stem cells. This could help with schizophrenia and autism neurological research (research related to the brain.) [62] ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenic

List of organisms by chromosome count. *List of chromosome lengths for various organisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy

Boosting your white blood cell count. If you have a low white blood cell count, your doctor can prescribe medicines to help ... Things to consider if you have a low white blood cell count. If you have a low white blood cell count, consider taking the ... If you get an infection because you have a low white blood cell count, your symptoms may include:. *fever (call your doctor ... explains different types of white blood cells, how breast cancer treatment lowers their levels, and what low white blood cell ...

https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/side_effects/low_white_blood_cell

Definition A white blood cell (WBC) count determines the concentration of white blood cells in the patients blood. A ... differential determines the percentage of each of the five types of mature white blood cells. ... White Blood Cell Count and Differential. Definition. A white blood cell (WBC) count determines the concentration of white blood ... White blood cell count and differential. Definition. A white blood cell (WBC) count determines the concentration of white blood ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/white-blood-cell-count-and-differential

A laboratory test performed on a sample of a patients blood. This is a routine blood test. It determines the number of leuk... ... white blood cells. blood count. desmoplaquin. Glioblastoma. immune system. carboplatin. Helping your kid brother die. ... This diluted blood is then put into a counting chamber called a hemocytomer and the white cells are counted. Then the number of ... This is a routine blood test. It determines the number of leukocytes in the blood. Higher than normal counts can indicate the ...

https://everything2.com/title/white+blood+cell+count

Count measures two components: the total number of WBCs (leukocytes), and the differential count. The differential count ... The White Blood Cell (WBC) Count measures two components: the total number of WBCs (leukocytes), and the differential count. ... White blood cells are a major component of the bodys immune system. Indications for a WBC count include infectious and ... The differential count measures the percentages of each type of leukocyte present. WBCs are composed of granulocytes ( ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100151_1.htm

Acute emotional or physical stress can increase WBC counts. There are various types of white blood cells (WBCs) that normally ... WBC - 4,500 to 10,000 cells/mcl. (Note: cells/mcl = cells per microliter). ... This usually entails increased numbers of cells and an increase in the percentage of immature cells (mainly band zcells) in the ... Drugs that may increase WBC counts include epinephrine, allopurinol, aspirin, chloroform, heparin, quinine, corticosteroids, ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100151_3.htm

Overview covers possible causes of increased disease-fighting cells. ... A high white blood cell count is an increase in disease-fighting cells in your blood. ... for adults a count of more than 11,000 white blood cells (leukocytes) in a microliter of blood is considered a high white blood ... The exact threshold for a high white blood cell count varies from one laboratory to another. In general, ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/high-white-blood-cell-count/basics/definition/sym-20050611

Most people produce about 100 billion white cells each day. If someone has too many white blood cells, it can indicate an ... Find out more about white blood cells, the types, and how they work. ... White blood cells are vital to the body because they fight infection. ... A low white blood cell count can signal that an injury or condition is destroying cells faster than they are being made, or ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315133

People can increase their red blood cell count through simple lifestyle changes, such as exercising, limiting alcohol, and ... A low red blood cell count, or anemia, can cause many symptoms and complications, including fatigue and weakness. ... Understanding blood count. Normal red blood cell counts vary from around 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (µL) for men ... Red blood cells are the most abundant cells in human blood. The cells contain hemoglobin, which is a protein that carries ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319457.php?sr

I have been going to a specialist for thyroid disorder and was told after blood work was done that my white blood cell count ... Not sure what a white blood cell count of 22 means but it is probably short-hand for a count of 22,000. Equally as important ... I have been going to a specialist for thyroid disorder and was told after blood work was done that my white blood cell count ... I had a blood count reading of this sort a couple of years ago and havent though much about it since. My doc wants to wait a ...

http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Respiratory-Disorders/High-White-Blood-Cell-Count/show/537851

Learn about managing a low white blood cell count. ... A low white blood cell count increases the risk of infection ... Low white blood cell count. Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) ... Once the WBC count drops, it remains low for 7-10 days. The lowest level that blood cell counts reach is called the nadir. ... People with cancer usually find out they have low white blood cell counts from a blood test or when they get an infection. An ...

http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/managing-side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count/?region=qc

Low red blood cell count, Low white blood cell count, Low platelet c... ... Total white blood cell count may be misleading ... an elevated lymphocyte count may produce a total white count that falls ... uihc.org/health-topics/complete-blood-count-guide-patients-cancer. The white blood cells, or leukocytes, are part of the bodys ... chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/low-blood-counts.aspx. Low Blood Counts chemotherapy side effect, causes, symptoms ...

https://www.reference.com/web?q=high%20white%20blood%20cell%20count%20causes&qo=pagination&o=600605&l=dir&sga=1&qsrc=998&page=6

... but in the past few years I have had a few blood tests and each time they say I have a high white bloo... ... but in the past few years I have had a few blood tests and each time they say I have a high white blood cell count. I know that ... but in the past few years I have had a few blood tests and each time they say I have a high white blood cell count. I know that ... High white blood cell count. I am 16 years old and just wondering (I did not want to make a doctors appointment just for this ...

http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Leukemia--Lymphoma-/High-white-blood-cell-count/show/366608

An RBC count totals the RBCs in your blood as part of a CBC when you have a health checkup or to help screen for anemia, for ... Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen throughout your body. ... Red Blood Cell (RBC) Antibody Screen * Red Blood Cell Count ( ... A red blood cell (RBC) count is typically ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC) and may be used as part of a health ... are cells that circulate in the blood and carry oxygen throughout the body. The RBC count totals the number of red blood cells ...

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/red-blood-cell-count-rbc

I need help figuring out my white blood cell count and lymphocyte differential. Jul 27, 2003. ... low CD4 count-med related?. Apr 17, 2004. Twice, huge differences between labs/T cells and Abs Lymphs a week apart. Apr 11, ... Complete Blood Count (CBC) Fact Sheet Browse Forums: <-- Select . Aging. Choosing Your Meds. En Espa ol. In Italiano. Facial ... Following up my Question about Neutrophils and Lymphocyetes blood cells with more details. Jun 20, 2015. ...

http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Labs/Archive/BloodCell/index.html

Video Tag: White Blood Cell Count. SAGES Webinar : Preparing for the ABSITE-December 2017. ... white blood cell count, Witzel tunnel technique, WSCM, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Video Authors. Alseidi A, Awad M, Blatnik J ... blood pressure, blunt trauma, bolster, Botox, botulinum toxin, bowel incarceration, bowel movement, bowel obstruction, bowel ... enteric blood loss, eosinophilic esophagitis, epigastric pain, ERCP, erosive esophagitis, esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal ...

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Neonatal Infection and White Blood Cell Count Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from American Academy of ... Neonatal Infection and White Blood Cell Count. U. Töllner, F. Pohlandt and E. Kleinhauer ... of neonatal septicemia an abnormal high relative count of band cells. ...

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/65/6/1196

The test is usually part of a complete blood count (CBC) test that measures all the components in your blood. Well explain why ... An RBC count is a blood test thats used to find out how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. ... What is a red blood cell count?. A red blood cell count is a blood test that your doctor uses to find out how many red blood ... How to Increase Your Red Blood Cell Count. Has your doctor advised you to increase your red blood cell count? These supplements ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/rbc-count

... white blood cell count acute hiv infection, with a wealth of fact sheets, expert advice, community perspective, the latest news ... Let me clarify that I never said that the white blood cell count or sed rate go up in acute HIV, just that the lymphocyte count ... At a minimum, a chest radiograph, blood cultures, a white blood cell count and, if available, a Grams stain and culture of an ... White Blood Cells during primary HIV infection. I am confused about this whole white blood cell thing. There are doctors who ...

http://www.thebody.com/h/white-blood-cell-count-acute-hiv-infection.html

A laboratory test performed on a sample of a patients blood. This is a routine blood test. It determines the number of leuk... ... white blood cell count (thing). See all of white blood cell count, no other writeups in this node. ... white blood cells. blood count. desmoplaquin. Glioblastoma. immune system. carboplatin. Helping your kid brother die. ... This diluted blood is then put into a counting chamber called a hemocytomer and the white cells are counted. Then the number of ...

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A low white blood cell count, called leukopenia, may be caused by bone marrow problems, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, ... A low white blood cell count is defined as less than 4,500 white blood cells per microliter of blood, or less than 1,700 ... Neutrophils are a specific type of white blood cell that help fight infections. A normal white blood cell count ranges from ... A low white blood cell count, called leukopenia, may be caused by bone marrow problems, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, ...

https://www.reference.com/world-view/causes-low-white-blood-cell-count-b6b2a4fb7df18a4a

Decrease in RBC count may be the result of red cell loss by bleeding or hemolysis (intravascular or extravascular), failure of ... Hemolysis; clotted specimen; tube not filled with minimum volume; improper labeling; transport tubes with whole blood; specimen ... Increase in RBC count may be the result of primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) or secondary polycythemia (hypoxemia of ... lung or cardiovascular disease, increased erythropoietin production associated with renal cyst, renal cell carcinoma, ...

