Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
A syndrome characterized by orofacial DYSTONIA; including BLEPHAROSPASM; forceful jaw opening; lip retraction; platysma muscle spasm; and tongue protrusion. It primarily affects older adults, with an incidence peak in the seventh decade of life. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p108)
Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1378)
Eyelid diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or appearance of the eyelids, including inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, congenital, and traumatic disorders, which can impact vision, comfort, and overall ocular health.
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)
Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.
Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.
A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
A legal concept that an accused is not criminally responsible if, at the time of committing the act, the person was laboring under such a defect of reason from disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act done or if the act was known, to not have known that what was done was wrong. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed)

Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia? (1/78)

Thirty-nine patients with the idiopathic blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome are described. All presented in adult life, usually in the sixth decade; women were more commonly affected than men. Thirteen had blepharospasm alone, nine had oromandibular dystonia alone, and 17 had both. Torticollis or dystonic writer's camp preceded the syndrome in two patients. Eight other patients developed toritocollis, dystonic posturing of the arms, or involvement of respiratory muscles. No cause or hereditary basis for the illness were discovered. The evidence to indicate that this syndrome is due to an abnormality of extrapyramidal function, and that it is another example of adult-onset focal dystonia akin to spasmodic torticollis and dystonic writer's cramp, is discussed.  (+info)

Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: objective response evaluation. (2/78)

Twenty seven patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and sixteen patients with blepharospasm (BS) having mean Jankovic disability rating scale score of 2.56+0.58 SD and 2.81+0.54 SD, respectively, were treated with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections. The total number of injection sessions were ninety one with relief response in 98.91%. The mean improvement in function scale score was 3.78+0.64 SD and 3.29+1.07 SD respectively, in HFS and BS groups. The clinical benefit induced by botulinum toxin lasted for a mean of 4.46+3.11 SD (range 2 to 13) months in HFS group and 2.66+1.37 SD (range 1 to 6) months, in BS groups. Transient ptosis was seen in 4.39% of total ninety one injection sessions. These findings show that local botulinum toxin treatment provides effective, safe and long lasting relief of spasms.  (+info)

Risk factors for spread of primary adult onset blepharospasm: a multicentre investigation of the Italian movement disorders study group. (3/78)

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about factors influencing the spread of blepharospasm to other body parts. An investigation was carried out to deterrmine whether demographic features (sex, age at blepharospasm onset), putative risk, or protective factors for blepharospasm (family history of dystonia or tremor, previous head or face trauma with loss of consciousness, ocular diseases, and cigarette smoking), age related diseases (diabetes, hypertension), edentulousness, and neck or trunk trauma preceding the onset of blepharospasm could distinguish patients with blepharospasm who had spread of dystonia from those who did not. METHODS: 159 outpatients presenting initially with blepharospasm were selected in 16 Italian Institutions. There were 104 patients with focal blepharospasm (mean duration of disease 5.3 (SD 1.9) years) and 55 patients in whom segmental or multifocal dystonia developed (mainly in the cranial cervical area) 1.5 (1.2) years after the onset of blepharospasm. Information was obtained from a standardised questionnaire administered by medical interviewers. A Cox regression model was used to examine the relation between the investigated variables and spread. RESULTS: Previous head or face trauma with loss of consciousness, age at the onset of blepharospasm, and female sex were independently associated with an increased risk of spread. A significant association was not found between spread of dystonia and previous ocular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, neck or trunk trauma, edentulousness, cigarette smoking, and family history of dystonia or tremor. An unsatisfactory study power negatively influenced the validity and accuracy of the negative findings relative to diabetes, neck or trunk trauma, and cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this exploratory study confirm that patients presenting initially with blepharospasm are most likely to experience some spread of dystonia within a few years of the onset of blepharospasm and suggest that head or face trauma with loss of consciousness preceding the onset, age at onset, and female sex may be relevant to spread. The suggested association between edentulousness and cranial cervical dystonia may be apparent because of the confounding effect of both age at onset and head or face trauma with loss of consciousness. The lack of influence of family history of dystonia on spread is consistent with previous findings indicating that the inheritance pattern is the same for focal and segmental blepharospasm.  (+info)

The effect of apomorphine on blink kinematics in subhuman primates with and without facial nerve palsy. (4/78)

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to document the effect of acutely delivered apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist with both D1 and D2 properties, on blink rate and the amplitude-velocity characteristics of eyelid kinematics in a group of nonhuman primates. METHODS: Three cynomolgus and two rhesus macaques underwent baseline recordings for eyelid kinematics, using the Robinson search coil technique. Next, each animal received a 0.15-mg/kg subcutaneous injection of apomorphine. Recordings were taken at 45 and 90 minutes, respectively, after injection. Blink rates per minute were obtained, and main sequence relationships were calculated for every animal. The data were pooled for each eyelid, excluding one monkey who was affected by facial nerve palsy and was analyzed separately. RESULTS: Monkeys with normal facial musculature and normal baseline blink rates showed consistently longer, faster blinks after apomorphine. The main sequence relationship, although tending to be lower, was not statistically different from baseline. One monkey, with prior facial nerve palsy and a very steep amplitude versus peak velocity relationship, showed normalization of the main sequence slope after apomorphine at both 45 and 90 minutes after injection. CONCLUSIONS: Apomorphine consistently lowers blink rate and changed blink metrics in normal monkeys and, more dramatically, in a monkey with facial nerve palsy. These findings add credence to models in which dopamine deficiency plays a role in the modulation of blink kinematics.  (+info)

Botulinum toxin A treatment in patients suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye. (5/78)

