Blastomeres
Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.
Cleavage Stage, Ovum
The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.
Urochordata
Blastocyst
A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.
Preimplantation Diagnosis
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Morula
Embryo Transfer
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Embryo, Mammalian
Embryonic Induction
Fertilization in Vitro
Gastrula
The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.
Embryo Culture Techniques
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Zona Pellucida
Pregnancy
Oocytes
Cryopreservation
Sea Urchins
Blastula
Caenorhabditis elegans
Body Patterning
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
Mosaicism
Xenopus laevis
Nuclear Transfer Techniques
Xenopus Proteins
Parthenogenesis
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Cell Lineage
Xenopus
Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass
Embryology
Cypriniformes
Mesoderm
Micromanipulation
Totipotent Stem Cells
Single cells that have the potential to form an entire organism. They have the capacity to specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Cloning, Organism
Microinjections
Cell Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Cytochalasins
Twinning, Monozygotic
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Prenatal Injuries
Notochord
A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.
oko meduzy mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. (1/856)
Mutations of the oko meduzy (ome) locus cause drastic neuronal patterning defect in the zebrafish retina. The precise, stratified appearance of the wild-type retina is absent in the mutants. Despite the lack of lamination, at least seven retinal cell types differentiate in oko meduzy. The ome phenotype is already expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium affecting morphology of the neuroepithelial cells. Our experiments indicate that previously unknown cell-cell interactions are involved in development of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. In genetically mosaic animals, cell-cell interactions are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of oko meduzy retinal neuroepithelial cells. These cell-cell interactions may play a critical role in the patterning events that lead to differentiation of distinct neuronal laminae in the vertebrate retina. (+info)Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in embryos from smoking couples: evidence for transmission by spermatozoa. (2/856)
Tobacco smoking is deleterious to reproduction. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke. Its reactive metabolite induces DNA-adducts, which can cause mutations. We investigated whether B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE) DNA adducts are detectable in preimplantation embryos in relation to parental smoking. A total of 17 couples were classified by their smoking habits: (i) both partners smoke; (ii) wife non-smoker, husband smokes; and (iii) both partners were non-smokers. Their 27 embryos were exposed to an anti-BPDE monoclonal antibody that recognizes BPDE-DNA adducts. Immunostaining was assessed in each embryo and an intensity score was calculated for embryos in each smoking group. The proportion of blastomeres which stained was higher for embryos of smokers than for non-smokers (0.723 versus 0.310). The mean intensity score was also higher for embryos of smokers (1.40+/-0.28) than for non-smokers (0.38+/-0.14; P = 0.015), but was similar for both types of smoking couples. The mean intensity score was positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked by fathers (P = 0.02). Increased mean immunostaining in embryos from smokers, relative to non-smokers, indicates a relationship with parental smoking. The similar levels of immunostaining in embryos from both types of smoking couples suggest that transmission of modified DNA is mainly through spermatozoa. We confirmed paternal transmission of modified DNA by detection of DNA adducts in spermatozoa of a smoker father and his embryo. (+info)Cross-coupling between voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in developing ascidian muscle blastomeres. (3/856)
1. Ascidian blastomeres of muscle lineage express voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) despite isolation and cleavage arrest. Taking advantage of these large developing cells, developmental changes in functional relations between VDCC currents and intracellular Ca2+ stores were studied. 2. Inactivation of ascidian VDCCs is Ca2+ dependent, as demonstrated by two pieces of evidence: (1) a bell-shaped relationship between prepulse voltage and amplitude during the test pulse in Ca2+, but not in Ba2+, and (2) the decay kinetics of Ca2+ currents (ICa) obtained as the size of tail currents. 3. During replacement in the external solution of Ca2+ with Ba2+, the inward current appeared biphasic: it showed rapid decay followed by recovery and slow decay. This current profile was most evident in the mixed bath solution (2 % Ca2+ and 98 % Ba2+, abbreviated to '2Ca/98Ba'). 4. The biphasic profile of I2Ca/98Ba was significantly attenuated in caffeine and in ryanodine, indicating that Ca2+ release is involved in shaping the current kinetics of VDCCs. After washing out the caffeine, the biphasic pattern was reproducibly restored by depolarizing the membrane in calcium-rich solution, which is expected to refill the internal Ca2+ stores. 5. The inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCAs) cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and thapsigargin facilitated elimination of the biphasic profile with repetitive depolarization. 6. At a stage earlier than 36 h after fertilization, the biphasic profile of I2Ca/98Ba was not observed. However, caffeine induced a remarkable decrease in the amplitude of I2Ca/98Ba and this suppression was blocked by microinjection of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, showing the presence of caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ stores at this stage. 