A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.
The technique of maintaining or growing mammalian EMBRYOS in vitro. This method offers an opportunity to observe EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; and susceptibility to TERATOGENS.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.
Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.
An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
The cluster of cells inside a blastocyst. These cells give rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper. They are pluripotent EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS capable of yielding many but not all cell types in a developing organism.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.
The transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e., without the formation of crystals during the cooling process.
Delay in the attachment and implantation of BLASTOCYST to the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development.
The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.
Embryonic and fetal development that takes place in an artificial environment in vitro.
A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.
A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.
The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION.
An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.
Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.
Inbred ICR mice are a strain of albino laboratory mice that have been selectively bred for consistent genetic makeup and high reproductive performance, making them widely used in biomedical research for studies involving reproduction, toxicology, pharmacology, and carcinogenesis.
The techniques used to select and/or place only one embryo from FERTILIZATION IN VITRO into the uterine cavity to establish a singleton pregnancy.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.
The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).
An acyclic state that resembles PREGNANCY in that there is no ovarian cycle, ESTROUS CYCLE, or MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Unlike pregnancy, there is no EMBRYO IMPLANTATION. Pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form DECIDUOMA in the UTERUS.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
An octamer transcription factor that is expressed primarily in totipotent embryonic STEM CELLS and GERM CELLS and is down-regulated during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments.
The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Early pregnancy loss during the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN stage of development. In the human, this period comprises the second through eighth week after fertilization.
An INTERLEUKIN-6 related cytokine that exhibits pleiotrophic effects on many physiological systems that involve cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Leukemia inhibitory factor binds to and acts through the lif receptor.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).
The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Liquid components of living organisms.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.
Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.
The division of a ZYGOTE into two parts, each of which is capable of further development.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.
The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.
Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.
The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.
Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

An ultrastructural study of implantation in the golden hamster. II. Trophoblastic invasion and removal of the uterine epithelium. (1/4036)

Sixty six implantation sites from 18 golden hamsters were examined with light and electron microscopy between 4 and 5 1/2 days of pregnancy (post-ovulation). At 4 days some blastocysts began to invade the uterine epithelium, with trophoblastic processes penetrating and engulfing portions of the uterine epithelium. The majority of epithelial cells appeared normal before invasion, although at two implantation sites three or four adjoining epithelial cells were necrotic before penetration by the trophoblast. In general the epithelial cells were degenerating at the time the trophoblast invaded the epithelium. Inclusions, representing portions of the engulfed epithelium, and varying in size and electron density, were present throughout the invading trophoblast cells at 4 1/2 and 5 days of pregnancy. At 5 1/2 days the uterine epithelium had disappeared and the embryo was now almost completely surrounded by blood lacunae.  (+info)

Ontogeny of expression of a receptor for platelet-activating factor in mouse preimplantation embryos and the effects of fertilization and culture in vitro on its expression. (2/4036)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a potent ether phospholipid. It is one of the preimplantation embryo's autocrine growth/survival factors. It may act via a G protein-linked receptor on the embryo; however, the evidence for this is conflicting. The recent description of the intracellular form of the PAF:acetlyhydrolase enzyme as having structural homology with G proteins and Ras also suggests this as a potential intracellular receptor/transducer for PAF. This study used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to examine the ontogeny of expression of the genes for these proteins in the oocyte and preimplantation-stage embryo. Transcripts for the G protein-linked PAF receptor were detected in the late 2-cell-stage embryo and in all stages from the 4-cell stage to blastocysts. They were also present in unfertilized oocytes and newly fertilized zygotes but only at relatively low levels. The incidence of expression was generally low and variable in late zygotes and early 2-cell embryos. Expression past the 2-cell stage was alpha-amanitin sensitive. The results indicated that mRNA for this receptor is a maternal transcript that was degraded during the zygote-2-cell stage. New expression of the receptor transcript required activation of the zygotic genome. Fertilization of embryos in vitro caused this transcript not to be expressed in the zygote. Culture of zygotes (irrespective of their method of fertilization) caused expression from the zygotic genome to be retarded by more than 24 h. This retardation did not occur if culture commenced at the 2-cell stage. The transcripts for the subunits of intracellular PAF:acetylhydrolase were not detected in oocytes or at any stage of embryo development examined, despite their being readily detected in control tissue. This study confirms the presence of the G protein-linked PAF receptor in the 2-cell embryo and describes for the first time its normal pattern of expression during early development. The adverse effects of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo culture on the expression of this transcript may be a contributing factor for the poor viability of embryos produced in this manner. The reduced expression of PAF-receptor mRNA following IVF predicts that such embryos may have a deficiency in autocrine stimulation and also suggests that supplementation of growth media with exogenous PAF would be only partially beneficial. The effect of IVF and culture may also explain the conflicting literature.  (+info)

X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) expression and X chromosome inactivation in the preattachment bovine embryo. (3/4036)

Expression of the X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) is thought to be essential for the initiation of X chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation during female embryo development. In the present study, we analyzed the patterns of Xist transcription and the onset of X chromosome inactivation in bovine preattachment embryos. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of Xist transcripts in all adult female somatic tissues evaluated. In contrast, among the male tissues examined, Xist expression was detected only in testis. No evidence for Xist transcription was observed after a single round of RT-PCR from pools of in vitro-derived embryos at the 2- to 4-cell stage. Xist transcripts were detected as a faint amplicon at the 8-cell stage initially, and consistently thereafter in all stages examined up to and including the expanded blastocyst stage. Xist transcripts, however, were subsequently detected from the 2-cell stage onward after nested RT-PCR. Preferential [3H]thymidine labeling indicative of late replication of one of the X chromosomes was noted in female embryos of different developmental ages as follows: 2 of 7 (28.5%) early blastocysts, 6 of 13 (46.1%) blastocysts, 8 of 11 (72.1%) expanded blastocysts, and 14 of 17 (77.7%) hatched blastocysts. These results suggest that Xist expression precedes the onset of late replication in the bovine embryo, in a pattern compatible with a possible role of bovine Xist in the initiation of X chromosome inactivation.  (+info)

Induction of Ig light chain gene rearrangement in heavy chain-deficient B cells by activated Ras. (4/4036)

During B cell development, rearrangement and expression of Ig heavy chain (HC) genes promote development and expansion of pre-B cells accompanied by the onset of Ig light chain (LC) variable region gene assembly. To elucidate the signaling pathways that control these events, we have tested the ability of activated Ras expression to promote B cell differentiation to the stage of LC gene rearrangement in the absence of Ig HC gene expression. For this purpose, we introduced an activated Ras expression construct into JH-deleted embryonic stem cells that lack the ability to assemble HC variable region genes and assayed differentiation potential by recombination activating gene (RAG) 2-deficient blastocyst complementation. We found that activated Ras expression induces the progression of B lineage cells beyond the developmental checkpoint ordinarily controlled by mu HC. Such Ras/JH-deleted B cells accumulate in the periphery but continue to express markers associated with precursor B cells including RAG gene products. These peripheral Ras/JH-deleted B cell populations show extensive Ig LC gene rearrangement but maintain an extent of kappa LC gene rearrangement and a preference for kappa over lambda LC gene rearrangement similar to that of wild-type B cells. We discuss these findings in the context of potential mechanisms that may regulate Ig LC gene rearrangement.  (+info)

In-vitro fertilization and culture of mouse embryos in vitro significantly retards the onset of insulin-like growth factor-II expression from the zygotic genome. (5/4036)

In this study, the effect of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and culture of mouse embryos in vitro on the normal expression of insulin-like growth factor-II (IFG-II) ligand and receptor was examined. The expression of IGF-II increased in a linear fashion at least up to the 8-cell stage of development. IGF-II expression in embryos collected fresh from the reproductive tract was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than in embryos fertilized in the reproductive tract and cultured in vitro (in-situ fertilized: ISF), and its expression was further reduced (P < 0.001) in IVF embryos at all development stages tested. The expression of IGF-II was significantly (P < 0.001) lower when embryos were cultured individually in 100 microl drops compared with culture in groups of 10 in 10 microl drops of medium. The addition of platelet activating factor to culture medium partially overcame this density-dependent decline of expression. Culture of ISF and IVF zygotes also caused the onset of new IGF-II mRNA transcription from the zygotic genome to be significantly (P < 0.001) retarded, until at least the 8-cell stage of development. This effect was greater (P < 0.05) for IVF than for ISF embryos. Neither IVF nor culture had any obvious effect on IFG-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor (IGF-IIr) mRNA expression.  (+info)

Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in embryos from smoking couples: evidence for transmission by spermatozoa. (6/4036)

Tobacco smoking is deleterious to reproduction. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke. Its reactive metabolite induces DNA-adducts, which can cause mutations. We investigated whether B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE) DNA adducts are detectable in preimplantation embryos in relation to parental smoking. A total of 17 couples were classified by their smoking habits: (i) both partners smoke; (ii) wife non-smoker, husband smokes; and (iii) both partners were non-smokers. Their 27 embryos were exposed to an anti-BPDE monoclonal antibody that recognizes BPDE-DNA adducts. Immunostaining was assessed in each embryo and an intensity score was calculated for embryos in each smoking group. The proportion of blastomeres which stained was higher for embryos of smokers than for non-smokers (0.723 versus 0.310). The mean intensity score was also higher for embryos of smokers (1.40+/-0.28) than for non-smokers (0.38+/-0.14; P = 0.015), but was similar for both types of smoking couples. The mean intensity score was positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked by fathers (P = 0.02). Increased mean immunostaining in embryos from smokers, relative to non-smokers, indicates a relationship with parental smoking. The similar levels of immunostaining in embryos from both types of smoking couples suggest that transmission of modified DNA is mainly through spermatozoa. We confirmed paternal transmission of modified DNA by detection of DNA adducts in spermatozoa of a smoker father and his embryo.  (+info)

Co-expression of cytokeratins and vimentin by highly invasive trophoblast in the white-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi, and the black mastiff bat, Molossus ater, with observations on intermediate filament proteins in the decidua and intraplacental trophoblast. (7/4036)

Histological and immunocytochemical studies of gravid reproductive tracts obtained from the white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi) and the black mastiff bat (Molossus ater) have established that both species develop unusually invasive trophoblast. This is released by the developing discoidal haemochorial placenta, expresses both cytokeratins and vimentin, and invades the myometrium and adjacent tissues (including the ovaries) via interstitial migration within the walls of maternal blood vessels. Hence, this trophoblast is noteworthy for the extent to which it undergoes an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. In Molossus, it originates from the cytotrophoblastic shell running along the base of the placenta, is mononuclear, and preferentially invades maternal arterial vessels serving the discoidal placenta. This trophoblast may have a role in dilatation of these vessels when the discoidal placenta becomes functional. In Diaemus, the highly invasive trophoblast appears to originate instead from a layer of syncytiotrophoblast on the periphery of the placenta is multinucleated, and vigorously invades both arterial and venous vessels. During late pregnancy, it becomes extensively branched and sends attenuated processes around many of the myometrial smooth muscle fibres. In view of its distribution, this trophoblast could have important influences upon myometrial contractility and the function of blood vessels serving the gravid tract. Other aspects of intermediate filament expression in the uteri and placentae of these bats are also noteworthy. Many of the decidual giant cells in Molossus co-express cytokeratins and vimentin, while the syncytiotrophoblast lining the placental labyrinth in Diaemus late in pregnancy expresses little cytokeratin.  (+info)

Trophectoderm differentiation in the bovine embryo: characterization of a polarized epithelium. (8/4036)

Blastocytst formation is dependent on the differentiation of a transporting epithelium, the trophectoderm, which is coordinated by the embryonic expression and cell adhesive properties of E-cadherin. The trophectoderm shares differentiative characteristics with all epithelial tissues, including E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, tight junction formation, and polarized distribution of intramembrane proteins, including the Na-K ATPase. The present study was conducted to characterize the mRNA expression and distribution of polypeptides encoding E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the tight junction associated protein, zonula occludens protein 1, in pre-attachment bovine embryos, in vitro. Immunocytochemistry and gene specific reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction methods were used. Transcripts for E-cadherin and beta-catenin were detected in embryos of all stages throughout pre-attachment development. Immunocytochemistry revealed E-cadherin and beta-catenin polypeptides evenly distributed around the cell margins of one-cell zygotes and cleavage stage embryos. In the morula, detection of these proteins diminished in the free apical surface of outer blastomeres. E-cadherin and beta-catenin became restricted to the basolateral membranes of trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst, while maintaining apolar distributions in the inner cell mass. Zonula occludens protein 1 immunoreactivity was undetectable until the morula stage and first appeared as punctate points between the outer cells. In the blastocyst, zonula occludens protein 1 was localized as a continuous ring at the apical points of trophectoderm cell contact and was undetectable in the inner cell mass. These results illustrate that the gene products encoding E-cadherin, beta-catenin and zonula occludens protein 1 are expressed and maintain cellular distribution patterns consistent with their predicted roles in mediating trophectoderm differentiation in in vitro produced bovine embryos.  (+info)

A blastocyst is a stage in the early development of a fertilized egg, or embryo, in mammals. It occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization and consists of an outer layer of cells called trophoblasts, which will eventually form the placenta, and an inner cell mass, which will give rise to the fetus. The blastocyst is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. This stage is critical for the implantation of the embryo into the uterine lining.