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... specimen received in whole blood transport tube ...

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A low red blood cell count can be indicative of a medical condition. The red blood cell count is measured when a complete blood ... Causes of Low Red Blood Cell Count. In dogs, the low red blood cell count may be caused by:. *Anemia, which is due to decreased ... Low Red Blood Count Treatment Options. The treatment for a pet with low red blood cell count will depend on the findings of the ... The red blood cells carry the oxygen to the tissues. If the red blood count is extremely low, the dog may be lethargic and have ...

https://www.vetinfo.com/low-red-blood-cell-count-in-dogs.html

When this count is low it is called neutropenia. This handout discusses neutropenia, precautions to take to decrease risk of ... A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell that acts as a first responder when an infection is starting in the body. ... A normal neutrophil count (also called absolute neutrophil count or ANC) is between 2500 and 6000. A low neutrophil count (less ... White blood cells (WBC) are part of our bodys immune system, working to protect us against infection. A neutrophil is one type ...

https://www.oncolink.org/support/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia

White blood cell count - Number of infection-fighting cells in a unit (conventionally 1 litre) of blood, is clearly explained ... Medical Word - White blood cell count. Ans : Number of infection-fighting cells in a unit (conventionally 1 litre) of blood. ... White blood cell count - Glossary. Written & Compiled by Medindia Content Team. Medically Reviewed by The Medindia Medical ... Beetroot tea is a healthy beverage, which is extremely beneficial for high blood pressure, ... ...

https://www.medindia.net/glossary/white_blood_cell_count.htm

Their specific role is to destroy infectious organisms that invade the body and cancer cells. ... Monocytes are a type of white blood cell produced by the bone marrow. ... signs-monocytes-blood-cell-count.html Larson, Colette. "Signs & symptoms of low monocytes blood cell count" last modified May ... A low monocyte blood cell count diagnosis is based on the results of a complete blood count from a sample removed from the ...

http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5606257_signs-monocytes-blood-cell-count.html

Blood tests showed very low white blood cell counts and the treatment was stopped. Is there any thing she can take or do to ... A low white blood cell (WBC) count, is one of the more serious side effects of chemotherapy. It can make it necessary to delay ... Improving white blood cell count during chemotherapy. Last Reviewed: August 7, 2019 ... They are most effective when started the day after chemotherapy to prevent the white blood cell count from dropping too low. ...

https://www.oncolink.org/frequently-asked-questions/cancer-treatments/improving-white-blood-cell-count-during-chemotherapy

Low white blood cell count. [ Back to Messages ] Message. Posted by Cindy on December 16, 2000 at 03:24:10:. In Reply to: Re: ... Low white blood cell count posted by Margaret Christensen on July 31, 2000 at 15:34:01:. i have just been told that i have a ... virus that is reducing my white blood cells.. do you have any information on this topic?. Follow Ups. ...

https://www.healthboards.com/hepatitis/1591.html

Basophils make up 0.5-1% of all white blood cells. It is the least abundant of all of the white blood cells. Basophils have ... Neutrophils make up to 50-70% of all of the white blood cells. It is the most abundant white blood cell. It is highly ... It is the second most abundant white blood cell. There are several types of lymphocytes some include B cells and T cells. T ... There are two types of blood cells. They are Erythrocytes and leukocytes.. Erythrocytes or Red blood Cells main purpose is to ...

https://www.divshare.com/file/white-blood-cell-differential-count-using-wright-stain/

Researchers have found overweight men have very high white blood cell count. That in turn means they run the risk of coronary ... The greater proportion of body fat a man had, the higher his white blood cell count was. Total white cell count was highest in ... US researchers have found overweight men have very high white blood cell count. That in turn means they run the risk of ... Blood tests were taken, and analysed for their content of various types of white blood cell. After taking account of age, the ...

https://www.medindia.net/news/overweight-men-have-very-high-white-blood-cell-count-43077-1.htm

A differential is the percentages of different types of white blood cells (neutrophils], esocinophils , basophils , lymphocytes , and monocytes ) in a sample of blood. (everything2.com)
A low white blood cell count is defined as less than 4,500 white blood cells per microliter of blood, or less than 1,700 neutrophils per microliter of blood. (reference.com)
Neutrophils are a specific type of white blood cell that help fight infections. (reference.com)
Neutrophils make up to 50-70% of all of the white blood cells. (divshare.com)
Chinese medicine improves red and white blood cell production, including lymphocytes and neutrophils. (care2.com)
The term "ANC," which stands for " Absolute Neutrophil Count ," is the total number of neutrophils in your child's white blood cell count. (curesearch.org)
The Neutrophils make up over half of the total white blood cell count. (healthwise.net)
Neutrophils are the most important white blood cells that fight infection. (healthwise.net)
The ANC is done to measure the number of neutrophils in your blood. (healthwise.net)
First of all, it would be important to know how elevated the white blood cell count is, and what the breakdown of the cells is (I.e. are they mainly lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils). (fluther.com)
Granulocytes are of three types - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils while mononuclear cells are lymphocytes and monocytes. (ndtv.com)
Also called leukocytes, WBC are essentially of five types - basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes and neutrophils. (iloveindia.com)

In addition to RBCs, there are white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets . (labtestsonline.org)
blood platelets. (thebody.com)
Platelets are small cells that circulate in the blood and form blood clots that allow wounds to heal and prevent excessive bleeding. (healthline.com)
A CBC may also be done to check on levels of prescribed medications in the body.The test (which actually consists of several tests) gives details about three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (clevelandclinic.org)
A paucity of platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), granulocytes, monocytes, and reticulocytes is found in patients with aplastic anemia. (medscape.com)
This means that other components of your blood, such as white blood cells and platelets, are also measured. (ahealthyme.com)
Levels of other types of blood cells (white blood cells and platelets) are also often increased in this condition. (emedicinehealth.com)
The different blood cells made in your bone marrow are white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. (healthwise.net)
A CBC shows the number of white and red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelets in your blood. (healthwise.net)
Platelets form blood clots to help stop bleeding. (healthwise.net)
I am having trouble with my blood counts: y platelets are low, my hemoglobin is low my white blood? (drugs.com)
Some analyzers, particularly the impedance based counters check only the volume and number of particles and may not be able to correctly distinguish tiny clumps of platelets and nucleated red blood cells. (doctorslounge.com)
A complete blood count determines the number and types of blood cells present, specifically red blood cells , white blood cells, and platelets. (petcarerx.com)
The microscopic images of a blood stream contain RBCs, WBCs and Platelets. (igi-global.com)
The microscopic images of a blood stream contain Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and Platelets. (igi-global.com)

