A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.
The technique of maintaining or growing mammalian EMBRYOS in vitro. This method offers an opportunity to observe EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; and susceptibility to TERATOGENS.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.
Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.
An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
The cluster of cells inside a blastocyst. These cells give rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper. They are pluripotent EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS capable of yielding many but not all cell types in a developing organism.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.
The transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e., without the formation of crystals during the cooling process.
Delay in the attachment and implantation of BLASTOCYST to the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development.
The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.
Embryonic and fetal development that takes place in an artificial environment in vitro.
A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.
A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.
The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION.
An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.
Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.
The techniques used to select and/or place only one embryo from FERTILIZATION IN VITRO into the uterine cavity to establish a singleton pregnancy.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.
The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).
An acyclic state that resembles PREGNANCY in that there is no ovarian cycle, ESTROUS CYCLE, or MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Unlike pregnancy, there is no EMBRYO IMPLANTATION. Pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form DECIDUOMA in the UTERUS.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
An octamer transcription factor that is expressed primarily in totipotent embryonic STEM CELLS and GERM CELLS and is down-regulated during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments.
The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Early pregnancy loss during the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN stage of development. In the human, this period comprises the second through eighth week after fertilization.
An INTERLEUKIN-6 related cytokine that exhibits pleiotrophic effects on many physiological systems that involve cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Leukemia inhibitory factor binds to and acts through the lif receptor.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).
The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Liquid components of living organisms.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.
Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.
The division of a ZYGOTE into two parts, each of which is capable of further development.
Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.
The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.
Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.
The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.
Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

An ultrastructural study of implantation in the golden hamster. II. Trophoblastic invasion and removal of the uterine epithelium. (1/4036)

Sixty six implantation sites from 18 golden hamsters were examined with light and electron microscopy between 4 and 5 1/2 days of pregnancy (post-ovulation). At 4 days some blastocysts began to invade the uterine epithelium, with trophoblastic processes penetrating and engulfing portions of the uterine epithelium. The majority of epithelial cells appeared normal before invasion, although at two implantation sites three or four adjoining epithelial cells were necrotic before penetration by the trophoblast. In general the epithelial cells were degenerating at the time the trophoblast invaded the epithelium. Inclusions, representing portions of the engulfed epithelium, and varying in size and electron density, were present throughout the invading trophoblast cells at 4 1/2 and 5 days of pregnancy. At 5 1/2 days the uterine epithelium had disappeared and the embryo was now almost completely surrounded by blood lacunae.  (+info)

Ontogeny of expression of a receptor for platelet-activating factor in mouse preimplantation embryos and the effects of fertilization and culture in vitro on its expression. (2/4036)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a potent ether phospholipid. It is one of the preimplantation embryo's autocrine growth/survival factors. It may act via a G protein-linked receptor on the embryo; however, the evidence for this is conflicting. The recent description of the intracellular form of the PAF:acetlyhydrolase enzyme as having structural homology with G proteins and Ras also suggests this as a potential intracellular receptor/transducer for PAF. This study used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to examine the ontogeny of expression of the genes for these proteins in the oocyte and preimplantation-stage embryo. Transcripts for the G protein-linked PAF receptor were detected in the late 2-cell-stage embryo and in all stages from the 4-cell stage to blastocysts. They were also present in unfertilized oocytes and newly fertilized zygotes but only at relatively low levels. The incidence of expression was generally low and variable in late zygotes and early 2-cell embryos. Expression past the 2-cell stage was alpha-amanitin sensitive. The results indicated that mRNA for this receptor is a maternal transcript that was degraded during the zygote-2-cell stage. New expression of the receptor transcript required activation of the zygotic genome. Fertilization of embryos in vitro caused this transcript not to be expressed in the zygote. Culture of zygotes (irrespective of their method of fertilization) caused expression from the zygotic genome to be retarded by more than 24 h. This retardation did not occur if culture commenced at the 2-cell stage. The transcripts for the subunits of intracellular PAF:acetylhydrolase were not detected in oocytes or at any stage of embryo development examined, despite their being readily detected in control tissue. This study confirms the presence of the G protein-linked PAF receptor in the 2-cell embryo and describes for the first time its normal pattern of expression during early development. The adverse effects of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo culture on the expression of this transcript may be a contributing factor for the poor viability of embryos produced in this manner. The reduced expression of PAF-receptor mRNA following IVF predicts that such embryos may have a deficiency in autocrine stimulation and also suggests that supplementation of growth media with exogenous PAF would be only partially beneficial. The effect of IVF and culture may also explain the conflicting literature.  (+info)