7. Electron microscopic observation shows that sarcoplasmic membranes (SR) arrange closer to the sarcolemma with maturation, suggesting that the formation of the ultrastructural machinery underlies development of the cross-coupling between VDCCs and Ca2+ stores. (+info)Preimplantation diagnosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization using 13-, 16-, 18-, 21-, 22-, X-, and Y-chromosome probes. (4/856)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to select the proper chromosomes for preimplantation diagnosis based on aneuploidy distribution in abortuses and to carry out a feasibility study of preimplantation diagnosis for embryos using multiple-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the selected chromosomes of biopsied blastomeres. METHODS: After determining the frequency distribution of aneuploidy found in abortuses, seven chromosomes were selected for FISH probes. Blastomeres were obtained from 33 abnormal or excess embryos. The chromosome complements of both the biopsied blastomeres and the remaining sibling blastomeres in each embryo were determined by FISH and compared to evaluate their preimplantation diagnostic potential. RESULTS: Chromosomes (16, 22, X, Y) and (13, 18, 21) were selected on the basis of the high aneuploid prevalence in abortuses for the former group and the presence of trisomy in the newborn for the latter. Thirty-six (72%) of 50 blastomeres gave signals to permit a diagnosis. Diagnoses made from biopsied blastomeres were consistent with the diagnoses made from the remaining sibling blastomeres in 18 embryos. In only 2 of 20 cases did the biopsied blastomere diagnosis and the embryo diagnosis not match. CONCLUSIONS: If FISH of biopsied blastomere was successful, a preimplantation diagnosis could be made with 10% error. When a combination of chromosome-13, -16, -18, -21, -22, -X, and -Y probes was used, up to 65% of the embryos destined to be aborted could be detected. (+info)Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulosa cells. (5/856)
Adult somatic cell nuclear transfer was used to determine the totipotent potential of cultured mural granulosa cells, obtained from a Friesian dairy cow of high genetic merit. Nuclei were exposed to oocyte cytoplasm for prolonged periods by electrically fusing quiescent cultured cells to enucleated metaphase II cytoplasts 4-6 h before activation (fusion before activation [FBA] treatment). Additionally, some first-generation morulae were recloned by fusing blastomeres to S-phase cytoplasts. A significantly higher proportion of fused embryos developed in vitro to grade 1-2 blastocysts on Day 7 with FBA (27.5 +/- 2.5%) than with recloning (13.0 +/- 3.6%; p < 0. 05). After the transfer of 100 blastocysts from the FBA treatment, survival rates on Days 60, 100, 180, and term were 45%, 21%, 17%, and 10%, respectively. Ten heifer calves were delivered by elective cesarean section; all have survived. After the transfer of 16 recloned blastocysts, embryo survival on Day 60 was 38%; however, no fetuses survived to Day 100. DNA analyses confirmed that the calves are all genetically identical to the donor cow. It is suggested that the losses throughout gestation may in part be due to placental dysfunction at specific stages. The next advance in this technology will be to introduce specific genetic modifications of biomedical or agricultural interest. (+info)Morphologic evaluation and actin filament distribution in porcine embryos produced in vitro and in vivo. (6/856)
Porcine embryos produced in vitro have a small number of cells and low viability. The present study was conducted to examine the morphological characteristics and the relationship between actin filament organization and morphology of porcine embryos produced in vitro and in vivo. In vitro-derived embryos were produced by in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and in vitro development. In vivo-derived embryos were collected from inseminated gilts on Days 2-6 after estrus. In experiment 1, in vitro-derived embryos (+info)Rapid visualization of metaphase chromosomes in single human blastomeres after fusion with in-vitro matured bovine eggs. (7/856)
The present study was aimed to facilitate karyotyping of human blastomeres using the metaphase-inducing factors present in unfertilized eggs. A rapid technique for karyotyping would have wide application in the field of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. When cryopreserved in-vitro matured bovine oocytes were fused with human blastomeres, the transferred human nuclei were forced into metaphase within a few hours. Eighty-seven human blastomeres from abnormal or arrested embryos were fused with bovine oocytes in a preclinical study. Fusion efficiency was 100%. In 21 of the hybrid cells, no trace of human chromatin was found. Of the remaining 66, 64 (97%) yielded chromosomes suitable for analysis. The method was used to karyotype embryos from two patients with maternal translocations. One embryo which was judged to be karyotypically normal was replaced in the first patient, resulting in one pregnancy with a normal fetus. None of the second patient's embryos was diagnosed as normal, and hence none was transferred. The results of the present study demonstrated that the ooplasmic factors which induce and maintain metaphase in bovine oocytes can force transferred human blastomere nuclei into premature metaphase, providing the basis for a rapid method of karyotyping blastomeres from preimplantation embryos and, by implication, cells from other sources. (+info)Impact of blastomere biopsy and cryopreservation techniques on human embryo viability. (8/856)
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cryopreservation on 55 embryos which had one blastomere biopsied for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy before freezing. The thawing outcome was compared to that obtained in 94 embryos which derived from our conventional freezing programme in patients with comparable characteristics who were treated in the same period. Their embryos were morphologically similar but the incidence of aneuploidy was 100% in the biopsy group and unknown in the controls. The percentage of embryos which survived intact after thawing was significantly lower in the biopsied group compared to the controls (9 versus 25% respectively; P < 0.025), whereas the rate of lysis was superior among biopsied embryos (34 versus 13% in the controls; P < 0.001). Similarly, the survival index was higher in the frozen-intact embryos than in the embryos which were frozen after biopsy (61 versus 38%; P < 0.001). No empty zonae resulted in the control group, while six were found after thawing biopsied embryos. In the second part of the study, blastomere biopsy was implemented on 102 thawed embryos generated by 16 patients. The chromosomal analyses revealed that 49 were normal, leading to the transfer of 2.5 +/- 0.8 embryos per patient. Only three clinical pregnancies were obtained, and are presently ongoing. In conclusion, the present findings discourage the use of conventional cryopreservation protocols in strategies involving preimplantation genetic diagnosis in human reproductive medicine. Adequate protocols are required for freezing and thawing embryos which have been subjected to biopsy procedures. (+info)
Rhesus monkey embryos produced by nuclear transfer from embryonic blastomeres or somatic cells<...
Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties | Development
Inability of mouse blastomere nuclei transferred to enucleated zygote by J McGrath and D Solter
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Revisiting blastomere equality | Development
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During pre-implantation advancement, the mammalian embryo self-organizes in to the blastocyst - SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEDIATED BY...
Changes in states of commitment of single animal pole blastomeres of Xenopus laevis
What is a Blastomere? - Definition from FertilitySmarts
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Cleavage modification did not alter blastomere fates during bryozoan evolution | BMC Biology | Full Text
Aberrant behavior of mouse embryo development after blastomere biopsy as observed through time-lapse cinematography<...
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Plus it
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Large-scale cDNA analysis of the maternal genetic information in the egg of Halocynthia roretzi for a gene expression catalog...
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Technical Limitations
Experts and Doctors on blastomeres in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Zamalek, Egypt • Compare Prices & Check Reviews
An embryo cleavage pattern based on the relative blastomere size as a function of cell number for predicting implantation...
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Suzuki, T.<...
zif-1 translational repression defines a second, mutually exclusive OMA function in germline transcriptional repression<...
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Talk:2009 Group Project 5 - Embryology
Difference between revisions of Talk:2009 Group Project 5 - Embryology
Holding Micropipettes - Fixation of Oocytes, Embryos or Blastocysts
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Factors associated with preimplantation genetic diagnosis acceptance among women concerned about hereditary breast and ovarian...
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Jesse Francis McClendon
He investigated frog blastomeres. 1914-1939: McClendon worked at Physiological Laboratory of the University of Minnesota ...
Chimera (genetics)
For example, subsets of blastomeres can be used to give rise to chimera with specified cell lineage from one embryo. The Inner ... Rossant, J. (1976). "Postimplantation development of blastomeres isolated from 4- and 8-cell mouse eggs". J. Embryol. Exp. ... Kubiak, J; Tarkowski, A. (1985). "Electrofusion of mouse blastomeres. Exp". Cell Res. 157 (2): 561-566. doi:10.1016/0014-4827( ...
Zebrafish
Kimmel CB, Law RD (March 1985). "Cell lineage of zebrafish blastomeres. III. Clonal analyses of the blastula and gastrula ... Kimmel CB, Law RD (March 1985). "Cell lineage of zebrafish blastomeres. I. Cleavage pattern and cytoplasmic bridges between ...
Hemichordate
... then the four vegetal pole blastomeres divide to make a level of four large blastomeres (macromeres) and four very small ... which divide transversally as well as equally to make eight blastomeres. The four vegetal blastomeres divide equatorially but ... The animal mesomeres of P. flava go on to give rise to the larva's ectoderm, animal blastomeres also appear to give rise to ... The third cleavage is equal and equatorial so that the embryo has four blastomeres both in the vegetal and the animal pole. The ...
Cresswell Shearer
On the existence of cell communications between blastomeres. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 77, 498. ------ Studies on the development of ...
Andrzej Tarkowski
2001) Mouse singletons and twins developed from isolated diploid blastomeres supported with tetraploid blastomeres. Int. J. Dev ... 2010) Individual blastomeres of 16- and 32- cell mouse embryos are able to develop into foetuses and mice. Dev. Biol. 348, 190- ... In 1959 Tarkowski showed that a single blastomere isolated from a 2-cell stage mouse embryo is fully able to develop and the ... Tarkowski, A.K. and Wroblewska, J. (1967) Development of blastomeres of mouse eggs isolated at the 4- and 8-cell stage. J. ...
Left-right asymmetry
Meshcheryakov, V. N.; Beloussov, L. V. (1975). "Asymmetrical rotations of blastomeres in early cleavage of gastropoda". Wilhelm ...