BACKGROUND: Many patients with essential blepharospasm also show dry eye signs and symptoms. Botulinum toxin A is an effective treatment for reducing spasms in these patients. In this investigation, the effect of botulinum toxin A injections on tear function and on the morphology of the ocular surface in patients suffering from blepharospasm in combination with a dry eye syndrome was investigated. METHODS: Botulinum toxin A injections were applied to 16 patients with blepharospasm. All patients complained of dry eye symptoms and had reduced tear break up time values. A subjective questionnaire and ocular examinations including tear break up time, Schirmer test without local anaesthesia, and rose bengal staining were evaluated before, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after injection. Impression cytology was performed before, 1 month, and 3 months after botulinum toxin A treatment. RESULTS: Although all patients were relieved of blepharospasm after botulinum toxin injections, only three noticed an improvement in dry eye symptoms. Eight patients noticed no difference and five complained of worsening. Tear break up time was found to be increased 1 week and 1 month after injections. Schirmer test measurements were reduced up to 3 months. Rose bengal staining slightly increased 1 week after injections. Impression cytology showed no definite change in conjunctival cell morphology 1 month and 3 months after botulinum toxin A injections. CONCLUSION: In the patients presented here suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye, botulinum toxin A injections were effective in relieving blepharospasm but were not successful in treating dry eye syndrome.  (+info)

Botulinum toxin therapy: distant effects on neuromuscular transmission and autonomic nervous system. (6/78)

To evaluate distant effects of botulinum toxin, single fibre electromyography on the extensor digitorum communis muscle and six tests of cardiovascular reflexes were performed in five patients injected with BoTox (Oculinum(R) 20-130 units) for craniocervical dystonia and hemifacial spasm. Patients underwent two sessions of treatment and the second time the dosage was doubled. Botulinum toxin injection induced an increase of mean jitter value above normal limits in all cases. An increase of fibre density was recorded six weeks after the treatment. Cardiovascular reflexes showed mild abnormalities in four patients. The data confirm distant effects of botulinum toxin on neuromuscular transmission and on autonomic function.  (+info)

Treatment of blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and strabismus with botulinum a toxin. (7/78)

Thirty patients with blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, strabismus and entropion were treated with botulinum A toxin giving satisfactory results. Rapid spasm relief, correction of strabismus and entropion were obtained. Only mild, transient and local side-effects occurred. The patients were followed up for 4-12 weeks with no recurrence. The clinical results show that local injection of a minute dose of botulinum A toxin in treating blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, strabismus and entropion is a safe, effective and simple method of nonsurgical therapy.  (+info)

Coexistent blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: overlapping pathophysiologic mechanism? (8/78)

BACKGROUND/AIM: Blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) appear to be distinct disorders. Clinical characteristics of coexistent BEB and HFS have not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical, and imaging features of coexistent BEB among a cohort of HFS patients and controls. RESULTS: Among 665 study subjects, nine (5.5%) of the 164 consecutive HFS patients had coexistent BEB, significantly higher than age and gender matched controls (0/501, 0%) without neurological diseases (p<0.0001). The mean age of the nine patients was 61.4 (SD 9.9) (range 51-72), consisting of 88.9% women, and 66.7% had left sided HFS, similar to HFS patients without BEB. Six (66.7%) reported BEB symptoms at a mean of 0.8 years after HFS onset, one before, and onset was undetermined in two patients. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging and angiography revealed neurovascular compression of the ipsilateral side of HFS, without any basal ganglia lesions. CONCLUSIONS: BEB occurred more frequently in HFS patients, suggesting changes in the brainstem blink reflex circuitry could play a modulatory role in certain at-risk individuals resulting in the coexistence of these movement disorders.  (+info)

Blepharospasm is a medical condition characterized by involuntary spasms and contractions of the muscles around the eyelids. These spasms can cause frequent blinkings, eye closure, and even difficulty in keeping the eyes open. In some cases, the spasms may be severe enough to interfere with vision, daily activities, and quality of life.

The exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that controls movement. It can occur as an isolated condition (known as essential blepharospasm) or as a symptom of other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.

Treatment options for blepharospasm may include medication, botulinum toxin injections, surgery, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of the spasms, improve symptoms, and enhance the patient's quality of life.

Meige Syndrome, also known as Brueghel's syndrome or Hemifacial spasm-blepharospasm syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the simultaneous contraction of muscles in the face, neck, and sometimes other parts of the body. It is a form of dystonia, which is a movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures.

Meige Syndrome is typically divided into two types:

1. Ocular Meige Syndrome: This type primarily affects the muscles around the eyes, causing involuntary spasms, blinks, and eyelid closure.
2. Cranio-cervical Dystonia or Brueghel's syndrome: This type involves both the cranial (head) and cervical (neck) regions, leading to abnormal head postures, neck pain, and involuntary movements of the facial muscles.

The exact cause of Meige Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal functioning in the basal ganglia, a part of the brain responsible for controlling movement. In some cases, it may be associated with structural lesions or vascular abnormalities in the brain.

Treatment options for Meige Syndrome include medications such as botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, which help to relax the overactive muscles and reduce spasms. In severe cases, surgical interventions may be considered.

Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular contractions or twitching of the muscles on one side of the face. These spasms typically begin around the eye and may progress to involve the muscles of the lower face, including those around the mouth.

The primary cause of hemifacial spasm is pressure on or irritation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) as it exits the brainstem, often due to a blood vessel or tumor. This pressure can lead to abnormal electrical signals in the facial nerve, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions.

In some cases, hemifacial spasm may be associated with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Bell's palsy. Treatment options for hemifacial spasm include medications to help relax the muscles, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections to paralyze the affected muscles temporarily, and, in rare cases, surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the facial nerve.

Eyelid diseases refer to a variety of medical conditions that affect the function and/or appearance of the eyelids. These can include structural abnormalities, such as entropion (inward turning of the eyelid) or ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid), as well as functional issues like ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Other common eyelid diseases include blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), chalazion (a blocked oil gland in the eyelid), and cancerous or benign growths on the eyelid. Symptoms of eyelid diseases can vary widely, but often include redness, swelling, pain, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific diagnosis and may range from self-care measures and medications to surgical intervention.

Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, leading to repetitive or twisting movements. These movements can be painful and may affect one part of the body (focal dystonia) or multiple parts (generalized dystonia). The exact cause of dystonia varies, with some cases being inherited and others resulting from damage to the brain. Treatment options include medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation surgery.

