AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
BlastomeresCleavage Stage, OvumUrochordataBlastocystPreimplantation DiagnosisEmbryonic DevelopmentEmbryo, NonmammalianMorulaEmbryo TransferZygoteEmbryo, MammalianEmbryonic InductionFertilization in VitroGastrulaEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentEmbryo Culture TechniquesGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalEmbryo ImplantationZona PellucidaPregnancyOocytesCryopreservationSea UrchinsBlastulaEctogenesisCaenorhabditis elegansBody PatterningMosaicismXenopus laevisNuclear Transfer TechniquesXenopus ProteinsParthenogenesisAneuploidyCell LineageXenopusBlastocyst Inner Cell MassEmbryologyCypriniformesMesodermEctodermMicromanipulationOvumTotipotent Stem CellsCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsChimeraEndodermSperm Injections, IntracytoplasmicIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceCloning, OrganismMicroinjectionsStarfishCell DifferentiationMorphogenesisCytochalasinsTwinning, MonozygoticCell NucleusPrenatal InjuriesNotochordCiona intestinalisHelminth ProteinsCell Division
Blastomeres
Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.
Cleavage Stage, Ovum
The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.
Urochordata
A subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. It includes the Ascidians.
Blastocyst
A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.
Preimplantation Diagnosis
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
Embryonic Development
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.
Embryo, Nonmammalian
The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.
Morula
An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.
Embryo Transfer
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Zygote
The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.
Embryo, Mammalian
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
Embryonic Induction
The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).
Fertilization in Vitro
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
Gastrula
The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.
Embryonic and Fetal Development
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
Embryo Culture Techniques
The technique of maintaining or growing mammalian EMBRYOS in vitro. This method offers an opportunity to observe EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; and susceptibility to TERATOGENS.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Embryo Implantation
Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.
Zona Pellucida
A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Oocytes
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
Cryopreservation
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
Sea Urchins
Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.
Blastula
An early non-mammalian embryo that follows the MORULA stage. A blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele). The layer of cells is called BLASTODERM.
Ectogenesis
Embryonic and fetal development that takes place in an artificial environment in vitro.
Caenorhabditis elegans
A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.
Body Patterning
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
Mosaicism
The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.
Xenopus laevis
The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.
Nuclear Transfer Techniques
Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.
Xenopus Proteins
Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Parthenogenesis
A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Cell Lineage
The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.
Xenopus
An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.
Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass
The cluster of cells inside a blastocyst. These cells give rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper. They are pluripotent EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS capable of yielding many but not all cell types in a developing organism.
Embryology
The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.
Cypriniformes
An order of fish with 26 families and over 3,000 species. This order includes the families CYPRINIDAE (minnows and CARPS), Cobitidae (loaches), and Catostomidae (suckers).
Mesoderm
The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.
Ectoderm
The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Micromanipulation
The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments.
Ovum
A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.
Totipotent Stem Cells
Single cells that have the potential to form an entire organism. They have the capacity to specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.
Chimera
An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.
Endoderm
The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.
Cloning, Organism
The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.
Microinjections
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.
Starfish
Echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center.
Cell Differentiation
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Morphogenesis
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
Cytochalasins
11- to 14-membered macrocyclic lactones with a fused isoindolone. Members with INDOLES attached at the C10 position are called chaetoglobosins. They are produced by various fungi. Some members interact with ACTIN and inhibit CYTOKINESIS.
Twinning, Monozygotic
The division of a ZYGOTE into two parts, each of which is capable of further development.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Prenatal Injuries
Damages to the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN or the FETUS before BIRTH. Damages can be caused by any factors including biological, chemical, or physical.
Notochord
A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.
Ciona intestinalis
The only species of a cosmopolitan ascidian.
Helminth Proteins
Proteins found in any species of helminth.
Cell Division
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

oko meduzy mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. (1/856)

Mutations of the oko meduzy (ome) locus cause drastic neuronal patterning defect in the zebrafish retina. The precise, stratified appearance of the wild-type retina is absent in the mutants. Despite the lack of lamination, at least seven retinal cell types differentiate in oko meduzy. The ome phenotype is already expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium affecting morphology of the neuroepithelial cells. Our experiments indicate that previously unknown cell-cell interactions are involved in development of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. In genetically mosaic animals, cell-cell interactions are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of oko meduzy retinal neuroepithelial cells. These cell-cell interactions may play a critical role in the patterning events that lead to differentiation of distinct neuronal laminae in the vertebrate retina.  (+info)

Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in embryos from smoking couples: evidence for transmission by spermatozoa. (2/856)

Tobacco smoking is deleterious to reproduction. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke. Its reactive metabolite induces DNA-adducts, which can cause mutations. We investigated whether B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE) DNA adducts are detectable in preimplantation embryos in relation to parental smoking. A total of 17 couples were classified by their smoking habits: (i) both partners smoke; (ii) wife non-smoker, husband smokes; and (iii) both partners were non-smokers. Their 27 embryos were exposed to an anti-BPDE monoclonal antibody that recognizes BPDE-DNA adducts. Immunostaining was assessed in each embryo and an intensity score was calculated for embryos in each smoking group. The proportion of blastomeres which stained was higher for embryos of smokers than for non-smokers (0.723 versus 0.310). The mean intensity score was also higher for embryos of smokers (1.40+/-0.28) than for non-smokers (0.38+/-0.14; P = 0.015), but was similar for both types of smoking couples. The mean intensity score was positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked by fathers (P = 0.02). Increased mean immunostaining in embryos from smokers, relative to non-smokers, indicates a relationship with parental smoking. The similar levels of immunostaining in embryos from both types of smoking couples suggest that transmission of modified DNA is mainly through spermatozoa. We confirmed paternal transmission of modified DNA by detection of DNA adducts in spermatozoa of a smoker father and his embryo.  (+info)

Cross-coupling between voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in developing ascidian muscle blastomeres. (3/856)

1. Ascidian blastomeres of muscle lineage express voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) despite isolation and cleavage arrest. Taking advantage of these large developing cells, developmental changes in functional relations between VDCC currents and intracellular Ca2+ stores were studied. 2. Inactivation of ascidian VDCCs is Ca2+ dependent, as demonstrated by two pieces of evidence: (1) a bell-shaped relationship between prepulse voltage and amplitude during the test pulse in Ca2+, but not in Ba2+, and (2) the decay kinetics of Ca2+ currents (ICa) obtained as the size of tail currents. 3. During replacement in the external solution of Ca2+ with Ba2+, the inward current appeared biphasic: it showed rapid decay followed by recovery and slow decay. This current profile was most evident in the mixed bath solution (2 % Ca2+ and 98 % Ba2+, abbreviated to '2Ca/98Ba'). 4. The biphasic profile of I2Ca/98Ba was significantly attenuated in caffeine and in ryanodine, indicating that Ca2+ release is involved in shaping the current kinetics of VDCCs. After washing out the caffeine, the biphasic pattern was reproducibly restored by depolarizing the membrane in calcium-rich solution, which is expected to refill the internal Ca2+ stores. 5. The inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCAs) cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and thapsigargin facilitated elimination of the biphasic profile with repetitive depolarization. 6. At a stage earlier than 36 h after fertilization, the biphasic profile of I2Ca/98Ba was not observed. However, caffeine induced a remarkable decrease in the amplitude of I2Ca/98Ba and this suppression was blocked by microinjection of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, showing the presence of caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ stores at this stage. 7. Electron microscopic observation shows that sarcoplasmic membranes (SR) arrange closer to the sarcolemma with maturation, suggesting that the formation of the ultrastructural machinery underlies development of the cross-coupling between VDCCs and Ca2+ stores.  (+info)

Preimplantation diagnosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization using 13-, 16-, 18-, 21-, 22-, X-, and Y-chromosome probes. (4/856)

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to select the proper chromosomes for preimplantation diagnosis based on aneuploidy distribution in abortuses and to carry out a feasibility study of preimplantation diagnosis for embryos using multiple-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the selected chromosomes of biopsied blastomeres. METHODS: After determining the frequency distribution of aneuploidy found in abortuses, seven chromosomes were selected for FISH probes. Blastomeres were obtained from 33 abnormal or excess embryos. The chromosome complements of both the biopsied blastomeres and the remaining sibling blastomeres in each embryo were determined by FISH and compared to evaluate their preimplantation diagnostic potential. RESULTS: Chromosomes (16, 22, X, Y) and (13, 18, 21) were selected on the basis of the high aneuploid prevalence in abortuses for the former group and the presence of trisomy in the newborn for the latter. Thirty-six (72%) of 50 blastomeres gave signals to permit a diagnosis. Diagnoses made from biopsied blastomeres were consistent with the diagnoses made from the remaining sibling blastomeres in 18 embryos. In only 2 of 20 cases did the biopsied blastomere diagnosis and the embryo diagnosis not match. CONCLUSIONS: If FISH of biopsied blastomere was successful, a preimplantation diagnosis could be made with 10% error. When a combination of chromosome-13, -16, -18, -21, -22, -X, and -Y probes was used, up to 65% of the embryos destined to be aborted could be detected.  (+info)

Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulosa cells. (5/856)

Adult somatic cell nuclear transfer was used to determine the totipotent potential of cultured mural granulosa cells, obtained from a Friesian dairy cow of high genetic merit. Nuclei were exposed to oocyte cytoplasm for prolonged periods by electrically fusing quiescent cultured cells to enucleated metaphase II cytoplasts 4-6 h before activation (fusion before activation [FBA] treatment). Additionally, some first-generation morulae were recloned by fusing blastomeres to S-phase cytoplasts. A significantly higher proportion of fused embryos developed in vitro to grade 1-2 blastocysts on Day 7 with FBA (27.5 +/- 2.5%) than with recloning (13.0 +/- 3.6%; p < 0. 05). After the transfer of 100 blastocysts from the FBA treatment, survival rates on Days 60, 100, 180, and term were 45%, 21%, 17%, and 10%, respectively. Ten heifer calves were delivered by elective cesarean section; all have survived. After the transfer of 16 recloned blastocysts, embryo survival on Day 60 was 38%; however, no fetuses survived to Day 100. DNA analyses confirmed that the calves are all genetically identical to the donor cow. It is suggested that the losses throughout gestation may in part be due to placental dysfunction at specific stages. The next advance in this technology will be to introduce specific genetic modifications of biomedical or agricultural interest.  (+info)

Morphologic evaluation and actin filament distribution in porcine embryos produced in vitro and in vivo. (6/856)

Porcine embryos produced in vitro have a small number of cells and low viability. The present study was conducted to examine the morphological characteristics and the relationship between actin filament organization and morphology of porcine embryos produced in vitro and in vivo. In vitro-derived embryos were produced by in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and in vitro development. In vivo-derived embryos were collected from inseminated gilts on Days 2-6 after estrus. In experiment 1, in vitro-derived embryos (+info)

Rapid visualization of metaphase chromosomes in single human blastomeres after fusion with in-vitro matured bovine eggs. (7/856)

The present study was aimed to facilitate karyotyping of human blastomeres using the metaphase-inducing factors present in unfertilized eggs. A rapid technique for karyotyping would have wide application in the field of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. When cryopreserved in-vitro matured bovine oocytes were fused with human blastomeres, the transferred human nuclei were forced into metaphase within a few hours. Eighty-seven human blastomeres from abnormal or arrested embryos were fused with bovine oocytes in a preclinical study. Fusion efficiency was 100%. In 21 of the hybrid cells, no trace of human chromatin was found. Of the remaining 66, 64 (97%) yielded chromosomes suitable for analysis. The method was used to karyotype embryos from two patients with maternal translocations. One embryo which was judged to be karyotypically normal was replaced in the first patient, resulting in one pregnancy with a normal fetus. None of the second patient's embryos was diagnosed as normal, and hence none was transferred. The results of the present study demonstrated that the ooplasmic factors which induce and maintain metaphase in bovine oocytes can force transferred human blastomere nuclei into premature metaphase, providing the basis for a rapid method of karyotyping blastomeres from preimplantation embryos and, by implication, cells from other sources.  (+info)