White blood cells are produced by your bone marrow to help your body fight infection. (breastcancer.org)
If you have fewer than normal white blood cells, you have a higher risk of getting an infection. (breastcancer.org)
Brian Wojciechowski, M.D. explains different types of white blood cells, how breast cancer treatment lowers their levels, and what low white blood cell levels mean for your risk of infection. (breastcancer.org)
Higher than normal counts can indicate the presence of infection or leukemia . (everything2.com)
A high white blood cell count may indicate that the immune system is working to destroy an infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They are stored within the blood and lymphatic systems until they are necessary for fighting an infection or disease in the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
High levels of monocytes may indicate the presence of chronic infection, an autoimmune or blood disorder, cancer, or other medical conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. (cancer.ca)
People with cancer usually find out they have low white blood cell counts from a blood test or when they get an infection. (cancer.ca)
They will also order blood or urine tests or collect samples from any other possible site of infection. (cancer.ca)
A high WBC count may result from an infection or leukemia. (reference.com)
As with any blood test, there's a risk of bleeding, bruising, or infection at the puncture site. (healthline.com)
The amount of HIV in the blood gets very high within a few days or weeks after HIV infection . (thebody.com)
what happens to white cells during the acute retroviral syndroma/primary HIV infection . (thebody.com)
dear dr. feinberg,in several of your responses you have said in in primary hiv infection count of lypmhpocytes goes down whileneutrophil and sed rate goes up. (thebody.com)
Because patients with a persistently low white blood cell count are at increased risk for infection, special precautions are necessary to keep them from getting sick. (reference.com)
White blood cells (WBC) are part of our body's immune system, working to protect us against infection. (oncolink.org)
The lower the neutrophil count, the higher the risk of infection. (oncolink.org)
Given that neutropenia is caused by cancer treatments, there is not much you can do to prevent it from happening, but you can lessen the risk of getting an infection while your count is low. (oncolink.org)
You will likely need to have blood work drawn and other testing to look for a source of infection. (oncolink.org)
Number of infection-fighting cells in a unit (conventionally 1 litre) of blood. (medindia.net)
It is most likely that the signs of some type of an infection will be noticed by someone suffering from a low monocyte blood count. (ehow.co.uk)
WBCs are necessary for the body to fight infection, making the risk of infection higher when the WBC count is low. (oncolink.org)
Too many or too few infection-fighting white blood cells, according to Medline Plus, can indicate the presence of infection as well as other health conditions. (livestrong.com)
Additionally, certain white blood cells also have the capacity to manufacture antibody cells that can help protect your body from the spread of infection. (livestrong.com)
Low white blood cell counts can indicate problems with your immune system or infection. (livestrong.com)
Additionally, low levels of white blood cells, known as neutropenia can be caused by chemotherapy treatment or infection due to impaired immunity, according to the University of California Davis. (livestrong.com)
Acupuncture increases blood cell production and enhances Natural Killer Cells and Lymphocytes which leads to increased immune response and decreased risk of infection. (care2.com)
A CBC is one of the most common physician-ordered tests used to evaluate a patient's blood levels, determine if an infection is present and if immediate intervention is needed. (fda.gov)
The team writes, 'It is unknown if blood cell counts before infection are associated with the risk of developing severe COVID-19. (news-medical.net)
White blood cells fight infection . (curesearch.org)
A white blood cell count below 1,000 cells increases the risk of infection. (curesearch.org)
We often refer to the ANC as the "infection-fighting" count. (curesearch.org)
White blood cells participate in immunity, protecting the body from infection, disease and foreign bodies. (livestrong.com)
Any infection will give you a high white blood count, even a virus. (healthboards.com)
Elevated WBC counts have been associated with various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, infection, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [ 1 - 4 ], conditions related to insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and protect the body against infection and aid in the immune response. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
If an infection develops, white blood cells attack and destroy the micro-organism causing the infection. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
Conditions or drugs that weaken the immune system, such as HIV infection or chemotherapy, cause a decrease in white blood cells. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
The WBC count is used to suggest the presence of an infection , an allergy , or bone marrow disorder . (labtestsonline.org.uk)
Sexual arousal and orgasm increase the number of white blood cells in the body, making it easier to fight infection and illness. (bigthink.com)
Treatment of an abnormal RBC count is typically focused on treating the underlying condition, whether it be an infection, injury, cancer, or a genetic disorder. (verywellhealth.com)
We conclude that a single early complete blood count may not be an adequate screening tool for early onset GBS sepsis and should not be used to rule out infection. (nih.gov)
In fact, " the lower the neutrophil count , the greater the risk of (and severity of) infection. (naturalsociety.com)
A WBC count that is less than 1,000 is low and is considered a primary risk factor for a serious infection. (naturalsociety.com)
It also increases the body's production of T-cells, helping to fight infection more effectively. (naturalsociety.com)
My white blood cell count is over 50,000 due to a kidney infection. (drugs.com)
As you can see at 2:06 in my video , if someone with a 47-inch waist walks into the ER with a white blood cell count of 12, 13, or even 14, they may not have appendicitis or an infection. (nutritionfacts.org)
After blood work taken Monday showed Nyquist had an elevated white blood cell count, characteristic of an infection, trainer Doug O'Neill withdrew him Tuesday morning from "The Test of the Champion. (amny.com)
I know having a higher white blood cell count is an infection in the body, but what type of infection could it be? (fluther.com)
If you have white blood cells elevated you must have some kind of infection somewhere. (fluther.com)
When Dr. Shi gets here there will be a lot more answers, but I do know that an elevated WBC count can be a sign of infection. (fluther.com)
Any infection causes elevated white cells. (fluther.com)
An elevated white blood cell count frequently is a sign of infection, but not always . (fluther.com)
The normal reaction of bone marrow to infection or inflammation (tissue necrosis, infarction, burns, arthritis) leads to an increase in the number of white blood cells, predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes and less mature cell forms. (ndtv.com)
There are many possible causes of a high white blood cell count including infection, allergic reactions, medication effects, other types of " inflammation ", and also leukemias. (healthtap.com)
If your white cell count is elevated by itself, it typically means that you have some sort of infection. (healthtap.com)
Common symptoms due to low white blood cells are: infection, fever etc. (igi-global.com)
Leukocyte counts can add valuable information to reflect the presence of hyperglycemic crisis and acute infection. (medsci.org)

To do this test whole blood is mixed with a weak acid solution for the purpose of diluting the blood and gradually declining red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin . (everything2.com)
The cells contain hemoglobin, which is a protein that carries oxygen around the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The body uses iron to make the hemoglobin that stores the oxygen in the blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Changes in the RBC count usually mirror changes in other RBC tests, including the hematocrit and hemoglobin level. (labtestsonline.org)
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. (divshare.com)
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder passed on through parental genes causing the body to produce abnormal hemoglobin. (medindia.net)
Test results can be used with other clinical and laboratory findings to provide early alerts of patients with serious conditions such as severe anemia (low red blood cell or hemoglobin count) and agranulocytosis (low white blood cell count), who require additional testing. (fda.gov)
Hemoglobin electrophoresis and blood-group testing may show elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin and red cell I antigen, suggesting stress erythropoiesis. (medscape.com)
2,3-BPG deficiency is a condition in which the hemoglobin molecule in the red blood cells has an abnormal structure. (emedicinehealth.com)
Therefore, when carbon monoxide molecules attach to hemoglobin, polycythemia (increased red cell and hemoglobin production) may occur in order to compensate for the poor oxygen delivery by the existing hemoglobin molecules. (emedicinehealth.com)
Hemoglobin (Hgb) Hemoglobin is a protein found in your RBCs that gives blood its red color. (healthwise.net)
Hemoglobin is the part of RBCs that picks up oxygen in your lungs and carries it to your body's cells. (healthwise.net)
The mature red blood cell (also known as an erythrocyte) carries oxygen attached to the iron in hemoglobin. (drkaslow.com)
Hemoglobin is what gives the red color to your blood. (drkaslow.com)
Hemoglobin is the most abundant protein found within the red blood cell. (drkaslow.com)
According to a large study group of nutritional experts, after reviewing thousands of blood chemistries patients with normal to low normal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are generally more active and healthy than patients with high or high normal levels. (drkaslow.com)
A low hematocrit and hemoglobin usually indicates decreased production, excessive loss, or destruction of red blood cells. (drkaslow.com)
Anemia is not a disease, but a term indicating insufficient hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the cells. (drkaslow.com)