Embryo culture techniques refer to the methods and procedures used to maintain and support the growth and development of an embryo outside of the womb, typically in a laboratory setting. These techniques are often used in the context of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

The process typically involves fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory dish and then carefully monitoring and maintaining the resulting embryo in a specialized culture medium that provides the necessary nutrients, hormones, and other factors to support its development. The culture medium is usually contained within an incubator that maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and gas concentrations to mimic the environment inside the body.

Embryologists may use various embryo culture techniques depending on the stage of development and the specific needs of the embryo. For example, some techniques involve culturing the embryo in a single layer, while others may use a technique called "co-culture" that involves growing the embryo on a layer of cells to provide additional support and nutrients.

The goal of embryo culture techniques is to promote the healthy growth and development of the embryo, increasing the chances of a successful pregnancy and live birth. However, it's important to note that these techniques are not without risk, and there are potential ethical considerations surrounding the use of ART and embryo culture.

Embryonic development is the series of growth and developmental stages that occur during the formation and early growth of the embryo. In humans, this stage begins at fertilization (when the sperm and egg cell combine) and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (now called a zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which then implants into the uterus. The cells in the blastocyst begin to differentiate and form the three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers will eventually give rise to all of the different tissues and organs in the body.

Embryonic development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by rapid cell division, migration, and differentiation, as well as programmed cell death (apoptosis) and tissue remodeling. Abnormalities in embryonic development can lead to birth defects or other developmental disorders.

It's important to note that the term "embryo" is used to describe the developing organism from fertilization until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy in humans, after which it is called a fetus.

Embryo implantation is the process by which a fertilized egg, or embryo, becomes attached to the wall of the uterus (endometrium) and begins to receive nutrients from the mother's blood supply. This process typically occurs about 6-10 days after fertilization and is a critical step in the establishment of a successful pregnancy.

During implantation, the embryo secretes enzymes that help it to burrow into the endometrium, while the endometrium responds by producing receptors for the embryo's enzymes and increasing blood flow to the area. The embryo then begins to grow and develop, eventually forming the placenta, which will provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus throughout pregnancy.

Implantation is a complex process that requires precise timing and coordination between the embryo and the mother's body. Factors such as age, hormonal imbalances, and uterine abnormalities can affect implantation and increase the risk of miscarriage or difficulty becoming pregnant.

A morula is a term used in embryology, which refers to the early stage of development in mammalian embryos. It is formed after fertilization when the zygote (a single cell resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg) undergoes several rounds of mitotic divisions to form a solid mass of 16 or more cells called blastomeres. At this stage, the cells are tightly packed together and have a compact, mulberry-like appearance, hence the name "morula" which is derived from the Latin word for "mulberry."

The morula stage typically occurs about 4-5 days after fertilization in humans and is marked by the beginning of blastulation, where the cells start to differentiate and become organized into an outer layer (trophoblast) and an inner cell mass. The trophoblast will eventually form the placenta, while the inner cell mass will give rise to the embryo proper.

It's important to note that the morula stage is a transient phase in embryonic development, and it represents a critical period of growth and differentiation as the embryo prepares for implantation into the uterine wall.

Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.

Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.

A Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass (ICM) is a group of cells within a blastocyst, which is an early-stage preimplantation embryo that develops in mammals. The blastocyst consists of two main components: the trophectoderm, which forms the outer layer and eventually gives rise to the placenta, and the inner cell mass (ICM), which is a cluster of cells located inside the blastocyst.

The ICM is composed of pluripotent cells that have the ability to differentiate into any of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm. These cells will eventually give rise to the fetus and some extraembryonic structures such as the yolk sac and allantois.

The ICM is an essential part of the blastocyst, and its development and quality are critical factors in the success of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). The assessment of the ICM's morphology and cell count can help embryologists evaluate the potential of an embryo to develop into a viable pregnancy.

Embryonic and fetal development is the process of growth and development that occurs from fertilization of the egg (conception) to birth. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are used to describe different stages of this development:

* Embryonic development: This stage begins at fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus and begins to develop into a complex structure called an embryo. The embryo consists of three layers of cells that will eventually form all of the organs and tissues of the body. During this stage, the basic structures of the body, including the nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal tract, begin to form.
* Fetal development: This stage begins at the end of the 8th week of pregnancy and continues until birth. During this time, the embryo is called a fetus, and it grows and develops rapidly. The organs and tissues that were formed during the embryonic stage continue to mature and become more complex. The fetus also begins to move and kick, and it can hear and respond to sounds from outside the womb.

Overall, embryonic and fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues. It is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for the health and well-being of the individual throughout their life.

The cleavage stage of an ovum, also known as a fertilized egg, refers to the series of rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization. During this stage, the single cell (zygote) divides into multiple cells, forming a blastomere. This process occurs in the fallopian tube and continues until the blastocyst reaches the uterus, typically around 5-6 days after fertilization. The cleavage stage is a critical period in early embryonic development, as any abnormalities during this time can lead to implantation failure or developmental defects.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Cryopreservation is a medical procedure that involves the preservation of cells, tissues, or organs by cooling them to very low temperatures, typically below -150°C. This is usually achieved using liquid nitrogen. The low temperature slows down or stops biological activity, including chemical reactions and cellular metabolism, which helps to prevent damage and decay.

The cells, tissues, or organs that are being cryopreserved must be treated with a cryoprotectant solution before cooling to prevent the formation of ice crystals, which can cause significant damage. Once cooled, the samples are stored in specialized containers or tanks until they are needed for use.

Cryopreservation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies, such as the preservation of sperm, eggs, and embryos for fertility treatments. It is also used in research, including the storage of cell lines and stem cells, and in clinical settings, such as the preservation of skin grafts and corneas for transplantation.

A mammalian embryo is the developing offspring of a mammal, from the time of implantation of the fertilized egg (blastocyst) in the uterus until the end of the eighth week of gestation. During this period, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and organ differentiation to form a complex structure with all the major organs and systems in place. This stage is followed by fetal development, which continues until birth. The study of mammalian embryos is important for understanding human development, evolution, and reproductive biology.

A zygote is the initial cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg, also known as an oocyte. This occurs in the process of human reproduction and marks the beginning of a new genetic identity, containing 46 chromosomes - 23 from the sperm and 23 from the egg. The zygote starts the journey of cell division and growth, eventually developing into a blastocyst, then an embryo, and finally a fetus over the course of pregnancy.

Vitrification is a process used in cryopreservation, where a liquid or semi-liquid biological material is transformed into a glass-like solid state by cooling it to extremely low temperatures at a rate that suppresses the formation of ice crystals. This technique is often used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) for preserving oocytes (human eggs), embryos, and ovarian or testicular tissues.

During vitrification, the biological material is exposed to high concentrations of cryoprotectants, which help prevent ice crystal formation and minimize cellular damage during cooling. The sample is then rapidly cooled using liquid nitrogen, achieving temperatures below -150°C (-238°F) in a matter of seconds or minutes.

The primary advantage of vitrification over traditional slow-freezing methods is the elimination of ice crystal formation, which can cause significant damage to cellular structures and organelles. Vitrified samples maintain their structural integrity and have higher survival rates upon thawing, making them more suitable for use in ART procedures.

However, it's important to note that vitrification also has potential risks, such as the toxicity of high cryoprotectant concentrations and the possibility of cracking during cooling or warming due to thermal stress. Proper technique and careful handling are crucial to ensure successful vitrification and subsequent use in clinical applications.

Delayed embryo implantation is a medical condition that occurs when the fertilized egg (embryo) does not attach to the uterine lining (endometrium) within the expected time frame, typically within 7-10 days after ovulation. In delayed implantation, the embryo may take longer than usual to implant, which can result in a prolonged menstrual cycle or irregular bleeding.

There are several possible reasons for delayed implantation, including hormonal imbalances, uterine abnormalities, immune system dysfunction, and chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo. In some cases, delayed implantation may be a sign of infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss.

Diagnosis of delayed implantation typically involves monitoring hormone levels and tracking menstrual cycles. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or hysteroscopy may also be used to assess the uterine lining and detect any abnormalities that could be contributing to the delay in implantation.

Treatment for delayed implantation depends on the underlying cause. Hormonal therapies, medications to suppress the immune system, or surgery to correct uterine abnormalities may be recommended in some cases. In vitro fertilization (IVF) with embryo transfer may also be considered as a treatment option for couples experiencing delayed implantation and infertility.

Cloning of an organism is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of an entire living organism, including all of its DNA. This is achieved through a variety of laboratory techniques that can vary depending on the type of organism being cloned. In the case of animals, one common method is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

In SCNT, the nucleus of a donor animal's cell (which contains its DNA) is removed and transferred into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed. The egg cell is then stimulated to divide and grow, resulting in an embryo that is genetically identical to the donor animal. This embryo can be implanted into a surrogate mother, where it will continue to develop until birth.

Cloning of organisms has raised ethical concerns and debates, particularly in the case of animals, due to questions about the welfare of cloned animals and the potential implications for human cloning. However, cloning is also seen as having potential benefits, such as the ability to produce genetically identical animals for research or agricultural purposes.

It's important to note that while cloning can create genetically identical organisms, it does not necessarily mean that they will be identical in every way, as environmental factors and random genetic mutations can still result in differences between clones.

Culture techniques are methods used in microbiology to grow and multiply microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, in a controlled laboratory environment. These techniques allow for the isolation, identification, and study of specific microorganisms, which is essential for diagnostic purposes, research, and development of medical treatments.

The most common culture technique involves inoculating a sterile growth medium with a sample suspected to contain microorganisms. The growth medium can be solid or liquid and contains nutrients that support the growth of the microorganisms. Common solid growth media include agar plates, while liquid growth media are used for broth cultures.

Once inoculated, the growth medium is incubated at a temperature that favors the growth of the microorganisms being studied. During incubation, the microorganisms multiply and form visible colonies on the solid growth medium or turbid growth in the liquid growth medium. The size, shape, color, and other characteristics of the colonies can provide important clues about the identity of the microorganism.

Other culture techniques include selective and differential media, which are designed to inhibit the growth of certain types of microorganisms while promoting the growth of others, allowing for the isolation and identification of specific pathogens. Enrichment cultures involve adding specific nutrients or factors to a sample to promote the growth of a particular type of microorganism.

Overall, culture techniques are essential tools in microbiology and play a critical role in medical diagnostics, research, and public health.

Trophoblasts are specialized cells that make up the outer layer of a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells that forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development. In humans, this process occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (which will eventually become the embryo) and an outer layer of trophoblasts.

Trophoblasts play a crucial role in implantation, which is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to and invades the lining of the uterus. Once implanted, the trophoblasts differentiate into two main layers: the cytotrophoblasts (which are closer to the inner cell mass) and the syncytiotrophoblasts (which form a multinucleated layer that is in direct contact with the maternal tissues).

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts, which have several important functions. They secrete enzymes that help to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix of the uterine lining, allowing the blastocyst to implant more deeply. They also form a barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, helping to protect the developing embryo from the mother's immune system.

Additionally, trophoblasts are responsible for the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products. The syncytiotrophoblasts in particular play a key role in this process by secreting hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps to maintain pregnancy, and by forming blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

Abnormalities in trophoblast development or function can lead to a variety of pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas.

Blastomeres are early stage embryonic cells that result from the initial rounds of cell division in a fertilized egg, also known as a zygote. These cells are typically smaller and have a more simple organization compared to more mature cells. They are important for the normal development of the embryo and contribute to the formation of the blastocyst, which is an early stage embryonic structure that will eventually give rise to the fetus. The process of cell division that produces blastomeres is called cleavage.

An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.

Nuclear transfer techniques are scientific procedures that involve the transfer of the nucleus of a cell, containing its genetic material, from one cell to another. The most well-known type of nuclear transfer is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which is used in therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

In SCNT, the nucleus of a somatic cell (a body cell, not an egg or sperm cell) is transferred into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed). The egg cell with the new nucleus is then stimulated to divide and grow, creating an embryo that is genetically identical to the donor of the somatic cell.

Nuclear transfer techniques have various potential applications in medicine, including the creation of patient-specific stem cells for use in regenerative medicine, drug development and testing, and the study of genetic diseases. However, these procedures are also associated with ethical concerns, particularly in relation to reproductive cloning and the creation of human embryos for research purposes.