Impact of blastomere biopsy and cryopreservation techniques on human embryo viability. (8/856)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cryopreservation on 55 embryos which had one blastomere biopsied for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy before freezing. The thawing outcome was compared to that obtained in 94 embryos which derived from our conventional freezing programme in patients with comparable characteristics who were treated in the same period. Their embryos were morphologically similar but the incidence of aneuploidy was 100% in the biopsy group and unknown in the controls. The percentage of embryos which survived intact after thawing was significantly lower in the biopsied group compared to the controls (9 versus 25% respectively; P < 0.025), whereas the rate of lysis was superior among biopsied embryos (34 versus 13% in the controls; P < 0.001). Similarly, the survival index was higher in the frozen-intact embryos than in the embryos which were frozen after biopsy (61 versus 38%; P < 0.001). No empty zonae resulted in the control group, while six were found after thawing biopsied embryos. In the second part of the study, blastomere biopsy was implemented on 102 thawed embryos generated by 16 patients. The chromosomal analyses revealed that 49 were normal, leading to the transfer of 2.5 +/- 0.8 embryos per patient. Only three clinical pregnancies were obtained, and are presently ongoing. In conclusion, the present findings discourage the use of conventional cryopreservation protocols in strategies involving preimplantation genetic diagnosis in human reproductive medicine. Adequate protocols are required for freezing and thawing embryos which have been subjected to biopsy procedures.  (+info)