A low WBC count may occur in some viral infections, immunodeficiency states, and bone marrow failure. (encyclopedia.com)
The bone marrow continuously produces white blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Red blood cells are continuously produced in the bone marrow . (medicalnewstoday.com)
They are made in the bone marrow and are found in the blood and lymphatic tissues. (cancer.ca)
The risk of low white blood cell counts is greater if chemotherapy and radiation therapy are given at the same time or if large areas of bone marrow are in the radiation treatment area. (cancer.ca)
Although the white blood cell count is usually elevated in leukemias, the hallmark of this disease is the appearance of atypical/ abnormal white blood cells in blood and bone marrow smears. (medhelp.org)
These cells are produced in the bone marrow and are released into the bloodstream as they mature. (labtestsonline.org)
A low white blood cell count, called leukopenia, may be caused by bone marrow problems, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, diseases involving the liver or spleen, certain viral illnesses or severe bacterial infections, states MedlinePlus. (reference.com)
The red blood cells, also known as RBCs carry the oxygen to the tissues in the dog's organism and will return with carbon dioxide to the lungs.The red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and will be constant, as the bone marrow will produce new red blood cells as soon as the old ones are exhausted. (vetinfo.com)
If the dog's body requires a high amount of new red blood cells, the bone marrow will send immature red blood cells (also known as reticulocytes). (vetinfo.com)
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell produced by the bone marrow. (ehow.co.uk)
Monocytes typically circulate throughout the bloodstream for a period of one to three days prior to being distributed to tissues in the spleen, lung, liver and bone marrow where they mature into primary immune system cells. (ehow.co.uk)
Therefore, any disorder or chemical that affects the function of the bone marrow may potentially cause a low monocyte count. (ehow.co.uk)
Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cell precursors called monoblasts. (divshare.com)
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the bone marrow plasma cells. (myeloma.org)
All blood cells, including white blood cells, are made in the bone marrow. (clevelandclinic.org)
Immune System Modulation: Many cancers and many cancer treatments cause a suppression of the bone marrow, the source of blood cells that are the army of the immune system. (care2.com)
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. (care2.com)
In some cases, your child may be given a medicine, such as "G-CSF ( granulocyte-colony stimulating factor )," to help increase the number of white blood cells in the bone marrow . (curesearch.org)
Chronically low white blood cells can indicate serious complications with your bone marrow, the tissue responsible for producing white and red blood cells, according to MedlinePlus, an online resource of the National Institutes of Health. (livestrong.com)
Aplastic anemia is diagnosed with blood and bone marrow studies. (medscape.com)
This condition is defined by the finding of a hypoplastic bone marrow that has fatty replacement and that may have relatively increased nonhematopoietic elements, such as mast cells. (medscape.com)
This can occur either as a primary condition in which the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells (called polycythemia vera) or it may occur as a reaction to other diseases and conditions (such as hypoxia or low oxygen levels due to any reason) that drive the body to produce an increased number of red blood cells. (emedicinehealth.com)
Polycythemia vera (PV) is related to a genetic mutation in the JAK2 gene, which is thought to increase the sensitivity of bone marrow cells to Epo, resulting in increased red blood cell production. (emedicinehealth.com)
Other causes are blood loss through an accident, bone marrow defects, cancer, kidney infections or the use of certain drugs, overuse of painkillers or in women due to heavy menstrual flow. (indiatimes.com)
Treatment for mild anemia may involve iron supplements , vitamin supplements, or additional medications to treat the underlying cause or stimulate the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. (freemd.com)
Your blood cells are made in bone marrow , a soft spongy material that fills the inside of your bones. (healthwise.net)
Your bone marrow is always working to make new blood cells to replace damaged or old cells. (healthwise.net)
Cancer and some of its treatments can make it hard for your bone marrow to do its job making new blood cells. (healthwise.net)
Automated analyzers are being developed for analysis of bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood to aid in the preliminary classification of peripheral blood and bone marrow disorders [2]. (doctorslounge.com)
Seventeen days after she received a cup of her 4-year-old brother's bone marrow, it started battling Meghan's aggressive cancer, and her white blood cell count increased. (thefreedictionary.com)
Much less common but more serious causes include primary bone marrow disorders and this is suspected in patients who present with extremely high white blood cell counts or concurrent abnormalities in red blood cell or platelet counts. (ndtv.com)
White blood cells are produced in the body's bone marrow. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Viruses can cause leukopenia by both slowing the function of bone marrow and by killing off white blood cells. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, for instance, can result in your bone marrow becoming attacked and consequently slowing down white blood cell production. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Leukemia is cancer of the bone marrow and the tumor can significantly interfere with your body's ability to produce white blood cells. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and regularly released into circulation. (igi-global.com)
These are multipotent cells that reside in the bone marrow niche and have the ability to give rise to all heamatopoetic cells, as well as the ability of self renewal. (wikipedia.org)
These are secreted by other haematopoietic cells in the bone marrow or at the site of inflammation as well as epithelial and endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)

https://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5606257_signs-monocytes-blood-cell-count.html. (ehow.co.uk)
Signs & symptoms of low monocytes blood cell count" last modified May 13, 2017. (ehow.co.uk)
Monocytes make up 2-6% of all white blood cells. (divshare.com)
Cell identification errors in manual counting: This is mostly associated with distinguishing lymphocytes from monocytes, bands from segmented forms and abnormal cells (variant lymphocytes from blasts). (doctorslounge.com)
An elevated blood cell count or total leukocyte count (TLC) called leukocytosis may be due to an increase in granulocytes, lymphocytes or monocytes and is respectively called absolute neutrophilia (or eosinophilia/basophilia), absolute lymphocytosis and absolute monocytosis. (ndtv.com)
The first stage of the myeloid lineage is a granulocyte - monocyte progenitor (GMP), still an oligopotent progenitor, which then develops into unipotent cells that will later on form a population of granulocytes, as well as a population of monocytes. (wikipedia.org)

If you have a low white blood cell count, your doctor can prescribe medicines to help stimulate your immune system after each round of chemotherapy. (breastcancer.org)
Your doctor also may decide to stop your chemotherapy treatment for a little while so your body can recover and make more white blood cells. (breastcancer.org)
For chemotherapy, low counts usually occur 7-12 days after treatment. (oncolink.org)
A low white blood cell (WBC) count, is one of the more serious side effects of chemotherapy . (oncolink.org)
It can make it necessary to delay treatment to allow the WBC count to recover, and/or cause the care team to reduce the chemotherapy dose to prevent it from happening again. (oncolink.org)
They are most effective when started the day after chemotherapy to prevent the white blood cell count from dropping too low. (oncolink.org)
The addition of any supplements or medications can interfere with other treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and can alter laboratory results including blood-clotting ability. (oncolink.org)
While there are no outward signs of a low white blood cell count, it's important to be aware of the timing of low blood counts following chemotherapy. (curesearch.org)
Whenever your child receives chemotherapy , you'll want to speak with the nurse about the timing of low counts. (curesearch.org)
Patients with breast cancer that are getting chemotherapy will have low white counts secondary to the chemo. (zocdoc.com)
Chemotherapy helps control the growth of cancerous cells, but it may also harm healthy cells in the process. (livestrong.com)
Chemocare.com reports that raised liver enzymes and low white blood cells are both common side effects of chemotherapy. (livestrong.com)
This is especially true for cancer and cancer chemotherapy, both of which can have a detrimental cause-and-effect impact on blood counts. (verywellhealth.com)
Ironically, Big Pharma's cutting edge, smart bomb chemotherapy drugs are designed to specifically target cells that rapidly divide like tumor cells. (naturalsociety.com)
Chemotherapy and radiation treatments are also capable of causing leukopenia because they are used to kill fast-growing cells and leukocytes can get caught in the way. (doctorshealthpress.com)

In general, for adults a count of more than 11,000 white blood cells (leukocytes) in a microliter of blood is considered a high white blood cell count. (mayoclinic.org)
There are normally between 4,000 and 11,000 cells in every microliter of blood, although this can vary according to race. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The normal values of RBC count in canines are between 5.6 and 8.7 x 10 6 per microliter of blood. (vetinfo.com)
In general, the normal range for men is 5,000-10,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. (clevelandclinic.org)
A normal white blood cell count in dogs typically ranges from 6,000 to 17,000 per microliter of blood. (petcarerx.com)

For electronic WBC counts and differentials, interference may be caused by small fibrin clots, nucleated red blood cells (RBCs), platelet clumping, and unlysed RBCs. (encyclopedia.com)
Immature WBCs and nucleated RBCs may cause interference with the automated differential count. (encyclopedia.com)
and counting the number of nucleated RBCs per 100 WBCs. (encyclopedia.com)
Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are cells that circulate in the blood and carry oxygen throughout the body. (labtestsonline.org)
RBCs typically make up about 40% of the blood volume. (labtestsonline.org)
RBCs also help transport a small portion of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cell metabolism, from those tissues and organs back to the lungs, where it is expelled. (labtestsonline.org)
A red blood cell count is a blood test that your doctor uses to find out how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. (healthline.com)
A hematocrit test measures the ratio of RBCs in your blood. (healthline.com)
Your doctor may order the test if they suspect you have a condition that affects your RBCs, or if you show symptoms of low blood oxygen. (healthline.com)
If you have a diagnosed blood condition that may affect RBC count, or you're taking any medications that affect your RBCs, your doctor may order the test to monitor your condition or treatment. (healthline.com)
RBCs transport oxygen to your body's cells. (healthwise.net)
Newer parameters are being made available as components of the extended differential count (hematopoietic progenitor cells, immature granulocytes, and erythroblasts), the immature reticulocyte fraction, the reticulocyte indices, the fragmented RBCs, and the immature platelet fraction [3]. (doctorslounge.com)

Low red blood cell count can cause a variety of symptoms and complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Eating foods rich in iron can help prevent symptoms of anemia and keep the blood healthy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
If your RBC count is too high or too low, you could experience symptoms and complications. (healthline.com)
If you experience these symptoms your doctor can order an RBC count. (healthline.com)
What Are Possible Symptoms of Having a Low White Blood Cell Count? (reference.com)
Low monocyte counts generally do not cause specific symptoms. (ehow.co.uk)
As a result, a condition known as hyperkalemia or high blood potassium, develops and can cause symptoms such as cardiac irregularities and nausea. (livestrong.com)
Conversely, hypokalemia or low blood potassium is characterized by symptoms such as cramping muscles, digestive problems and general weakness. (livestrong.com)
Breast cancer can cause a low white blood cell count, but this only occurs when the disease is widely metastatic and you would have many other symptoms. (zocdoc.com)
He or she may want to follow your white cell count depending on how low it actually is, or if you have other symptoms. (zocdoc.com)
Other associated signs and symptoms can include itching, problems with blood clotting, bleeding , cough , or poor exercise tolerance. (emedicinehealth.com)
The particular signs and symptoms depend on the reason for the elevated red blood cell count . (emedicinehealth.com)
pstrongFoods to Increase Red Blood Cell Countbr /Symptoms of Anaemia:/strongbr /Common symptoms are low on iron are pale skin, weakness, unexplained fatigue, shortness of breath, loss of concentration. (indiatimes.com)
Severe symptoms of anemia usually improve rapidly after a blood transfusion . (freemd.com)
An abnormal RBC count is often the first sign of an illness that may either be undiagnosed or without symptoms. (verywellhealth.com)
Symptoms are typically related to the cause of the high white blood cell count. (petcarerx.com)
Depends on how low the count is and what other symptoms and signs are associated with it and what caused the low count. (healthtap.com)
Common symptoms due to low red blood cells are: fatigue or tiredness, trouble breathing, rapid heart rate, difficulty staying warm, pale skin etc. (igi-global.com)