Blinking is the rapid and repetitive closing and reopening of the eyelids. It is a normal physiological process that helps to keep the eyes moist, protected and comfortable by spreading tears over the surface of the eye and removing any foreign particles or irritants that may have accumulated on the eyelid or the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids).

Blinking is controlled by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which sends signals to the muscles that control the movement of the eyelids. On average, people blink about 15-20 times per minute, but this rate can vary depending on factors such as mood, level of attention, and visual tasks. For example, people tend to blink less frequently when they are concentrating on a visual task or looking at a screen, which can lead to dry eye symptoms.

Facial muscles, also known as facial nerves or cranial nerve VII, are a group of muscles responsible for various expressions and movements of the face. These muscles include:

1. Orbicularis oculi: muscle that closes the eyelid and raises the upper eyelid
2. Corrugator supercilii: muscle that pulls the eyebrows down and inward, forming wrinkles on the forehead
3. Frontalis: muscle that raises the eyebrows and forms horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
4. Procerus: muscle that pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows downward, forming vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows
5. Nasalis: muscle that compresses or dilates the nostrils
6. Depressor septi: muscle that pulls down the tip of the nose
7. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: muscle that raises the upper lip and flares the nostrils
8. Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip
9. Zygomaticus major: muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, producing a smile
10. Zygomaticus minor: muscle that raises the nasolabial fold and corner of the mouth
11. Risorius: muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, producing a smile
12. Depressor anguli oris: muscle that pulls down the angle of the mouth
13. Mentalis: muscle that raises the lower lip and forms wrinkles on the chin
14. Buccinator: muscle that retracts the cheek and helps with chewing
15. Platysma: muscle that depresses the corner of the mouth and wrinkles the skin of the neck.

These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, which arises from the brainstem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. Damage to the facial nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the face.

Neuromuscular agents are drugs or substances that affect the function of the neuromuscular junction, which is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles. These agents can either enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals across the neuromuscular junction, leading to a variety of effects on muscle tone and activity.

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are a type of neuromuscular agent that is commonly used in anesthesia and critical care settings to induce paralysis during intubation or mechanical ventilation. NMBAs can be classified into two main categories: depolarizing and non-depolarizing agents.

Depolarizing NMBAs, such as succinylcholine, work by activating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle contraction followed by paralysis. Non-depolarizing NMBAs, such as rocuronium and vecuronium, block the activation of these receptors, preventing muscle contraction and leading to paralysis.

Other types of neuromuscular agents include cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and can be used to reverse the effects of NMBAs, and botulinum toxin, which is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and is used in the treatment of various neurological disorders.

Botulinum toxins type A are neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. These toxins act by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A is used in medical treatments for various conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive muscle activity, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus, and chronic migraine. It is also used cosmetically to reduce the appearance of wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause them. The commercial forms of botulinum toxin type A include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin.

Dystonic disorders are a group of neurological conditions characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that result in involuntary, repetitive, and often twisting movements and abnormal postures. These movements can affect any part of the body, including the face, neck, limbs, and trunk. Dystonic disorders can be primary, meaning they are caused by genetic mutations or idiopathic causes, or secondary, resulting from brain injury, infection, or other underlying medical conditions.

The most common form of dystonia is cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis), which affects the muscles of the neck and results in abnormal head positioning. Other forms of dystonia include blepharospasm (involuntary eyelid spasms), oromandibular dystonia (affecting the muscles of the jaw, face, and tongue), and generalized dystonia (affecting multiple parts of the body).

Dystonic disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing pain, discomfort, and social isolation. Treatment options include oral medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation surgery in severe cases.

A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.

In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.

It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.

Eyelids are the thin folds of skin that cover and protect the front surface (cornea) of the eye when closed. They are composed of several layers, including the skin, muscle, connective tissue, and a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva. The upper and lower eyelids meet at the outer corner of the eye (lateral canthus) and the inner corner of the eye (medial canthus).

The main function of the eyelids is to protect the eye from foreign particles, light, and trauma. They also help to distribute tears evenly over the surface of the eye through blinking, which helps to keep the eye moist and healthy. Additionally, the eyelids play a role in facial expressions and non-verbal communication.

Photophobia is a condition characterized by an abnormal sensitivity to light. It's not a fear of light, despite the name suggesting otherwise. Instead, it refers to the discomfort or pain felt in the eyes due to exposure to light, often leading to a strong desire to avoid light. This can include both natural and artificial light sources.

The severity of photophobia can vary greatly among individuals. Some people may only experience mild discomfort in bright light conditions, while others may find even moderate levels of light intolerable. It can be a symptom of various underlying health issues, including eye diseases or disorders like uveitis, keratitis, corneal abrasions, or optic neuritis, as well as systemic conditions such as migraines, meningitis, or certain medications that increase light sensitivity.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

Anti-dyskinetic agents are a class of medications that are used to treat or manage dyskinesias, which are involuntary movements or abnormal muscle contractions. These medications work by blocking or reducing the activity of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is involved in movement control.

Dyskinetic symptoms can occur as a side effect of long-term use of levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Anti-dyskinetic agents such as amantadine, anticholinergics, and dopamine agonists may be used to manage these symptoms.

Amantadine works by increasing the release of dopamine and blocking its reuptake, which can help reduce dyskinesias. Anticholinergic medications such as trihexyphenidyl and benztropine work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter that can contribute to dyskinesias. Dopamine agonists such as pramipexole and ropinirole mimic the effects of dopamine in the brain and can help reduce dyskinesias by reducing the dose of levodopa required for symptom control.

It is important to note that anti-dyskinetic agents may have side effects, and their use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare provider.

Facial injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the face, which may include the bones of the skull that form the face, teeth, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, and skin. Facial injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures and disfigurement. They can be caused by a variety of factors such as accidents, falls, sports-related injuries, physical assaults, or animal attacks.