Ectogenesis is a theoretical concept in medical and reproductive biology that refers to the development of an organism outside of the body, typically referring to the growth and development of a fetus or embryo in an artificial environment, such as an external womb or an artificial uterus. This concept is still largely speculative and not currently possible with existing technology. It raises various ethical, legal, and social questions related to pregnancy, reproduction, and the nature of parenthood.

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs or ovums. It occurs naturally in some plant and insect species, as well as a few vertebrates such as reptiles and fish. Parthenogenesis does not involve the fusion of sperm and egg cells; instead, the development of offspring is initiated by some other trigger, such as a chemical or physical stimulus. This type of reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism. In humans and other mammals, parthenogenesis is not a natural occurrence and would require scientific intervention to induce.

Zona pellucida is a term used in the field of reproductive biology and it refers to the glycoprotein membrane that surrounds mammalian oocytes (immature egg cells). This membrane plays a crucial role in the fertilization process. It has receptors for sperm, and upon binding with the sperm, it undergoes changes that prevent other sperm from entering, a process known as the zona reaction. This membrane is also involved in the early development of the embryo.

Fetal viability is the point in pregnancy at which a fetus is considered capable of surviving outside the uterus, given appropriate medical support. Although there is no precise gestational age that defines fetal viability, it is generally considered to occur between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. At this stage, the fetus has developed sufficient lung maturity and body weight, and the risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity significantly decreases. However, the exact definition of fetal viability may vary depending on regional standards, medical facilities, and individual clinical assessments.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically used in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). It involves the direct injection of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature egg (oocyte) to facilitate fertilization. This technique is often used when there are issues with male infertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, to increase the chances of successful fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be transferred to the uterus in hopes of achieving a pregnancy.

The pregnancy rate is a measure used in reproductive medicine to determine the frequency or efficiency of conception following certain treatments, interventions, or under specific conditions. It is typically defined as the number of pregnancies per 100 women exposed to the condition being studied over a specified period of time. A pregnancy is confirmed when a woman has a positive result on a pregnancy test or through the detection of a gestational sac on an ultrasound exam.

In clinical trials and research, the pregnancy rate helps healthcare professionals evaluate the effectiveness of various fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), or ovulation induction medications. The pregnancy rate can also be used to assess the impact of lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, or medical conditions on fertility and conception.

It is important to note that pregnancy rates may vary depending on several factors, including age, the cause of infertility, the type and quality of treatment provided, and individual patient characteristics. Therefore, comparing pregnancy rates between different studies should be done cautiously, considering these potential confounding variables.

Superovulation, also known as controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), refers to the process of inducing the development and release of multiple mature ova (eggs) from the ovaries during a single reproductive cycle. This is achieved through the administration of exogenous gonadotropins or other fertility medications, which stimulate the ovarian follicles to grow and mature beyond the normal number. Superovulation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the chances of successful conception by obtaining a larger number of ova for fertilization and embryo transfer.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste, which makes it appealing to animals and children. It is commonly used in the manufacture of antifreeze, coolants, deicers, hydraulic brake fluids, solvents, and other industrial products. Ethylene glycol is also found in some household items such as certain types of wood stains, paints, and cosmetics.

Ingesting even small amounts of ethylene glycol can be harmful or fatal to humans and animals. It is metabolized by the body into toxic substances that can cause damage to the central nervous system, heart, kidneys, and other organs. Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, decreased level of consciousness, seizures, coma, acidosis, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and kidney failure.

If you suspect that someone has ingested ethylene glycol, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves administering a medication called fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol, as well as providing supportive care such as fluid replacement and dialysis to remove the toxic substances from the body.

The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, are a pair of slender tubular structures in the female reproductive system. They play a crucial role in human reproduction by providing a passageway for the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).

Each Fallopian tube is typically around 7.6 to 10 centimeters long and consists of four parts: the interstitial part, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The fimbriated end of the infundibulum, which resembles a fringe or frill, surrounds and captures the released egg from the ovary during ovulation.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla when sperm meets the egg after sexual intercourse. Once fertilized, the zygote (fertilized egg) travels through the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation and further development. The cilia lining the inner surface of the Fallopian tubes help propel the egg and the zygote along their journey.

In some cases, abnormalities or blockages in the Fallopian tubes can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies, which are pregnancies that develop outside the uterus, typically within the Fallopian tube itself.

In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) techniques refer to the process of stimulating and promoting the development and maturation of immature oocytes (eggs) outside of the human body, in a laboratory setting. This procedure is often used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) for individuals or couples who may have difficulty conceiving due to various reasons such as premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or those undergoing cancer treatment.

The IVM process involves the retrieval of immature oocytes from the ovaries, usually through a minor surgical procedure called transvaginal oocyte retrieval. The immature oocytes are then cultured in a laboratory and exposed to specific hormones and nutrients that stimulate their growth and maturation. Once the oocytes have reached full maturity, they can be fertilized with sperm through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or other methods, and the resulting embryos can be transferred to a woman's uterus in the hope of achieving a successful pregnancy.

IVM techniques offer several advantages over traditional in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, including reduced medication doses, shorter treatment durations, and lower costs. Additionally, IVM may help minimize the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a potentially serious complication associated with conventional ART treatments. However, IVM is still considered an experimental procedure in many countries and requires further research to establish its safety and efficacy for widespread clinical use.

A chimera, in the context of medicine and biology, is a single organism that is composed of cells with different genetics. This can occur naturally in some situations, such as when fraternal twins do not fully separate in utero and end up sharing some organs or tissues. The term "chimera" can also refer to an organism that contains cells from two different species, which can happen in certain types of genetic research or medical treatments. For example, a patient's cells might be genetically modified in a lab and then introduced into their body to treat a disease; if some of these modified cells mix with the patient's original cells, the result could be a chimera.

It's worth noting that the term "chimera" comes from Greek mythology, where it referred to a fire-breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part snake. In modern scientific usage, the term has a specific technical meaning related to genetics and organisms, but it may still evoke images of fantastical creatures for some people.

Cryoprotective agents are substances that are used to protect biological material from damage during freezing and thawing. These agents work by reducing the amount of ice that forms in the cells, which can help to prevent the formation of damaging ice crystals. Commonly used cryoprotective agents include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and ethylene glycol.

When biological material, such as cells or tissues, is cooled to very low temperatures for storage or transportation, the water in the cells can freeze and form ice crystals. These ice crystals can damage the cell membranes and other structures within the cell, leading to cell death. Cryoprotective agents help to prevent this by lowering the freezing point of the solution that the cells are stored in, which reduces the amount of ice that forms.

Cryoprotective agents are often used in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to protect sperm, eggs, and embryos during freezing and thawing. They are also used in research settings to preserve cells and tissues for later use. It is important to note that while cryoprotective agents can help to reduce the amount of damage that occurs during freezing and thawing, they cannot completely prevent it. Therefore, it is important to carefully control the freezing and thawing process to minimize any potential harm to the biological material.

ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.

Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.

It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.

Single embryo transfer (SET) is a medical procedure that involves the transplantation of a single embryo into a woman's uterus during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. The aim of SET is to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies, which can pose significant health risks to both the mother and the babies.

In IVF, multiple eggs are typically fertilized in the laboratory, resulting in several embryos. Traditionally, multiple embryos have been transferred into the uterus to increase the chances of a successful pregnancy. However, this approach also increases the risk of multiple pregnancies, which can lead to complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes.

With SET, only one embryo is transferred, reducing the risk of multiple pregnancies while still providing a good chance of success in appropriately selected patients. The decision to perform SET is based on several factors, including the age and health of the patient, the quality of the embryos, and previous reproductive history.

Overall, single embryo transfer is a safe and effective way to increase the chances of a healthy singleton pregnancy while minimizing the risks associated with multiple pregnancies.

Inbred strains of mice are defined as lines of mice that have been brother-sister mated for at least 20 consecutive generations. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the mice of an inbred strain are genetically identical to one another, with the exception of spontaneous mutations.

Inbred strains of mice are widely used in biomedical research due to their genetic uniformity and stability, which makes them useful for studying the genetic basis of various traits, diseases, and biological processes. They also provide a consistent and reproducible experimental system, as compared to outbred or genetically heterogeneous populations.

Some commonly used inbred strains of mice include C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, DBA/2J, and 129SvEv. Each strain has its own unique genetic background and phenotypic characteristics, which can influence the results of experiments. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate inbred strain for a given research question.

The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus, which lines the uterine cavity and has a critical role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It is composed of glands and blood vessels that undergo cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, it will break down and be shed, resulting in menstruation. In contrast, if implantation takes place, the endometrium provides essential nutrients to support the developing embryo and placenta throughout pregnancy.

A live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, that, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life - such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles - whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached.

This definition is used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and most national statistical agencies to distinguish live births from stillbirths. It's important to note that in some medical contexts, a different definition of live birth may be used.

Pseudopregnancy, also known as pseudocyesis or phantom pregnancy, is a psychological condition where an individual (most commonly in women) believes they are pregnant when they are not. This belief is often accompanied by various physical symptoms such as weight gain, abdominal distention, and breast enlargement that mimic those of a genuine pregnancy, despite there being no actual fetal development. These symptoms are caused by the body's hormonal and physiological responses to the individual's strong belief of being pregnant. It is important to note that this condition is rare and can be resolved with proper medical evaluation, counseling, and support.

"Cell count" is a medical term that refers to the process of determining the number of cells present in a given volume or sample of fluid or tissue. This can be done through various laboratory methods, such as counting individual cells under a microscope using a specialized grid called a hemocytometer, or using automated cell counters that use light scattering and electrical impedance techniques to count and classify different types of cells.

Cell counts are used in a variety of medical contexts, including hematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues), microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms), and pathology (the study of diseases and their causes). For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a routine laboratory test that includes a white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts can indicate the presence of various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, or leukemia.

Octamer Transcription Factor-3 (OTF-3 or Oct3) is a specific protein that belongs to the class of POU domain transcription factors. These proteins play crucial roles in the regulation of gene expression during cell growth, development, and differentiation. The "POU" name refers to the presence of two conserved domains - a POU-specific domain and a POU homeodomain - that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences called octamer motifs, which are involved in controlling the transcription of target genes.

Oct3, encoded by the Pou2f1 gene, is widely expressed in various tissues, including lymphoid cells, neurons, and embryonic stem cells. It has been shown to regulate the expression of several genes that are essential for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulation of Oct3 has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancers and neurological disorders.

In summary, Octamer Transcription Factor-3 (Oct3) is a POU domain transcription factor that binds to octamer motifs in DNA and regulates the expression of target genes involved in cell growth, development, and differentiation.

Fertilization is the process by which a sperm cell (spermatozoon) penetrates and fuses with an egg cell (ovum), resulting in the formation of a zygote. This fusion of genetic material from both the male and female gametes initiates the development of a new organism. In human biology, fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube after sexual intercourse, when a single sperm out of millions is able to reach and penetrate the egg released from the ovary during ovulation. The successful fusion of these two gametes marks the beginning of pregnancy.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Micromanipulation is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). It refers to a technique that involves the manipulation of oocytes (human eggs), sperm, and/or embryos under a microscope using micromanipulative tools and equipment.

The most common form of micromanipulation is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is selected and injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte to facilitate fertilization. Other forms of micromanipulation include assisted hatching (AH), where a small opening is made in the zona pellucida (the protective layer surrounding the embryo) to help the embryo hatch and implant into the uterus, and embryo biopsy, which involves removing one or more cells from an embryo for genetic testing.

Micromanipulation requires specialized training and equipment and is typically performed in IVF laboratories by experienced embryologists. The goal of micromanipulation is to improve the chances of successful fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy, particularly in cases where conventional methods have been unsuccessful or when there are specific fertility issues, such as male factor infertility or genetic disorders.

Ectoderm is the outermost of the three primary germ layers in a developing embryo, along with the endoderm and mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the outer covering of the body, including the skin, hair, nails, glands, and the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It also forms the lining of the mouth, anus, nose, and ears. Essentially, the ectoderm is responsible for producing all the epidermal structures and the neural crest cells that contribute to various derivatives such as melanocytes, adrenal medulla, smooth muscle, and peripheral nervous system components.

Embryonic stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a very early-stage embryo. These cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them a promising area of research for regenerative medicine and the study of human development and disease. Embryonic stem cells are typically obtained from surplus embryos created during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, with the consent of the donors. The use of embryonic stem cells is a controversial issue due to ethical concerns surrounding the destruction of human embryos.

Preimplantation Diagnosis (PID) is a genetic testing procedure performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), before they are implanted in the uterus. The purpose of PID is to identify genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities in the embryos, allowing only those free of such issues to be transferred to the uterus, thereby reducing the risk of passing on genetic diseases to offspring. It involves biopsying one or more cells from an embryo and analyzing its DNA for specific genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. PID is often recommended for couples with a known history of genetic disorders or those who have experienced multiple miscarriages or failed IVF cycles.