Magdalena Żernicka-Goetz
Piotrowska-Nitsche K, Perea-Gomez A, Haraguchi S, Zernicka-Goetz M (February 2005). "Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have ...
Carnegie stages
Each of the blastomeres that form is also spherical. On approximately day 3, at the eight-cell stage, compaction usually begins ... And the fate of the blastomeres is not yet determined. The two-cell embryo is spherical and surrounded by the transparent zona ...
Embryonic stem cell
Klimanskaya I, Chung Y, Becker S, Lu SJ, Lanza R (2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". ...
Stem cell controversy
... in which a single blastomere is extracted from a blastocyst. At the 2007 meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi ...
Induced pluripotent stem cell
The absence of Oct-3/4 in Oct-3/4+ cells, such as blastomeres and embryonic stem cells, leads to spontaneous trophoblast ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-5. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi: ...
Human embryonic development
When eight blastomeres have formed, they start to compact. They begin to develop gap junctions, enabling them to develop in an ... The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called the trophoblast. The trophoblast then differentiates ... Initially, the dividing cells, called blastomeres (blastos Greek for sprout), are undifferentiated and aggregated into a sphere ... With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable. They are still enclosed ...
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
... after the analysis of one or two blastomeres, and when two blastomeres are analysed, the results should be concordant. Other ... Not all methods of opening the zona pellucida have the same success rate because the well-being of the embryo and/or blastomere ... In contrast to karyotyping, it can be used on interphase chromosomes, so that it can be used on PBs, blastomeres and TE samples ... A hole is made in the zona pellucida and one or two blastomeres containing a nucleus are gently aspirated or extruded through ...
Heterogonesis
Destouni, Aspasia; Vermeesch, Joris (2017). "How can zygotes segregate entire parental genomes into distinct blastomeres? The ... "Zygotes segregate entire parental genomes in distinct blastomere lineages causing cleavage-stage chimerism and mixoploidy". ...
Fish development
... and finally heals the membrane after separation of blastomeres. The fate of the first cells, called blastomeres, is determined ... This contrasts with the situation in some other animals, such as mammals, in which each blastomere can develop into any part of ... Finally, the third set of blastomeres are the deep cells. These deep cells are located between the enveloping layer and the ...
Robert Lanza
2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. doi:10.1038/nature05142 ...
Elysia pusilla
This means that the daughter blastomeres are at a 45° angle. Like other gastropods, Elysia pusilla uses their ventral foot to ...
Cleavage (embryo)
In holoblastic cleavage, the zygote and blastomeres are completely divided during the cleavage, so the number of blastomeres ... when contact with the micromeres dictates one cell to become the future D blastomere. Once specified, the D blastomere signals ... Each blastomere produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. A cell can ... This polar lobe forms at the vegetal pole during cleavage, and then gets shunted to the D blastomere. The polar lobe contains ...
Inner cell mass
Blastomeres isolated from the ICM of mammalian embryos and grown in culture are known as embryonic stem (ES) cells. These ... Blastomeres are dissociated from an isolated ICM in an early blastocyst, and their transcriptional code governed by Oct4, Sox2 ... Initial polarization of blastomeres occurs at the 8-16 cell stage. An apical-basolateral polarity is visible through the ... Blastomeres of the mouse embryo lose totipotency after the fifth cleavage division: Expression of Cdx2 and Oct4 and ...
Early stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibians
An embryo counting 16 to 64 blastomeres is called a morula. From the stage of having 128 cells, the embryo develops a cavity, ... When the embryo is composed of over 10.000 blastomeres (R.pipiens - after 25 or 26 hours), the next stage of embryonic ... This results in the creation of four identical blastomeres - separate cells now forming the embryo. The third cleavage runs ... equatorially and closer to the animal pole, thus creating blastomeres of unequal size (micromeres in the animal region and ...
Automixis
This may also happen by the fusion of the first two blastomeres. Other species restore their ploidy by the fusion of the ...
Clathrina coriacea
Once in the parent, the larva blastomeres will migrate into the blastocoel. In order for this calcareous sponge species to ...
Blastulation
In Xenopus, blastomeres behave as pluripotent stem cells which can migrate down several pathways, depending on cell signaling. ... A common feature of a vertebrate blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the blastoderm, which ... Amphibian EP-cadherin and XB/U cadherin perform a similar role as E-cadherin in mammals establishing blastomere polarity and ... The blastula (from Greek βλαστός (blastos meaning sprout)) is a hollow sphere of cells known as blastomeres surrounding an ...
Parthenogenesis
This may also happen by the fusion of the first two blastomeres. Other species restore their ploidy by the fusion of the ...
Asymmetric cell division
This first division produces two distinctly different blastomeres, termed AB and P1. When the sperm cell fertilizes the egg ...
Assisted reproductive technology
Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious ...