Facial injuries can affect one or more areas of the face, including the forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, ears, mouth, and jaw. Common types of facial injuries include lacerations (cuts), contusions (bruises), abrasions (scrapes), fractures (broken bones), and burns.

Facial injuries can have significant psychological and emotional impacts on individuals, in addition to physical effects. Treatment for facial injuries may involve simple first aid, suturing of wounds, splinting or wiring of broken bones, reconstructive surgery, or other medical interventions. It is essential to seek prompt medical attention for any facial injury to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

Unconsciousness is a state of complete awareness where a person is not responsive to stimuli and cannot be awakened. It is often caused by severe trauma, illness, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. In medical terms, it is defined as a lack of response to verbal commands, pain, or other stimuli, indicating that the person's brain is not functioning at a level necessary to maintain wakefulness and awareness.

Unconsciousness can be described as having different levels, ranging from drowsiness to deep coma. The causes of unconsciousness can vary widely, including head injury, seizure, stroke, infection, drug overdose, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Depending on the cause and severity, unconsciousness may last for a few seconds or continue for an extended period, requiring medical intervention and treatment.

Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.

There are several different types of tic disorders, including:

1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.

Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a condition where the neck muscles contract and cause the head to turn to one side. There are different types of torticollis including congenital (present at birth), acquired (develops after birth), and spasmodic (neurological).

Congenital torticollis can be caused by a tight or shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck, which can occur due to positioning in the womb or abnormal blood vessels in the muscle. Acquired torticollis can result from injury, infection, or tumors in the neck. Spasmodic torticollis is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary contractions of the neck muscles and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, environmental toxins, or head trauma.

Symptoms of torticollis may include difficulty turning the head, tilting the chin upwards or downwards, pain or discomfort in the neck, and a limited range of motion. Treatment for torticollis depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, stretching exercises, medication, or surgery.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

The Insanity Defense is a legal concept, rather than a medical one, but it is based on psychological and psychiatric assessments of the defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime. It is used as a criminal defense in which the defendant claims that they should not be held criminally responsible for their actions due to mental illness or disorder that prevented them from understanding the nature and wrongfulness of their behavior.

The specific criteria for an insanity defense vary by jurisdiction, but generally, it requires evidence that the defendant had a severe mental illness or cognitive impairment that significantly affected their ability to appreciate the nature and wrongfulness of their conduct or to conform their behavior to the requirements of the law. If successful, the insanity defense can result in an acquittal, hospitalization, or other dispositions that do not involve incarceration.

It's important to note that the insanity defense is not a determination of whether the defendant is "crazy" or "insane," but rather an assessment of their mental state at the time of the offense and its impact on their legal responsibility for their actions.