X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) expression and X chromosome inactivation in the preattachment bovine embryo. (3/4036)

Expression of the X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) is thought to be essential for the initiation of X chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation during female embryo development. In the present study, we analyzed the patterns of Xist transcription and the onset of X chromosome inactivation in bovine preattachment embryos. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of Xist transcripts in all adult female somatic tissues evaluated. In contrast, among the male tissues examined, Xist expression was detected only in testis. No evidence for Xist transcription was observed after a single round of RT-PCR from pools of in vitro-derived embryos at the 2- to 4-cell stage. Xist transcripts were detected as a faint amplicon at the 8-cell stage initially, and consistently thereafter in all stages examined up to and including the expanded blastocyst stage. Xist transcripts, however, were subsequently detected from the 2-cell stage onward after nested RT-PCR. Preferential [3H]thymidine labeling indicative of late replication of one of the X chromosomes was noted in female embryos of different developmental ages as follows: 2 of 7 (28.5%) early blastocysts, 6 of 13 (46.1%) blastocysts, 8 of 11 (72.1%) expanded blastocysts, and 14 of 17 (77.7%) hatched blastocysts. These results suggest that Xist expression precedes the onset of late replication in the bovine embryo, in a pattern compatible with a possible role of bovine Xist in the initiation of X chromosome inactivation.  (+info)

Induction of Ig light chain gene rearrangement in heavy chain-deficient B cells by activated Ras. (4/4036)

During B cell development, rearrangement and expression of Ig heavy chain (HC) genes promote development and expansion of pre-B cells accompanied by the onset of Ig light chain (LC) variable region gene assembly. To elucidate the signaling pathways that control these events, we have tested the ability of activated Ras expression to promote B cell differentiation to the stage of LC gene rearrangement in the absence of Ig HC gene expression. For this purpose, we introduced an activated Ras expression construct into JH-deleted embryonic stem cells that lack the ability to assemble HC variable region genes and assayed differentiation potential by recombination activating gene (RAG) 2-deficient blastocyst complementation. We found that activated Ras expression induces the progression of B lineage cells beyond the developmental checkpoint ordinarily controlled by mu HC. Such Ras/JH-deleted B cells accumulate in the periphery but continue to express markers associated with precursor B cells including RAG gene products. These peripheral Ras/JH-deleted B cell populations show extensive Ig LC gene rearrangement but maintain an extent of kappa LC gene rearrangement and a preference for kappa over lambda LC gene rearrangement similar to that of wild-type B cells. We discuss these findings in the context of potential mechanisms that may regulate Ig LC gene rearrangement.  (+info)

In-vitro fertilization and culture of mouse embryos in vitro significantly retards the onset of insulin-like growth factor-II expression from the zygotic genome. (5/4036)

In this study, the effect of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and culture of mouse embryos in vitro on the normal expression of insulin-like growth factor-II (IFG-II) ligand and receptor was examined. The expression of IGF-II increased in a linear fashion at least up to the 8-cell stage of development. IGF-II expression in embryos collected fresh from the reproductive tract was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than in embryos fertilized in the reproductive tract and cultured in vitro (in-situ fertilized: ISF), and its expression was further reduced (P < 0.001) in IVF embryos at all development stages tested. The expression of IGF-II was significantly (P < 0.001) lower when embryos were cultured individually in 100 microl drops compared with culture in groups of 10 in 10 microl drops of medium. The addition of platelet activating factor to culture medium partially overcame this density-dependent decline of expression. Culture of ISF and IVF zygotes also caused the onset of new IGF-II mRNA transcription from the zygotic genome to be significantly (P < 0.001) retarded, until at least the 8-cell stage of development. This effect was greater (P < 0.05) for IVF than for ISF embryos. Neither IVF nor culture had any obvious effect on IFG-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor (IGF-IIr) mRNA expression.  (+info)

Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in embryos from smoking couples: evidence for transmission by spermatozoa. (6/4036)