Morula
The blastomeres are the daughter cells of the zygote, and when the blastomeres number from 16-32 the ball of cells is called a ... A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an early-stage embryo consisting of a solid ball of cells called blastomeres, contained in ... At the 8-cell stage the blastomeres are round and only loosely adhered. With further division they begin to become flattened, ...
Nondisjunction
Blastomere biopsy is a technique in which blastomeres are removed from the zona pellucida. It is commonly used to detect ... Yu, Y; Zhao, Y; Li, R; Li, L; Zhao, H; Li, M; Sha, J; Zhou, Q; Qiao, J (Dec 6, 2013). "Assessment of the risk of blastomere ...
Animal embryonic development
The different cells derived from cleavage, up to the blastula stage, are called blastomeres. Depending mostly on the amount of ... From here the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various ...
Blastomere - Wikipedia
Blastomere size is typically considered uneven when one blastomere has a diameter over 25% larger than that of the other being ... In biology, a blastomere is a type of cell produced by cell division (cleavage) of the zygote after fertilization; blastomeres ... The blastomere is considered totipotent; that is, blastomeres are capable of developing from a single cell into a fully fertile ... The other blastomeres that differentiate, then, will become apolar. Polar blastomere cells that differentiate will move to an ...
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Multiple Conditions
Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. - Bournemouth University Staff...
Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties | Development | The Company of Biologists
B) The embryo is held in the left-hand pipette by a m-blastomere while the e2 blastomere is withdrawn into the pipette on the ... B) The embryo is held in the left-hand pipette by a m-blastomere while the e2 blastomere is withdrawn into the pipette on the ... C,D) The procedure is repeated to remove an e1 blastomere into the right-hand pipette. (E,F) One of the m blastomeres, which is ... C,D) The procedure is repeated to remove an e1 blastomere into the right-hand pipette. (E,F) One of the m blastomeres, which is ...
Morphogenesis - 2nd Edition
Jesse Francis McClendon - Wikipedia
Combined effect of cell geometry and polarity domains determines the orientation of unequal division | eLife
Blastomere isolation. Request a detailed protocol Blastomere or pair of blastomeres were isolated at 4-cell stage using a thin ... A) Left panel: brightfield images and corresponding 3D reconstruction (anterior blastomeres [A3] in blue, posterior blastomeres ... the transverse optical plane across the anterior blastomeres with anterior blastomeres A3 in blue and posterior blastomeres B3 ... the corresponding animal and vegetal blastomeres after the cell division of isolated blastomeres as vegetal blastomeres inherit ...
WHO EMRO | Impact of the mandatory age-based single-embryo transfer legislation in Turkey on outcome of in vitro fertilization:...
Development of Monozygotic Twin Mouse Embryos from the Time of Blastomere Separation at the Two-Cell Stage to Blastocyst1
The choice of blastomeres for destruction was arbitrary, and no attempt was made to remove the compromised blastomere, which ... At 24 h after blastomere splitting (60 h pc), 96% of the isolated blastomeres had cleaved at least once (Fig. 1, A1 and B1). In ... The development of blastomeres separated from two-cell stage murine embryos has been compared. Blastomeres were removed from ... The second blastomere was recovered in a similar manner. Although the two blastomeres were physically indistinguishable, they ...
Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report - The Lancet
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: The Next Big Thing? | The Scientist Magazine®
... umbilical cord stem cells could cure his six-year-old sister Mollys Fanconi anemia.1 When Adam Nash was a ball of blastomere ... ART Reproductive Center Inc.Two separated blastomeres subjected to FISH analysis to check the chromosomes. In early October, ... Two separated blastomeres subjected to FISH analysis to check the chromosomes.. In early October, preimplantation genetic ... Courtesy of David Hill, ART Reproductive Center Inc.Two separated blastomeres subjected to FISH analysis to check the ...
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Genes | Free Full-Text | Transgenic Xenopus laevis Line for In Vivo Labeling of Nephrons within the Kidney
Moody, S.A. Fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell stage Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 1987, 119, 560-578. [Google Scholar] [ ... Moody, S.A. Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 1987, 122, 300-319. [Google Scholar] [ ... Moody, S.A.; Kline, M.J. Segregation of fate during cleavage of frog (Xenopus laevis) blastomeres. Anat. Embryol. 1990, 182, ... Bauer, D.V.; Huang, S.; Moody, S.A. The cleavage stage origin of Spemanns Organizer: Analysis of the movements of blastomere ...
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He destroyed one of the two initial subdivisions (blastomeres) of a fertilized frog egg, obtaining half an embryo from the ... remaining blastomere. It seemed to him that determination of future parts and functions had already occurred in the two-cell ... stage and that each of the two blastomeres had already received the determinants necessary to form half the embryo. His theory ...