Rhesus monkey embryos produced by nuclear transfer from embryonic blastomeres or somatic cells<...Rhesus monkey embryos produced by nuclear transfer from embryonic blastomeres or somatic cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Rhesus monkey embryos produced by nuclear transfer from embryonic blastomeres or somatic cells. AU - Mitalipov, Shoukhrat M.. AU - Yeoman, Richard R.. AU - Nusser, Kevin D.. AU - Wolf, Don P.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - Production of genetically identical nonhuman primates would reduce the number of animals required for biomedical research and dramatically impact studies pertaining to immune system function, such as development of the human-immuno-deficiency-virus vaccine. Our long-term goal is to develop robust somatic cell cloning and/or twinning protocols in the rhesus macaque. The objective of this study was to determine the developmental competence of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos derived from embryonic blastomeres (embryonic cell NT) or fetal fibroblasts (somatic cell NT) as a first step in the production of rhesus monkeys by somatic cell cloning. Development of cleaved embryos up to the 8-cell stage was ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/rhesus-monkey-embryos-produced-by-nuclear-transfer-from-embryonic-2
Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties | DevelopmentFour-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties | Development
Recent lineage tracing studies have allowed us to identify a relationship between the distinct patterns of cleavage divisions that generate the four-cell mouse embryos and the contribution of progeny of four-cell blastomeres to specific regions of the blastocyst (Piotrowska-Nitsche and Zernicka-Goetz, 2005). One of the major patterns of cleavage, in which a meridional second division (an M-division) precedes an oblique/equatorial one (the E-division in ME embryos), is associated with the development of defined polarity to the future embryonic-abembryonic axis. Thus, in this group of embryos, the earlier dividing two-cell blastomere shows a tendency to contribute to the embryonic part of the blastocyst. In such embryos, the later-dividing two-cell blastomere appears to undergo a division that, were it truly equatorial and if cell components were distributed without mixing, would generate one four-cell blastomere with `vegetal and another with `animal components of the egg (Gardner, 2002). Both ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/132/3/479
Inability of mouse blastomere nuclei transferred to enucleated zygote by J McGrath and D SolterInability of mouse blastomere nuclei transferred to enucleated zygote by J McGrath and D Solter
More than 90 percent of enucleated one-cell mouse embryos receiving pronuclei from other one-cell embryos successfully develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro. In this investigation, nuclei from successive preimplantation cleavage stages were introduced into enucleated one-cell embryos and the embryos were tested for development in vitro. Although two-cell nuclei supported development to the morula or blastocyst stage, four-cell, eight-cell, and inner cell mass cell nuclei did not. The inability of cell nuclei from these stages to support development reflects rapid loss of totipotency of the transferred nucleus and is not the result of simultaneous transfer of membrane or cytoplasm.
https://mouseion.jax.org/stfb1980_1989/635/
Colour SEM of cell structure of embryo blastomere - Stock Image G450/0060 - Science Photo LibraryColour SEM of cell structure of embryo blastomere - Stock Image G450/0060 - Science Photo Library
Blastomere cell structure. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of the cell structure of blastomeres in the 4-cell embryo. Blastomeres are the cells formed by divisions of the fertilized egg. Here fractured sections of blastomeres can be seen. The cytoplasm (yellow) contains many dense bodies (green) which are most likely primitive mitochondria. The large hole at centre left is a vacuole opening up onto the cell surface. Small projections (microvilli) can be seen inside the vacuole. Magnification: x4,200 at 5x7cm size. - Stock Image G450/0060
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/214704/view
Revisiting blastomere equality | DevelopmentRevisiting blastomere equality | Development
The fertilised mammalian egg gives rise to seemingly equivalent blastomeres until the fourth cleavage division, when the first indication of lineage specification appears. At this point, certain blastomeres divide symmetrically and others asymmetrically. When do these apparently identical cells diverge and how do these differences arise? To answer this question, Enkui Duan and colleagues performed single-cell transcriptional analysis of human and mouse blastomeres (p. 3468). By studying the mammalian zygote, in which transcription - a known source of heterogeneity during mitosis - is mostly silent, the authors showed that small biases in gene expression arise after the first cleavage division from the unequal distribution of cellular substances between daughter cells, called partitioning errors. These are especially pronounced for transcripts present in small quantities, which are more likely to be asymmetrically distributed. As cleavage divisions progress, the activation of embryonic ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/142/20/e2002
PLOS ONE: accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed sciencePLOS ONE: accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed science
Stochastic and deterministic allele specific gene expression (ASE) might influence single cell phenotype, but the extent and nature of the phenomenon at the onset of early mouse development is unknown. Here we performed single cell RNA-Seq analysis of single blastomeres of mouse embryos, which revealed significant changes in the transcriptome. Importantly, over half of the transcripts with detectable genetic polymorphisms exhibit ASE, most notably, individual blastomeres from the same two-cell embryo show similar pattern of ASE. However, about 6% of them exhibit stochastic expression, indicated by altered expression ratio between the two alleles. Thus, we demonstrate that ASE is both deterministic and stochastic in early blastomeres. Furthermore, we also found that 1,718 genes express two isoforms with different lengths of 3′UTRs, with the shorter one on average 5-6 times more abundant in early blastomeres compared to the transcripts in epiblast cells, suggesting that microRNA mediated regulation of
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/citation?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021208
Embryonic and Extraembryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived From Single Mouse BlastomeresEmbryonic and Extraembryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived From Single Mouse Blastomeres
Draper, Jonathan S.; Smith, Kath; Gokhale, Paul; Moore, Harry D.; Maltby, Edna; Johnson, Julie; Meisner, Lorraine; Zwaka, Thomas P.; Thomson, James A.; Andrews, Peter W. (2004-01) ...
https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/974972
Hemichordate - WikipediaHemichordate - Wikipedia
P. flavas early cleavage pattern is similar to that of S. kowalevskii. The first and second cleavages from the single cell zygote of P. flava are equal cleavages, are orthogonal to each other and both include the animal and vegetal poles of the embryo. The third cleavage is equal and equatorial so that the embryo has four blastomeres both in the vegetal and the animal pole. The fourth division occurs mainly in blastomeres in the animal pole, which divide transversally as well as equally to make eight blastomeres. The four vegetal blastomeres divide equatorially but unequally and they give rise to four big macromeres and four smaller micromeres. Once this fourth division has occurred, the embryo has reached a 16 cell stage. P. flava has a 16 cell embryo with four vegetal micromeres, eight animal mesomeres and 4 larger macromeres. Further divisions occur until P. flava finishes the blastula stage and goes on to gastrulation. The animal mesomeres of P. flava go on to give rise to the larvas ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordates
Differential activation of the DNA replication checkpoint contributes to asynchrony of cell division in C. elegans embryosDifferential activation of the DNA replication checkpoint contributes to asynchrony of cell division in C. elegans embryos
BACKGROUND: Acquisition of lineage-specific cell cycle duration is a central feature of metazoan development. The mechanisms by which this is achieved during early embryogenesis are poorly understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, differential cell cycle duration is apparent starting at the two-cell stage, when the larger anterior blastomere AB divides before the smaller posterior blastomere P(1). How anterior-posterior (A-P) polarity cues control this asynchrony remains to be elucidated.RESULTS: We establish that early C. elegans embryos possess a hitherto unrecognized DNA replication checkpoint that relies on the PI-3-like kinase atl-1 and the kinase chk-1. We demonstrate that preferential activation of this checkpoint in the P(1) blastomere contributes to asynchrony of cell division in two-cell-stage wild-type embryos. Furthermore, we show that preferential checkpoint activation is largely abrogated in embryos that undergo equal first cleavage following inactivation of Galpha signaling
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/89335
JCI - Making the blastocyst: lessons from the mouseJCI - Making the blastocyst: lessons from the mouse
Transcription factor control of TE/ICM segregation. TE and ICM lineage segregation is controlled by a small group of transcription factors. Specifically, Cdx2 is required for TE development, while the pluripotency markers octamer 3/4 (Oct4), Nanog, and SRY-box containing gene 2 (Sox2) are involved in establishing the ICM fate. In the mouse, Cdx2 is expressed at varying levels in all blastomeres starting at the eight-cell stage, but it becomes restricted to outside, future TE cells, prior to blastocyst formation (Figure 1) (72, 73). This variation in Cdx2 levels between individual blastomeres at the eight-cell stage may be a result of differences in the order and orientation of the cleavage divisions leading up to this stage (71). Embryos missing Cdx2 do form blastocysts initially, but the TE in these embryos loses its epithelial integrity and cannot differentiate further, resulting in death around the time of implantation (74). Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 have expression patterns that are ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/41229
Blastomere | biology | BritannicaBlastomere | biology | Britannica
Other articles where Blastomere is discussed: animal development: Cleavage: …produced during cleavage are called blastomeres. The divisions are mitotic-i.e., each chromosome in the nucleus splits into two daughter chromosomes, so that the two daughter blastomeres retain the diploid number of chromosomes. During cleavage, almost no growth occurs between consecutive divisions, and the total volume of living matter does not…
https://www.britannica.com/science/blastomere
Development of Dentalium following removal of D-quadrant blastomeres at successive cleavage stages | SpringerLinkDevelopment of Dentalium following removal of D-quadrant blastomeres at successive cleavage stages | SpringerLink
Each primary micromere and macromere of the D-quadrant of Dentaliumwas deleted, through the mesentoblast stage, to investigate the way in which the polar lobe cytoplasm exerts its influence on...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00848469
During pre-implantation advancement, the mammalian embryo self-organizes in to the blastocyst - SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEDIATED BY...During pre-implantation advancement, the mammalian embryo self-organizes in to the blastocyst - SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEDIATED BY...
During pre-implantation advancement, the mammalian embryo self-organizes in to the blastocyst consisting of an epithelial coating encapsulating the inner-cell mass (ICM), which usually provides rise to all embryonic cells1. 1 + 2(Fig. 2b-c), therefore understanding an internalization threshold = 1 + 2for the pressure asymmetry, in contract with earlier statistical research18C20. Before this changeover, part internalization designs are expected, which match the designs noticed experimentally in doublets of 16-cell stage blastomeres (Prolonged Data Fig. 2, Supplementary Video 5). Oddly enough, the internalization tolerance is usually not really affected by the size asymmetry but is dependent vitally on the compaction parameter (Prolonged Data Fig. 3). Modulating in the lack of pressure asymmetry is usually nevertheless not really adequate for traveling internalization. For the worth of the compaction parameter assessed at past due 8-cell stage12, ~ 0.25, we forecast that any tension asymmetry ...
http://antibodyreport.com/2017/11/05/during-pre-implantation-advancement-the-mammalian-embryo-self-organizes-in-to-the-blastocyst/
Changes in states of commitment of single animal pole blastomeres of Xenopus laevisChanges in states of commitment of single animal pole blastomeres of Xenopus laevis
The experiments described in this paper were designed to compare the normal fates of animal pole blastomeres of Xenopus laevis with their state of commitment. Single animal pole blastomeres were labeled with a lineage marker and transplanted into the blastocoels of host embryos of different stages. …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3803715/?dopt=Abstract
What is a Blastomere? - Definition from FertilitySmartsWhat is a Blastomere? - Definition from FertilitySmarts
Blastomere Definition - Blastomere refers to a cell that is created by the early stages of division of a fertilized egg. During in vitro fertilization...
https://www.fertilitysmarts.com/definition/252/blastomere-fertility
Tanaka K et al. (2014), A potential molecular pathogenesis of cardiac/l... - Xenbase PaperTanaka K et al. (2014), A potential molecular pathogenesis of cardiac/l... - Xenbase Paper
Fig. 4. ESR1 recruits HDAC1 to the ASE region to exclude p300 from the Xnr1-dependent transcriptional complex. (A) The experimental strategy of animal cap assay. Zygotic transcription starts at stage 8. (B) Twenty pg activin RNA was injected into 2-cell-stage embryos with or without 100 pg E1A RNA and animal caps were dissected at the stage 8. Caps were cultured until sibling embryos reached stage 10, and Pitx2 gene expression was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. (C) Two ng flag-p300 RNA and/or 20 pg activin RNA was injected into 2-cell-stage embryos with or without 2 ng HA-ESR1 RNA, and embryonic extracts were isolated at stage 10 for ChIP analysis. ChIP assays were performed using α-flag antibody. (D) Twenty pg activin RNA was injected into 2-cell-stage embryos with or without 2 ng HA-ESR1 RNA, and animal caps were dissected at the stage 8. Caps were cultured with or without 50 nM TSA until sibling embryos reached stage 10, and Pitx2 gene expression was evaluated by ...
http://www.xenbase.org/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=48386
ZFIN Publication: Song et al., 2013ZFIN Publication: Song et al., 2013
Initiation of motile cell behavior in embryonic development occurs during late blastula stages when gastrulation begins. At this stage, the strong adhesion of blastomeres has to be modulated to enable dynamic behavior, similar to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions. We show that, in zebrafish maternal and zygotic (MZ)spg embryos mutant for the stem cell transcription factor Pou5f1/Oct4, which are severely delayed in the epiboly gastrulation movement, all blastomeres are defective in E-cadherin (E-cad) endosomal trafficking, and E-cad accumulates at the plasma membrane. We find that Pou5f1-dependent control of EGF expression regulates endosomal E-cad trafficking. EGF receptor may act via modulation of p120 activity. Loss of E-cad dynamics reduces cohesion of cells in reaggregation assays. Quantitative analysis of cell behavior indicates that dynamic E-cad endosomal trafficking is required for epiboly cell movements. We hypothesize that dynamic control of E-cad trafficking is essential to ...