Doctors can use CBC tests to monitor conditions like leukemia and infections of the blood. (healthline.com)
Gentamicin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in the blood. (healthline.com)
There are doctors who believe that during acute retroviral syndrome/primary HIV infections that white blood cell and lymphs are low, and others say that they would be high, which is true? (thebody.com)
this is in contrast to bacterial infections, in which the white cells. (thebody.com)
A low monocyte blood cell count increases susceptibility to infections. (ehow.co.uk)
Leukocytes or white blood cells are responsible for resisting infections that enter the body. (divshare.com)
Each blood cell protects the body from specific infections. (divshare.com)
He said that this could be because I've had a lot of infections recently, and the reason for my infections could be due to low white blood cell count. (netdoctor.co.uk)
The white cell count is sometimes lower after viral infections - flu and glandular fever in particular. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Once your body develops low numbers of white blood cells, you can develop secondary infections that impair the absorption of nutrients and the body's ability to maintain normal potassium levels. (livestrong.com)
Inadequate amounts of white blood cells can suppress immune system function, making it difficult to fight off opportunistic infections. (livestrong.com)
High white blood cell count, also known as leukocytosis, can indicate a range of conditions including infections, inflammation, bodily injury and immune system disorders. (clevelandclinic.org)
White blood cells are the part of the blood that fight infections. (clevelandclinic.org)
White blood cells are known to be part of the body's immune system that helps fight infections. (news-medical.net)
Unless you are developing unusual or frequent infections, I would not focus on the absolute number of your white count unless it is far below what could be considered normal. (zocdoc.com)
The results confirmed that sexual arousal and orgasm increased the number of white blood cells, particularly the natural killer cells that help fight off infections. (bigthink.com)
As with other cancer drugs that suppress white blood cell counts , infections that are serious may require hospitalization and can sometimes be fatal. (thefreedictionary.com)
Increased eosinophil or basophil counts can be due to a variety of infections, allergic reactions or other causes. (ndtv.com)
White blood cells' main purpose is to defend the body against infections of the viral, bacterial, and fungal nature. (petcarerx.com)
Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections can lead to high numbers of white blood cells, causing neutrophil levels to increase beyond their normal range of 3,000 and 12,000 per microliter. (petcarerx.com)
The white blood cells normally an indication of an infections as you say. (bladdercancersupport.org)
Many virus infections are associated with low or normal WBC counts. (healthtap.com)
The white blood cells (WBC) act as your body's protectors, providing it immunity against infections. (iloveindia.com)

Sources of error in manual WBC counting are due largely to variance in the dilution of the sample and the distribution of cells in the chamber, as well as the small number of WBCs that are counted. (encyclopedia.com)
Automated cell counters may not be acceptable for counting WBCs in other body fluids, especially when the number of WBCs is less than 1000/ μ L or when other nucleated cell types are present. (encyclopedia.com)
Any immature WBCs are included in the differential count of 100 cells, and any inclusions or abnormalities of the WBCs are reported. (encyclopedia.com)
Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. (cancer.ca)
A WBC count is a blood test to measure the number of white blood cells (WBCs) i. (reference.com)
WBCs contribute to blood viscosity, release products that induce plaque rupture and thrombus formation ( 9 ), and have a role in endothelial dysfunction ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
A "normal" WBC count is considered to be approximately 4,500 to 10,000 WBCs per microliter or cubic millimeter (cmm) of blood. (naturalsociety.com)
Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the total number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood from any cause. (ndtv.com)

When you have a low white blood cell count, your immune system isn't working as well as it should. (breastcancer.org)
White blood cells are a major component of the body's immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
White blood cells make up around 1 percent of all blood cells, and they are essential to regular function in the immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A macrophage is responsible for many functions, including removing dead or damaged tissue, destroying cancer cells, and regulating the immune response. (medicalnewstoday.com)
If levels of white blood cells are lower than usual, this may be a sign that the person has reduced immune activity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The white blood cells, or leukocytes, are part of the body's immune system. (reference.com)
healthy immune system, there is a full range of CD4 cells (T-cells, see Fact Sheet 124 ) that can fight different diseases. (thebody.com)
Treatments for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and AIDS can kill off white blood cells in an effort to impair the immune response. (livestrong.com)
Laboratory studies have also looked at how acupuncture works for cancer treatment, such as the role of acupuncture in stimulating immune functions, including increasing blood cell count and enhancing lymphocyte and natural killer cell activity. (care2.com)
In some cases, an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the stomach cells, decreasing the amount of protein called the intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 from food. (indiatimes.com)
Masturbation boosts your immune system and raises your white blood cell count. (bigthink.com)
A group of 11 volunteers were asked to participate in a study that would look at the effects of orgasm through masturbation on the white blood cell count and immune system. (bigthink.com)
A major problem with this crude approach is that white blood cells, an integral part of the immune system, also fall into the rapidly dividing category. (naturalsociety.com)
Cat's claw reboots the immune system to regulate white blood cell production and performance. (naturalsociety.com)
Although TCM has successfully used Astragalus clinically as an immune system tonic/booster for centuries, it wasn't until a 1981 study by Hou et al had demonstrated that oral Astragalus measurably increases interferon and leukocyte blood levels that Europe, Japan, and the USA took notice. (naturalsociety.com)
Additionally, the University of Texas found that Astragalus enhanced the immune system's ability to identify bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells. (naturalsociety.com)
Red blood cells carry oxygen, while white blood cells are our immune system's foot soldiers. (nutritionfacts.org)
Since white blood cells are an important part of the immune system, however, it can't hurt to know a bit about what can cause these defenders to thin out. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab significantly improve overall survival in some - but not all - patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)," said lead author Dr Marcello Tiseo, Coordinator of DMT Thoracic Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy. (esmo.org)
Biomarkers in the blood are easier to obtain and may be better indicators of immune response. (esmo.org)
There is nothing better than a healthy diet, to increase the count of white blood cells in your body and reward you with an efficient immune system. (iloveindia.com)

Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. (divshare.com)
They also help take carbon dioxide away from cells. (webmd.com)
Red blood cells play a critical role in moving oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body and returning carbon dioxide to your lungs to be exhaled. (ahealthyme.com)

A high white blood cell count is also called leukocytosis. (mayoclinic.org)

There also are a variety of blood disorders, some benign, that can cause an elevation in the lymphocyte counts. (timescolonist.com)
Rheological disorders of red blood cells (RBC) and decreased RBC deformability have been involved in the development of diabetic microangiopathy. (dovepress.com)
We found that WBC count increased as glucose metabolism disorders exacerbated. (mdpi.com)

When people have a lower red blood count than normal, their body has to work overtime to get enough oxygen to the cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Without iron, these cells can die or be unable to deliver oxygen to the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When you move to a higher altitude, your RBC count may increase for several weeks because there's less oxygen in the air. (healthline.com)
A high RBC count may be a result of sleep apnea , pulmonary fibrosis , and other conditions that cause low oxygen levels in the blood. (healthline.com)
The red blood cells carry the oxygen to the tissues. (vetinfo.com)
Erythrocytes or Red blood Cells main purpose is to transport oxygen throughout the cells of the body. (divshare.com)
It may also be due to a difficulty in getting enough oxygen/nutrients to the tissues so they are signaling the need for more red blood cells to carry these things. (doctorslounge.com)
The main reasons for higher than normal Epo are chronic hypoxia (poor blood oxygen levels over the long-term), poor oxygen delivery due to abnormal red blood cell structure, and tumors releasing inappropriately high amounts of Epo. (emedicinehealth.com)
This results in more red blood cells being produced in response to what the tissues in the body perceive as an inadequate oxygen level. (emedicinehealth.com)
Oxygen is important for every cell in the body, without it the cells cannot function. (indiatimes.com)
Anaemia is a condition where the number of red blood cells or their oxygen carrying capacity is insufficient to meet the basic physiologic need of the body. (indiatimes.com)
capillaries, oxygen is released and used by the cells of the body. (medfriendly.com)
The remaining oxygen is carried in the blood plasma in dissolved form. (medfriendly.com)
The red blood cell (RBC) count is used to measure the number of oxygen-carrying blood cells in a volume of blood. (verywellhealth.com)
It is one of the key measures we use to determine how much oxygen is being transported to cells of the body. (verywellhealth.com)
A high RBC count tells us that there has been an increase in oxygen-carrying cells in blood. (verywellhealth.com)
A low RBC count indicates a decrease in oxygen-carrying cells in the blood. (verywellhealth.com)
The clinical importance of the test is that it is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. (drkaslow.com)
It contains the iron, which carries the oxygen to the cells. (drkaslow.com)
RBC Elixir works to increase red blood cell count, strengthens rbc circulation and improves oxygen assimilation in the body. (dimmakherbs.com)
Blood improvement (rbc count) is essential for endurance activities, but better oxygen and nutrient circulation and muscle penetration gives you an edge in any sport or activity. (dimmakherbs.com)
Is there anything not to gain from healthy, invigorated, oxygen moving blood? (dimmakherbs.com)