EmbryosEmbryoBlastocystZygoteEmbryonic cellsZebrafishNucleiBlastulaDifferentiationFertilizationAsymmetryJunctionsMammalianDegeneraStageMammalsSpatialPolarProgenyMorphogeneticCaenorhabditisAbnormalitiesFateMembraneExclusionSurvival RateDivisionsTransplantationGeneMitoticDevelopmentSingleDifferencesMouseCellularMolecularShapeDivision
Embryos21
- This has enabled us to identify a major group of embryos in which we can predict not only the spatial origin of each given four-cell blastomeres, but also which region of the blastocyst is most likely to be occupied by its progeny. (silverchair.com)
- The development of blastomeres separated from two-cell stage murine embryos has been compared. (bioone.org)
- By contrast, demiembryos retained within their ZP and created by randomly damaging one of the two blastomeres in two-cell stage embryos exhibited a more normal ratio of ICM to TE cells at blastocyst and significantly less variance in ICM cell number. (bioone.org)
- 4. differences in the levels of HPRT in pre-morula blastomeres of mouse and human embryos. (bio.net)
- The nucleus moved towards the apex of the blastomere at the late 8-cell stage, when embryos begin the process of compaction. (bioone.org)
- Most research advocates failed even to acknowledge the moral dilemma involved in creating and destroying human embryos en masse for their stem cells, describing embryos simply as raw materials (or "products") and treating all opposition to embryo research as religious fanaticism. (thenewatlantis.com)
- Cellular and nuclear fragmentation are among common observations during apoptosis in a variety of somatic cells, it has been suggested that appearance of these fragmentation patterns in preimplantation embryos could also be associated with apoptosis, leading to loss of certain blastomeres or a death of a whole embryo (Jurisicova et al. (lesjta.com)
- Additionally, during early development, Xist appears to be transiently transcribed from the X(M) in some blastomeres of late 2-cell embryos concomitant with the general activation of the genome indicating that X(M) imprinting does not completely suppress maternal Xist transcription during embryo cleavage stages. (pasteur.fr)
- Here we developed a method named GOTI (genome-wide off-target analysis by two-cell embryo injection) to detect off-target mutations by editing one blastomere of two-cell mouse embryos using either CRISPR-Cas9 or base editors. (biosino.org)
- Comparison of the whole-genome sequences of progeny cells of edited and nonedited blastomeres at embryonic day 14.5 showed that off-target single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were rare in embryos edited by CRISPR-Cas9 or adenine base editor, with a frequency close to the spontaneous mutation rate. (biosino.org)
- The E-EM/En-GRNs (up to 17 h postfertilization) integrate the regulatory functions of maternal and zygotic core factors that drive the earliest steps of endomesoderm progenitor specification in sea urchin embryos. (echinobase.org)
- For cultivation of embryos from stage of 4-8 blastomeres to stage blastotsist. (all.biz)
- GM501 Wash with Phenolred and Gentamicin ia a ready-to-use medium designed for washing procedures of human oocytes and embryos and any short-term handling procedures outside the incubator like washing after Hyaluronidase treatment (denudation), ICSI, polar body or blastomere biopsy and others. (planer.com)
- Embryos are often found via blastomere or even blastocyst biopsy. (indiraivf.com)
- In cattle embryos, in vitro culture conditions have been shown to impact the number of lipid droplets within blastomeres. (ulaval.ca)
- Blastomeres which are the cells in the embryos must be even sized to give good pregnancy rates. (prashanthfertility.com)
- Routine use of next-generation sequencing for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of blastomeres obtained from embryos on day 3 in fresh in vitro fertilization cycles. (invictagenetics.com)
- In fact, in adults, the majority of embryos showed the proper distribution of E-cadherin just beneath the membrane surfaces of all blastomeres and the percentage of embryos with this distribution increased with the increase in cell number during development. (uniss.it)
- In some centres only embryos are replaced that are found to be chromosomally normal (that is, showing two signals for the gonosomes and the analysed autosomes) after the analysis of one or two blastomeres, and when two blastomeres are analysed, the results should be concordant. (preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.eu)
- Expressing the Ca2+ sign also to label the cell membrane to imagine cell form, we injected mRNAs for YC-Nano3GS and membrane-targeting RFP (mRFP), respectively, in to the two dorsal blastomeres of Reparixin reversible enzyme inhibition 4-cell-stage embryos. (cisplatin.info)
- Comparing the fertilization success and the embryos in which the first mitotic cleavage occurred (two-blastomere stage) with those tested at the beginning of the experiments, no significant differences were found among the three diets. (atlasofscience.org)
Embryo18
- Relative blastomere size within the embryo is dependent not only on the stage of the cleavage, but also on the regularity of the cleavage amongst the cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The differentiation of the blastomere allows for the development of two distinct cell populations: the inner cell mass, which becomes the precursor to the embryo, and the trophectoderm, which becomes the precursor to the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
- Polar blastomere cells that differentiate will move to an outer position in the developing blastocyst and show precursors for the trophectoderm, while the apolar cells will move to an inner position and begin developing into the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