It is of two types: essential and reflex blepharospasm. The benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia-a ... Prolonged use of benzodiazepines can induce blepharospasm and is a known risk factor for the development of blepharospasm. ... Multiple sclerosis can cause blepharospasm. Drug therapy for blepharospasm has proved generally unpredictable and short-termed ... the causes of many cases of blepharospasm remain unknown. Some people with blepharospasm have a history of dry eyes, light ...
Blepharospasm, 2011 novel by Harutyun Mackoushian. A story that focuses on a boy suffering from anxiety. A Better Place, 2011 ... "blepharospasm". goodreads.com. Retrieved 2019-05-15. Books › "a better place by mark a. roeder". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 23 ...
The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less ... Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. The visual disturbance is due solely to the forced closure of the eyelids.[ ... Botulinum toxin injections can be helpful for the blepharospasm and for masseter spasm. Mogigraphia synd/547 at Who Named It? ... It is actually a combination of two forms of dystonia, blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (OMD). When OMD is combined ...
Other symptoms include: dermal burns with vesicle formation; blepharospasm and photophobia. Convulsions, abdominal pain, ...
Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. Blepharospasm may come from abnormal functioning of the ... "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2020-01-29. Baron MS, Vitek JL, ...
"Open Your Eyes Part 1 . Freedom from Blepharospasm. Documentary". Out of the Box Productions. Archived from the original on 11 ... such as blepharospasm, torticollis and writer's cramp. These forms were previously considered independent disorders and were ... blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dysphonia and musicians' dystonia. Some focal dystonias have been proven treatable ...
CR causes intense skin irritation, in particular around moist areas; blepharospasm, causing temporary blindness; and coughing, ...
ISBN 978-0-12-709801-2. Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". J ... and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm". Ophthalmology. 116 (5): 997-1001. doi:10.1016/j. ...
In addition, chronic use of benzodiazepines is a risk factor for blepharospasm. Drug-induced symptoms that resemble withdrawal- ... Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, ...
Atypical blepharospasm responsive to sodium valproate. Mov Disord. 1994 Jan. 9(1):116-7 Kerty E, Eidal K. Apraxia of eyelid ... Ptosis (eyelid) Blepharospasm Apraxia Myokymia Goldstein JE, Cogan DG. Apraxia of Lid Opening. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965 Feb. 73: ... Surgical treatment may be considered in severe cases or cases that occur with blepharospasm. A person with isolated ALO has an ... Apraxia of lid opening in blepharospasm. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990 May. 21(5):331-4 Krack P, Marion MH. Apraxia of lid opening, a ...
They also experienced photophobia and blepharospasm. Corneal epithelium suffered abrasions and stroma were punctured. There was ...
Grandas, F., Elston, J., Quinn, N., & Marsden, C.D. (1988, June). Blepharospasm: A review of 264 patients. Journal of Neurology ... Facial nerve avulsion is used to treat the involuntary twitching involved in benign essential blepharospasm. However, it often ... Treatment of essential blepharospasm: Comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedure. ... toxin injections have been shown to be more effective than surgical avulsions in treating benign essential blepharospasm, while ...
White MC, Silverman JJ, Harbison JW (February 1982). "Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm". The ...
White MC, Silverman JJ, Harbison JW (February 1982). "Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm". The ...
Eye exposure produces intense tearing, pain, conjunctivitis, and blepharospasm. The primary treatment is removal from exposure ...
... it has also been seen in patients with blepharospasm. Sensory tricks offer only temporary and often partial relief of spasmodic ...
Eye symptoms such as blepharospasm might be relieved by Botox. Otherwise, a variety of surgical procedures have been found to ...
In 2008, Malhotra created a method of treating Blepharospasm using filters. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Malhotra was cited in the ...
Blepharospasm Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Fasciculation Myoclonic jerk (myoclonus) Walton, C.; Kalmar, J. M; ...
Blepharospasm: This type of dystonia causes involuntary contraction of the eyelids. The main concern for this dystonia is that ... Orofacial-Buccal dystonia (Meige's or Brueghal's Syndrome): A combination of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. Early- ...
"A polymorphism in the dopamine receptor DRD5 is associated with blepharospasm". Neurology. 58 (1): 124-6. doi:10.1212/wnl.58.1. ...
Blepharospasm (eyelid twitching) is an involuntary spasm of the eyelid muscle. The most common factors that make the muscle in ...
Thus, blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year. In 1986, Scott's micromanufacturer and ... In December 1989, Botox was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm in ... For a period of four months, American blepharospasm patients had to arrange to have their injections performed by participating ... For four months, as liability issues were resolved, American blepharospasm patients traveled to Canadian eye centers for their ...
The unilateral blepharospasm of HFS may interfere with routine tasks such as driving. In addition to medication, patients may ... Blepharospasm is a type of dystonia characterized by the involuntary contraction of the muscles controlling the eyelids. ... Like blepharospasm, the frequency of contractions in hemifacial spasm may range from intermittent to frequent and constant. ...
The same study has also shown that it might help patients with blepharospasm. At low concentrations of crotoxin, patients with ...
... blepharospasm, etc.) Leçons sur les maladies inflammatoires des membranes internes de l'œil comprenant l'iritis, les ...
Blepharospasm Ptosis Superior tarsal muscle Liu, Grant T. (2003-01-01), Samuels, Martin A.; Feske, Steven K. (eds.), "Chapter 6 ...
Signs and symptoms were generalized dystonia, scoliosis, blepharospasm, and involuntary movements of the head and neck. There ... Signs and symptoms included sensorineural deafness, dystonia, blepharospasm, brisk deep tendon reflexes and personality changes ...
Raman Malhotra, consultant ophthalmologist at the hospital, discovered a method of treating Blepharospasm using filters. ...
Eyes: Eye examination typically demonstrates conjunctivitis, lacrimation, lid edema, and blepharospasm after even minute ...
It is of two types: essential and reflex blepharospasm. The benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia-a ... Prolonged use of benzodiazepines can induce blepharospasm and is a known risk factor for the development of blepharospasm. ... Multiple sclerosis can cause blepharospasm. Drug therapy for blepharospasm has proved generally unpredictable and short-termed ... the causes of many cases of blepharospasm remain unknown. Some people with blepharospasm have a history of dry eyes, light ...
The first record of blepharospasm and lower facial spasm was found in the 16th century in a painting titled De Gaper. At that ... encoded search term (Benign Essential Blepharospasm) and Benign Essential Blepharospasm What to Read Next on Medscape ... Benign Essential Blepharospasm. Updated: Nov 17, 2022 * Author: Robert H Graham, MD; Chief Editor: Edsel B Ing, MD, PhD, MBA, ... Blepharospasm is a network defect in dynamic circuit activity, rather than a defect at a specific locus. [11, 12] Fayers et al ...
2023 Center for Facial Appearances. All Rights Reserved. Design and Development by MyAdvice ...
Blepharospasm. *ICD-9-CM 333.81 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a reimbursement claim, ...
The first record of blepharospasm and lower facial spasm was found in the 16th century in a painting titled De Gaper. At that ... encoded search term (Benign Essential Blepharospasm) and Benign Essential Blepharospasm What to Read Next on Medscape ... Benign Essential Blepharospasm. Updated: Nov 17, 2022 * Author: Robert H Graham, MD; Chief Editor: Edsel B Ing, MD, PhD, MBA, ... Blepharospasm is a network defect in dynamic circuit activity, rather than a defect at a specific locus. [11, 12] Fayers et al ...