Cumulus cells are a type of specialized cell that surround and support the egg (oocyte) in the ovary of female mammals, including humans. These cells are located in the cumulus oophorus, which is a cluster of cells that surrounds and protects the mature egg within the follicle.

Cumulus cells play an important role in the process of fertilization by providing nutrients to the developing egg and helping to regulate its growth and development. They also help to facilitate communication between the egg and the surrounding follicular cells, which is necessary for the release of the mature egg from the ovary during ovulation.

In addition to their role in reproduction, cumulus cells have been studied for their potential use in various medical applications, including as a source of stem cells for therapeutic purposes. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and potential uses of these cells.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in a developing embryo, along with the ectoderm and mesoderm. The endoderm gives rise to several internal tissues and organs, most notably those found in the digestive system and respiratory system. Specifically, it forms the lining of the gut tube, which eventually becomes the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, lungs, and other associated structures.

During embryonic development, the endoderm arises from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, following a series of cell divisions and migrations that help to establish the basic body plan of the organism. As the embryo grows and develops, the endoderm continues to differentiate into more specialized tissues and structures, playing a critical role in the formation of many essential bodily functions.

Embryo loss is a medical term that refers to the miscarriage or spontaneous abortion of an embryo, which is the developing offspring from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy. Embryo loss can occur at any point during this period and may be caused by various factors such as chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health issues, infections, environmental factors, or lifestyle habits.

Embryo loss is a common occurrence, with up to 30% of pregnancies ending in miscarriage, many of which happen before the woman even realizes she is pregnant. In most cases, embryo loss is a natural process that occurs when the body detects an abnormality or problem with the developing embryo and terminates the pregnancy to prevent further complications. However, recurrent embryo loss can be a sign of underlying medical issues and may require further evaluation and treatment.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a protein with pleiotropic functions, acting as a cytokine that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Its name originates from its initial discovery as a factor that inhibits the proliferation of certain leukemic cells. However, LIF has been found to have a much broader range of activities beyond just inhibiting leukemia cells.

LIF is a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and binds to a heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of the LIF receptor (LIFR) and glycoprotein 130 (gp130). The activation of this receptor complex triggers several downstream signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways.

Some of the key functions of LIF include:

1. Embryonic development: During embryogenesis, LIF is essential for maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and promoting their self-renewal in the early stages of development. It also plays a role in implantation and trophoblast differentiation during pregnancy.
2. Hematopoiesis: In the hematopoietic system, LIF supports the survival and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and regulates their differentiation into various blood cell lineages.
3. Neuroprotection and neurogenesis: LIF has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in various models of neuronal injury and disease, including spinal cord injury, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. It also promotes the survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells, contributing to adult neurogenesis.
4. Inflammation: LIF is involved in regulating immune responses and inflammation by modulating the activation and function of various immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
5. Pain regulation: LIF has been implicated in pain processing and modulation, with studies suggesting that it may contribute to both acute and chronic pain conditions.
6. Cancer: LIF has complex roles in cancer biology, acting as a tumor suppressor in some contexts while promoting tumor growth and progression in others. It can regulate various aspects of cancer cell behavior, including proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion.

In summary, LIF is a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse functions in various biological processes, including embryonic development, hematopoiesis, neuroprotection, inflammation, pain regulation, and cancer. Its multifaceted roles highlight the importance of understanding its precise mechanisms of action in different contexts to harness its therapeutic potential for various diseases.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Oogenesis is the biological process of formation and maturation of female gametes, or ova or egg cells, in the ovary. It begins during fetal development and continues throughout a woman's reproductive years. The process involves the division and differentiation of a germ cell (oogonium) into an immature ovum (oocyte), which then undergoes meiotic division to form a mature ovum capable of being fertilized by sperm.

The main steps in oogenesis include:

1. Multiplication phase: The oogonia divide mitotically to increase their number.
2. Growth phase: One of the oogonia becomes primary oocyte and starts to grow, accumulating nutrients and organelles required for future development.
3. First meiotic division: The primary oocyte undergoes an incomplete first meiotic division, resulting in two haploid cells - a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell called the first polar body. This division is arrested in prophase I until puberty.
4. Second meiotic division: At ovulation or just before fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division, producing another small cell, the second polar body, and a mature ovum (egg) with 23 chromosomes.
5. Fertilization: The mature ovum can be fertilized by a sperm, restoring the normal diploid number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote.

Oogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process that involves various hormonal signals and cellular interactions to ensure proper development and maturation of female gametes for successful reproduction.

Germ layers refer to the primary layers of cells that form during embryonic development and give rise to the various tissues and organs in the body. In humans, there are three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Each germ layer differentiates into distinct cell types and structures during the process of gastrulation. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, sensory organs, and skin; the mesoderm forms muscles, bones, blood vessels, and the circulatory system; and the endoderm develops into the respiratory and digestive systems, including the lungs, liver, and pancreas.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Body fluids refer to the various liquids that can be found within and circulating throughout the human body. These fluids include, but are not limited to:

1. Blood: A fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the cardiovascular system. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma.
2. Lymph: A clear-to-white fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, helping to remove waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells from tissues while also playing a crucial role in the immune system.
3. Interstitial fluid: Also known as tissue fluid or extracellular fluid, it is the fluid that surrounds the cells in the body's tissues, allowing for nutrient exchange and waste removal between cells and blood vessels.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): A clear, colorless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing protection, cushioning, and nutrients to these delicate structures while also removing waste products.
5. Pleural fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall, allowing for smooth movement during respiration.
6. Pericardial fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, reducing friction during heart contractions.
7. Synovial fluid: A viscous, lubricating fluid found in joint spaces, allowing for smooth movement and protecting the articular cartilage from wear and tear.
8. Urine: A waste product produced by the kidneys, consisting of water, urea, creatinine, and various ions, which is excreted through the urinary system.
9. Gastrointestinal secretions: Fluids produced by the digestive system, including saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions, which aid in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food particles.
10. Reproductive fluids: Secretions from the male (semen) and female (cervical mucus, vaginal lubrication) reproductive systems that facilitate fertilization and reproduction.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

Spermatozoa are the male reproductive cells, or gametes, that are produced in the testes. They are microscopic, flagellated (tail-equipped) cells that are highly specialized for fertilization. A spermatozoon consists of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains the genetic material within the nucleus, covered by a cap-like structure called the acrosome which contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the female's egg (ovum). The long, thin tail propels the sperm forward through fluid, such as semen, enabling its journey towards the egg for fertilization.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyvinyl Alcohol" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound used in various industrial and commercial applications, including the production of adhesives, paints, and medical devices. Polyvinyl Alcohol is a type of synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer, followed by alcoholysis to replace the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups.

In a medical context, Polyvinyl Alcohol might be used in certain medical devices or applications, such as contact lenses, eye drops, and drug delivery systems, due to its biocompatibility and resistance to protein absorption. However, it is not a term commonly used to describe a medical condition or treatment.

Cell culture is a technique used in scientific research to grow and maintain cells from plants, animals, or humans in a controlled environment outside of their original organism. This environment typically consists of a sterile container called a cell culture flask or plate, and a nutrient-rich liquid medium that provides the necessary components for the cells' growth and survival, such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and hormones.

There are several different types of cell culture techniques used in research, including:

1. Adherent cell culture: In this technique, cells are grown on a flat surface, such as the bottom of a tissue culture dish or flask. The cells attach to the surface and spread out, forming a monolayer that can be observed and manipulated under a microscope.
2. Suspension cell culture: In suspension culture, cells are grown in liquid medium without any attachment to a solid surface. These cells remain suspended in the medium and can be agitated or mixed to ensure even distribution of nutrients.
3. Organoid culture: Organoids are three-dimensional structures that resemble miniature organs and are grown from stem cells or other progenitor cells. They can be used to study organ development, disease processes, and drug responses.
4. Co-culture: In co-culture, two or more different types of cells are grown together in the same culture dish or flask. This technique is used to study cell-cell interactions and communication.
5. Conditioned medium culture: In this technique, cells are grown in a medium that has been conditioned by previous cultures of other cells. The conditioned medium contains factors secreted by the previous cells that can influence the growth and behavior of the new cells.

Cell culture techniques are widely used in biomedical research to study cellular processes, develop drugs, test toxicity, and investigate disease mechanisms. However, it is important to note that cell cultures may not always accurately represent the behavior of cells in a living organism, and results from cell culture experiments should be validated using other methods.

Monozygotic twinning, also known as identical twinning, is a type of twin pregnancy that occurs when a single fertilized egg (ovum) splits into two embryos during the early stages of development. This results in the formation of two genetically identical individuals who share the same set of DNA and are therefore considered to be genetic clones of each other.

Monozygotic twinning is thought to occur in about 1 in every 250 pregnancies, making it less common than dizygotic (fraternal) twinning, which occurs when two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm. In monozygotic twinning, the timing of the split determines the type of placenta and amniotic sac each twin will have.

If the split occurs within the first few days after fertilization, the twins will typically develop in separate amniotic sacs and have their own individual placentas. If the split occurs later, the twins may share an amniotic sac (monoamniotic) or a placenta (monochorionic), or both (monochorionic-monoamniotic).

Monozygotic twinning is associated with some increased risks for pregnancy complications, such as preterm labor and delivery, low birth weight, and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, a rare condition in which blood flows unevenly between the twins through shared placental blood vessels. However, most monozygotic twins are born healthy and develop normally.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

"Freezing" is a term used in the medical field to describe a phenomenon that can occur in certain neurological conditions, most notably in Parkinson's disease. It refers to a sudden and temporary inability to move or initiate movement, often triggered by environmental factors such as narrow spaces, turning, or approaching a destination. This can increase the risk of falls and make daily activities challenging for affected individuals.

Freezing is also known as "freezing of gait" (FOG) when it specifically affects a person's ability to walk. During FOG episodes, the person may feel like their feet are glued to the ground, making it difficult to take steps forward. This can be very distressing and debilitating for those affected.

It is important to note that "freezing" has different meanings in different medical contexts, such as in the field of orthopedics, where it may refer to a loss of joint motion due to stiffness or inflammation. Always consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information tailored to your specific situation.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

The decidua is a specialized type of tissue that lines the uterus during pregnancy. It forms after the implantation of a fertilized egg (embryo) into the uterine lining, and it plays an important role in supporting the growth and development of the embryo and fetus.

The decidua is composed of several layers, including the decidual capsularis, which surrounds the embryo, and the decidual parietalis, which lines the rest of the uterus. The tissue is rich in blood vessels and contains a variety of immune cells that help to protect the developing fetus from infection.

During pregnancy, the decidua produces various hormones and growth factors that support the growth of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. After the birth of the baby, the decidua is shed along with the placenta in a process called childbirth or parturition.

It's worth noting that abnormalities in the decidua can contribute to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and miscarriage.

'Cell lineage' is a term used in biology and medicine to describe the developmental history or relationship of a cell or group of cells to other cells, tracing back to the original progenitor or stem cell. It refers to the series of cell divisions and differentiation events that give rise to specific types of cells in an organism over time.

In simpler terms, cell lineage is like a family tree for cells, showing how they are related to each other through a chain of cell division and specialization events. This concept is important in understanding the development, growth, and maintenance of tissues and organs in living beings.

Oocyte retrieval is a medical procedure that is performed to obtain mature eggs (oocytes) from the ovaries of a female patient, typically for the purpose of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

During the procedure, which is usually done under sedation or anesthesia, a thin needle is inserted through the vaginal wall and guided into the ovarian follicles using ultrasound imaging. The mature eggs are then gently aspirated from the follicles and collected in a test tube.

Oocyte retrieval is typically performed after several days of hormonal stimulation, which helps to promote the development and maturation of multiple eggs within the ovaries. After the procedure, the eggs are examined for maturity and quality before being fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are then transferred to the uterus or frozen for future use.

It's important to note that oocyte retrieval carries some risks, including bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. However, these complications are generally rare and can be minimized with careful monitoring and skilled medical care.

Tissue preservation is the process of preventing decomposition or autolysis (self-digestion) of tissues after they have been removed from a living organism. This is typically achieved through the use of fixatives, such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, which stabilize proteins and other cellular structures by creating cross-links between them. Other methods of tissue preservation include freezing, dehydration, and embedding in paraffin or plastic resins. Properly preserved tissues can be stored for long periods of time and used for various research and diagnostic purposes, such as histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology studies.

Pluripotent stem cells are a type of undifferentiated stem cell that have the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) of a developing embryo. These cells can give rise to all the cell types that make up the human body, with the exception of those that form the extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.

Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew, which means they can divide and produce more pluripotent stem cells, and differentiate, which means they can give rise to specialized cell types with specific functions. Pluripotent stem cells can be derived from embryos at the blastocyst stage of development or generated in the lab through a process called induced pluripotency, where adult cells are reprogrammed to have the properties of embryonic stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering because they can be used to generate large numbers of specific cell types that can potentially replace or repair damaged or diseased tissues in the body. However, their use is still a subject of ethical debate due to concerns about the source of embryonic stem cells and the potential risks associated with their use in clinical applications.

The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in the eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as DNA molecules in complex with proteins, RNA molecules, and histones to form chromosomes.

The primary function of the cell nucleus is to regulate and control the activities of the cell, including growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction. It also plays a crucial role in the process of mitosis (cell division) by separating and protecting the genetic material during this process. The nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, surrounding the nucleus is composed of two lipid bilayers with numerous pores that allow for the selective transport of molecules between the nucleoplasm (nucleus interior) and the cytoplasm (cell exterior).

The cell nucleus is a vital structure in eukaryotic cells, and its dysfunction can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Pronase is not a medical term itself, but it is a proteolytic enzyme mixture derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. The term "pronase" refers to a group of enzymes that can break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids by hydrolyzing their peptide bonds.

Pronase is used in various laboratory applications, including protein degradation, DNA and RNA isolation, and the removal of contaminating proteins from nucleic acid samples. It has also been used in some medical research contexts to study protein function and structure, as well as in certain therapeutic settings for its ability to break down proteins.

It is important to note that pronase is not a drug or a medical treatment itself but rather a laboratory reagent with potential applications in medical research and diagnostics.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are medical procedures that involve the handling of human sperm and ova to establish a pregnancy. These techniques are used when other methods of achieving pregnancy have failed or are not available. Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). These procedures may be used to treat infertility, prevent genetic disorders, or to help same-sex couples or single people have children. It is important to note that the use of ART can involve significant physical, emotional, and financial costs, and it may not always result in a successful pregnancy.

Microinjection is a medical technique that involves the use of a fine, precise needle to inject small amounts of liquid or chemicals into microscopic structures, cells, or tissues. This procedure is often used in research settings to introduce specific substances into individual cells for study purposes, such as introducing DNA or RNA into cell nuclei to manipulate gene expression.

In clinical settings, microinjections may be used in various medical and cosmetic procedures, including:

1. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): A type of assisted reproductive technology where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to increase the chances of fertilization during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments.
2. Botulinum Toxin Injections: Microinjections of botulinum toxin (Botox, Dysport, or Xeomin) are used for cosmetic purposes to reduce wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing the muscles responsible for their formation. They can also be used medically to treat various neuromuscular disorders, such as migraines, muscle spasticity, and excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).
3. Drug Delivery: Microinjections may be used to deliver drugs directly into specific tissues or organs, bypassing the systemic circulation and potentially reducing side effects. This technique can be particularly useful in treating localized pain, delivering growth factors for tissue regeneration, or administering chemotherapy agents directly into tumors.
4. Gene Therapy: Microinjections of genetic material (DNA or RNA) can be used to introduce therapeutic genes into cells to treat various genetic disorders or diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, or cancer.

Overall, microinjection is a highly specialized and precise technique that allows for the targeted delivery of substances into small structures, cells, or tissues, with potential applications in research, medical diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions.