- PGT as offered for these indications (PGT-M/SR) comprises an in vitro fertilization (IVF)-treatment combined with a blastomere biopsy at the cleavage stage or trophectoderm (TE) biopsy at the blastocyst stage of the in vitro embryo. (medscape.com)
- Blastomeres of the early mouse embryo are thought to be equivalent in their developmental properties at least until the eight-cell stage. (silverchair.com)
- Embryo tissues equivalent to that of four blastomeres are sufficient for amplification of target genes as visualized using polyacrylamide gel. (eurekamag.com)
- While cleavage-stage embryo after thawing, damaged blastomeres often coexist with intact ones). (lesjta.com)
- National collection of embryo morphology data into Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System: associations among day 3 cell number, fragmentation and blastomere asymmetry, and live birth rate. (harvard.edu)
- 15%) between blastomeres of a single embryo, mostly as a result of one outlier. (eur.nl)
- A 4-cell embryo with 10-15% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and a single nucleus per blastomere. (eshre.eu)
- A 4-cell embryo with 10-20% concentrated fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and no visible nuclei. (eshre.eu)
- An 8-cell embryo with around 15-20% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and visible nuclei in some blastomeres. (eshre.eu)
- An 8-cell embryo with 25% scattered fragmentation and evenly sized blastomeres. (eshre.eu)
- A 6-cell embryo with 30-40% fragmentation and unevenly sized blastomeres. (eshre.eu)
- B) Schematic depicting an experiment that reveals micromere -derived endomesoderm inductive signals, which are sufficient to induce ectopic endo16 expression and complete archenteron formation in animal blastomeres, and are also necessary for normal vegetal endo16 expression and timely gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo . (echinobase.org)
- With morpholino knockdown of Bves in these same blastomeres, migration of producing progeny is completely randomized, with cells moving throughout the embryo (Ripley (2010) exhibited that Bves interacts with the recycling endosome soluble 4 assays/experiment. (annumed.net)
- When this happens, blastomeres collect cells with genetic abnormalities and separate them from the rest of the embryo. (testprenataleaurora.it)
- 2) NLS-DNA complexes imported to embryo by the nuclei: This procedure is based on blastomere fractionation. (biotecharticles.com)
Blastocyst3
- blastomeres are an essential part of blastula formation, and blastocyst formation in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
- The division of blastomeres from the zygote allows a single fertile cell to continue to cleave and differentiate until a blastocyst forms. (wikipedia.org)
- This inside-outside aspect can be experimentally converted by the isolation of the ICM from a blastocyst, leading to a posteriori externalization of the blastomeres composing the outermost layer of the ICM. (jbc.org)
Zygote2
- The two-cell blastomere state, present after the zygote first divides, is considered the earliest mitotic product of the fertilized oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
- When the zygote contains 16 to 32 blastomeres it is referred to as a morula. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic cells1
- Bves shares a conserved cAMP-binding Popeye domain name but contains no other homologous functional domains with other protein families (Andre development, individual A1 blastomeres, early embryonic cells, give rise to progeny that migrate in a highly patterned manner, incorporating into anterior head and somitic structures. (annumed.net)
Zebrafish2
- Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
- Range of phenotypes observed following injection of CRISPR/sgRNA stock volume in zebrafish blastomeres. (thermofisher.com)
Nuclei3
- The presence of two nuclei in a blastomere (cell). (icmartivf.org)
- The blastomeres are evenly sized with no visible nuclei. (eshre.eu)
- The blastomeres are evenly sized and have visible nuclei. (eshre.eu)
Blastula2
- Each cell within the blastula is called a blastomere. (umn.edu)
- The individual cells that are generated as a result of the cleavage are termed blastomeres and the cleavage phase ends when a hollow sphere of blastomeres called the blastula has formed. (orcaeyes.com)
Differentiation3
- However, if the number of blastomeres in the cellular mass is not even, then the division should be asynchronous such that the sizes of the cells best support the mass's specific stage of differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
- During the 8-cell differentiation period, the blastomeres form adheren junctions, and subsequently polarize along the apical-basal axis. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two main models for differentiation that determine which blastomere cells will divide into either the inner cell mass or the trophectoderm. (wikipedia.org)
Fertilization1
- In humans, blastomere formation begins immediately following fertilization and continues through the first week of embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Asymmetry1
- This asymmetry becomes more pronounced at the 4-cell stage,when SKN-1 is high in the posterior cell's daughters and low in the daughters of the anterior blastomere. (biologists.com)
Junctions2
- After this, the 8-cell blastomere mass begins to compact by forming tight junctions between themselves, and cytosolic components of the cell accumulate in the apical region while the nucleus of each cell moves to the basal region. (wikipedia.org)