Tobacco smoking is deleterious to reproduction. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke. Its reactive metabolite induces DNA-adducts, which can cause mutations. We investigated whether B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE) DNA adducts are detectable in preimplantation embryos in relation to parental smoking. A total of 17 couples were classified by their smoking habits: (i) both partners smoke; (ii) wife non-smoker, husband smokes; and (iii) both partners were non-smokers. Their 27 embryos were exposed to an anti-BPDE monoclonal antibody that recognizes BPDE-DNA adducts. Immunostaining was assessed in each embryo and an intensity score was calculated for embryos in each smoking group. The proportion of blastomeres which stained was higher for embryos of smokers than for non-smokers (0.723 versus 0.310). The mean intensity score was also higher for embryos of smokers (1.40+/-0.28) than for non-smokers (0.38+/-0.14; P = 0.015), but was similar for both types of smoking couples. The mean intensity score was positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked by fathers (P = 0.02). Increased mean immunostaining in embryos from smokers, relative to non-smokers, indicates a relationship with parental smoking. The similar levels of immunostaining in embryos from both types of smoking couples suggest that transmission of modified DNA is mainly through spermatozoa. We confirmed paternal transmission of modified DNA by detection of DNA adducts in spermatozoa of a smoker father and his embryo.  (+info)

Co-expression of cytokeratins and vimentin by highly invasive trophoblast in the white-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi, and the black mastiff bat, Molossus ater, with observations on intermediate filament proteins in the decidua and intraplacental trophoblast. (7/4036)

Histological and immunocytochemical studies of gravid reproductive tracts obtained from the white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi) and the black mastiff bat (Molossus ater) have established that both species develop unusually invasive trophoblast. This is released by the developing discoidal haemochorial placenta, expresses both cytokeratins and vimentin, and invades the myometrium and adjacent tissues (including the ovaries) via interstitial migration within the walls of maternal blood vessels. Hence, this trophoblast is noteworthy for the extent to which it undergoes an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. In Molossus, it originates from the cytotrophoblastic shell running along the base of the placenta, is mononuclear, and preferentially invades maternal arterial vessels serving the discoidal placenta. This trophoblast may have a role in dilatation of these vessels when the discoidal placenta becomes functional. In Diaemus, the highly invasive trophoblast appears to originate instead from a layer of syncytiotrophoblast on the periphery of the placenta is multinucleated, and vigorously invades both arterial and venous vessels. During late pregnancy, it becomes extensively branched and sends attenuated processes around many of the myometrial smooth muscle fibres. In view of its distribution, this trophoblast could have important influences upon myometrial contractility and the function of blood vessels serving the gravid tract. Other aspects of intermediate filament expression in the uteri and placentae of these bats are also noteworthy. Many of the decidual giant cells in Molossus co-express cytokeratins and vimentin, while the syncytiotrophoblast lining the placental labyrinth in Diaemus late in pregnancy expresses little cytokeratin.  (+info)

Trophectoderm differentiation in the bovine embryo: characterization of a polarized epithelium. (8/4036)

Blastocytst formation is dependent on the differentiation of a transporting epithelium, the trophectoderm, which is coordinated by the embryonic expression and cell adhesive properties of E-cadherin. The trophectoderm shares differentiative characteristics with all epithelial tissues, including E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, tight junction formation, and polarized distribution of intramembrane proteins, including the Na-K ATPase. The present study was conducted to characterize the mRNA expression and distribution of polypeptides encoding E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the tight junction associated protein, zonula occludens protein 1, in pre-attachment bovine embryos, in vitro. Immunocytochemistry and gene specific reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction methods were used. Transcripts for E-cadherin and beta-catenin were detected in embryos of all stages throughout pre-attachment development. Immunocytochemistry revealed E-cadherin and beta-catenin polypeptides evenly distributed around the cell margins of one-cell zygotes and cleavage stage embryos. In the morula, detection of these proteins diminished in the free apical surface of outer blastomeres. E-cadherin and beta-catenin became restricted to the basolateral membranes of trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst, while maintaining apolar distributions in the inner cell mass. Zonula occludens protein 1 immunoreactivity was undetectable until the morula stage and first appeared as punctate points between the outer cells. In the blastocyst, zonula occludens protein 1 was localized as a continuous ring at the apical points of trophectoderm cell contact and was undetectable in the inner cell mass. These results illustrate that the gene products encoding E-cadherin, beta-catenin and zonula occludens protein 1 are expressed and maintain cellular distribution patterns consistent with their predicted roles in mediating trophectoderm differentiation in in vitro produced bovine embryos.  (+info)

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, sweet-tasting, and highly toxic liquid that is commonly used as a solvent and antifreeze. In the medical field, ethylene glycol poisoning is a serious condition that occurs when someone ingests or inhales large amounts of this substance. Ethylene glycol poisoning can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney failure, seizures, coma, and death. Treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning typically involves the administration of activated charcoal to absorb the poison from the stomach, followed by the use of antidotes such as ethanol or fomepizole to prevent the body from metabolizing the ethylene glycol into toxic compounds. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary to remove the poison from the bloodstream. It is important to note that ethylene glycol is highly toxic and should be handled with care in the medical field. Any spills or leaks should be cleaned up immediately, and proper safety precautions should be taken to prevent accidental exposure.