Blepharospasm is a form of dystonia characterized by involuntary contractions or spasms of the eyelid muscles which can result ... The cause of blepharospasm is thought to involve overstimulation of the blink reflex resulting from excessive glutamate ... Addex Provides Update on Dipraglurant Blepharospasm Phase 2 Feasibility Clinical Study. Ad Hoc Announcement Pursuant to Art. 53 ... "While not showing conclusive effects of dipraglurant in this first study of an mGlu5NAM in blepharospasm patients, it has ...
To update the 2008 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines regarding botulinum neurotoxin for blepharospasm, cervical ... Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity ... Botulinum Neurotoxin for the Treatment of Blepharospasm, Cervical Dystonia, Adult Spasticity, and Headache ...
What is Blepharospasm?. Blepharospasm is an involuntary contraction of one of the muscles that controls the eyelids, causing ... What are the Symptoms of Blepharospasm?. Excessive blinking and/or eye irritation usually signal the onset of blepharospasm. ... What are the Causes of Blepharospasm?. Its unclear precisely what causes blepharospasm. Its believed that abnormal ... Blepharospasm can be a side effect of some drugs. Changing the medication can stop it. Since stress, tiredness and bright light ...
Blepharospasm is a common form of focal dystonia. It is a rare neurological disorder that causes uncontrollable spasms in the ... Blepharospasm causes involuntary contractions of the muscles of the eyelids. The disorder can also lead to uncontrollable ...
To diagnose blepharospasm, there is no ... What Causes Blepharospasm?. It seems that blepharospasm is caused by a kind of ... Blepharospasm. It is of two types: essential and reflex blepharospasm. The benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal ... Blepharospasm , National Eye Institute. Read about the symptoms and treatment of blepharospasm. ... Blepharospasm is blinking ... 1.4 Blepharospasm. XEOMIN is indicated for the treatment of blepharospasm in adult patients. ... 14.4 Blepharospasm 14.5 ...
Copyright Blepharospasm Australia Inc. 2004-2023 ABN: 36 085 626 782. Use of this website constitutes acceptance of ... His focus now is on Blepharospasm Australia helping sufferers throughout the country. ...
... medical injections for Blepharospasm within a safe clinical environment in Exeter, Devon & Cornwall. ... Signs of Blepharospasm. In the early stages of Blepharospasm, you may feel irritation and discomfort of the eyelids, as well as ... What is Blepharospasm?. Blepharospasm is characterized by involuntary spasms of the muscles around the eye, resulting in ... To treat Blepharospasm, BOTOX® injections help block signals from the nerves that tell the muscles that control the affected ...
by Richmond , Sep 1, 2020 , Blepharospasm, Cervical Dystonia, Chronic pain, Dystonia, Pain Coach ...
The first record of blepharospasm and lower facial spasm was found in the 16th century in a painting titled De Gaper. At that ... encoded search term (Benign Essential Blepharospasm) and Benign Essential Blepharospasm What to Read Next on Medscape ... Benign Essential Blepharospasm. Updated: Oct 20, 2014 * Author: Robert H Graham, MD; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy, Sr, MD more... ... Today, most view blepharospasm as a defect in circuit activity, rather than a defect at a specific locus. If the central ...
The first record of blepharospasm and lower facial spasm was found in the 16th century in a painting titled De Gaper. At that ... encoded search term (Benign Essential Blepharospasm) and Benign Essential Blepharospasm What to Read Next on Medscape ... Benign Essential Blepharospasm Medication. Updated: Oct 20, 2014 * Author: Robert H Graham, MD; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy, Sr, ... Fahn S. Blepharospasm: A focal dystonia. In: Bosniak S, ed. Advances in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol 4. ...
For quality blepharospasm & hemifacial Spasm services from a friendly and caring team, call California Oculoplastics and Retina ... Pasadena Blepharospasm & Hemifacial Spasms. Offering Treatment Options for Blepharospasm & Hemifacial Spasms. The term ... blepharospasm means is an uncontrolled, abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. Causes may include dry eyes, side-effects ...
Blepharospasm by Nery Bauer, released 08 March 2016
Blepharospasm - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... The cause of blepharospasm is often unknown. It affects women more than men and tends to occur in families. It can sometimes be ... If blepharospasm is mild, it may be relieved by simple maneuvers such as singing, humming, touching an eyelid or chewing gum. ... Symptoms of blepharospasm are uncontrolled blinking and closing of the eye. In severe cases, people cannot open their eyes. ...
Facebook Blepharospasm Support Group: click here.. Patient Interview: Patricia Goodwin, diagnosed with Blepharospasm in 2009, ... Does Blepharospasm Progress?. Symptoms of blepharospasm may begin with increased blinking, light sensitivity, a sensation of ... To see the difference between facial tic and blepharospasm, click here. To view the latest research related to blepharospasm, ... Living with Blepharospasm. Living well with blepharospasm is possible. The early stages of onset, diagnosis, and seeking ...
Blepharospasm surgery in Tunisia. Get quality care and satisfying results for your eye health. Discover the attractive prices. ... Blepharospasm What is blepharospasm ?. Blepharospasm is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary spasms of the ... Treatment of blepharospasm in Tunisia: Expertise and exceptional results. Blepharospasm treatment Tunisia Affordable quality ... may be done to assess the condition of your eyes and the severity of your blepharospasm. Anesthesia: Blepharospasm surgery can ...
... is a prescription medication used to effectively treat intramuscular conditions such as blepharospasm, or abnormal involuntary ... Blepharospasm is a condition involving abnormal involuntary spasms of the eyelids. Injections of Xeomin administered into the ... If youre interested in Xeomin® treatment for conditions like blepharospasm, please contact board-certified dermatologist, Dr. ... Xeomin® is a prescription medication used to effectively treat intramuscular conditions such as blepharospasm, or abnormal ...
Blepharospasm is a condition involving abnormal involuntary spasms of the eyelids. Injections of Xeomin administered into the ... Xeomin® is a prescription medication used to effectively treat intramuscular conditions such as blepharospasm, or abnormal ...
The Dystonia Health Advocate is dedicated to helping those who live with dystonia and blepharospasm find real hope. ... Welcome to the Dystonia and Blepharospasm Health Advocate If you live with dystonia or blepharospasm you have come to the right ... We are committed to providing valuable resources relating to dystonia and blepharospasm and we have a track record of helping ...
... Bentivoglio, Anna Rita;Daniele, Antonio;Albanese, Alberto;Tonali, Pietro ... Bentivoglio, A. R., Daniele, A., Albanese, A., Tonali, P. A., Fasano, A., Analysis of blink rate in patients with blepharospasm ... Bentivoglio, A. R., Daniele, A., Albanese, A., Tonali, P. A., Fasano, A., Analysis of blink rate in patients with blepharospasm ... The blink rate (BR) during rest, conversation, and reading was assessed in 50 patients with blepharospasm (BS) and in 150 ...
Although the organic brain damage was not found, left lateral hemidystonia and blepharospasm were observed after injury. We ... A Patients with Hemidystonia and Blepharospasm Following Traumatic Injury. Yukihisa Suzuki, Motohiro Kiyosawa, Masato Wakakura ...
Brian S. Biesman offers the treatment of Blepharospasms and Hemifacial Spasms through the injection of Botox or Xeomin. ... Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm Home. • Services. • Medically Necessary Surgery. • Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm. ... Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm. Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are neurologic disorders in which the eyelid and facial ... Blepharospasm vs. Hemifacial Spasm. Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are separate and unrelated disorders. One does not ...
Blepharospasm. NASET Members, Login to access the online and the downloadable versions of this issue of NASETsLesser Known ...