The use of blastocysts for human IVF has proved successful. A blastocyst is implanted five to six days after the eggs have been ... preparing the blastocyst for gastrulation. The level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the blastocyst during ... and into the uterine cavity where the blastocysts are inserted into the womb. Blastocysts also offer an advantage because they ... and the morula changes into the blastocyst. In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing ...
ISBN 978-0-12-397769-4. Frankenberg SR, de Barros FR, Rossant J, Renfree MB (2016). "The mammalian blastocyst". Wiley ...
The blastocyst is similar in structure to the blastula but their cells have different fates. In the mouse, primordial germ ... Mammals at this stage form a structure called the blastocyst,[1] characterized by an inner cell mass that is distinct from the ... July 2017). "Four simple rules that are sufficient to generate the mammalian blastocyst". PLOS Biology. 15 (7): e2000737. doi: ... Balano, Alex (25 February 2019). "What is the Blastocyst". Science Trends. Retrieved 5 October 2020. "Blastula". Encyclopedia ...
... and as it does a cavity called the blastocoel is formed in the morula to produce the blastocyst. The blastocyst contains the ... The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence, for example by changes in the cytoskeleton of ... Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form. In contrast, some ... By the end of the first week, the blastocyst is superficially attached to the uterine endometrium. By the end of the second ...
... s are released from the blastocyst, and are also expressed in the endometrium, and have critical roles in the stages of ... Seshagiri, Polani B.; Vani, Venkatappa; Madhulika, Pathak (March 2016). "Cytokines and Blastocyst Hatching". American Journal ...
However, if the structural integrity of the blastocyst is compromised prior to the experiment, the ICM is susceptible to the ... This technique is used to isolate the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. The trophoectoderm's cell junctions and tight ... Cruz, Y. P.; Treichel, R. S.; Harsay, E.; Chi, K. D. (1993-01-01). "Mouse Blastocyst Immunosurgery with Commercial Antiserum to ... Immunosurgery is a method of selectively removing the external cell layer (trophoblast) of a blastocyst through a cytotoxicity ...
Blastocyst Gravindex Chard, T. (1992). "REVIEW: Pregnancy tests: a review". Human Reproduction. 7 (5): 701-710. doi:10.1093/ ...
Vezatin has been shown to appear in the mouse blastocyst as early as the 2-cell stage, suggesting that this protein is in fact ... The morphogenesis of a blastocyst is dependent on the formation of the trophectoderm, the first epithelial layer. Like all ... Eckert, Judith J.; Velazquez, Miguel A.; Fleming, Tom P. (2015). "Cell Signalling During Blastocyst Morphogenesis". Cell ... is required for mouse blastocyst morphogenesis". Developmental Biology. 287 (1): 180-191. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.004. ISSN ...
The blastocyst reaches the uterus at roughly the fifth day after fertilization. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida ... This stage is called a blastocyst. Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined ... allowing the blastocyst's outer cell layer of trophoblasts to come into contact with, and adhere to, the endometrial cells of ...
Clemetson CA, Moshfeghi MM, Mallikarjuneswara VR (1970). "Electrophoretic mobility of the rat blastocyst". Contraception. 1 (5 ...
Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals. Depending mostly on the concentration of ... The embryo is now termed a blastocyst. The trophoblasts will eventually give rise to the embryonic contribution to the placenta ... having undergone three cleavages the embryo goes through some changes as it develops into a blastocyst. At the eight-cell stage ...
Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation 2021. Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human ... "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells". Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. doi: ... "Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation". Nature. 601 (7894): 600-605. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04267-8. ...
In the mammalian blastocyst there are three lineages that give rise to later tissue development. The epiblast gives rise to the ... In mammals, the blastocyst contains an embryoblast (or inner cell mass) that will eventually give rise to the definitive ... A blastula (blastocyst in mammals), is a sphere of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The ... In mammalian development the blastula develops into the blastocyst with a differentiated inner cell mass and an outer ...
Peak expression is observed in the blastocyst. A sharp decline in expression is observed at the fetal stage, after which ...
"Blastoid: The backstory of the formation of blastocyst-like structure solely from stem cells". 27 June 2018. Rivron, Nicolas C ... called the blastocyst. The first blastoids were created by the Nicolas Rivron laboratory by combining mouse embryonic stem ... "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells". Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. doi: ... "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells". Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. doi: ...
A hollow cavity forms marking the blastocyst stage. (day 1.5-3 of fertilization.) The blastocyst contains only a thin rim of ... The blastocyst is fully implanted day 7-12 of fertilization. Formation of the yolk sac. The embryonic cells flatten into a disk ...
Methylation begins to increase at 3.5 days after fertilization in the blastocyst, and a large wave of methylation then occurs ... in the pre-implantation embryo up to the blastocyst stage (see Figure), the only methyltransferase present is an isoform of ... DNMT3b begins to be expressed in the blastocyst. ...
The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in ... Albieri then implanted the blastocyst into Dora's ovary. At this time, Dora does not know that she was carrying a clone. When ...
... s (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre- ... The inner cell mass (cells of interest), from the blastocyst stage of the embryo, is separated from the trophectoderm, the ... The following day, she removed the inner cell mass from the late blastocyst using microsurgery. The extracted inner cell mass ... Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4-5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50-150 cells. Isolating the ...
This causes the blastocyst, or new embryo, to enter a state of suspended animation until its older sibling is old enough to ... Once the joey leaves, the blastocyst resumes development. Even after leaving the pouch, the joey may continue to suckle from ...
Due to that fact, the developing mammalian embryo at this stage is called a blastocyst, not a blastula, which is more generic ... Photo of blastocyst in utero (Animal developmental biology). ...
Human blastocyst-stage biopsy for PGD is performed by making a hole in the ZP on day three of in vitro culture. This allows the ... Compared to a blastocyst biopsy, a polar body biopsy can potentially be of lower costs, less harmful side-effects, and more ... It is diagnostically safer than the PB biopsy and, unlike blastocyst biopsy, it allows for the diagnosis of the embryos before ... This can restrict the number of blastocysts available for biopsy, limiting in some cases the success of the PGD. McArthur and ...
October 2015). "Human Blastocyst Secreted microRNA Regulate Endometrial Epithelial Cell Adhesion". eBioMedicine. 2 (10): 1528- ...
Daigneault BW, Rajput S, Smith GW, Ross PJ (May 2018). "Embryonic POU5F1 is Required for Expanded Bovine Blastocyst Formation ...
Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious ...
"Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells" (PDF). Nature. 557 (7703): 106-11. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. ...
Blastoid (blastocyst-like organoid) Endometrial organoid Cardiac organoid - In 2018 hollow cardiac organoids were made to beat ... May 2018). "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells" (PDF). Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur. ... "Blastoid: The backstory of the formation of blastocyst-like structure solely from stem cells". 2018-06-27. "Nicolas Rivron Lab ...
At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10-12 days, implantation occurs. The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days ...
He proposes the Blastocyst Transfer Method as an alternate extraction method, which removes enough pluripotent stem cells from ... Liao, S. Matthew (2005). "Rescuing Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Blastocyst Transfer Method". The American Journal of ... Liao, S. Matthew (2005). "Rescuing Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Blastocyst Transfer Method". The American Journal of ...
As embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage, removing them from the inner cell mass ... Stewart CL, Kaspar P, Brunet LJ, Bhatt H, Gadi I, Köntgen F, Abbondanzo SJ (September 1992). "Blastocyst implantation depends ...
The use of blastocysts for human IVF has proved successful. A blastocyst is implanted five to six days after the eggs have been ... preparing the blastocyst for gastrulation. The level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the blastocyst during ... and into the uterine cavity where the blastocysts are inserted into the womb. Blastocysts also offer an advantage because they ... and the morula changes into the blastocyst. In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing ...
The study shows that the blastocyst-like structures very closely resemble actual blastocysts, and even induce proper changes in ... Researchers have generated 3D blastocyst-like structures from stem cells. ... The study shows that the blastocyst-like structures very closely resemble actual blastocysts, and even induce proper changes in ... the study shows that the blastocyst-like structures very closely resemble actual blastocysts, and even induce proper changes in ...
Marie Cocco: Protecting Blastocysts, Forsaking Humans. It was more important for Bush to veto a bill on stem cell research than ... As Bush was protecting blastocysts at home, the news from the Middle East made clear the depth of that oft-told political lie ... If he truly believes that destroying human blastocysts is "murder" - as his spokesman Tony Snow says - then he should move to ... from Israel through Gaza into Lebanon and Iraq be afforded the human decency he insists must be granted to blastocysts the size ...
Other articles related to bilaminar blastocyst, blastocyst, bilaminar:. Bilaminar Blastocyst - Becoming Bilaminar. ... into a ... Bilaminar Blastocyst. Bilaminar blastocyst or Bilaminar disc refers to the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the ... This bilaminar blastocyst also defines the primitive dorsal ventral axis. Blastocyst implantation will occur during the second ... Read more about Bilaminar Blastocyst: Formation of The Blastocyst, Becoming Bilaminar, Establishment of The Amniotic Cavity, ...
... with German, Dutch, French, Italian, and Spanish translations and search. Pronunciation sound files. ...
As an emerging field, the generation of chimeric human organ bioengineering via blastocyst complementation, and use of bio- ... In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great ... 5 Blastocyst complementation. "Blastocyst complementation (BC)" is a significant concept for organ generation as a regenerative ... 5.1 Blastocyst complementation in pigs. BC to date has been performed mainly in mice. This is because it is relatively easy to ...
They compared the pregnancy rate for patients who had , blastocysts develop by Day 5 to those in which , blastocysts developed ... Blastocyst transfer for repeated IVF failures. ByRandy Morris July 15, 2005. June 16, 2021. ... Blastocyst stage embryo: An embryo which has divided into hundreds of cells. The cells have separated into those that represent ... 91% of the patients had at least one blastocyst to transfer and 73% had at least two. For those patients who had Day 5 , ...
Blastocyst (labels) - histology illustration This is an illustration of a blastocyst.. Illustration courtesy of Wikimedia ...
Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells.. Return to Grants ... Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are ... Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are ...
Blastocyst culture simply means growing the embryos in the laboratory till it reaches a more advanced stage. Learn more. ... What is blastocyst transfer?. Blastocyst transfer simply means that the blastocyst embryos are transferred to the womans ... What is Blastocyst culture?. Blastocyst culture simply means growing the embryos in the laboratory till it reaches a more ... Raffles Medical Group » Services » Specialist Centres » Fertility » Services » Fertility Services » Blastocyst Culture ...
Seminar Series: Nicole Edwards, "The role of p66Shc in mouse blastocyst development". ... Seminar Series: Nicole Edwards, "The role of p66Shc in mouse blastocyst development" ...
A Blastocyst Transfer (a 5-6 day old Embryo Transfer) can result in higher implantation rates compared to 3-day old Embryo ... Blastocyst (Day 5 or 6) Embryo Transfer. What is a Blastocyst?. A blastocyst is an embryo that has developed in culture in the ... Frozen Blastocyst Transfer Cycles:. At La Jolla IVF, blastocysts have a good survival rate after freezing. The optimization of ... Blastocyst Transfer for all patients?. In general, a blastocyst or embryo transfer procedure is more advantageous for patients ...
At the blastocyst stage, the trophectoderm cells in blastocyst outgrowths in vitro developed well organized cytoskeletons ... Comparable structures were not observed in blastocysts in vivo, or in late hatched blastocysts cultured in suspension. The ... Centrin in the blastocyst stage embryos is likely a result ofde novosynthesis at the onset of differentiation of the ... At blastocyst stage, the segregation of the three primordial lineages is accompanied by establishment of differential patterns ...
What is a blastocyst?. A blastocyst is a human embryo that is five, six or seven days old. Until fairly recently, day-3 embryos ... BLASTOCYST FACTS. blastocysts lead to more IVF pregnancies?. In certain groups of women,yes. If you are under 35, the ... What does a blastocyst look like?. Under the microscope, a blastocyst is markedly different to a day-3 embryo. There is a fluid ... So are blastocysts a good thing or not?. The key point about blastocysts is that multiple births are less common than with ...
... Something amazing will be constructed here.... .st0 { fill: #FFFFFF; } .st1 { fill: #6CDD6C; } .st2 { fill ...
It may be possible that a couple may not have an embryo transfer in the case that no embryo develops into the blastocyst stage ... This cost does not include the cryopreservation of additional blastocysts. Depending on the number of embryos, one must incur ... Since 1st September 2017, up to 12 fertilized eggs can be developed and observed for 5 days after fertilization (blastocyst ... On average, 6 out of 10 fertilized eggs are healthy enough to develop into blastocysts 5 days after fertilization. ...
The blastocyst is the development stage of the embryo characterised by the formation of a cavity isolated from the external ... Blastocysts are composed of around one hundred cells with a hollow sphere at the bottom of which is the "embryonic button" from ... The blastocyst is the development stage of the embryo characterised by the formation of a cavity isolated from the external ...
A blastocyst is a 5 - 6 day old, highly developed, embryo that has divided several times to a point where it is nearly ready to ... Whom does Blastocyst Culture help? It is not possible to predict which day 3 embryos will develop into a blastocyst but embryos ... When Blastocyst Culture is not considered beneficial? Blastocyst transfer is probably not beneficial for patients who produce ... A blastocyst is a 5 - 6 day old, highly developed, embryo that has divided several times to a point where it is nearly ready to ...
The blastocyst is considered to be a special stage in the development of the embryo as not all embryos reach this stage. In the ... Blastocyst transfer in IVF is a technique in which an embryo is developed in the laboratory for 5 days after fertilization ... Only one-third of embryos are able to reach the stage of a blastocyst! This is very special and shows that it is a healthy ... "Blastocyst" is medical terminology that identifies the developmental stage of the embryo. A single cell embryo is called a 2PN ...
Is AMH an effective tool to predict the percentage of euploid embryos and blastocyst formation irrespective of the age of the ... Higher AMH levels are associated with a higher rate of euploid embryos and increased blastocyst formation on day 5. ... Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) as a quantitative and qualitative marker of euploid blastocysts.. ... are at increased risk of poor blastocyst development. Reduced ovarian reserve might be per se associated with decreased oocyte ...
Blastocyst formation begins on day 5 post-egg retrieval and is defined by the presence of an inner cell mass and the outer cell ... It is thought that the DNA inside the blastocyst may be degraded and hence why there are issues with using the DNA for PGT. ... However, one of the 3 techniques of polar body biopsy, cleavage-stage embryo biopsy, or blastocyst biopsy can be used for PGT. ... Five days after egg retrieval, when the embryo is normally at the blastocyst stage, the embryos can be prepared for a ...
The term blastocyst culture refers to an embryo that is developed in the laboratory instead of inside the womans womb. ... Blastocyst culture significantly increases the chances of pregnancy, especially in couples who have had repeated IVF failures. ... Blastocyst Culture. In a IVF treatment cycle, embryos are transferred to the uterus within 2 or 3 days of insemination. The ... Blastocyst culture significantly increases the chances of pregnancy, especially in couples who have had repeated IVF failures. ...
Frozen Blastocyst Transfer: IVF embryo transfer involves implanting embryos in the IVF process. For embryo implantation book an ... Frozen Blastocyst Transfer & Embryo Implantation , Indira IVF. Leave a Comment / By admin / September 25, 2023 ... Frozen Blastocyst Transfer: IVF embryo transfer involves implanting embryos in the IVF process. For embryo implantation book an ...
... A blastocyst is a highly developed and fertilized embryo that is nearly ready to be implanted on the ... During the blastocyst cultivation procedure, the timeframe is increased to 5-6 days, to allow the embryos to develop more. ... In order to survive past the first three to four days, the fertilized embryo must grow to become a blastocyst. Only about one- ... Blastocyst cultivation in laboratory conditions allows the gynecologists to select the healthiest and liveliest embryos to be ...
Blastocyst Culture , Superior A.R.T. offers comprehensive fertility and genetic services, Egg freezing, ICSI, IUI, IVF ... Blastocyst Culture. Blastocyst Culture is a technique to culture embryo in the laboratory to day 5 or 6 after fertilization ... Studies show that the implantation rate for embryos transferred at the blastocyst stage is higher than the rate of embryos ...
Fundamental principles of blastocyst culture, biopsy, genetic diagnosis and vitrification is covered. ... Workshop: Blastocyst culture, biopsy and vitrification. Course description: You will learn about the fundamental principles ... You will experience intensive hands-on training in biopsy of blastocysts, vitrification after biopsy and the tubing of cells ... of blastocyst culture, biopsy, genetic diagnosis and vitrification. This workshop is mainly focusing of hands-on training to ...