https://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-130403-18
Cleavage, CLE A V AG E - Holoblastic & unequal. First plane is meridional. 2, BiologyCleavage, CLE A V AG E - Holoblastic & unequal. First plane is meridional. 2, Biology
Biology Assignment Help, Cleavage, CLE A V AG E - Holoblastic & unequal. First plane is meridional. 2 blastomeres are formed. 1 megamere & another micromere. 2nd plane is also meridional but at 90° to first one. It takes first in larger blastomere, so for short time 3 ce
http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/cleavage-30115748.aspx
Gene Expression Literature Summary - MGIGene Expression Literature Summary - MGI
J:174767 Tang F, Barbacioru C, Nordman E, Bao S, Lee C, Wang X, Tuch BB, Heard E, Lao K, Surani MA, Deterministic and stochastic allele specific gene expression in single mouse blastomeres. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21208 ...
http://www.informatics.jax.org/gxdlit/summary/ageAssay?age=2&assayType=RT-PCR&year=&nomen=&journal=&text=&inAbstract=true&inTitle=true&author=&authorScope=any&marker_key=30063
Gene Expression Literature DetailGene Expression Literature Detail
J:174767 Tang F, Barbacioru C, Nordman E, Bao S, Lee C, Wang X, Tuch BB, Heard E, Lao K, Surani MA, Deterministic and stochastic allele specific gene expression in single mouse blastomeres. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21208 ...
http://www.informatics.jax.org/gxdlit/key/132588
Small EM et al. (2005), Myocardin is sufficient and necessary for cardi... - Xenbase PaperSmall EM et al. (2005), Myocardin is sufficient and necessary for cardi... - Xenbase Paper
Fig. 6. Inhibition of myocardin activity using antisense morpholino (MO) oligos. (A,B) Control experiment where myocardin MO1 inhibits translation of a transcript containing the myocardin 5′UTR fused to the EGFP coding region. mRNA (400 pg) was injected into one-cell Xenopus embryos with or without 10 ng of myocardin MO1 and the embryos were then assayed for the presence of GFP transcript and protein at stage 17. The presence of MO1 did not affect the levels of EGFP transcript as detected by RT-PCR (A) but did significantly reduce the amount of translated GFP protein as detected by western blotting (B). (C) Xenopus embryos were injected with 10 ng of myocardin MO1 into one blastomere at the two-cell stage and cultured until stage 29, when cardiac differentiation markers are normally expressed in the symmetric heart patches. Uninjected control embryos (labeled C) or myocardin MO1-injected embryos (labeled MO) were assayed by in situ hybridization. Myocardin MO1 inhibited expression of MHCα and ...
http://www.xenbase.org/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=2418
Animal Evolution - Paperback - Claus Nielsen - Oxford University PressAnimal Evolution - Paperback - Claus Nielsen - Oxford University Press
Animal Evolution provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary interrelationships and myriad diversity of the Animal Kingdom. It reviews the classical, morphological information from structure and embryology, as well as the new data gained from studies using immune stainings of nerves and muscles and blastomere markings which makes it possible to follow the fate of single blastomeres all the way to early organogenesis.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/animal-evolution-9780199606030?cc=us&lang=en&tab=toc
Interactive Fly, DrosophilaInteractive Fly, Drosophila
Staining is first detected at cleavage stage 12, prior to cellularization about 45 minutes prior to gastrulation. The yolk nuclei are strongly stained and remain so. Broad general staining forms first, but bands develop and soon narrow. Staining appears in odd numbered stripes, complementary to that found in Fushi tarazu, in even numbered stripes. Strongest staining appears in the anterior. As germ band elongation begins [Images], seven new bands are added between the seven original ones. The new bands show weaker staining. During elongation, new staining is detected near the posterior end in an area that includes the presumptive proctodeum. FTZ staining appears in clusters, two clusters per segment, one on either side of the ventral midline. In addition, one neuroblast cell in the interior of each segment is stained. Additional neuroblasts become stained later, six or seven on each side of the hemisegment. Only 13-15 neurons are stained by EVE antibody in each of the three thoracic and first ...
http://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/segment/evenskp4.htm
JCI - The diabetes-susceptible gene SLC30A8/ZnT8 regulates hepatic insulin clearanceJCI - The diabetes-susceptible gene SLC30A8/ZnT8 regulates hepatic insulin clearance
Generation of ZnT8KO mice. Gene targeting in ES cells was designed to delete exon 5 of the endogenous Slc30a8 locus (Figure 1A). The targeting vector contained exon 5 flanked by loxP sites and an frt-flanked neocassette (Pr-Neo pA) in the 3′-adjacent region. Vector electroporation into TT2 ES cells (72), positive-negative selection, and Southern blot analysis (data not shown) yielded frt-Neor heterozygous ES cell clones. These cells were injected into CD-1 8-cell-stage embryos to generate chimeric mutant mice. The neocassette was excised in vivo by crossing the chimeras to mice expressing the Flp recombinase (B6-Tg [CAG-FLPe36]; ref. 73), leading to Slc30a8f/+ offspring (accession no. CDB0625K; http://www.cdb.riken.jp/arg/mutant%20mice%20list.html). Slc30a8f/+ mice were then backcrossed onto the C57BL6/J background more than 10 times. The resulting Slc30a8f/f mice were bred with RIP-cre transgenic mice to generate ZnT8KO mice, with β cell-specific Slc30a8 deletion. Mice were housed in a ...
https://yinyuanyx.cn.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/68807
Mimicking embryonic interactions with engineered cell-culturing techniques
Compaction of the mouse embryo is triggered by the formation of filopodia by some of the blastomeres. These finger-like processes extend onto neighboring cells, provid-ing mechanichal tension and possibly sending a signal that mediates compaction [1]. To investigate whether filopodia-mediated contact induces a transcriptional response in the receiving cells, NIH3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts were used to design a model system for compaction. Two di˙erent cell-cultures were generated from the fibroblasts by inducing filopodia-formation in one culture (filopodia-expressing cells: FECs) and by adding a membrane marker to the other (non-expressing cells: NECs), allowing for separation on a column. These populations were to be co-cultured to allow filopodial contact to be established between them, after which the contact-receiving cells were to be isolated. The transcriptome of the filopodia-receiving cells would then be characterized. Induction of filopodia could not be achieved by trans-fecting the
http://studentarbeten.chalmers.se/publication/249527-mimicking-embryonic-interactions-with-engineered-cell-culturing-techniques
Cleavage modification did not alter blastomere fates during bryozoan evolution | BMC Biology | Full TextCleavage modification did not alter blastomere fates during bryozoan evolution | BMC Biology | Full Text
Stereotypic cleavage patterns play a crucial role in cell fate determination by precisely positioning early embryonic blastomeres. Although misplaced cell divisions can alter blastomere fates and cause embryonic defects, cleavage patterns have been modified several times during animal evolution. However, it remains unclear how evolutionary changes in cleavage impact the specification of blastomere fates. Here, we analyze the transition from spiral cleavage - a stereotypic pattern remarkably conserved in many protostomes - to a biradial cleavage pattern, which occurred during the evolution of bryozoans. Using 3D-live imaging time-lapse microscopy (4D-microscopy), we characterize the cell lineage, MAPK signaling, and the expression of 16 developmental genes in the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. We found that the molecular identity and the fates of early bryozoan blastomeres are similar to the putative homologous blastomeres in spiral-cleaving embryos. Our work suggests that bryozoans have retained
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-017-0371-9
Aberrant behavior of mouse embryo development after blastomere biopsy as observed through time-lapse cinematography<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Aberrant behavior of mouse embryo development after blastomere biopsy as observed through time-lapse cinematography. AU - Ugajin, Tomohisa. AU - Terada, Yukihiro. AU - Hasegawa, Hisataka. AU - Velayo, Clarissa L.. AU - Nabeshima, Hiroshi. AU - Yaegashi, Nobuo. PY - 2010/5/15. Y1 - 2010/5/15. N2 - Objective: To analyze whether blastomere biopsy affects early embryonal growth as observed through time-lapse cinematography. Design: Comparative prospective study between embryos in which a blastomere was removed and embryos in which a blastomere was not removed. Setting: An experimental laboratory of the university. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the time between blastocele formation and the end of hatching, the time between the start and end of hatching, the number of contractions and expansions between blastocyst formation and the end of hatching, and the maximum diameter of the expanded blastocyst. Result(s): In blastomere removal embryos, compaction began at the six-cell ...
https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aberrant-behavior-of-mouse-embryo-development-after-blastomere-bi
Invertebrate Embryology: Polar lobe in Nassarius fossatusInvertebrate Embryology: Polar lobe in Nassarius fossatus
The top picture shows polar lobe formation during the first cell division. One can see two polar bodies. Polar bodies are the tiny sister cells of the oocyte which are produced during meiosis, contain discarded DNA and mark the animal pole of the embryo (up in the first three pictures). The opposite pole of the embryo is the vegetal pole. The two cells at the animal pole are the first two blastomeres. What looks like a third cell at the vegetal pole is the polar lobe, which at this stage is nearly completely cinched off from either blastomere. Subsequently the polar lobe fuses with one of the blastomeres (second picture from top), so that by the end of the first cell division one of the blastomeres (called CD) is noticeably larger than the AB cell (third picture from top). Polar lobe also forms at the second cell division (not shown). At the four-cell stage blastomere D is the largest, blastomere C is the second largest, while A and B cells are about the same size (bottom picture). The first ...
http://invert-embryo.blogspot.com/2011/06/nassarius-fossatus-unequal-cleavage.html?showComment=1311534759274
embryo quality Archives - Global Fertility Solutions BlogGlobal Fertility Solutions Blog
On the day 3, embryos are on their cleavage stage. This means that cells in the embryo (blastomeres) are dividing. Observation happens under a high power microscope. On the day 3 after retrieval, embryo itself is not growing in size - only the cells are being replicated.. Accordingly, grading criteria number one is the number of cells in the embryo. The desired number of cells on the day 3 is 6-10. Based on experience, embryos containing 6 to 10 blastomeres on day 3, are more likely to result in successful pregnancy.. Criteria number 2 is the presence of fragmentation. Fragmentation/Blebbing is the process when the inside of the cells break off and form fragments. These blebs do not contain nucleus. Nucleus is the cell storing cells genetic material, DNA. As fragments/blebs are separated from the nucleated part of the cell, they are not referred to as cells. It is preferable to have little or no fragmentation at all. On the other hand, embryologists may capture multinucleation (presence of ...
https://globalfertilitysolutions.net/tag/embryo-quality/
Plus itPlus it
Embryonic blastomere injections. Fertilized eggs were continually collected in the morning from spawnings of periodic albino (ap/ap)Xenopus laevis frogs (Hoperskaya, 1975) induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (Chorulon, NLS Animal Health, Oklahoma City, OK) injected intraperitoneally the previous night. Fertilized eggs were collected, and their jelly coats were removed by brief treatment (1-2 min) in 10 mm dithiothreitol/50 mm Tris, pH 8, as described in Lin and Szaro (1995). Normally cleaving two-cell embryos were placed in 5% Ficoll in HEPES-buffered Steinbergs solution [HBS: 58.2 mm NaCl, 0.67 mm KCl, 0.34 mmCa(NO3)2, 0.83 mm MgSO4, 5 mm HEPES, pH 7.6] containing penicillin (5 U/ml; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and streptomycin (3.8 U/ml, Sigma). Embryos were then microinjected into one blastomere near the animal pole as described elsewhere (Szaro et al., 1991; Lin and Szaro, 1995). Approximately 4 hr after injection, embryos were transferred through a series of graded dilutions into 20% HBS for ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/24/9655
Areas To Consider When Expanding Your Stem Cell Research Investment Opportunities - Leder GlitzAreas To Consider When Expanding Your Stem Cell Research Investment Opportunities - Leder Glitz
When concentrating on the ethical dilemmas included, a conservative method is required. Thus when the first problem is presented, one should view each stem mobile from the perspective that living begins right now of conception portrayal the embryo a living human being despite differing opinions. While Jewish leaders have a neutral see since the Hebrew word golem or unformed material is vague concerning the beginnings of life, Christianity based on the incarnation of Christ.. Advanced Cell Engineering stated. Yet authorities argue that the possible does occur introducing an ethical predicament that will only be resolved through medical research. Accordingly it is critical that researchers who presently get just one cell from a human blastomere for PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis) all through in vitro fertilization to try for genetic disorders, replicate that cell prior to screening and perform research to find out when it certainly can make an embryo and therefore a life, on its own. ...
https://www.lederglitz.com/areas-to-consider-when-expanding-your-stem-cell-research-investment-opportunities/
Large-scale cDNA analysis of the maternal genetic information in the egg of Halocynthia roretzi for a gene expression catalog...Large-scale cDNA analysis of the maternal genetic information in the egg of Halocynthia roretzi for a gene expression catalog...
A discussion of the genes showing a variety of interesting expression patterns is largely beyond the scope of this report. However, as one of fruitful results of the clustering analysis of the expression profiles, we refer to a group of genes that are zygotically expressed in a pair of B7.6 cells in the early tailbud embryo. The endodermal strand is a line of cells located in the ventral midline just beneath the notochord in the tail. These cells are derived from three pairs of blastomeres of the 110-cell embryo, B7.2, b8.17 and B7.6 (Nishida, 1987). The main source of the tissue is B7.2, which contributes most of the endodermal strand cells. There are another two supplementary sources of this tissue. The first is a cell located at the tip of the tissue, which is derived from one of the b8.17 pair, and the second is B7.6, which is the posterior-most blastomere at the 64-cell stage. The bilateral pair of B7.6 does not further divide after the 64-cell stage, and gives rise to the two endodermal ...
https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/128/13/2555/17492/Large-scale-cDNA-analysis-of-the-maternal-genetic
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Technical LimitationsPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Technical Limitations