In 2017, my white blood cell count was 8.9 and my lymphocytes were 3.2. (timescolonist.com)

Sometimes cancer treatments may be delayed if your platelet counts are low. (healthwise.net)

Your hematocrit is the volume of red blood cells in your body. (healthline.com)
What does a low or high level of hematocrit (Hct) from a complete blood count (CBC) indicate? (webmd.com)
Hematocrit (Hct) The hematocrit shows how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells. (healthwise.net)
The hematocrit is one of the most precise methods of determining the degree of anemia or polycythemia (excessive amount of red blood cells). (drkaslow.com)
The hematocrit represents the volume of red blood cells in 100ml of blood and is therefore reported as a percentage. (drkaslow.com)

A low red blood count or anemia can cause feelings of fatigue and weakness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Anemia is a condition charcaterized by a low red blood cell count. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This deficiency can lead to abnormal red blood cells called megaloblasts, and a condition called megaloblastic anemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The dog may require IV fluids and liquid therapy, if the red blood cell count is very low.The vet may prescribe a change in diet and supplements if the dog has anemia. (vetinfo.com)
If your RBC count is too low, you may have anemia or another condition. (webmd.com)
If you have anemia, your blood has fewer red blood cells than normal. (webmd.com)
Because the extent of previous transfusion has been shown to significantly affect the outcomes of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for aplastic anemia, the rapidity with which these data are obtained is crucial. (medscape.com)
Depending on the type of anemia, treatment for severe anemia may also require a blood transfusion . (freemd.com)
Anemia is the medical term for a low red blood cell count. (healthwise.net)
The primary reason to assess the RBC is to check for anemia and to evaluate normal erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells). (drkaslow.com)
Assuming that your diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is correct, a three-month course of iron therapy should restore your red blood cell count to normal and replenish your iron stores. (thefreedictionary.com)
RBC is therefore an effective anemia supplement as well thanks to its affinity at raising rbc count. (dimmakherbs.com)
A low red blood cell count (anemia) can often occur alongside leukopenia as the body begins to lose red blood cells without enough white blood cells to protect them. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Low red cells count is because of anemia and need evaluation and blood test to find the cause so be treated. (healthtap.com)
In medical field, the number of red blood cells is used as an indication factor for detecting the type of diseases such as malaria, anemia, leukemia etc. (igi-global.com)

Basophils make up 0.5-1% of all white blood cells. (divshare.com)

an elevated lymphocyte count may produce a total white count that falls within the reference range. (reference.com)
Let me clarify that I never said that the white blood cell count or sed rate go up in acute HIV, just that the lymphocyte count goes down. (thebody.com)
Some studies have revealed that raised white blood cell and neutrophil counts along with a fall in lymphocyte count are seen in some patients with COVID-19. (news-medical.net)

It determines the number of leukocytes in the blood. (everything2.com)
The White Blood Cell (WBC) Count measures two components: the total number of WBC's (leukocytes), and the differential count. (medlineplus.gov)
White blood cells are also known as leukocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They constitute between three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood. (divshare.com)
Leukocytes are a type of white blood cell, and when the body has low levels of them, leucopenia is the result. (doctorshealthpress.com)
However, many people have below-normal levels of leukocytes in their blood but these levels are not enough to make a significant difference in their daily lives. (doctorshealthpress.com)
In adults, 4,000 leukocytes per milliliter of blood is considered to be a low count, with 4,500 to 10,000 cells being considered normal. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Diabetic ketoacidosis, Diabetic ketosis, Leukocytes counts. (medsci.org)

Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count. (cancer.ca)
A person has leukopenia when the total WBC count is less than 3.0 x 10 9 /L. A person has neutropenia when the ANC is less than 1.9 x 10 9 /L. The neutrophil count usually decreases with the WBC count, but it is possible to have a normal WBC count and still have neutropenia. (cancer.ca)
Leukopenia or neutropenia are usually diagnosed by a complete blood count (CBC). (cancer.ca)
A low neutrophil count (less than 1000) is known as neutropenia. (oncolink.org)
If the neutrophil count is low, it is called neutropenia (new-tro-pee-nia). (oncolink.org)
Patients with low WBC counts or neutropenia should avoid people with colds or crowded areas and wash their hands frequently. (oncolink.org)

Among other problems, chemo patients blood cell counts drop, often at alarming rates during therapy. (care2.com)
Fortunately Chinese medicine effectively raises blood cell counts for these patients. (care2.com)
Fortunately for these patients there is a safer therapy available that effectively increases blood cell production: Chinese medicine. (care2.com)
In my practice, I have seen blood cell counts markedly improve when acupuncture patients add Chinese herbs to their treatment plan. (care2.com)
Patients with low blood cell counts usually suffer from fatigue, so building qi to improve energy is also an important component of treatment. (care2.com)
The XW-100 Automated Hematology Analyzer is intended for use in patients 2 years of age and older who require a whole blood cell count and white blood cell differential. (fda.gov)
The device works by using a blood sample to classify and quantify 12 different blood characteristics (hematology parameters), which provides patients with a blood component profile as part of their overall health assessment. (fda.gov)
We reviewed the evidence for iron treatment prior to major surgery, for reducing the need for blood transfusions in patients around the time of surgery. (cochrane.org)
However, the 38 patients in our analysis falls far short of the 819 patients our information size calculation recommended to detect a 30% reduction in blood transfusions. (cochrane.org)
The objective of this review is to evaluate the effects of pre-operative iron therapy (enteral or parenteral) in reducing the need for allogeneic blood transfusions in anaemic patients undergoing surgery. (cochrane.org)
However, few studies have evaluated the association of RBC count with microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (dovepress.com)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of RBC count with microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. (dovepress.com)
A decreased RBC count is associated with microvascular complications in Chinese patients with T2DM. (dovepress.com)
The RBC count is a potential marker to improve further the ability to identify diabetic patients at high risk of microvascular complications. (dovepress.com)
The role of pre-operative white blood cell counts (WBCC) in patients with an acute abdomen is contentious. (ovid.com)
In patients with previously diagnosed T2DM, the course of T2DM was not correlated with WBC count. (mdpi.com)
We have carried out a cross-sectional study testing the hypothesis that ILC2 counts are increased in peripheral blood of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. (bmj.com)
Methods Blood was taken from 9 controls and 33 patients with asthma, 23 of whom met the 2014 ERS/ATS guideline criteria for severe asthma and had historical evidence of eosinophilic airway inflammation as defined before (Pavord et al . (bmj.com)
Mean ± SD ILC2 counts were 566 ± 379, 323 ± 224, 437 ± 628 and 429 ± 421cells/mL ( Figure 1A ) and 0.034 ± 0.022, 0.02 ± 0.017, 0.020 ± 0.028 and 0.019 ± 0.014% of total lymphocytes ( Figure 1B ) in normal controls (n = 9), patients with mild to moderate asthma (n = 10), patients with severe asthma at BTS step 4 (n = 12), and patients with severe asthma at BTS step 5 (n = 11) respectively. (bmj.com)
Comparison of ILC2 counts (A) and proportions in lymphocytes (B) in the blood from healthy control and different asthma patients. (bmj.com)
We found no evidence of increased counts in peripheral blood from patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. (bmj.com)
Geneva, Switzerland - White blood cell counts can predict whether or not lung cancer patients will benefit from immunotherapy, according to research to be presented at the European Lung Cancer Conference (ELCC). (esmo.org)
This study assessed the ability of white blood cell counts to predict whether lung cancer patients responded to treatment with nivolumab. (esmo.org)
The researchers found that white blood cell counts at baseline and during therapy predicted whether patients would respond to nivolumab treatment. (esmo.org)
The identification of a panel of blood predictive biomarkers would enable the early identification of patients most likely to benefit from anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 treatment. (esmo.org)
He continued: "This study found that baseline levels of certain white blood cells do have a role in predicting response to immunotherapy in patients with lung cancer. (esmo.org)
Actually, patients with sickle cell disease often have white blood cell counts that are higher than normal. (healthtap.com)
The median leukocyte counts in DK and non-DK patients (6595/mm 3 and 6008/mm 3 , respectively) were within the normal range. (medsci.org)
Patients with a closed artery at 60 and 90 minutes had higher a WBC count than patients with an open artery ( P =0.02). (ahajournals.org)
These observations provide a potential explanation for the higher mortality rate observed among AMI patients with elevated WBC counts and helps explain the growing body of literature that links inflammation and cardiovascular disease. (ahajournals.org)
1 2 3 Patients with elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts have been shown to have a higher risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 4 5 6 7 and to be at higher risk for adverse events during the acute setting. (ahajournals.org)