- On the other hand with mammals, the polarization of blastomeres isn't directly associated with cell fate specialty area since in the 4-cell stage the blastomeres already are polarized but usually do not type junctions. (eurobiophysics.org)
Mammalian1
- This has been demonstrated through studies and conjectures made with mouse blastomeres, which have been accepted as true for most mammalian blastomeres as well. (wikipedia.org)
Degenera1
- That of the walls give origin to the blastomeres showing hydatiform degenera- previously to the nucleus outwards violently- 22. (goldenowlhunt.com)
Stage3
- We find that one of these four-cell stage blastomeres that inherits some vegetal membrane marked in the previous cleavage cycle tends to contribute to mural trophectoderm. (silverchair.com)
- By contrast, chimaeras made from four-cell stage blastomeres from early meridional divisions develop normally. (silverchair.com)
- Contrary to such a stochastic model, some studies have detected putative differences in the lineage potential of individual blastomeres before compaction, indicating that the first cell fate decisions may occur as early as at the 4-cell stage. (ist.ac.at)
Mammals1
- It may take up nearly 30 to 50% of the total time of cell cycle or it may not exist at all for example in rapidly dividing blastomeres of frogs and mammals. (factslegend.org)
Spatial2
- However, the experiments that have led to this conclusion could not have taken into account either the spatial origin of individual blastomeres or the spatial allocation and fate of their progeny. (silverchair.com)
- From here, the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms. (orcaeyes.com)
Polar1
- This allows for approximately half of the blastomeres to inherit polar regions that can rebuild the apical cortical domain. (wikipedia.org)
Progeny1
- In this work, we ectopically activate the primary mesenchyme cell - GRN ( PMC - GRN ) that operates in micromere progeny by misexpressing the micromere determinant Pmar1 and identify the responding EM- GRN that is induced in animal blastomeres. (echinobase.org)
Morphogenetic1
- Depletion of maternal XCIRP-1 mRNA also disrupts the morphogenetic migration of the blastomeres in pronephros lineage. (rmrfotoarts.com)
Caenorhabditis1
- 1998. Reprogramming of early embryonic blastomeres into endodermal progenitors by a Caenorhabditis elegans GATA factor. . (ucsb.edu)
Abnormalities1
- Chimaeras made entirely of these equatorially or obliquely derived blastomeres show developmental abnormalities in both late preimplantation and early postimplantation development. (silverchair.com)
Fate2
- We show that a pattern of second cleavage divisions in which a meridional division is followed by one that is equatorial or oblique allows us to identify blastomeres that differ in their fate and in their developmental properties both from each other and from their cousins. (silverchair.com)
- Background: Stereotypic cleavage patterns play a crucial role in cell fate determination by precisely positioning early embryonic blastomeres. (uib.no)
Membrane1
- Once this begins, microtubules within the morula's cytosolic material in the blastomere cells can develop into important membrane functions, such as sodium pumps. (wikipedia.org)
Exclusion1
- The team identified a relationship between mosaicism, cell fragmentation and exclusion of blastomeres. (testprenataleaurora.it)
Survival Rate1
- The primary endpoint was blastomere survival rate. (globalmedgroup.com)
Divisions2
- These mitotic divisions continue and result in a grouping of cells called blastomeres. (wikipedia.org)
- cleavage - The early divisions of the fertilized egg to form blastomeres. (en-academic.com)
Transplantation2
Gene1
- Deterministic and stochastic allele specific gene expression in single mouse blastomeres. (nih.gov)
Mitotic1
- Required in embryonic development for the correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindles and division planes in blastomere cells (PubMed:20126385). (reactome.org)
Development1
- if a blastomere splits off from the embryo's body, it has the capacity for complete human development, which is how we get identical twins. (zenit.org)
Single3
- that is, blastomeres are capable of developing from a single cell into a fully fertile adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Single blastomeres were biopsied. (artreproductivecenter.com)
- using single interphase blastomere FISH for translocation carriers by breakpoint spanning probes can help patients have phenotypically normal offspring. (artreproductivecenter.com)
Differences1
- This means that, under this model, blastomere cells do not differentiate based on cellular differences, but rather they do so because of mechanical and chemical stimuli based on where they are positioned at that time. (wikipedia.org)
Mouse1
- Studies have analyzed monozygotic twin mouse blastomeres in their two-cell state, and have found that when one of the twin blastomeres is destroyed, a fully fertile adult mouse can still develop. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular1
- If the number of blastomeres in the cellular mass is even, then the sizes of the cells should be congruent. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
- Using localized loss-of -function analyses in conjunction with expression of endo16 , the molecular definition of micromere -dependent endomesoderm specification, we show that the TGFbeta cytokine, ActivinB, is an essential component of this induction in blastomeres that emit this signal, as well as in cells that respond to it. (echinobase.org)
Shape1
- The extent to which all blastomeres are even in size and shape. (icmartivf.org)
Division1
- Definition noun ( embryology ) The complete division of an isolecithal or microlecithal egg into blastomeres. (biologyonline.com)