Blastocyst Grading Blastocyst grading, or embryo grading, is a process where your fertility team analyzes how the blastocyst, ... What is a Blastocyst. After five days, the fertilized egg becomes known as a blastocyst. Essentially, this is a ball of cells ... Blastocyst vs Embryo. So, whats the difference between a blastocyst vs an embryo? In fact, they are often the same thing. To ... Blastocyst Transfer By now, you may be wondering why a blastocyst transfer is performed. There are many benefits associated ...
Blastocyst Culturing. Blastocyst culturing is a technique to grow embryos beyond the third day of culture. Typically with IVF, ... In certain patients, blastocyst culturing allows optimal selection of embryos for transfer, resulting in an increased ... For younger patients, up to 50 percent of all embryos will continue to grow to the blastocyst stage. However, 10 percent of ... As patients get older, fewer and fewer numbers of embryos are capable of developing in culture to the blastocyst stage. ...
Get editable icons and illustrations of Mammalian blastocyst (non-human). Create professional science figures in minutes with ... embryo,zygote,inner cell mass,trophoblast,ICM,oocyte,fertilized oocyte,mammalian blastocyst,zoology,embryology ... ":"https://icons.biorender.com/w75xh75/5ca6494455db0a3300086b39/blastocyst.png","waterMarkImage":"https://icons.biorender.com/ ... w550xh620/5ca6494455db0a3300086b39/blastocyst.png"},{"image":"https://icons.biorender.com/w75xh75/5ca6494455db0a3300086b38/ ...
  • An embryo reaching the blastocyst stage has an increased chance of implantation as opposed to a day 3 embryo (all things being equal regarding a healthy uterus). (lajollaivf.com)
  • Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium requires that it hatches from the zona pellucida, the egg coat that prevents adherence to the fallopian tube as the pre-embryo makes its way to the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of blastocysts in in vitro fertilization (IVF) involves culturing a fertilized egg for five days before transferring it into the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing it to implant into the uterine wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • This removes the constraint on the physical size of the embryonic mass and exposes the outer cells of the blastocyst to the interior of the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study shows that the blastocyst-like structures very closely resemble actual blastocysts, and even induce proper changes in the uterus after being implanted in pseudo-pregnant mice. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Nevertheless, when transplanted to the womb of pseudo-pregnant mice, the blastocyst-like structures often induced changes to the uterus that are necessary for successful blastocyst implantation, including the integration of the maternal blood supply. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Blastocyst transfer simply means that the blastocyst embryos are transferred to the woman's uterus on day 5 in exactly the same way that early embryos are. (rafflesmedicalgroup.com)
  • A healthy blastocyst should hatch from its shell (zona pellucida) by the end of six days or earlier and is then ready to begin to implant within the lining of the uterus. (lajollaivf.com)
  • There is now abundant evidence that transferring blastocyst embryos into the uterus five or six days after egg retrieval, results in higher implantation rates per embryo transferred compared to a day three embryo transfer. (lajollaivf.com)
  • Putting a blastocyst directly into the womb on day five or six is an easier prospect for the now highly receptive uterus. (keyafertility.com)
  • A blastocyst is a 5 - 6 day old, highly developed, embryo that has divided several times to a point where it is nearly ready to implant onto the walls of the uterus (womb). (origenefertility.com)
  • Transferring embryos at blastocyst stage mimics what happens naturally, as embryos arrive in the uterus to implant at this stage of development after fertilization in the fallopian tube. (origenefertility.com)
  • A blastocyst is a highly developed and fertilized embryo that is nearly ready to be implanted on the walls of the uterus. (vaisingumocentras.lt)
  • These embryos, now considered blastocysts, are more highly-developed, healthier, and stronger, have a higher rate of implantation when compared to younger embryos, and in general are more adapted to survive in uterus. (vaisingumocentras.lt)
  • Because of that, a blastocyst, once in uterus, has a higher chance to implant itself than a smaller, less developed embryo. (vaisingumocentras.lt)
  • Blastocyst cultivation in laboratory conditions allows the gynecologists to select the healthiest and liveliest embryos to be transfered into the patient's uterus. (vaisingumocentras.lt)
  • Of course, there's always the "risk" that no embryos make it to the blastocyst stage in the laboratory, but (because the problem is related to the genetics of the embryo, not culture conditions in the laboratory) they wouldn't have made in the uterus either. (com.ng)
  • In my lab, and many others, all embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage and only well developed blastocyst stage embryos are transferred to the uterus on day 5 or 6. (com.ng)
  • Once the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it buries itself in the uterine wall. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The blastocyst sticks tightly to the wall of the uterus and receives nourishment from the mother's blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the uterus, the cells continue to divide, becoming a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus about 6 days after fertilization. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inside the uterus, the blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus, where it develops into an embryo attached to a placenta and surrounded by fluid-filled membranes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • About 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus, usually near the top. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In humans, blastocyst formation begins about five days after fertilization when a fluid-filled cavity opens up in the morula, the early embryonic stage of a ball of 16 cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • During embryonic development, after fertilization (approximately 5-6 days in the human), the cells of the morula begin to undergo cell differentiation, and the morula changes into the blastocyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • The morula then develops by cavitation to become the blastocyst, or in many other animals the blastula. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2- to 4-cell and morula- to blastocyst-stage mouse embryos were cultured for 1 h in tritiated leucine at two specific activities and their subsequent development followed in vitro and in vivo (after transfer to recipients), respectively. (sciencegate.app)
  • Established in response to a need for in-house mouse services, the LUTCF provides expertise in cryopreservation of embryos by IVF or natural matings, sperm cryopreservation, rederivation services, strain expansion by IVF, ES morula/blastocyst injections, pronuclear DNA microinjections, and injection of CRISPR edited DNA. (lu.se)
  • Studies show that the implantation rate for embryos transferred at the blastocyst stage is higher than the rate of embryos transferred on day 3. (thaisuperiorart.com)
  • In the late blastocyst the trophectoderm is known as the trophoblast. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 2 ] This technique has evolved throughout the years and is now largely performed by biopsy of the blastocyst trophectoderm cells with analysis using techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to test for aneuploidy. (medscape.com)
  • Blastocysts are graded based on their inner cell mass and their trophectoderm. (elite-ivf.com)
  • The trophectoderm refers to the outer cells in the blastocyst which go onto become the placenta. (elite-ivf.com)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrate specific localisation of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB4, on the surface of the trophectoderm in peri-implantation human blastocysts. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Culturing to blastocyst stage allows better observation and selection of embryos for transfer. (origenefertility.com)
  • In certain patients, blastocyst culturing allows optimal selection of embryos for transfer, resulting in an increased implantation rate per embryo transferred. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Most clinicians now believe that transferring better developed embryos i.e. those that have reached the blastocyst stage makes pregnancy more likely. (keyafertility.com)
  • When can I do a pregnancy test after blastocyst transfer? (xenithivf.com)
  • Generally, we conduct a pregnancy test 12 to 14 days after the blastocyst transfer. (xenithivf.com)
  • It is not possible to predict which day 3 embryos will develop into a blastocyst but embryos that develop to blastocysts have a higher chance of leading to pregnancy. (origenefertility.com)
  • Blastocyst culture significantly increases the chances of pregnancy, especially in couples who have had repeated IVF failures. (globalivfcenter.com)
  • Blastocyst culture allowed embryo transfer at the stage of the blastocyst, which was believed to result in higher pregnancy rates. (parents-life.com)
  • The first prospective randomized study of infertile women (below 36 years) comparing embryo transfer (ET) at cleaved embryo versus blastocyst transfer showed significantly higher pregnancy and delivery rates after the blastocyst stage. (parents-life.com)
  • At KIC Chennai all our embryo transfers are at Blastocyst stage as it helps in increasing the chances of pregnancy and reducing the abnormality. (kicchennai.com)
  • You are correct that only the embryos that make it to the blastocyst stage (and beyond) can generate a successful IVF pregnancy. (com.ng)
  • However, growing the embryos to the blastocyst stage prior to transfer does not automatically result in a pregnancy. (com.ng)
  • When day 3 transfers are performed, its completely uncertain as to whether or not the embryos made it to the blastocyst stage (unless there's a pregnancy). (com.ng)
  • By extending the period of embryo development in the laboratory, blastocyst culture offers higher chances of successful implantation and pregnancy. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • One of the key advantages of extended blastocyst culture is its potential to significantly improve implantation rates and increase pregnancy success rates. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • About seven days after fertilization, the blastocyst undergoes implantation, embedding into the endometrium of the uterine wall where it will undergo further developmental processes, including gastrulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patients underwent another In vitro Fertilization - IVF attempt but this time planning to use blastocyst transfer. (ivf1.com)
  • blastocyst transfer is a reasonable treatment option even for women with repeated in vitro fertilization - IVF failures. (ivf1.com)
  • Since 1st September 2017, up to 12 fertilized eggs can be developed and observed for 5 days after fertilization (blastocyst stage) outside the body. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • And as of the fifth day after fertilization, embryonic cells are no longer identical: one can recognize cells which form the embryo itself and cells that form the placenta (blastocyst stage). (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • On average, 6 out of 10 fertilized eggs are healthy enough to develop into blastocysts 5 days after fertilization. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • Blastocyst transfer in IVF is a technique in which an embryo is developed in the laboratory for 5 days after fertilization before being placed in womb. (xenithivf.com)
  • Advancements in embryo culture, blastocyst biopsy techniques, 24-chromosome aneuploidy screening platforms, and improved genomic coverage of new sequencing platforms, such as next-generation sequencing, have made PGT safe and accessible for all patients who undergo in vitro fertilization. (medscape.com)
  • The embryo reaches blastocyst stage at around day 5-6 after fertilization. (vaisingumocentras.lt)
  • Blastocyst Culture is a technique to culture embryo in the laboratory to day 5 or 6 after fertilization before being placed in womb. (thaisuperiorart.com)
  • This blastocyst technically develops into an embryo around day 10 to 12 after fertilization. (elite-ivf.com)
  • The word 'blastocyst' refers to the human embryo, which is about 5-6 days old, post-fertilization. (kicchennai.com)
  • Blastocyst culture in simple terms refers to growing the embryos in the laboratory for upto five days from the day of fertilization at which point they are referred to as blastocyst embryos. (kicchennai.com)
  • A hatching blastocyst is a developing embryo (at around five days after fertilization) that is hatching out of its protective coating, called as the zona pellucida. (kicchennai.com)
  • Blastocyst culture refers to growing the embryos in the laboratory for 4-6 days after fertilization. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • During this time, it divides to form a ball of cells called a blastocyst. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Then it becomes a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recent research on selective single blastocyst transfer says that the likelihood of a live birth from one transferred blastocyst is virtually the same as for two. (keyafertility.com)
  • Just seven per cent had twins from a single blastocyst transfer. (keyafertility.com)
  • Endometrium preparation and perinatal outcomes in women undergoing single-blastocyst transfer in frozen cycles. (bvsalud.org)
  • PATIENT (S) Twenty-one thousand six hundred and forty-eight women who underwent frozen single- blastocyst transfer from January 2013 to March 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blastocyst implantation procedure is performed if earlier fertility treatments are proven unsuccesful. (vaisingumocentras.lt)
  • Is AMH an effective tool to predict the percentage of euploid embryos and blastocyst formation irrespective of the age of the patient? (artfertilityclinics.com)
  • Some of the cells from the placenta develop into an outer layer of membranes (chorion) around the developing blastocyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blastocyst" is medical terminology that identifies the developmental stage of the embryo. (xenithivf.com)
  • There is no known difference in quality, freeze-thaw survival or developmental potential between day 5 blastocysts and day 6 blastocysts. (austinivf.com)
  • This work validates the use of blastocyst complementation as a tool to create novel insight into the function of developmental genes and highlights blastocyst complementation as a potential platform for generating chimeric inner ear cell types that can be transplanted into damaged inner ears to improve hearing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data suggest that baseline serum AMH determinations can help forecast blastocyst developmental during IVF. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Several eggs (oocytes) may have initially fertilised, but not all embryos will progress to the four-cell stage on Day 2 and to the eight-cell stage on Day 3 in culture, and even fewer will develop into blastocysts. (rafflesmedicalgroup.com)
  • It requires much more time and effort to sustain the dynamic process of embryo development to blastocyst stage. (lajollaivf.com)
  • The biggest advantage of Blastocyst Culture and Transfer method is that it significantly reduces the risk of multiple pregnancies. (xenithivf.com)
  • Due to the higher probability of survival and implantation, we transfer usually a maximum of two embryos (blastocyst) to prevent higher order of multiple pregnancies and its morbidity and mortality. (origenefertility.com)
  • The development of a blastocyst encouraged clinicians to transfer one embryo, which satisfied the request of the regulatory bodies to avoid multiple pregnancies. (parents-life.com)
  • Higher AMH levels are associated with a higher rate of euploid embryos and increased blastocyst formation on day 5. (artfertilityclinics.com)
  • Blastocyst culture simply means growing the embryos in the laboratory till it reaches a more advanced stage. (rafflesmedicalgroup.com)
  • A blastocyst is an embryo that has developed in culture in the IVF laboratory for at least five days after egg retrieval and has divided into two different cell types. (lajollaivf.com)
  • La Jolla IVF's embryology team has moved systematically towards refining the techniques in the laboratory which now enable many of our patients to avail themselves to transferring blastocysts as opposed to the older more traditional methodology of day 3 transfers. (lajollaivf.com)
  • Dr. Barry Behr, our Laboratory Director developed one of the first media to successfully grow embryos to the blastocyst stage. (lajollaivf.com)
  • Our embryologists use specific media to facilitate the embryos development to the blastocyst in vitro during their first three days in culture inside the IVF laboratory. (lajollaivf.com)
  • The term blastocyst culture refers to an embryo that is developed in the laboratory instead of inside the woman's womb. (globalivfcenter.com)
  • By day 6, the embryos will have had sufficient time to grow in the incubator at our Austin IVF laboratory to develop into quality blastocysts with a high number of cells. (austinivf.com)
  • When sequential culture systems are employed to grow the embryos to the blastocyst stage, the conditions in the laboratory more closely resemble the Fallopian tubes. (com.ng)
  • The point of growing embryos to the blastocyst stage in the laboratory is to deliberately weed out the embryos that do not have the genetic potential for continued growth. (com.ng)
  • Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) as a quantitative and qualitative marker of euploid blastocysts. (artfertilityclinics.com)
  • The aim is to get an overview of current experiences and outcomes and to acquire experience on how to set up and manage a successful blastocyst culture program. (vitrolife.com)
  • Are euploidy rates different in blastocysts from donor oocytes and those from young infertile patients? (scrcivf.com)
  • In order to unveil the genes, the impaired expression of which brings about the development of defective embryos, we carried out a genomic screening of both the oocytes and the resulting blastocysts. (agri.gov.il)
  • This microarray analysis revealed a low expression of Egr1, Rpl21 and Eif4a1 in Cx43del/del oocytes and downregulation of Rpl15 and Eif4g2 in the resulting blastocysts. (agri.gov.il)
  • The blastocysts resulting from such oocytes, which grow within a confined space until implantation, may be unable to generate enough biological mass to allow their expansion. (agri.gov.il)
  • Furthermore, hormonal changes in the mother, specifically a peak in luteinizing hormone (LH), prepare the endometrium to receive and envelop the blastocyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once bound to the extracellular matrix of the endometrium, trophoblast cells secrete enzymes and other factors to embed the blastocyst into the uterine wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzymes released degrade the endometrial lining, while autocrine growth factors such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) allow the blastocyst to further invade the endometrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common ones include synchronicity with the endometrium lining and the fact that blastocysts are considered high-quality embryos that are more likely to implant. (elite-ivf.com)