High white blood cell count (leukocytosis) does not necessarily equate with leukemia. (medhelp.org)
In contrast, a high white blood cell count is often found in leukemia, a type of cancer of the blood. (livestrong.com)
Lymphocyte counts of 5,000 or higher are suggestive of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which sounds very scary. (timescolonist.com)
Barnes, whose leukemia remained chronic for seven years, said he is in hematologic remission, in which his white blood cell count is considered normal. (thefreedictionary.com)
Does having a high white blood cell count indicate leukemia? (healthtap.com)

Eosinophils make of 1-5% of white blood cells. (divshare.com)

White blood cell counts are highest in children under one year of age and then decrease somewhat until adulthood. (encyclopedia.com)
Leukopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells. (cancer.ca)
Radiation treatment and medications used for cancer treatment may also decrease white blood cell count. (reference.com)

To address this question, we evaluated differences between subjects with IFG and IGT using the WBC count as a marker of subclinical inflammation and investigated the variables that showed a correlation with WBC count. (diabetesjournals.org)
White blood cell (WBC) counts are routinely measured in clinical practice as markers of systemic inflammation. (hindawi.com)
Digestive inflammation (with hidden or obvious blood loss) as might occur with parasites, colitis, hemorrhoids, etc. (drkaslow.com)
These results suggest that higher WBC counts are a predictor of CHD mortality independent of the effects of smoking and other traditional CVD risk factors, which may indicate a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of CHD. (nih.gov)
The white blood cell count is a "stable, well-standardized, widely available and inexpensive measure of systemic inflammation. (nutritionfacts.org)
We examined whether a high white blood cell count (WBC), a marker of inflammation, predicts a worsening of insulin action, insulin secretory function, and the development of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians. (diabetesjournals.org)

FLAER is also a highly sensitive flow cytometry test for PNH that uses whole blood and binds specifically to glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor proteins in peripheral blood granulocytes. (medscape.com)
White blood cells comprise granulocytes (cells with granules in their cytoplasm) and mononuclear cells. (ndtv.com)
Granulocytes are short lived cells (their lifespan is between 6 and 8 hours) with a high cell turnover. (wikipedia.org)
C/EBPβ enhances the production of granulocytes by promoting progression of the cell cycle of myeloid progenitors at accelerated rate, therefore generating sufficient amount of new granulocyte to fight the insult. (wikipedia.org)

A high white blood cell count is an increase in disease-fighting cells in your blood. (mayoclinic.org)
The exact threshold for a high white blood cell count varies from one laboratory to another. (mayoclinic.org)
People with particular blood cancers may also have high white blood cells counts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
I am 16 years old and just wondering (I did not want to make a doctor's appointment just for this) but in the past few years I have had a few blood tests and each time they say I have a high white blood cell count. (medhelp.org)
I am just wondering what sort of medical problems are associated with a high white blood cell count? (medhelp.org)
2,3 Kuchler et al 2 found in all but one case of their series (n = 29) of neonatal septicemia an abnormal high relative count of band cells. (aappublications.org)
Methyldopa is often used to treat high blood pressure. (healthline.com)
Increase in RBC count may be the result of primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) or secondary polycythemia (hypoxemia of lung or cardiovascular disease, increased erythropoietin production associated with renal cyst, renal cell carcinoma, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, or high O 2 affinity hemoglobinopathy) including stress polycythemia (hemoconcentration associated with exercise, exertion, fright, etc). (labcorp.com)
A high red blood cell count may be a symptom of a disease or disorder, although it doesn't always indicate a health problem. (clevelandclinic.org)
Health or lifestyle factors can cause a high red blood cell count. (clevelandclinic.org)
She stayed overnight and was expected to leave today but her white blood cell count was high. (healthboards.com)
Your healthcare provider may also want this test done to determine if your RBC count is too high. (ahealthyme.com)
Contrary to primary polycythemia in which overproduction of red blood cell results from increased sensitivity or responsiveness to Epo (often with lower than normal levels of Epo), in secondary polycythemia, more red cells are produced because of high levels of circulating Epo. (emedicinehealth.com)
My Doc says I have high iron count in my blood. (drugs.com)
As you can see at 5:00 in my video , the higher your white count, the worse your arterial function may be and the stiffer your arteries may be, so it's no wonder white blood cell count is a useful predictor of high blood pressure and artery disease in your heart, brain, legs, and neck. (nutritionfacts.org)
The high-altitude adaptation response is understood to evoke increases in red blood cell count , capillary density and metabolic improvement. (thefreedictionary.com)
I later deduced that my stomach pain was stress related…but never understood the high white cell count until I read the link in Jason's post above. (fluther.com)
A high white blood cell count can be an indication that your dog is sick. (petcarerx.com)
A high white blood cell count in dogs could explain why your dog is acting a little moody or why they're shedding more hair than normal . (petcarerx.com)
Why Would a Dog have a High Blood Cell Count? (petcarerx.com)
If a complete blood count shows that your dog's white blood cell levels are high, there are a number of treatments your vet may recommend, tailored to the cause of the high blood cell count. (petcarerx.com)
In addition, high density lipoprotein and the female gender were inversely correlated with WBC count. (mdpi.com)
When one captured low-resolution lensless cell image is input, an improved high-resolution cell image will be output. (mdpi.com)
My counts are in the normal range two weeks after treatment, and very high (18) on the 21st day after treatment, or the day of the start of the next treatment cycle. (cancer.org)

WBC - 4,500 to 10,000 cells/mcl. (medlineplus.gov)
A normal white blood cell count is between 5,000 and 10,000 cells. (curesearch.org)

According to the American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) , the test is almost always a part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. (healthline.com)
American Association for Clinical Chemistry: "Complete Blood Count," "Reference Ranges and What They Mean. (webmd.com)

If your WBC count falls below a normal level for an extended period of time, it is called leukopenia. (naturalsociety.com)
Leukopenia (low white blood cell count) is not so much a condition as it is a state of the body. (doctorshealthpress.com)
Although these people may technically count as having leukopenia, they are not normally considered when discussing people experiencing the condition. (doctorshealthpress.com)

White blood cells are responsible for identifying and counterattacking bacterial or viral attacks on your body. (livestrong.com)

For women who are not pregnant, the range is 4,500-11,000 white blood cells per microliter. (clevelandclinic.org)
A patient's white count of 2,500 can be just as normal as another white count of 11,000. (zocdoc.com)

Acute emotional or physical stress can increase WBC counts. (medlineplus.gov)
Hsv , even during the acute phase does not later blood cell counts materially. (healthtap.com)
Background -Elevation of the white blood cell (WBC) count during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with adverse outcomes. (ahajournals.org)

Then the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter is calculated. (everything2.com)
An RBC count is measured in millions per cubic millimeter (million/mm3). (ahealthyme.com)

The diagnosis analysis showed that higher total leukocyte and neutrophil counts and lower eosinophil counts had a significant ability to reflect the presence of hyperglycemic emergencies. (medsci.org)

Even within the normal range, the WBC count is positively and independently associated with mortality from coronary heart disease ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
White blood cell count: an independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality among a national cohort. (nih.gov)
An association between elevated white blood cell (WBC) count and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has been previously observed. (nih.gov)

Chinese herbalists use a strategy of tonifying the Kidney, Blood and the Spleen to increase blood cell counts. (care2.com)
Chronic anaemia like the sickle cell anaemia, anaemis due to kidney disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anaemia do need medical intervention. (indiatimes.com)
At the stage of a metamyelocyte the cell nucleus is becoming kidney-shaped and it becomes even more bent in the stage of a band cell. (wikipedia.org)