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis needs a certain number of embryos for executing the various tests. However, this is not favorable for all IVF couples. Among many couples, embryos prepared through in vitro conditions are already very limited. This is because the vulnerability of the oocytes or sperm is sustained despite artificial fertilization. This also means that unless the results of preimplantation genetic diagnosis come through, the embryos need to be further cryopreserved.. Damage to cryopreserved embryos is already a major issue in IVF settings, and PGD demands add to the problem. PGD testing is time consuming and the concluding reports can take nearly 72 hours to come through. The higher loss of frozen embryos means the need to repeatedly extract eggs for creating more embryos, which is both demanding and financially straining for the IVF couple. A commonly unacknowledged part of this problem is that PGD testing uses biopsy of the embryos. If this procedure is not done with extreme ...
https://www.fertilityproregistry.com/article/lab-techniques/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-pgd/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-technical-limitations
Experts and Doctors on blastomeres in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Species, Genomes and Genes, Locale, Publications, Research Topics about Experts and Doctors on blastomeres in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
http://www.labome.org/locale/united/pennsylvania/experts-and-doctors-on-blastomeres-in-philadelphia--pennsylvania--united-states-579844.html
PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Zamalek, Egypt • Compare Prices & Check ReviewsPGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Zamalek, Egypt • Compare Prices & Check Reviews
PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis prices from 62804 ج.م.‏ - Enquire for a fast quote. Free consultation. Choose from 3 PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Clinics in Zamalek with 11 verified patient reviews ★ find the best one for you.
https://www.whatclinic.com/fertility/egypt/zamalek/pgd-preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis
An embryo cleavage pattern based on the relative blastomere size as a function of cell number for predicting implantation...An embryo cleavage pattern based on the relative blastomere size as a function of cell number for predicting implantation...
The embryos cleavage pattern provides valuable supplementary information to the standard evaluation for selecting embryos by cleavage rate and fragmentation, enhancing the likelihood for successful implantation.
https://www.fertstertdialog.com/posts/8091-an-embryo-cleavage-pattern-based-on-the-relative-blastomere-size-as-a-function-of-cell-number-for-predicting-implantation-outcome?channel_id=425-september-2012
Integrated holographic system for all-optical manipulation of developing embryos<...Integrated holographic system for all-optical manipulation of developing embryos<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Integrated holographic system for all-optical manipulation of developing embryos. AU - Torres-Mapa, Maria Leilani. AU - Antkowiak, Maciej. AU - Cizmarova, Hana. AU - Ferrier, David E.K.. AU - Dholakia, Kishan. AU - Gunn-Moore, Frank J.. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - We demonstrate a system for the combined optical injection and trapping of developing embryos. A Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser in tandem with a spatial light modulator, is used to perform fast and accurate beam-steering and multiplexing. We show successful intracellular delivery of a range of impermeable molecules into individual blastomeres of the annelid Pomatoceros lamarckii embryo by optoinjection, even when the embryo is still enclosed in a chorion. We also demonstrate the ability of the femtosecond laser optoinjection to deliver materials into inner layers of cells in a well-developed embryo. By switching to the continuous wave mode of the Ti:sapphire laser, the same system can be employed to optically trap and ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/integrated-holographic-system-for-all-optical-manipulation-of-dev
Suzuki, T.<...
VerMilyea, M. D., Maneck, M., Yoshida, N., Blochberger, I., Suzuki, E., Suzuki, T., Spang, R., Klein, C. A. and Perry, A. C. F., 2011. Transcriptome asymmetry within mouse zygotes but not between early embryonic sister blastomeres. EMBO Journal ...
http://opus.bath.ac.uk/view/person_id/5162.html
zif-1 translational repression defines a second, mutually exclusive OMA function in germline transcriptional repression<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - zif-1 translational repression defines a second, mutually exclusive OMA function in germline transcriptional repression. AU - Guven-Ozkan, Tugba. AU - Robertson, Scott M.. AU - Nishi, Yuichi. AU - Lin, Rueyling. PY - 2010/10/15. Y1 - 2010/10/15. N2 - Specification of primordial germ cells requires global repression of transcription. In C. elegans, primordial germ cells are generated through four rounds of asymmetric divisions, starting from the zygote P0, each producing a transcriptionally repressed germline blastomere (P1-P4). Repression in P2-P4 requires PIE-1, which is provided maternally in oocytes and segregated to all germline blastomeres. We have shown previously that OMA-1 and OMA-2 repress global transcription in P0 and P1 by sequestering TAF-4, an essential component of TFIID. Soon after the first mitotic cycle, OMA proteins undergo developmentally regulated degradation. Here, we show that OMA proteins also repress transcription in P2-P4 indirectly, through a completely ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/zif-1-translational-repression-defines-a-second-mutually-exclusiv
Specification of the orthogonal axes in Xenopus laevis: Maternal and zygotic genes involved in patterning the dorsal axisSpecification of the orthogonal axes in Xenopus laevis: Maternal and zygotic genes involved in patterning the dorsal axis
Part I of the dissertation focused on (1) the identification of maternal dorsalizing RNAs that are localized within the animal hemisphere along the dorsal-ventral axis at the 16-cell stage and (2) the determination of their post-transcriptional activation mechanism. An RT-PCR screen to investigate the differential expression of known maternal dorsalizing factors revealed the localized accumulation of XWnt8b transcripts in ventral animal midline blastomeres. This finding is interesting since XWnts have been shown to induce secondary axis formation when ectopically expressed on the ventral side before the onset of zygotic transcription (MBT). Overexpression of XWnt8b in dorsal animal midline blastomeres inhibited their ability to autonomously elongate, implicating that XWnt8b counteracts an intrinsic dorsal program of these blastomeres. However, the mere localization of XWnt8b transcripts does not predict protein distribution and therefore, the time point at which these transcripts are in the ...
https://oparu.uni-ulm.de/xmlui/handle/123456789/138
Cleavage (embryo) - wikidocCleavage (embryo) - wikidoc
There are several differences between the cleavage in mammals and the cleavage in other animals. Mammals have a slow rate of division that is between 12 and 24 hours. These cellular division are asynchronous. Zygotic transcription starts at the two, four, or eight-cell stage. Cleavage is holoblastic and rotational. At the eight-cell stage, the embryo goes through a process called compaction. Most of the blastomeres in this stage become polarized and develop tight junctions with the other blastomeres. This process leads to the development of two different populations of cells: polar cells on the outside and apolar cells on the inside. The outer cells, called the trophoblast cells, secrete fluid on their basal (inner) surface to form a blastocoel cavity through the process of cavitation. These trophoblast cells will eventually give rise to the embryonic contribution to the placenta called the chorion. The inner cells adhere to one side of the cavity to form the inner cell mass (ICM) and will give ...
http://wikidoc.org/index.php/Cleavage_
Welcome to The Visible Embryo
Transcription factor (TF) binding to DNA is fundamental for gene regulation. However, it remains unknown how the dynamics of TF-DNA interactions change during cell-fate determination in vivo. Here, we use photo-activatable FCS to quantify TF-DNA binding in single cells of developing mouse embryos. In blastocysts, the TFs Oct4 and Sox2, which control pluripotency, bind DNA more stably in pluripotent than in extraembryonic cells. By contrast, in the four-cell embryo, Sox2 engages in more long-lived interactions than does Oct4. Sox2 long-lived binding varies between blastomeres and is regulated by H3R26 methylation. Live-cell tracking demonstrates that those blastomeres with more long-lived binding contribute more pluripotent progeny, and reducing H3R26 methylation decreases long-lived binding, Sox2 target expression, and pluripotent cell numbers. Therefore, Sox2-DNA binding predicts mammalian cell fate as early as the four-cell stage. More generally, we reveal the dynamic repartitioning of TFs ...
http://www.visembryo.com/story4428.html
Identification of Viable Human Embryos Using Three Different Methods - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.govIdentification of Viable Human Embryos Using Three Different Methods - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Materials and methods Couples undergoing IVF treatment in order to permit preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of the embryo will be requested permission to include embryos with diagnosed gene or chromosomal disorders in the project, embryos which under normal circumstances are discarded. The diagnosis healthy/diseased is made by PCR og FISH analysis of a blastomere biopsied on day 3 (8-cell stage). The embryos are routinely cultured in the EmbryoScope until day 5 after oocyte retrieval.. Embryo biopsy Embryos included in the project are cultured until day 5 after oocyte retrieval. On day 3 the embryos are biopsied using a laser. The biopsies are marked and frozen for later analysis.. Gene expression analysis The gene expression in cells from the biopsies are analysed using RT-PCR and real-time PCR as described (project 1) with the purpose of quantifying 2-5 genes from each individual cell, quantifying at maximum 12 genes. Each gene is analysed in biopsies from 10 different embryos, to ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01139268
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis - New Focus DailyPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis - New Focus Daily
The decision to have a child is a weighty choice for any individual or couple. Among the endless questions and concerns could be whether you can support another human being-financially and emotionally-and if your relationship is ready for this transition, as well as decisions about education, health and other topics. But if you or your partners know that you carry a genetic risk for cancer, you have another major consideration: Will you pass along a hereditary risk for cancer to your child?. For certain prospective parents with a known genetic mutation, there is a way to answer this question. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a genetic test that can be performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), a fertility process in which a womans egg and a mans sperm are combined in a laboratory dish. The test can determine if the embryo has a known genetic mutation that may predispose it to increased risk for cancer later in life. The goal of PGD is to prevent certain ...
http://newfocusdaily.com/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/
Future Trends of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Market with Detailed Analysis by 2020Future Trends of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Market with Detailed Analysis by 2020
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an adjuvant technique to in vitro fertilization (IVF) for detecting genetic diseases or conditions before the implantation of embryo.
http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/preimplantation-genetic-diagno/release-654557.htm
PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis The Newest ARTPGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis The Newest ART
Dr Malpani Clinic offer information on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, IVF PGD Process & Cost. Dr.Malpani runs a fertility center in India tells how to overcome infertility.
https://www.drmalpani.com/knowledge-center/resources/books/chapter26
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Solution for Genetic DiseasesPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Solution for Genetic Diseases
PGD (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis) is a technique that is generally utilized during the procedure of IVF to identify various genetic defects.
https://www.internationalfertilitycentre.com/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-solution-genetic-diseases/
Preimplantation Genetic DiagnosisPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a medical procedure that allows people who carry a disease-causing hereditary mutation - such as a BRCA mutation - to have children who do not have the mutation.
http://www.facingourrisk.org/understanding-brca-and-hboc/information/fertility-parenting/pgd/index.php
Chromosomal Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: 25 Years and Counting - pdf descargar
Chromosomal Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: 25 Years and Counting. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun8/149842649382-Chromosomal-Preimplantation-Genetic-Diagnosis-25Years-and-Counting.php
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening | Sutter HealthPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening | Sutter Health
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening at SMF. Learn more about our services and how we partner with you to create personalized care.
https://www.sutterhealth.org/services/fertility/smf-preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-screening
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International societyPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International society
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society for the most part arranges examination, instruction and preparing. It additionally requires a ...
https://www.omicsonline.org/societies/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-international-society/
Talk:2009 Group Project 5 - Embryology
Sando Rashed 22:24, 23 September 2009 (EST)Cleavage = the repeated division of a fertilised ovum When the zygote nucleus forms the first cleavage forms, this nucleus undergoes a number of mitosis processes, a wrinkle forms down longitudinally passing the poles of the eggs where the sperm enters. This is how the egg is split up into two halves and this process is what forms the 2-cell stage. The process of the second cleavage is the process that allows the 4-cell stage to occur, the wrinkle runs through the poles at right angles instead of running through it longitudinally. The 8 stage cell is formed during the third cleavage it cuts across horizontally but it cuts through closer to the animal poles rather than the vegetal poles. As cleavages continually occur a 16 and 32 cell embryo are formed, and as these cleavages continuously occur the cells closer to the animal poles divide more rapidly and in more numbers compared to the vegetal pole. Eventually with all these cells continuously forming ...
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Talk:2009_Group_Project_5&oldid=9995
Difference between revisions of Talk:2009 Group Project 5 - Embryology
Sando Rashed 22:24, 23 September 2009 (EST)Cleavage = the repeated division of a fertilised ovum When the zygote nucleus forms the first cleavage forms, this nucleus undergoes a number of mitosis processes, a wrinkle forms down longitudinally passing the poles of the eggs where the sperm enters. This is how the egg is split up into two halves and this process is what forms the 2-cell stage. The process of the second cleavage is the process that allows the 4-cell stage to occur, the wrinkle runs through the poles at right angles instead of running through it longitudinally. The 8 stage cell is formed during the third cleavage it cuts across horizontally but it cuts through closer to the animal poles rather than the vegetal poles. As cleavages continually occur a 16 and 32 cell embryo are formed, and as these cleavages continuously occur the cells closer to the animal poles divide more rapidly and in more numbers compared to the vegetal pole. Eventually with all these cells continuously forming ...
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Talk:2009_Group_Project_5&diff=next&oldid=9809