  • Here we demonstrate a potential function for the transmembrane form of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor in mediating blastocyst attachment to the endometrium, in two different novel in vitro models for human implantation. (kent.ac.uk)
  • This is currently the most popular method for the generation of targeted knock-out and knock-in models by ES-cell injections into 8-cell morulae and/or blastocysts of mouse embryos. (lu.se)
  • Blastocyst stage embryo: An embryo which has divided into hundreds of cells. (ivf1.com)
  • The success rates of blastocyst transfer are much higher than transferring an earlier-stage embryo. (elite-ivf.com)
  • At least with blastocyst stage embryo transfer you know the embryos are capable of implantation. (com.ng)
  • Some embryos do not continue to grow and do not form viable blastocysts. (austinivf.com)
  • The primary reason embryos do not make it to the blastocyst stage is because they do not possess the necessary genetic instructions for continued growth. (com.ng)
  • The inner cell mass of blastocysts is the source of embryonic stem cells, which are broadly applicable in stem cell therapies including cell repair, replacement and regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is Blastocyst culture? (rafflesmedicalgroup.com)
  • Under In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) culture conditions, only about 60 to 70% of human embryos progress to the blastocyst stage after 5 days. (rafflesmedicalgroup.com)
  • These blastocyst culture conditions do not improve the health or viability of an individual embryo, i.e. "extended culture" does not transform a poor embryo into a good embryo, it simply provides the embryo with an environment optimal for growth and ability to reach their maximum inherent potential. (lajollaivf.com)
  • These blastocyst culture conditions do not improve the health or viability of an individual embryo-sequential media does not transform a poor embryo into a good embryo, rather it allows embryos capable of sustained growth to continue growing in the culture media and reach their maximum inherent capability. (lajollaivf.com)
  • To facilitate a quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse development under controlled conditions, a perfusion culture system capable of supporting embryogenesis to blastocyst stage has been developed. (sciencegate.app)
  • An embryologist with experience and expertise is required to culture embryos to the blastocyst stage. (xenithivf.com)
  • We now have the ability to culture an embryo to the blastocyst (day 5 or 6) stage. (origenefertility.com)
  • This has been made possible by advanced culture systems and improved technology to support blastocyst culture. (origenefertility.com)
  • Whom does Blastocyst Culture help? (origenefertility.com)
  • When Blastocyst Culture is not considered beneficial? (origenefertility.com)
  • The modern approach to IVF involves blastocyst culture and biopsy followed by PGT and a single embryo transfer. (medscape.com)
  • You will learn about the fundamental principles of blastocyst culture, biopsy, genetic diagnosis and vitrification. (vitrolife.com)
  • In addition to standard IVF procedures - including intracytoplastmic sperm injection , assisted hatching, and blastocyst culturing - we offer a more unique technique, called embryo co-culture. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Blastocyst culturing is a technique to grow embryos beyond the third day of culture. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • During this additional culture period, the embryos continue to grow to become "blastocysts. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • As patients get older, fewer and fewer numbers of embryos are capable of developing in culture to the blastocyst stage. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Sequential media was developed for blastocyst culture to develop blastocyst transfer , and later, single culture media was used to achieve blastocyst culture. (parents-life.com)
  • Advantages and possible increased risks of blastocyst culture were evaluated by several studies with some controversial data. (parents-life.com)
  • Why Blastocyst Culture? (parents-life.com)
  • One additional advantage is that blastocyst culture means that the activation of the embryonic genome at the eight-cell stage was successfully achieved, which assures the IVF team that they are transferring an embryo with high probability of implantation. (parents-life.com)
  • In routine practice, many IVF centers continue culture to the blastocyst stage if there are four or better-quality cleaved embryos. (parents-life.com)
  • So, patients with poor prognoses are excluded from extended culture and blastocyst transfer. (parents-life.com)
  • In several cycles, blastocyst culture will not result in a blastocyst, and the embryo transfer is canceled. (parents-life.com)
  • But, as in vitro culture conditions are different from those in vivo, cleaved Day-3 embryos may fail to reach the blastocyst stage at in vitro culture media. (parents-life.com)
  • Blastocyst culture provides some theoretical advantages and disadvantages, while it promotes embryo self-selection, it also exposes those embryos to possible harm due to the in vitro environment. (parents-life.com)
  • Assuming the lab is competent (and most are), there is no "risk" associated with continuing to culture the embryos to the blastocyst stage. (com.ng)
  • With the improvements in the IVF culture conditions, it is now possible to grow the embryo successfully to blastocyst stage. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • In the realm of assisted reproductive technology, blastocyst culture has emerged as a game-changer. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • Assisted reproductive technology has made tremendous strides over the years, thanks to breakthroughs like blastocyst culture. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • In conclusion, blastocyst culture is revolutionizing assisted reproductive technology by enhancing embryo development and improving IVF success rates. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • In the constantly evolving field of assisted reproductive technology, extended blastocyst culture has emerged as a groundbreaking technique that holds immense promise for couples struggling with infertility. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • In conclusion, extended blastocyst culture represents a significant advancement in assisted reproductive technology. (infertility-azctr.com)
  • A recent study out of Spain, published in the medical journal Fertility and Sterility attempted to determine whether using blastocyst transfer may work better for these patients. (ivf1.com)
  • 91% of the patients had at least one blastocyst to transfer and 73% had at least two. (ivf1.com)
  • We cannot say that doing a blastocyst transfer would have worked better than simply performing another cleavage stage transfer because there was no cleavage stage control group. (ivf1.com)
  • It is believed that the improved implantation rates following a blastocyst transfer are due to selection of the "best" embryos. (lajollaivf.com)
  • Blastocyst Transfer for all patients? (lajollaivf.com)
  • In general, a blastocyst or embryo transfer procedure is more advantageous for patients who develop a large number of eggs and embryos. (lajollaivf.com)
  • Is blastocyst transfer preferable to a day-3 transfer? (keyafertility.com)
  • The transfer of one good-quality blastocyst is often recommended. (keyafertility.com)
  • If you are under 35, the statistics say that live birth rates after blastocyst transfer are higher. (keyafertility.com)
  • Blastocysts can split, usually after transfer. (keyafertility.com)
  • Do I transfer one blastocyst or two? (keyafertility.com)
  • If you choose to have your IVF abroad at our partner clinic, and you have several cultured blastocysts, you have the final say on how many to transfer (though two is generally the maximum). (keyafertility.com)
  • It may be possible that a couple may not have an embryo transfer in the case that no embryo develops into the blastocyst stage. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • What is a Blastocyst transfer in IVF? (xenithivf.com)
  • What are the benefits of a Blastocyst Transfer? (xenithivf.com)
  • We usually carry out blastocyst transfer in IVF/ICSI cycles but also customize the day of transfer as per the best option for the patient. (xenithivf.com)
  • You'll find our cost of blastocyst transfer very competitive. (xenithivf.com)
  • In general, patients who develop a larger number of eggs and embryos benefit most from blastocyst transfer. (origenefertility.com)
  • Blastocyst transfer is probably not beneficial for patients who produce few eggs or few embryos. (origenefertility.com)
  • Given that only a fraction of fertilized eggs develop to the blastocyst stage, it is possible to have no embryos survive to day 5 to transfer. (origenefertility.com)
  • Frozen Blastocyst Transfer: IVF embryo transfer involves implanting embryos in the IVF process. (livequotes.online)
  • By now, you may be wondering why a blastocyst transfer is performed. (elite-ivf.com)
  • However, 10 percent of patients won't have an opportunity for embryo transfer due to the absence of blastocyst development. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • If embryo transfer occurred on day 3, all of the high quality blastocysts will be frozen at this time. (austinivf.com)
  • During the past decade, there was an increased trend for conducting embryo transfer at the blastocyst stage. (parents-life.com)
  • Blastocyst transfer is considered advantageous because it mimics the natural physiology of a blastocyst reaching the uterine cavity on days 5-6. (parents-life.com)
  • After adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of preterm birth was significantly greater after blastocyst stage than after cleaved-stage transfer. (parents-life.com)
  • IVF pregnancies after blastocyst transfer were associated with a higher incidence of premature births (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.22-1.31) and very preterm births (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.10-1.35) as compared to cleaved-stage embryos. (parents-life.com)
  • A meta-analysis has shown that monozygotic twin is increased after transfer at the blastocyst stage. (parents-life.com)
  • There is a controversy concerning the weight of the baby at birth after blastocyst and cleaved embryo transfer. (parents-life.com)
  • Reciprocal embryo transfer confirmed that the blastocyst evolved from the Cx43del/del oocyte is responsible for the implantation disorder. (agri.gov.il)
  • Because the embryos have reached the blastocyst stage prior to transfer, its reasonable to assume the embryos a capable of implantation. (com.ng)
  • Hence the option of Blastocyst transfer should be based on the individual basis and circumstances. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • In mouse, a unidirectional demethylation process from the zygote stage to blastocyst stage is observed using either reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) or single-base resolution whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) method. (nature.com)
  • The ability to develop embryos to the blastocyst stage allows our embryology team to have greater certainty about which embryos are more likely to implant. (lajollaivf.com)
  • BACKGROUND: To report on relationships among baseline serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) measurements, blastocyst development and other selected embryology parameters observed in non-donor oocyte IVF cycles. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After many more cell divisions, the embryo turns into a blastocyst that is implanted in the womb where it differentiates and grows into a fetus. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The egg develops into a blastocyst, an embryo, then a fetus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this study, we propose a fully automatic method for segmentation and measurement of TE region of blastocysts (day-5 human embryos). (matlabprojects.org)
  • When the embryo reaches the "blastocyst" stage, it is ready to implant. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Researchers believe that transferring a more developed embryo, i.e once the embryo reaches the blastocyst stage, makes conception more possible. (kicchennai.com)
  • However, it has been suggested that AMH is not only a quantitative but also a qualitative biomarker of oocyte/embryo competence and it has been demonstrated that high AMH levels, e.g. due to the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, are at increased risk of poor blastocyst development. (artfertilityclinics.com)
  • As the effect of AMH on blastocyst formation is lost after oocyte vitrification, the use of oocyte accumulation should be further evaluated. (artfertilityclinics.com)
  • We address these potential limitations by adopting the technique of blastocyst complementation (BC) to generate inner ear neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • BC is a technique in which deletion of a key gene for the development of a specific lineage creates a vacant niche (organogenesis-disabled phenotype) that can be complemented by the progeny of wild type pluripotent stem cells injected into embryos at the blastocyst stage of development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaches, referred to as hatching. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
  • To overcome this significant crisis, researchers are investigating various approaches involving direct xenotransplantation, organoids, decellularization, and recellularization, and more recently, organ bioengineering using blastocyst complementation (BC). (frontiersin.org)
  • This research is the first to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived inner ear sensory neurons in the Neurog1 +/− heterozygote mouse using blastocyst complementation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fact is that frozen embryo transfers, particularly those using blastocysts, are getting more successful. (keyafertility.com)
  • This is because most embryos transferred in conventional IVF may not have the quality to develop into a blastocyst in the womb. (globalivfcenter.com)
  • By carefully monitoring the embryo past its blastocyst stage, our experts can pick the most viable ones and implant it in the womb. (globalivfcenter.com)
  • The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early embryonic development of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we have analysed the dynamics of H3K27me3 at pericentromeric heterochromatin (PCH) during development of the mouse blastocyst, in comparison with cultured embryonic cells. (sciencegate.app)
  • The blastocyst is considered to be a special stage in the development of the embryo as not all embryos reach this stage. (xenithivf.com)
  • It is not uncommon for embryos that were not ready for freezing on day 5 to go through a period of rapid development and to form quality blastocysts on day 6. (austinivf.com)
  • Under natural conditions, the embryo remains in the Fallopian tube until the fifth day of development (blastocyst stage). (com.ng)
  • Bivariate analysis of basal serum anti-Müllerian hormone measurements and human blastocyst development after IVF. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To suppress pi- the rate of bovine blastocyst and embryo tuitary function, women were treated with development in IVF programmes [12]. (who.int)
  • Mixtures simulating groundwater contaminants, insecticide formulation, and lawn-care herbicides reduced development to blastocyst and mean cell number per embryo (p or = 0.05). (cdc.gov)
  • Note: At ELITE IVF, our signature Hybrid Frozen Embryo program has set a new standard by promising a staggering 100% more viable blastocysts for IVF treatment when using egg donation . (elite-ivf.com)
  • The blastocyst has a diameter of about 0.1-0.2 mm and comprises 200-300 cells (32 mitotic divisions ) following rapid cleavage (cell division). (wikipedia.org)
  • The outer layer of trophoblast cells, resulting from compaction, pumps sodium ions into the blastocyst, which causes water to enter through osmosis and form the internal fluid-filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). (wikipedia.org)
  • The blastocoel, trophoblast cells, and inner cell mass are hallmarks of the blastocyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers have generated 3D blastocyst-like structures from stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • An international collaboration of researchers from the RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) in Japan and Gladstone Institutes in the USA have generated 3D blastocyst-like structures from stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When they examined small clusters of cells a few days before they matured into the blastocyst-like structures, they found that the cells contained gene expression for totipotency that are found in two-cell embryos. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A further test comparing the blastocyst-like structures with their precursors showed that cells in the matured structures were bound close together--a hallmark of blastocyst formation and polarization that is the result of a process called compaction. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells. (ca.gov)
  • Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are methylated only after implantation. (ca.gov)
  • Stem cells derived from blastocyst (naïve ESCs and TSCs) do not fully maintain the H3K27me3 enrichment at PCH. (sciencegate.app)
  • We also conclude that the non-canonical presence of H3K27me3 at PCH is a defining feature of embryonic cells in the young blastocyst before epiblast segregation. (sciencegate.app)
  • This multiplies to the stage of called the "blastocyst" embryo consisting of more than 100 to 200 cells. (xenithivf.com)
  • You will experience intensive hands-on training in biopsy of blastocysts, vitrification after biopsy and the tubing of cells for genetic analysis. (vitrolife.com)
  • A blastocyst contains about a hundred cells. (elite-ivf.com)
  • Generally, blastocyst grading involves measuring the group of cells on a scale from 1 to 6. (elite-ivf.com)
  • Blastocysts with fewer cells are given lower ratings, such as a 1 or a 2. (elite-ivf.com)
  • This part of the blastocyst is given a letter grade based on normal appearance and the number of cells. (elite-ivf.com)
  • The remaining embryos of lesser quality or embryos that are growing well but have not made a sufficient number of cells are placed in the new Blastocyst Medium for one more day. (austinivf.com)
  • A blastocyst is made up of an inner group of cells with an outer shell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The wall of the blastocyst is one cell thick except in one area, where it is three to four cells thick. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If the result is positive, it means that the blastocyst has successfully attached itself to the uterine wall and you are pregnant! (xenithivf.com)
  • So blastocyst transfers are, generally speaking, more likely to succeed than transfers using younger embryos. (keyafertility.com)
  • The key point about blastocysts is that multiple births are less common than with younger transfers. (keyafertility.com)
  • Are there any drawbacks with blastocyst transfers? (keyafertility.com)
  • We guarantee the injection of 50 morulae/blastocysts per clone and transfers into 3.5 dpc (days post-coitum) females. (lu.se)
  • Any other advantages in transferring blastocysts? (keyafertility.com)
  • Transferring blastocysts can make things more straightforward for implantation. (keyafertility.com)
  • There are many scientific reasons for transferring a blastocyst. (elite-ivf.com)