Octamer Transcription Factor-3 (Oct3/4) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development and stem cell maintenance. It is a member of the POU family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a conserved DNA-binding domain called the POU domain. Oct3/4 is expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which gives rise to the embryo proper, and in the embryonic stem cells that can differentiate into all cell types of the body. It is also expressed in some adult tissues, such as the brain and testes. In stem cells, Oct3/4 is essential for maintaining their self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, which allows them to differentiate into any cell type in the body. It does this by binding to specific DNA sequences called Octamer boxes, which are located in the promoter regions of genes that are important for stem cell maintenance and differentiation. In addition to its role in stem cells, Oct3/4 has also been implicated in the development of various diseases, including cancer. For example, some cancer cells can reprogram themselves to express Oct3/4, which allows them to evade immune surveillance and continue to grow and divide uncontrollably. Therefore, targeting Oct3/4 may be a promising strategy for the treatment of certain types of cancer.

Embryo loss, also known as miscarriage, is the loss of a developing embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. It is a common occurrence, with about 10-20% of known pregnancies resulting in a miscarriage. There are different types of embryo loss, including: 1. Spontaneous abortion: This is the most common type of embryo loss, and it occurs when the embryo or fetus dies naturally and is expelled from the uterus. 2. Therapeutic abortion: This is a medical or surgical procedure performed to end a pregnancy that is deemed to be high-risk or not viable. 3. Missed abortion: This occurs when the embryo or fetus dies, but the body does not expel it naturally. 4. Ectopic pregnancy: This occurs when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The causes of embryo loss can be genetic, hormonal, environmental, or related to the mother's health. Some common risk factors for embryo loss include advanced maternal age, previous miscarriage, certain medical conditions, and exposure to certain substances or environmental factors.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a cytokine protein that plays a role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, which is the process of blood cell formation. It is produced by a variety of cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and some types of cancer cells. LIF has several functions in the body, including promoting the survival and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, which are the cells that give rise to all types of blood cells. It also plays a role in the differentiation of these cells into specific types of blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In the medical field, LIF is being studied as a potential therapeutic agent for a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may be useful in treating inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system. It is produced by the ovaries and the placenta during pregnancy and is responsible for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the pregnancy. Progesterone also helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and can be used as a contraceptive. In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone has a number of other effects on the body. It can help to reduce inflammation, promote bone density, and regulate mood. Progesterone is also used in medical treatment for a variety of conditions, including menopause, osteoporosis, and certain types of breast cancer. Progesterone is available as a medication in a variety of forms, including oral tablets, injections, and creams. It is important to note that progesterone can have side effects, including nausea, dizziness, and mood changes. It is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of using progesterone with a healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in the medical field as a water-soluble adhesive in medical tapes, dressings, and other medical devices. It is a hydrophilic polymer, meaning it is attracted to water, and is known for its biocompatibility and non-toxicity. PVA is also used as a thickening agent in various medical products, such as eye drops, nasal sprays, and oral solutions. It can help to stabilize the formulation and improve its viscosity, making it easier to apply or use. In addition, PVA has been investigated for its potential use in drug delivery systems, as it can act as a carrier for drugs and help to control their release over time. It has also been used in tissue engineering applications, as it can be used to create hydrogels that mimic the properties of natural tissue. Overall, PVA is a versatile polymer with a wide range of applications in the medical field, thanks to its unique properties and biocompatibility.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Pronase is a proteolytic enzyme that is used in the medical field for various purposes. It is derived from the fungus Streptomyces griseus and is commonly used as a digestive enzyme to break down proteins in the body. In the medical field, Pronase is used to treat a variety of conditions, including: 1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Pronase is used to break down mucus in the lungs, which can help to improve breathing in people with COPD. 2. Chronic bronchitis: Pronase is used to break down mucus in the bronchial tubes, which can help to improve breathing in people with chronic bronchitis. 3. Emphysema: Pronase is used to break down mucus in the lungs, which can help to improve breathing in people with emphysema. 4. Sinusitis: Pronase is used to break down mucus in the sinuses, which can help to improve breathing and reduce inflammation. 5. Wound healing: Pronase is used to break down dead tissue and promote the healing of wounds. Pronase is available as a prescription medication and is typically administered by injection or inhalation. It is important to note that Pronase can cause side effects, including allergic reactions, bleeding, and infection, and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