Blepharospasm and strabismus edit See also: Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus. University-based ophthalmologists in the US ... In December 1989, Botox was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm in ... Thus, blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year.[140] ... Also in 1987, Jean and Alastair Carruthers, both doctors in Vancouver BC, observed that blepharospasm patients who received ...
Blepharospasm (National Eye Institute) Also in Spanish * Dark Circles under Eyes (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ... Benign Essential Blepharospasm (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * Blepharitis (National Eye Institute) ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Blepharospasm (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Chalazion (National Institutes of ...
2. Hemifacial blepharospasm. Hemifacial blepharospasms affect only one side of the face. This type of blepharospasm is usually ... 1. Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB). Benign essential blepharospasm is a form of dystonia that causes involuntary muscle ... Blepharospasm. A blepharospasm is an involuntary spasm of the muscle in the eyelid that causes repetitive twitching, blinking, ... This type of blepharospasm can affect men and women, but it occurs most frequently among older women. ...
  • The cause of blepharospasm is multifactorial. (medscape.com)
  • The cause of blepharospasm is thought to involve overstimulation of the blink reflex resulting from excessive glutamate stimulation. (addexpharma.com)
  • The benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia-a neurological movement disorder involving involuntary and sustained contractions of the muscles around the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • At one end of the clinical spectrum, essential blepharospasm is manifested by simple increased blink rate and intermittent eyelid spasms, while at the other end of the spectrum, blepharospasm is a disabling condition with ocular pain and functional blindness. (medscape.com)
  • Botulinum toxin A is a safe, long-term treatment for patients with benign essential blepharospasm, but sustained treatment efficacy may require higher doses in later stages of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • A novel mechanism for benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Decreased dopamine D(2) receptor binding in essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Hall TA, McGwin G, Searcey K. Health-related quality of life and psychosocial characteristics of patients with benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Hall TA, McGwin G, Searcey K. Benign essential blepharospasm: risk factors with reference to hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB) is a condition in which the eyelids spasm or blink abnormally. (lyfboat.com)
  • This toxin has been effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for which it produces temporary relief of symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Little progress was made in the diagnosis or treatment of blepharospasm until the early 20th century, when Henry Meige (pronounced "mehzh"), a French neurologist, described a patient with eyelid and midface spasms, spasm facial median, a disorder now known as Meige syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Botox ® is a prescription medicine that is injected into muscles and used to treat abnormal spasm of the eyelids (Blepharospasm) in people 12 years and older. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • Munhoz RP, Teive HA, Della Coletta MV. Frequency of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm is a spasm of the muscles around the eye. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blepharospasm should not be confused with conditions such as ptosis, blepharitis, or hemifacial spasm. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are neurologic disorders in which the eyelid and facial muscles contract and squeeze involuntarily. (drbiesman.com)
  • Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are separate and unrelated disorders. (drbiesman.com)
  • There are no traditional medical treatments for blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. (drbiesman.com)
  • Botox® and Xeomin® are typically effective in relieving spasms for three months in patients with blepharospasm and up to six months in patients with hemifacial spasm. (drbiesman.com)
  • Executive functioning in patients with blepharospasm in comparison with patients with hemifacial spasm. (bvsalud.org)
  • In most cases, blepharospasm symptoms last for a few days and then disappear without treatment, but in some cases the twitching is chronic and persistent, causing life-long challenges. (wikipedia.org)
  • A recent Cochrane systematic review showed that a single treatment session (where both eyelids were injected with BtA multiple times) alleviated the symptoms of blepharospasm, disability, and number of involuntary movements. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects on the severity and frequency of blepharospasm signs and symptoms using objective measures, clinical ratings and patient reported outcomes were also evaluated as secondary endpoints. (addexpharma.com)
  • What are the Symptoms of Blepharospasm? (wellbeing.ie)
  • Symptoms of blepharospasm are uncontrolled blinking and closing of the eye. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The diagnosis of blepharospasm relies on the ability of a qualified healthcare professional to recognize the symptoms and rule out other possibilities. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • Symptoms of blepharospasm may begin with increased blinking, light sensitivity, a sensation of eye irritation or dry eyes, or a foreign body sensation. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • Environmental factors: Certain environmental factors can trigger or worsen the symptoms of blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • The diagnosis of blepharospasm is usually made by observation of symptoms by the doctor. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Treatment for blepharospasm aims to reduce involuntary muscle contractions and alleviate symptoms. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Sunglasses and environmental management techniques: Wearing sunglasses or using screens or filters to reduce environmental Exposure to bright light can help alleviate light-triggered symptoms of blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • The term blepharospasm means is an uncontrolled, abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. (cafacialplastics.com)
  • however, the causes of many cases of blepharospasm remain unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that there are at least 50,000 cases of blepharospasm in the United States, with up to 2000 new cases diagnosed annually. (medscape.com)
  • Dr Downs offers Botox® medical injections for Blepharospasm within a safe clinical environment in Exeter, Devon & Cornwall. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • Botulinum neurotoxin injections for blepharospasm typically include multiple injection sites applied around the eyes and brows. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • Prolonged use of benzodiazepines can induce blepharospasm and is a known risk factor for the development of blepharospasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is thought that abnormalities in the central nervous system, particularly in the basal ganglia, which regulate muscle movement, may contribute to the development of blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Blepharospasm is sometimes part of benign fasciculation syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia characterized by increased blinking and involuntary eyelid closure. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm is a form of dystonia characterized by involuntary contractions or spasms of the eyelid muscles which can result in sustained eyelid closure causing substantial visual disturbance or functional blindness. (addexpharma.com)