Holding Micropipettes - Fixation of Oocytes, Embryos or Blastocysts
Holding micopipettes are used for the fixation of oocytes, embryos or blastycysts and are therefore essential for all micromanipulation procedures in ART like ICSI, assisted hatching and polar body or blastomere biopsy.. Gynemed Holding micropipettes are sterilized for 3 Years, individually packed and customized production of pipettes available on request.. By means of mouse-embryo-test (MEA) each lot is screened for endotoxines to assure the highest possible safety for the user.. ...
https://www.planer.com/products/consumables/micropipettes/holding-micropipettes.html
Preimplantation diagnosis of genetic and chromosomal disorders | SpringerLinkPreimplantation diagnosis of genetic and chromosomal disorders | SpringerLink
Verlinsky Y, Handyside A, Simpson JL, Edwards R, Kuliev A, Muggleton-Harris A, Readhead C, Liebaers I, Coonen E, Plachot M, Carson S, Strom C, Braude P, Van Steirteghem A, Monk M, Ginsberg N, Pieters M, De Sutter P, Gimenez C, Kontogianni E, Matthews C, Wilton L: Current progress in preimplantation genetic diagnosis. J Assist Reprod Genet 1993;10(5):353-360CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02214343
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis | GènéthiquePreimplantation genetic diagnosis | Gènéthique
10 December 2018 The companies Genomic Prediction and MyOme have come up with two new pre-implantation diagnosis options. Pre-implantation diagnosis or PID is a technique.... ...
http://www.genethique.org/en/themes/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in Clinical Practice | Tarek El-Toukhy | SpringerPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in Clinical Practice | Tarek El-Toukhy | Springer
This book will offer a comprehensive, coherent, up-to-date and practical guide to PGD It is aimed at PGD specialists and non-specialists All content
http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781447129479
婦產科診所與相關連結－宏孕不孕症生殖中心
胚胎著床前基因診斷(Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, PGD)，是一種著床前的診斷技術，主要的目的是避免遺傳疾病的傳遞。帶有遺傳疾病的父母，包括單一基因缺陷，如體染色體隱性、顯性和性聯遺傳的疾病，還有染色體異常，如染色體轉位，羅勃遜轉位等，在生育下一代時，都需經過二分之一、四分之三的隨機機率，直到孕期三個月後進行絨毛膜穿刺或羊膜穿刺基因檢測，最壞的結果甚至為中止妊娠，在這中間所經歷的身心煎熬不是你我所能想像；若能利用胚胎著床前基因診斷之技術，配合試管嬰兒的療程，將檢測提早於胚胎著床前，避免植入患有基因疾病或染色體異常的胚胎，而將無遺傳疾病之胚胎植回母體，使其於在孕期之擔憂減少許多，避免需要重覆進行人工流產帶給孕婦身心嚴重的打擊 ...
http://www.honjiivf.com/links.html
Factors associated with preimplantation genetic diagnosis acceptance among women concerned about hereditary breast and ovarian...Factors associated with preimplantation genetic diagnosis acceptance among women concerned about hereditary breast and ovarian...
Young women diagnosed with cancer have the option of preserving their fertility by using assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques prior to undergoing cancer treatment. This article presents a composite case of a ...
https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/514969
Blastula | biology | Britannica.comBlastula | biology | Britannica.com
Blastula: Blastula,, hollow sphere of cells, or blastomeres, produced during the development of an embryo by repeated cleavage of a fertilized egg. The cells of the blastula form an
https://www.britannica.com/science/blastula
The cloning of a frog | Development | The Company of BiologistsThe cloning of a frog | Development | The Company of Biologists
To test this idea, serial nuclear transplantation was carried out in which normal cells from a partially cleaved embryo served as donors of nuclei for transplantation to another set of recipient eggs. The results published in the 1962 paper were quite striking. The first important observation is that the serial transfer of nuclei from partially cleaved embryos very often gave completely cleaved embryos and, hence, complete blastulae. In turn, many of these developed much further, even forming, in some cases, normal feeding tadpoles (Box 5). The conclusion that I believe to be correct is that the initially transplanted nuclei were spared from chromosome damage by having a second chance to complete their DNA replication as the recipient egg divided into two cells. Only when that had happened did the originally transplanted nucleus have to start division as one of the first two blastomeres divided into two cells at the time that control embryos from fertilised eggs were dividing from the two- to ...
https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/140/12/2446/45740/The-cloning-of-a-frog
kitchen table math, the sequel: B and D Quadrant Lessonskitchen table math, the sequel: B and D Quadrant Lessons
I want to add that these things make it impossible to change what is happening in our K-8 schools. These are the assumptions. To argue against them requires you to say that these people are fundamentally wrong about education. However, they know about Core Knowledge. They just feel perfectly willing to prevent that sort of discussion from reaching the table. These are the same people who want to prevent any of our students from going off to any charter school ...
http://kitchentablemath.blogspot.com/2010/07/b-and-d-quadrant-lessons.html
Dvořák, Milan [WorldCat Identities]Dvořák, Milan [WorldCat Identities]
The progressive changes which occur during the life history of an individual metazoon are summed up under the term development. The adult multicellular organism differs from its early developmental stages by its size, shape, proportions, and by its parts having gradually acquired different structural and functional properties. Accordingly, several main processes involved in development, whose classification is a matter of convention, may be delimitated. Differentiation is considered one of the most important of them. In the broader sense of the word, the term differentiation is used for describing transformations, through which heterogeneity-at all levels (macroscopic, microscopic, submicroscopic)-arises or increases. The basic component of the wider phenomenon of differentiation is differentiation of cells, so-called cytodifferentiation. What is cytodifferentiation? In the course of ontogeny, the cells, starting with the fertilized ovum, via the blastomeres of the segmenting ovum and the germ ...
https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84020288/
What is an inconclusive embryo?What is an inconclusive embryo?
Inconclusive or indeterminate embryos are those that cannot be genetically analyzed due to an error in the preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
https://www.invitra.com/en/inconclusive-embryo/
Lab Techniques at FertilityProRegistry.comLab Techniques at FertilityProRegistry.com
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a means of determining if the embryo resulting from an IVF has any genetic defects. This is a newly available technology and can be used to reduce the number of children born with birth defects. Advantages of PGD PGD is an advantageous procedure and can be ...Continue Reading ...
https://www.fertilityproregistry.com/articles/lab-techniques/7.html
Genetic disorder | Science onlineGenetic disorder | Science online
The preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is the way of screening the embryo produced by IVF , It occurs before the implantation to search for the genetic mutations which could develop into the chronic disease ...
http://www.online-sciences.com/tag/genetic-disorder/
Jesse Francis McClendonJesse Francis McClendon
He investigated frog blastomeres. 1914-1939: McClendon worked at Physiological Laboratory of the University of Minnesota ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Francis_McClendon
Chimera (genetics)Chimera (genetics)
For example, subsets of blastomeres can be used to give rise to chimera with specified cell lineage from one embryo. The Inner ... Rossant, J. (1976). "Postimplantation development of blastomeres isolated from 4- and 8-cell mouse eggs". J. Embryol. Exp. ... Kubiak, J; Tarkowski, A. (1985). "Electrofusion of mouse blastomeres. Exp". Cell Res. 157 (2): 561-566. doi:10.1016/0014-4827( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)
ZebrafishZebrafish
Kimmel CB, Law RD (March 1985). "Cell lineage of zebrafish blastomeres. III. Clonal analyses of the blastula and gastrula ... Kimmel CB, Law RD (March 1985). "Cell lineage of zebrafish blastomeres. I. Cleavage pattern and cytoplasmic bridges between ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish
HemichordateHemichordate
... then the four vegetal pole blastomeres divide to make a level of four large blastomeres (macromeres) and four very small ... which divide transversally as well as equally to make eight blastomeres. The four vegetal blastomeres divide equatorially but ... The animal mesomeres of P. flava go on to give rise to the larva's ectoderm, animal blastomeres also appear to give rise to ... The third cleavage is equal and equatorial so that the embryo has four blastomeres both in the vegetal and the animal pole. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate
Cresswell ShearerCresswell Shearer
On the existence of cell communications between blastomeres. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 77, 498. ------ Studies on the development of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresswell_Shearer
Andrzej TarkowskiAndrzej Tarkowski
2001) Mouse singletons and twins developed from isolated diploid blastomeres supported with tetraploid blastomeres. Int. J. Dev ... 2010) Individual blastomeres of 16- and 32- cell mouse embryos are able to develop into foetuses and mice. Dev. Biol. 348, 190- ... In 1959 Tarkowski showed that a single blastomere isolated from a 2-cell stage mouse embryo is fully able to develop and the ... Tarkowski, A.K. and Wroblewska, J. (1967) Development of blastomeres of mouse eggs isolated at the 4- and 8-cell stage. J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Tarkowski
Left-right asymmetryLeft-right asymmetry
Meshcheryakov, V. N.; Beloussov, L. V. (1975). "Asymmetrical rotations of blastomeres in early cleavage of gastropoda". Wilhelm ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-right_asymmetry
Magdalena Żernicka-GoetzMagdalena Żernicka-Goetz
Piotrowska-Nitsche K, Perea-Gomez A, Haraguchi S, Zernicka-Goetz M (February 2005). "Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Żernicka-Goetz
Carnegie stagesCarnegie stages
Each of the blastomeres that form is also spherical. On approximately day 3, at the eight-cell stage, compaction usually begins ... And the fate of the blastomeres is not yet determined. The two-cell embryo is spherical and surrounded by the transparent zona ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_stages
Embryonic stem cellEmbryonic stem cell
Klimanskaya I, Chung Y, Becker S, Lu SJ, Lanza R (2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell
Stem cell controversyStem cell controversy
... in which a single blastomere is extracted from a blastocyst. At the 2007 meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy
Induced pluripotent stem cellInduced pluripotent stem cell
The absence of Oct-3/4 in Oct-3/4+ cells, such as blastomeres and embryonic stem cells, leads to spontaneous trophoblast ... "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-5. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell
Human embryonic developmentHuman embryonic development
When eight blastomeres have formed, they start to compact. They begin to develop gap junctions, enabling them to develop in an ... The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called the trophoblast. The trophoblast then differentiates ... Initially, the dividing cells, called blastomeres (blastos Greek for sprout), are undifferentiated and aggregated into a sphere ... With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable. They are still enclosed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryonic_development
Preimplantation genetic diagnosisPreimplantation genetic diagnosis
... after the analysis of one or two blastomeres, and when two blastomeres are analysed, the results should be concordant. Other ... Not all methods of opening the zona pellucida have the same success rate because the well-being of the embryo and/or blastomere ... In contrast to karyotyping, it can be used on interphase chromosomes, so that it can be used on PBs, blastomeres and TE samples ... A hole is made in the zona pellucida and one or two blastomeres containing a nucleus are gently aspirated or extruded through ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis
HeterogonesisHeterogonesis
Destouni, Aspasia; Vermeesch, Joris (2017). "How can zygotes segregate entire parental genomes into distinct blastomeres? The ... "Zygotes segregate entire parental genomes in distinct blastomere lineages causing cleavage-stage chimerism and mixoploidy". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogonesis
Fish developmentFish development
... and finally heals the membrane after separation of blastomeres. The fate of the first cells, called blastomeres, is determined ... This contrasts with the situation in some other animals, such as mammals, in which each blastomere can develop into any part of ... Finally, the third set of blastomeres are the deep cells. These deep cells are located between the enveloping layer and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_development
Robert LanzaRobert Lanza
2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481-485. doi:10.1038/nature05142 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lanza
Elysia pusillaElysia pusilla
This means that the daughter blastomeres are at a 45° angle. Like other gastropods, Elysia pusilla uses their ventral foot to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysia_pusilla
Cleavage (embryo)Cleavage (embryo)
In holoblastic cleavage, the zygote and blastomeres are completely divided during the cleavage, so the number of blastomeres ... when contact with the micromeres dictates one cell to become the future D blastomere. Once specified, the D blastomere signals ... Each blastomere produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. A cell can ... This polar lobe forms at the vegetal pole during cleavage, and then gets shunted to the D blastomere. The polar lobe contains ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)
Inner cell massInner cell mass
Blastomeres isolated from the ICM of mammalian embryos and grown in culture are known as embryonic stem (ES) cells. These ... Blastomeres are dissociated from an isolated ICM in an early blastocyst, and their transcriptional code governed by Oct4, Sox2 ... Initial polarization of blastomeres occurs at the 8-16 cell stage. An apical-basolateral polarity is visible through the ... Blastomeres of the mouse embryo lose totipotency after the fifth cleavage division: Expression of Cdx2 and Oct4 and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_cell_mass
Early stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibiansEarly stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibians
An embryo counting 16 to 64 blastomeres is called a morula. From the stage of having 128 cells, the embryo develops a cavity, ... When the embryo is composed of over 10.000 blastomeres (R.pipiens - after 25 or 26 hours), the next stage of embryonic ... This results in the creation of four identical blastomeres - separate cells now forming the embryo. The third cleavage runs ... equatorially and closer to the animal pole, thus creating blastomeres of unequal size (micromeres in the animal region and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_stages_of_embryogenesis_of_tailless_amphibians
AutomixisAutomixis
This may also happen by the fusion of the first two blastomeres. Other species restore their ploidy by the fusion of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automixis
Clathrina coriaceaClathrina coriacea
Once in the parent, the larva blastomeres will migrate into the blastocoel. In order for this calcareous sponge species to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrina_coriacea
BlastulationBlastulation
In Xenopus, blastomeres behave as pluripotent stem cells which can migrate down several pathways, depending on cell signaling. ... A common feature of a vertebrate blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the blastoderm, which ... Amphibian EP-cadherin and XB/U cadherin perform a similar role as E-cadherin in mammals establishing blastomere polarity and ... The blastula (from Greek βλαστός (blastos meaning sprout)) is a hollow sphere of cells known as blastomeres surrounding an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastulation
ParthenogenesisParthenogenesis
This may also happen by the fusion of the first two blastomeres. Other species restore their ploidy by the fusion of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis
Asymmetric cell divisionAsymmetric cell division
This first division produces two distinctly different blastomeres, termed AB and P1. When the sperm cell fertilizes the egg ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division
Assisted reproductive technologyAssisted reproductive technology
Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology
MorulaMorula
The blastomeres are the daughter cells of the zygote, and when the blastomeres number from 16-32 the ball of cells is called a ... A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an early-stage embryo consisting of a solid ball of cells called blastomeres, contained in ... At the 8-cell stage the blastomeres are round and only loosely adhered. With further division they begin to become flattened, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morula
NondisjunctionNondisjunction
Blastomere biopsy is a technique in which blastomeres are removed from the zona pellucida. It is commonly used to detect ... Yu, Y; Zhao, Y; Li, R; Li, L; Zhao, H; Li, M; Sha, J; Zhou, Q; Qiao, J (Dec 6, 2013). "Assessment of the risk of blastomere ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondisjunction
Animal embryonic developmentAnimal embryonic development
The different cells derived from cleavage, up to the blastula stage, are called blastomeres. Depending mostly on the amount of ... From here the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_embryonic_development
Blastomere - WikipediaBlastomere - Wikipedia
Blastomere size is typically considered uneven when one blastomere has a diameter over 25% larger than that of the other being ... In biology, a blastomere is a type of cell produced by cell division (cleavage) of the zygote after fertilization; blastomeres ... The blastomere is considered totipotent; that is, blastomeres are capable of developing from a single cell into a fully fertile ... The other blastomeres that differentiate, then, will become apolar. Polar blastomere cells that differentiate will move to an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastomere
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Multiple ConditionsPreimplantation Genetic Testing for Multiple Conditions
blastomeres biopsied. No. unaffected embryos cond. Transfer fresh/cryo. Transfer nr.. hcg. Outcome pregnancy. ... treatment combined with a blastomere biopsy at the cleavage stage or trophectoderm (TE) biopsy at the blastocyst stage of the ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/914242
Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. - Bournemouth University Staff...Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. - Bournemouth University Staff...
Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells.. Authors: Kopeika, J., Zhang, T., ...
https://staffprofiles.bournemouth.ac.uk/display/conference/220642
Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties | Development | The Company of BiologistsFour-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties | Development | The Company of Biologists
B) The embryo is held in the left-hand pipette by a m-blastomere while the e2 blastomere is withdrawn into the pipette on the ... B) The embryo is held in the left-hand pipette by a m-blastomere while the e2 blastomere is withdrawn into the pipette on the ... C,D) The procedure is repeated to remove an e1 blastomere into the right-hand pipette. (E,F) One of the m blastomeres, which is ... C,D) The procedure is repeated to remove an e1 blastomere into the right-hand pipette. (E,F) One of the m blastomeres, which is ...
https://cob.silverchair.com/dev/article/132/3/479/43085/Four-cell-stage-mouse-blastomeres-have-different?searchresult=1
Morphogenesis - 2nd EditionMorphogenesis - 2nd Edition
3. Cleavage of Isolated Blastomeres. 4. The Polar Lobe. 5. Normal and Reversed Cleavage. 6. The Shape and Coherence of the ... Blastomeres. 7. Differentiation without Cleavage. 8. Chemodifferentiation. Chapter IV. Gastrulation and Formation of Germ ...
https://www.elsevier.com/books/morphogenesis/raven/978-1-4832-1338-5
Jesse Francis McClendon - WikipediaJesse Francis McClendon - Wikipedia
He investigated frog blastomeres. 1914-1939: McClendon worked at Physiological Laboratory of the University of Minnesota ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Francis_McClendon
Combined effect of cell geometry and polarity domains determines the orientation of unequal division | eLifeCombined effect of cell geometry and polarity domains determines the orientation of unequal division | eLife
Blastomere isolation. Request a detailed protocol Blastomere or pair of blastomeres were isolated at 4-cell stage using a thin ... A) Left panel: brightfield images and corresponding 3D reconstruction (anterior blastomeres [A3] in blue, posterior blastomeres ... the transverse optical plane across the anterior blastomeres with anterior blastomeres A3 in blue and posterior blastomeres B3 ... the corresponding animal and vegetal blastomeres after the cell division of isolated blastomeres as vegetal blastomeres inherit ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/75639
WHO EMRO | Impact of the mandatory age-based single-embryo transfer legislation in Turkey on outcome of in vitro fertilization:...
Embryo morphology was scored from grade 1 to 4. Grade 1 embryos contained 6-8 blastomeres and did not have multi-nucleation or ...
https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-vol-19-2013/8/impact-of-the-mandatory-age-based-single-embryo-transfer-legislation-in-turkey-on-outcome-of-in-vitro-fertilization-a-multicentre-study.html
Development of Monozygotic Twin Mouse Embryos from the Time of Blastomere Separation at the Two-Cell Stage to Blastocyst1Development of Monozygotic Twin Mouse Embryos from the Time of Blastomere Separation at the Two-Cell Stage to Blastocyst1
The choice of blastomeres for destruction was arbitrary, and no attempt was made to remove the compromised blastomere, which ... At 24 h after blastomere splitting (60 h pc), 96% of the isolated blastomeres had cleaved at least once (Fig. 1, A1 and B1). In ... The development of blastomeres separated from two-cell stage murine embryos has been compared. Blastomeres were removed from ... The second blastomere was recovered in a similar manner. Although the two blastomeres were physically indistinguishable, they ...
https://complete.bioone.org/journals/biology-of-reproduction/volume-82/issue-6/biolreprod.109.082982/Development-of-Monozygotic-Twin-Mouse-Embryos-from-the-Time-of/10.1095/biolreprod.109.082982.full
Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report - The LancetEmbryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report - The Lancet
Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres.. Nature. 2006; 444: 481-485. View in Article *Scopus (463) ...
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960028-2/fulltext
Clinical Application VideosClinical Application Videos
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: The Next Big Thing? | The Scientist Magazine®Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: The Next Big Thing? | The Scientist Magazine®
... umbilical cord stem cells could cure his six-year-old sister Mollys Fanconi anemia.1 When Adam Nash was a ball of blastomere ... ART Reproductive Center Inc.Two separated blastomeres subjected to FISH analysis to check the chromosomes. In early October, ... Two separated blastomeres subjected to FISH analysis to check the chromosomes.. In early October, preimplantation genetic ... Courtesy of David Hill, ART Reproductive Center Inc.Two separated blastomeres subjected to FISH analysis to check the ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/research/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-the-next-big-thing-55356
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum | Nature Reviews Disease PrimersNausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Human stem cells from single blastomeres reveal pathways of embryonic or trophoblast fate specification. Development 142, 4010- ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0110-3?utm_campaign=related_content&utm_source=SUSTAIN&utm_medium=communities&error=cookies_not_supported&code=20c37fda-7908-40ec-bb4a-2b09531b39e4
JoVE | Peer Reviewed Scientific Video Journal - Methods and ProtocolsJoVE | Peer Reviewed Scientific Video Journal - Methods and Protocols
Genes | Free Full-Text | Transgenic Xenopus laevis Line for In Vivo Labeling of Nephrons within the KidneyGenes | Free Full-Text | Transgenic Xenopus laevis Line for In Vivo Labeling of Nephrons within the Kidney
Moody, S.A. Fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell stage Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 1987, 119, 560-578. [Google Scholar] [ ... Moody, S.A. Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 1987, 122, 300-319. [Google Scholar] [ ... Moody, S.A.; Kline, M.J. Segregation of fate during cleavage of frog (Xenopus laevis) blastomeres. Anat. Embryol. 1990, 182, ... Bauer, D.V.; Huang, S.; Moody, S.A. The cleavage stage origin of Spemanns Organizer: Analysis of the movements of blastomere ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/4/197
Xenopus Anatomy Ontology: Papers for pharyngeal endoderm Xenopus Anatomy Ontology: Papers for pharyngeal endoderm
blastomere. fate shift during regulative development in the isolated right. halves of four-cell stage Xenopus embryos., Koga M ...
https://www.xenbase.org/entry/anatomy/attribution.do?objId=3503&objName=ANATOMY_ITEM&objNameSrt=ANAT&attPage=PAPER&action=VIEW&litOnly=1&att=pharyngeal+endoderm&pageType=ANAT&tabId=1
Single-cell sequencing of primate preimplantation embryos reveals chromosome elimination via cellular fragmentation and...Single-cell sequencing of primate preimplantation embryos reveals chromosome elimination via cellular fragmentation and...
... sequencing of primate preimplantation embryos reveals chromosome elimination via cellular fragmentation and blastomere ... sequencing of primate preimplantation embryos reveals chromosome elimination via cellular fragmentation and blastomere ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/single-cell-sequencing-of-primate-preimplantation-embryos-reveals/fingerprints/
Pramel26 PRAME like 26 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBIPramel26 PRAME like 26 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI
Deterministic and stochastic allele specific gene expression in single mouse blastomeres. Tang F, et al. PLoS One, 2011. PMID ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=381569
Vitrification of human pronuclear oocytes by direct plunging into cooling agent: Non sterile liquid nitrogen vs. sterile liquid...Vitrification of human pronuclear oocytes by direct plunging into cooling agent: Non sterile liquid nitrogen vs. sterile liquid...
In both groups, the rate of high-quality embryos (Grade 6A: 6 blastomeres, no fragmentation; Grade 8A: 8 blastomeres, no ... fragmentation; Grade 8A compacting: 8 blastomeres, beginning of compacting) was noted. The rates of high-quality embryos ...
https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/19757/
World Porifera Database - Species - Polymastia robusta Bowerbank, 1862World Porifera Database - Species - Polymastia robusta Bowerbank, 1862
and flagellated blastomeres; it lives on the bottom and glides actively on its. flattened side. The metamorphosis and the ...
https://marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=134210
Mara Capra - Articles - Scientific Research PublishingMara Capra - Articles - Scientific Research Publishing
Synchronous and Asynchronous Blastomere Cleavage at Cryopreservation: Effect on Subsequent Embryo Survival, Pregnancy and Live ...
https://scirp.org/journal/articles.aspx?searchcode=Mara+Capra&searchfield=authors&page=1&skid=0
Embryo Microinjection With CRISPR-Cas9 in Mice and Zebrafish | Thermo Fisher Scientific - USEmbryo Microinjection With CRISPR-Cas9 in Mice and Zebrafish | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
Figure 2. Range of phenotypes observed following injection of CRISPR/sgRNA stock volume in zebrafish blastomeres. Severe (top ... laid fertilized eggs are collected from breeding tanks and injected with the CRISPR/sgRNA stock volume into the blastomeres ...
https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/genome-editing/genome-editing-learning-center/genome-editing-resource-library/genome-editing-application-notes/protocol-embryo-microinjection-crispr-cas9-mice-zebrafish.html
Quartz-Seq: a highly reproducible and sensitive single-cell RNA sequencing method, reveals non-genetic gene-expression...Quartz-Seq: a highly reproducible and sensitive single-cell RNA sequencing method, reveals non-genetic gene-expression...
Deterministic and stochastic allele specific gene expression in single mouse blastomeres. PLoS One 2011, 6:e21208. ...
https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r31
Sex Diff Paradigm: revised posting, plus referencesSex Diff Paradigm: revised posting, plus references
4. differences in the levels of HPRT in pre-morula blastomeres of mouse and human embryos. 5. different male/female lengths of ... HPRT LEVELS IN PRE-MORULA BLASTOMERES Comment: HPRT is an enzyme related to methylation, a process very important to the ...
http://www.bio.net/hypermail/neur-sci/1995-June/018903.html
local linklocal link
He destroyed one of the two initial subdivisions (blastomeres) of a fertilized frog egg, obtaining half an embryo from the ... remaining blastomere. It seemed to him that determination of future parts and functions had already occurred in the two-cell ... stage and that each of the two blastomeres had already received the determinants necessary to form half the embryo. His theory ...
https://www.todayinsci.com/9/9_15.htm
EmbryosEmbryoBlastocystZygoteEmbryonic cellsZebrafishNucleiBlastulaDifferentiationFertilizationAsymmetryJunctionsMammalianDegeneraStageMammalsSpatialPolarProgenyMorphogeneticCaenorhabditisAbnormalitiesFateMembraneExclusionSurvival RateDivisionsTransplantationGeneMitoticDevelopmentSingleDifferencesMouseCellularMolecularShapeDivision
Embryos21
  • This has enabled us to identify a major group of embryos in which we can predict not only the spatial origin of each given four-cell blastomeres, but also which region of the blastocyst is most likely to be occupied by its progeny. (silverchair.com)
  • The development of blastomeres separated from two-cell stage murine embryos has been compared. (bioone.org)
  • By contrast, demiembryos retained within their ZP and created by randomly damaging one of the two blastomeres in two-cell stage embryos exhibited a more normal ratio of ICM to TE cells at blastocyst and significantly less variance in ICM cell number. (bioone.org)
  • 4. differences in the levels of HPRT in pre-morula blastomeres of mouse and human embryos. (bio.net)
  • The nucleus moved towards the apex of the blastomere at the late 8-cell stage, when embryos begin the process of compaction. (bioone.org)
  • Most research advocates failed even to acknowledge the moral dilemma involved in creating and destroying human embryos en masse for their stem cells, describing embryos simply as raw materials (or "products") and treating all opposition to embryo research as religious fanaticism. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Cellular and nuclear fragmentation are among common observations during apoptosis in a variety of somatic cells, it has been suggested that appearance of these fragmentation patterns in preimplantation embryos could also be associated with apoptosis, leading to loss of certain blastomeres or a death of a whole embryo (Jurisicova et al. (lesjta.com)
  • Additionally, during early development, Xist appears to be transiently transcribed from the X(M) in some blastomeres of late 2-cell embryos concomitant with the general activation of the genome indicating that X(M) imprinting does not completely suppress maternal Xist transcription during embryo cleavage stages. (pasteur.fr)
  • Here we developed a method named GOTI (genome-wide off-target analysis by two-cell embryo injection) to detect off-target mutations by editing one blastomere of two-cell mouse embryos using either CRISPR-Cas9 or base editors. (biosino.org)