This test requires a 3.5 mL sample of blood. (encyclopedia.com)
A laboratory test performed on a sample of a patient's blood . (everything2.com)
This is a routine blood test . (everything2.com)
It is one test among several that is included in a complete blood count (CBC) and is often used in the general evaluation of a person's health. (labtestsonline.org)
This test may also be used to help diagnose and/or monitor a number of diseases that affect the production or lifespan of red blood cells. (labtestsonline.org)
An RBC count is a simple blood test performed at your doctor's office. (healthline.com)
i have been ill recently with a virus - left me low - have had fevers etc and dr gave me a blood test - came back low white blood cell count which they want me to see an immunologist about. (thebody.com)
The level of RBC can be measured in a blood test. (vetinfo.com)
A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that is commonly ordered by doctors. (clevelandclinic.org)
Why would your doctor order a white blood cell count test? (clevelandclinic.org)
What does a white blood cell count test tell? (clevelandclinic.org)
A type of test called a white blood cell differential (sometimes called a "diff") might be done at the same time as the other blood tests. (clevelandclinic.org)
This test classifies the different kinds of white blood cells, which all have different jobs in keeping us healthy. (clevelandclinic.org)
After an overnight fast, fasting blood samples were obtained and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed as described previously ( 19 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
All her blood test results are normal, except for low white blood cell count. (healingwell.com)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today cleared a complete blood cell count (CBC) test that, based on its categorization, can be run in more health care settings, including physicians' offices, clinics or other types of health care facilities, by a wider range of personnel (e.g. support staff). (fda.gov)
This MR study aimed to test the causal effects of white blood cell traits on severe COVID-19. (news-medical.net)
On average it takes 7 working days for the blood test results to come back from the hospital, depending on the exact tests requested. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
This test measures the number of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, in your blood. (ahealthyme.com)
The test is done with a blood sample. (ahealthyme.com)
Having a blood test with a needle carries some risks. (ahealthyme.com)
A blood test could confirm the deficiency. (indiatimes.com)
Your doctor may order a blood test to check the different cells in your blood. (healthwise.net)
Instead, it is most often performed as part of a more comprehensive test called a complete blood cell (CBC) count which measures the composition cells in a blood sample. (verywellhealth.com)
When the WBC count per blood test is below normal, the culprit is most likely an underlying disease condition. (naturalsociety.com)
CONCLUSIONS WBC count, a commonly used and widely available test, is an independent risk factor for diabetes in young men at values well within the normal range. (diabetesjournals.org)
As you can see at 2:31 in my video , if you test identical twins and one smokes but the other doesn't, the smoker is going to end up with a significantly higher white cell count. (nutritionfacts.org)
Does CBC blood test include white and red blood cell count? (healthtap.com)
Blood counts are monitored with a laboratory test called a Complete Blood Count (CBC). (igi-global.com)

The objective of the experiment was to prepare a fresh blood smear and distinguish different types of blood cells using wright's stains. (divshare.com)
Diagnosis from the blood smear. (freemd.com)
you can see what it looks like when you take a drop of blood, smear it between two pieces of glass, and view at it under a microscope: a whole bunch of little, round, red blood cells and a few big, white blood cells. (nutritionfacts.org)
Although peripheral blood smear examination provides information that cannot be obtained from automated cell counting, it has certain limitations and special considerations. (doctorslounge.com)
There is a non-uniform distribution of red blood cells as well, with small crowded red blood cells at the thick edge and large flat red blood cells without central pallor at the feathered edge of the smear. (doctorslounge.com)

The following medicines may help increase WBC counts. (cancer.ca)

A white blood cell (WBC) count determines the concentration of white blood cells in the patient's blood. (encyclopedia.com)
The WBC count provides clues about certain illnesses, and helps physicians monitor a patient's recovery from others. (encyclopedia.com)
A low monocyte blood cell count diagnosis is based on the results of a complete blood count from a sample removed from the patient's vein. (ehow.co.uk)

The differential count measures the percentages of each type of leukocyte present. (medlineplus.gov)
The "differential count" , sometimes known as the "diff" , shows the amount (percentage) of each type of white blood cell in your blood. (healthwise.net)

ILC2 were measured as lineage- CD45 + CD127 + CRTH2+ by flow cytometry and numbers presented as total cell counts and% peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (bmj.com)

This usually entails increased numbers of cells and an increase in the percentage of immature cells (mainly band zcells) in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
It restricts the cell cycle of immature cells by inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4 and promotes granulocytic differentiation. (wikipedia.org)

A red blood cell (RBC) count is typically ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC) and may be used as part of a health checkup to screen for a variety of conditions. (labtestsonline.org)
An RBC count is ordered as a part of the complete blood count (CBC) , often as part of a routine physical or as part of a pre-surgical workup. (labtestsonline.org)
The red blood cell count is measured when a complete blood count is performed. (vetinfo.com)
A complete blood count (CBC) is usually performed to check for leukocytosis. (clevelandclinic.org)
What is a complete blood count? (clevelandclinic.org)
What does a red blood cell count (RBC) mean from a complete blood count (CBC)? (webmd.com)
Mayo Clinic: "Complete Blood Count (CBC). (webmd.com)
University of Rochester Medical Center: "Complete Blood Count. (webmd.com)
UCLA Health: "Complete Blood Count. (webmd.com)
What do white blood cells (WBC) levels mean from a complete blood count (CBC)? (webmd.com)
A red blood cell (RBC) count is typically done as part of a complete blood count. (ahealthyme.com)
A red blood cell count is often part of a complete blood count. (ahealthyme.com)
Complete blood counts obtained at admission and between 12 and 24 hours of age were reviewed. (nih.gov)
Optimal screening for GBS sepsis requires a repeat complete blood count within the first 24 hours of age. (nih.gov)
In this article we used data from 582 healthy pedigreed baboons and variance components methods to localize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing complete blood count variables. (springer.com)
How strange it was to look at my own complete blood cell count report and see a white blood cell count of 100/[micro]L and a platelet count of 10,000/[micro]L As a specialist in hematology, I had looked at many reports similar to mine with detached concern. (thefreedictionary.com)
Please consult a hematologist and get a complete blood count with a peripheral blood film review. (ndtv.com)
Running periodic complete blood counts on your dog may be one of the best things you can do for their overall health. (petcarerx.com)
Your vet will likely recommend a complete blood count when your dog is exhibiting signs of an illness, and they're unable to diagnose with a physical exam or other common diagnostic measures. (petcarerx.com)
Is a complete blood cell count useful in determining the prognosis of pulmonary embolism? (ersjournals.com)
Was anything else out of range on your complete blood count? (celiac.com)

Anatomy27

Organisms9

Diseases56

Chemicals and Drugs46

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment87

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Named Groups2

Health Care37

Geographicals3

Interleukin-8 receptor modulates IgE production and B-cell expansion and trafficking in allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation. (1/1848)

Relative efficacy of 32P and 89Sr in palliation in skeletal metastases. (2/1848)

The minimum CD34 threshold depends on prior chemotherapy in autologous peripheral blood stem cell recipients. (3/1848)

A technique for dual determination of cytotoxic and helper lymphocyte precursor frequency by a miniaturized dye release method. (4/1848)

Effects of isoproterenol on myocardial structure and function in septic rats. (5/1848)

Phase I and pharmacologic study of the combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and topotecan administered intravenously every 21 days as first-line therapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. (6/1848)

Genetic evidence for functional redundancy of Platelet/Endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1): CD31-deficient mice reveal PECAM-1-dependent and PECAM-1-independent functions. (7/1848)

Single leukapheresis products collected from healthy donors after the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor contain ten-fold higher numbers of long-term reconstituting hematopoietic progenitor cells than conventional bone marrow allografts. (8/1848)

Blood Cell Count

Leukocyte Count

Erythrocyte Count

Cell Count

Blood Cells

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

Platelet Count

Leukocytosis

Erythrocytes

Hematologic Tests

Hematocrit

HIV Infections

Hemoglobins

Lymphocyte Count

Leukocytes

Erythrocyte Indices

Biological Markers

C-Reactive Protein

Time Factors

Prospective Studies

Retrospective Studies

Viral Load

Risk Factors

Cohort Studies

Prognosis

Treatment Outcome

Leukemoid Reaction

Reticulocyte Count

Leukopenia

Bone Marrow

Predictive Value of Tests

Anti-HIV Agents

Blood Sedimentation

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Hematology

Spinal Puncture

Neutrophils

Blood Chemical Analysis

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

Acute Disease

Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

Follow-Up Studies

HIV-1

Hematopoiesis

Thrombocytopenia

Lymphocytes

Erythrocyte Transfusion

Anemia

Colony Count, Microbial

Cytogenetics

Infant, Newborn

Fever

Solar Activity

Capillary Fragility

Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute

Inflammation

Appendicitis

Survival Analysis

Erythrocyte Membrane

Fibrinogen

Erythrocyte Deformability

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

Multivariate Analysis

Sensitivity and Specificity

Cross-Sectional Studies

Flow Cytometry

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

Spleen

Granulocytes

Drug Therapy, Combination

Sepsis

ROC Curve

Severity of Illness Index

Remission Induction

Reference Values

Case-Control Studies

fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3

Japan

Anti-Retroviral Agents