  • Blepharospasm is characterized by involuntary spasms of the muscles around the eye, resulting in uncontrolled blinking, narrowing, and even closing of the eyelid. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • If blepharospasm is mild, it may be relieved by simple maneuvers such as singing, humming, touching an eyelid or chewing gum. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blepharospasm causes involuntary muscle contractions in the eyelid and brow muscles. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • Blepharospasm is manifested by involuntary and repeated contractions of the muscles of the eyelid, which can lead to uncontrollable blinking and forced closing of the eyes. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Xeomin® is a prescription medication used to effectively treat intramuscular conditions such as blepharospasm, or abnormal involuntary closing of the eyelid. (laskyskincenter.com)
  • After exposure to low amounts of Lewisite or to the mixture, temporary loss of eyesight may occur because of blepharospasm or eyelid edema. (cdc.gov)
  • Fahn S. Blepharospasm: A focal dystonia. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • Neurological dysfunction: Blepharospasm is considered a form of focal dystonia, which is a movement disorder characterized by contractions involuntary muscles. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Blepharospasm (BSP) is a type of focal dystonia and a number of patients with BSP have relatives also affected by BSP. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blepharospasm is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary spasms of the muscles surrounding the eyes. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Excessive blinking and/or eye irritation usually signal the onset of blepharospasm. (wellbeing.ie)
  • Treats excessive, abnormal contractions associated with blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm causes involuntary contractions of the muscles of the eyelids. (ipsennordic.com)
  • The photophobia associated with blepharospasm may be related to dry eyes and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. (medscape.com)
  • In the presence of normal neurologic and ophthalmologic examinations, the most common conditions associated with photophobia are migraine, blepharospasm, and traumatic brain injury. (researchgate.net)
  • The most effective treatment for blepharospasm is regular botulinum neurotoxin injections to the affected muscles. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • The mean age of onset of blepharospasm is 56 years, and two thirds of patients are age 60 years or older. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Morrison DA, Mellington FB, Hamada S. Schwartz-Jampel syndrome: surgical management of the myotonia-induced blepharospasm and acquired ptosis after failure with botulinum toxin A injections. (medscape.com)
  • How do Botox® injections help treat Blepharospasm? (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • To treat Blepharospasm, BOTOX ® injections help block signals from the nerves that tell the muscles that control the affected areas to contract. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • Indicated for blepharospasm in adults previously treated with onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox). (medscape.com)
  • Botulinum toxin injections: Injections of botulinum toxin, such as botulinum toxin type A (eg, Botox ), are the most commonly used treatment for blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • [ 11 , 12 ] Fayers et al have found a decrease in corneal sensitivity in patients with blepharospasm, implying an impairment in cortical processing of sensory input, with a resultant loss of blink reflex inhibition. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm is an involuntary contraction of one of the muscles that controls the eyelids, causing them to close. (wellbeing.ie)
  • According to the FDA Label indications, botulinum toxin treatment for blepharospasm and chronic migraine headaches is limited to specific muscles. (cms.gov)
  • Some drugs can induce blepharospasm, such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease, as well as hormone treatments, including estrogen-replacement therapy for women going through menopause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our medical injection treatments for Blepharospasm are prescribed and administered by fully trained medical professionals in a safe and regulated healthcare environment at Exeter Medical , The Medical Eye Clinic (Exeter) or Duchy Hospital in Cornwall . (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • If you're interested in Xeomin® treatment for conditions like blepharospasm, please contact board-certified dermatologist, Dr. Mark G. Rubin , by calling (310) 556-0119 or reaching out online to schedule a consultation. (laskyskincenter.com)
  • Blepharospasm may result from drug exposure, brain injury, or disorders such as parkinsonian syndromes and Wilson's disease. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • The type of doctor that is typically trained to diagnose and treat blepharospasm and other dystonias is a neurologist with special training in movement disorders, often called a movement disorder specialist. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • People with a family history of dystonic disorders, such as blepharospasm, have an increased risk of developing the condition. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Geneva, Switzerland, May 27, 2022 - Addex Therapeutics Ltd (SIX: ADXN, Nasdaq: ADXN), a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company pioneering allosteric modulation-based drug discovery and development, announced today that the outcome of a small Phase 2a feasibility study of dipraglurant in patients with blepharospasm was inconclusive and did not meet all of its objectives. (addexpharma.com)
  • Clinical features, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis of blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia. (medscape.com)
  • Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm is a condition involving abnormal involuntary spasms of the eyelids. (laskyskincenter.com)
  • Blepharospasm can also be a symptom of acute withdrawal from benzodiazepines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blepharospasm - Lifting the Lid' by Professor Brigitte Girard, an ophthalmologist who has been treating patients for more than twenty years. (dystonia.org.uk)
  • Blepharospasm may occur in association with dystonia of the face or jaw ( oromandibular dystonia ) in what is known as Meige's syndrome. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • While not showing conclusive effects of dipraglurant in this first study of an mGlu5NAM in blepharospasm patients, it has provided us with a number of important insights related to the patient population. (addexpharma.com)
  • Bentivoglio AR, Daniele A, Albanese A. Analysis of blink rate in patients with blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • The blink rate (BR) during rest, conversation, and reading was assessed in 50 patients with blepharospasm (BS) and in 150 healthy subjects. (unicatt.it)
  • Diagnosis of blepharospasm is based on information from the affected individual and the physical and neurological examination. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • The exact causes of blepharospasm are not fully understood, but it is generally thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • In the early stages of Blepharospasm, you may feel irritation and discomfort of the eyelids, as well as increased blinking. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
  • Jankovic J. Etiology and differential diagnosis of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. (medscape.com)
  • At this time, there is no test to confirm diagnosis of blepharospasm, and, in most cases, assorted laboratory tests are normal. (dystoniacanada.org)
  • If the central control center fails to regulate blinking in blepharospasm, it is believed to be only one component of an overloaded, defective circuit. (medscape.com)
  • Quartarone A, Sant'Angelo A, Battaglia F. Enhanced long-term potentiation-like plasticity of the trigeminal blink reflex circuit in blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Other factors: Certain underlying medical conditions, such as Meige syndrome (a form of orofacial dystonia) or certain eye conditions, may be associated with blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
  • Some people with blepharospasm have a history of dry eyes, light sensitivity, and even fatigue. (wikipedia.org)
  • This circuit forms a blepharospasm vicious cycle, which has a sensory limb, a central control center located in the midbrain, and a motor limb. (medscape.com)
  • Increase in the tactile catchment area of a sensory trick for alleviating blepharospasm following pallidal DBS. (ox.ac.uk)