  • Comparison of the whole-genome sequences of progeny cells of edited and nonedited blastomeres at embryonic day 14.5 showed that off-target single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were rare in embryos edited by CRISPR-Cas9 or adenine base editor, with a frequency close to the spontaneous mutation rate. (biosino.org)
  • The E-EM/En-GRNs (up to 17 h postfertilization) integrate the regulatory functions of maternal and zygotic core factors that drive the earliest steps of endomesoderm progenitor specification in sea urchin embryos. (echinobase.org)
  • For cultivation of embryos from stage of 4-8 blastomeres to stage blastotsist. (all.biz)
  • GM501 Wash with Phenolred and Gentamicin ia a ready-to-use medium designed for washing procedures of human oocytes and embryos and any short-term handling procedures outside the incubator like washing after Hyaluronidase treatment (denudation), ICSI, polar body or blastomere biopsy and others. (planer.com)
  • Embryos are often found via blastomere or even blastocyst biopsy. (indiraivf.com)
  • In cattle embryos, in vitro culture conditions have been shown to impact the number of lipid droplets within blastomeres. (ulaval.ca)
  • Blastomeres which are the cells in the embryos must be even sized to give good pregnancy rates. (prashanthfertility.com)
  • Routine use of next-generation sequencing for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of blastomeres obtained from embryos on day 3 in fresh in vitro fertilization cycles. (invictagenetics.com)
  • In fact, in adults, the majority of embryos showed the proper distribution of E-cadherin just beneath the membrane surfaces of all blastomeres and the percentage of embryos with this distribution increased with the increase in cell number during development. (uniss.it)
  • In some centres only embryos are replaced that are found to be chromosomally normal (that is, showing two signals for the gonosomes and the analysed autosomes) after the analysis of one or two blastomeres, and when two blastomeres are analysed, the results should be concordant. (preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.eu)
  • Expressing the Ca2+ sign also to label the cell membrane to imagine cell form, we injected mRNAs for YC-Nano3GS and membrane-targeting RFP (mRFP), respectively, in to the two dorsal blastomeres of Reparixin reversible enzyme inhibition 4-cell-stage embryos. (cisplatin.info)
  • Comparing the fertilization success and the embryos in which the first mitotic cleavage occurred (two-blastomere stage) with those tested at the beginning of the experiments, no significant differences were found among the three diets. (atlasofscience.org)
Embryo18
  • Relative blastomere size within the embryo is dependent not only on the stage of the cleavage, but also on the regularity of the cleavage amongst the cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The differentiation of the blastomere allows for the development of two distinct cell populations: the inner cell mass, which becomes the precursor to the embryo, and the trophectoderm, which becomes the precursor to the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polar blastomere cells that differentiate will move to an outer position in the developing blastocyst and show precursors for the trophectoderm, while the apolar cells will move to an inner position and begin developing into the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • PGT as offered for these indications (PGT-M/SR) comprises an in vitro fertilization (IVF)-treatment combined with a blastomere biopsy at the cleavage stage or trophectoderm (TE) biopsy at the blastocyst stage of the in vitro embryo. (medscape.com)
  • Blastomeres of the early mouse embryo are thought to be equivalent in their developmental properties at least until the eight-cell stage. (silverchair.com)
  • Embryo tissues equivalent to that of four blastomeres are sufficient for amplification of target genes as visualized using polyacrylamide gel. (eurekamag.com)
  • While cleavage-stage embryo after thawing, damaged blastomeres often coexist with intact ones). (lesjta.com)
  • National collection of embryo morphology data into Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System: associations among day 3 cell number, fragmentation and blastomere asymmetry, and live birth rate. (harvard.edu)
  • 15%) between blastomeres of a single embryo, mostly as a result of one outlier. (eur.nl)
  • A 4-cell embryo with 10-15% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and a single nucleus per blastomere. (eshre.eu)
  • A 4-cell embryo with 10-20% concentrated fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and no visible nuclei. (eshre.eu)
  • An 8-cell embryo with around 15-20% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and visible nuclei in some blastomeres. (eshre.eu)
  • An 8-cell embryo with 25% scattered fragmentation and evenly sized blastomeres. (eshre.eu)
  • A 6-cell embryo with 30-40% fragmentation and unevenly sized blastomeres. (eshre.eu)
  • B) Schematic depicting an experiment that reveals micromere -derived endomesoderm inductive signals, which are sufficient to induce ectopic endo16 expression and complete archenteron formation in animal blastomeres, and are also necessary for normal vegetal endo16 expression and timely gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo . (echinobase.org)
  • With morpholino knockdown of Bves in these same blastomeres, migration of producing progeny is completely randomized, with cells moving throughout the embryo (Ripley (2010) exhibited that Bves interacts with the recycling endosome soluble 4 assays/experiment. (annumed.net)
  • When this happens, blastomeres collect cells with genetic abnormalities and separate them from the rest of the embryo. (testprenataleaurora.it)
  • 2) NLS-DNA complexes imported to embryo by the nuclei: This procedure is based on blastomere fractionation. (biotecharticles.com)
Blastocyst3
  • blastomeres are an essential part of blastula formation, and blastocyst formation in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The division of blastomeres from the zygote allows a single fertile cell to continue to cleave and differentiate until a blastocyst forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • This inside-outside aspect can be experimentally converted by the isolation of the ICM from a blastocyst, leading to a posteriori externalization of the blastomeres composing the outermost layer of the ICM. (jbc.org)
Zygote2
  • The two-cell blastomere state, present after the zygote first divides, is considered the earliest mitotic product of the fertilized oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the zygote contains 16 to 32 blastomeres it is referred to as a morula. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic cells1
  • Bves shares a conserved cAMP-binding Popeye domain name but contains no other homologous functional domains with other protein families (Andre development, individual A1 blastomeres, early embryonic cells, give rise to progeny that migrate in a highly patterned manner, incorporating into anterior head and somitic structures. (annumed.net)
Zebrafish2
  • Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
  • Range of phenotypes observed following injection of CRISPR/sgRNA stock volume in zebrafish blastomeres. (thermofisher.com)
Nuclei3
  • The presence of two nuclei in a blastomere (cell). (icmartivf.org)
  • The blastomeres are evenly sized with no visible nuclei. (eshre.eu)
  • The blastomeres are evenly sized and have visible nuclei. (eshre.eu)
Blastula2
  • Each cell within the blastula is called a blastomere. (umn.edu)
  • The individual cells that are generated as a result of the cleavage are termed blastomeres and the cleavage phase ends when a hollow sphere of blastomeres called the blastula has formed. (orcaeyes.com)
Differentiation3
  • However, if the number of blastomeres in the cellular mass is not even, then the division should be asynchronous such that the sizes of the cells best support the mass's specific stage of differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • During the 8-cell differentiation period, the blastomeres form adheren junctions, and subsequently polarize along the apical-basal axis. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two main models for differentiation that determine which blastomere cells will divide into either the inner cell mass or the trophectoderm. (wikipedia.org)
Fertilization1
  • In humans, blastomere formation begins immediately following fertilization and continues through the first week of embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Asymmetry1
  • This asymmetry becomes more pronounced at the 4-cell stage,when SKN-1 is high in the posterior cell's daughters and low in the daughters of the anterior blastomere. (biologists.com)
Junctions2
  • After this, the 8-cell blastomere mass begins to compact by forming tight junctions between themselves, and cytosolic components of the cell accumulate in the apical region while the nucleus of each cell moves to the basal region. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand with mammals, the polarization of blastomeres isn't directly associated with cell fate specialty area since in the 4-cell stage the blastomeres already are polarized but usually do not type junctions. (eurobiophysics.org)
Mammalian1
  • This has been demonstrated through studies and conjectures made with mouse blastomeres, which have been accepted as true for most mammalian blastomeres as well. (wikipedia.org)
Degenera1
  • That of the walls give origin to the blastomeres showing hydatiform degenera- previously to the nucleus outwards violently- 22. (goldenowlhunt.com)
Stage3
  • We find that one of these four-cell stage blastomeres that inherits some vegetal membrane marked in the previous cleavage cycle tends to contribute to mural trophectoderm. (silverchair.com)
  • By contrast, chimaeras made from four-cell stage blastomeres from early meridional divisions develop normally. (silverchair.com)
  • Contrary to such a stochastic model, some studies have detected putative differences in the lineage potential of individual blastomeres before compaction, indicating that the first cell fate decisions may occur as early as at the 4-cell stage. (ist.ac.at)
Mammals1
  • It may take up nearly 30 to 50% of the total time of cell cycle or it may not exist at all for example in rapidly dividing blastomeres of frogs and mammals. (factslegend.org)
Spatial2
  • However, the experiments that have led to this conclusion could not have taken into account either the spatial origin of individual blastomeres or the spatial allocation and fate of their progeny. (silverchair.com)
  • From here, the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms. (orcaeyes.com)
Polar1
  • This allows for approximately half of the blastomeres to inherit polar regions that can rebuild the apical cortical domain. (wikipedia.org)
Progeny1
  • In this work, we ectopically activate the primary mesenchyme cell - GRN ( PMC - GRN ) that operates in micromere progeny by misexpressing the micromere determinant Pmar1 and identify the responding EM- GRN that is induced in animal blastomeres. (echinobase.org)
Morphogenetic1
  • Depletion of maternal XCIRP-1 mRNA also disrupts the morphogenetic migration of the blastomeres in pronephros lineage. (rmrfotoarts.com)
Caenorhabditis1
  • 1998. Reprogramming of early embryonic blastomeres into endodermal progenitors by a Caenorhabditis elegans GATA factor. . (ucsb.edu)
Abnormalities1
  • Chimaeras made entirely of these equatorially or obliquely derived blastomeres show developmental abnormalities in both late preimplantation and early postimplantation development. (silverchair.com)
Fate2
  • We show that a pattern of second cleavage divisions in which a meridional division is followed by one that is equatorial or oblique allows us to identify blastomeres that differ in their fate and in their developmental properties both from each other and from their cousins. (silverchair.com)
  • Background: Stereotypic cleavage patterns play a crucial role in cell fate determination by precisely positioning early embryonic blastomeres. (uib.no)
Membrane1
  • Once this begins, microtubules within the morula's cytosolic material in the blastomere cells can develop into important membrane functions, such as sodium pumps. (wikipedia.org)
Exclusion1
  • The team identified a relationship between mosaicism, cell fragmentation and exclusion of blastomeres. (testprenataleaurora.it)
Survival Rate1
Divisions2
  • These mitotic divisions continue and result in a grouping of cells called blastomeres. (wikipedia.org)
  • cleavage - The early divisions of the fertilized egg to form blastomeres. (en-academic.com)
Transplantation2
  • Here, we induced germ-line chimeras between teleost species using two different protocols: blastomere transplantation and single PGC transplantation. (ehu.es)
  • I ) Chimeras, obtained from transplantation of sbr blastomeres into nac recipient blastulas, show clonal rescue. (zfin.org)
Gene1
  • Deterministic and stochastic allele specific gene expression in single mouse blastomeres. (nih.gov)
Mitotic1
  • Required in embryonic development for the correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindles and division planes in blastomere cells (PubMed:20126385). (reactome.org)
Development1
  • if a blastomere splits off from the embryo's body, it has the capacity for complete human development, which is how we get identical twins. (zenit.org)
Single3
  • that is, blastomeres are capable of developing from a single cell into a fully fertile adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single blastomeres were biopsied. (artreproductivecenter.com)
  • using single interphase blastomere FISH for translocation carriers by breakpoint spanning probes can help patients have phenotypically normal offspring. (artreproductivecenter.com)
Differences1
  • This means that, under this model, blastomere cells do not differentiate based on cellular differences, but rather they do so because of mechanical and chemical stimuli based on where they are positioned at that time. (wikipedia.org)
Mouse1
  • Studies have analyzed monozygotic twin mouse blastomeres in their two-cell state, and have found that when one of the twin blastomeres is destroyed, a fully fertile adult mouse can still develop. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular1
  • If the number of blastomeres in the cellular mass is even, then the sizes of the cells should be congruent. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
  • Using localized loss-of -function analyses in conjunction with expression of endo16 , the molecular definition of micromere -dependent endomesoderm specification, we show that the TGFbeta cytokine, ActivinB, is an essential component of this induction in blastomeres that emit this signal, as well as in cells that respond to it. (echinobase.org)
Shape1
  • The extent to which all blastomeres are even in size and shape. (icmartivf.org)
Division1
  • Definition noun ( embryology ) The complete division of an isolecithal or microlecithal egg into blastomeres. (biologyonline.com)
Infertility: Practice Essentials, Overview, Etiology of Infertility
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Ex situ cryoconservation of genomes and genes of endangered cattle breeds by means of modern biotechnological methods
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WHO EMRO | Impact of the mandatory age-based single-embryo transfer legislation in Turkey on outcome of in vitro fertilization:...
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Scientists Debate Ethics of In Utero Germline Editing
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Xenopus Anatomy Ontology: Papers for pharyngeal endoderm
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World Porifera Database - Species - Polymastia robusta Bowerbank, 1862
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Tet3 ablation in adult brain neurons increases anxiety-like behavior and regulates cognitive function in mice | Molecular...
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The comparison of two different protocols ultra-long versus medroxyprogesterone acetate in women with ovarian endometriosis: a...
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