The use of blastocysts for human IVF has proved successful. A blastocyst is implanted five to six days after the eggs have been ... preparing the blastocyst for gastrulation. The level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the blastocyst during ... and into the uterine cavity where the blastocysts are inserted into the womb. Blastocysts also offer an advantage because they ... and the morula changes into the blastocyst. In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing ...
ISBN 978-0-12-397769-4. Frankenberg SR, de Barros FR, Rossant J, Renfree MB (2016). "The mammalian blastocyst". Wiley ...
The blastocyst is similar in structure to the blastula but their cells have different fates. In the mouse, primordial germ ... Mammals at this stage form a structure called the blastocyst,[1] characterized by an inner cell mass that is distinct from the ... July 2017). "Four simple rules that are sufficient to generate the mammalian blastocyst". PLOS Biology. 15 (7): e2000737. doi: ... Balano, Alex (25 February 2019). "What is the Blastocyst". Science Trends. Retrieved 5 October 2020. "Blastula". Encyclopedia ...
... and as it does a cavity called the blastocoel is formed in the morula to produce the blastocyst. The blastocyst contains the ... The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence, for example by changes in the cytoskeleton of ... Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form. In contrast, some ... By the end of the first week, the blastocyst is superficially attached to the uterine endometrium. By the end of the second ...
... s are released from the blastocyst, and are also expressed in the endometrium, and have critical roles in the stages of ... Seshagiri, Polani B.; Vani, Venkatappa; Madhulika, Pathak (March 2016). "Cytokines and Blastocyst Hatching". American Journal ...
However, if the structural integrity of the blastocyst is compromised prior to the experiment, the ICM is susceptible to the ... This technique is used to isolate the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. The trophoectoderm's cell junctions and tight ... Cruz, Y. P.; Treichel, R. S.; Harsay, E.; Chi, K. D. (1993-01-01). "Mouse Blastocyst Immunosurgery with Commercial Antiserum to ... Immunosurgery is a method of selectively removing the external cell layer (trophoblast) of a blastocyst through a cytotoxicity ...
Blastocyst Gravindex Chard, T. (1992). "REVIEW: Pregnancy tests: a review". Human Reproduction. 7 (5): 701-710. doi:10.1093/ ...
Vezatin has been shown to appear in the mouse blastocyst as early as the 2-cell stage, suggesting that this protein is in fact ... The morphogenesis of a blastocyst is dependent on the formation of the trophectoderm, the first epithelial layer. Like all ... Eckert, Judith J.; Velazquez, Miguel A.; Fleming, Tom P. (2015). "Cell Signalling During Blastocyst Morphogenesis". Cell ... is required for mouse blastocyst morphogenesis". Developmental Biology. 287 (1): 180-191. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.004. ISSN ...
The blastocyst reaches the uterus at roughly the fifth day after fertilization. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida ... This stage is called a blastocyst. Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined ... allowing the blastocyst's outer cell layer of trophoblasts to come into contact with, and adhere to, the endometrial cells of ...
Clemetson CA, Moshfeghi MM, Mallikarjuneswara VR (1970). "Electrophoretic mobility of the rat blastocyst". Contraception. 1 (5 ...
Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals. Depending mostly on the concentration of ... The embryo is now termed a blastocyst. The trophoblasts will eventually give rise to the embryonic contribution to the placenta ... having undergone three cleavages the embryo goes through some changes as it develops into a blastocyst. At the eight-cell stage ...
Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation 2021. Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human ... "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells". Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. doi: ... "Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation". Nature. 601 (7894): 600-605. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04267-8. ...
In the mammalian blastocyst there are three lineages that give rise to later tissue development. The epiblast gives rise to the ... In mammals, the blastocyst contains an embryoblast (or inner cell mass) that will eventually give rise to the definitive ... A blastula (blastocyst in mammals), is a sphere of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The ... In mammalian development the blastula develops into the blastocyst with a differentiated inner cell mass and an outer ...
Peak expression is observed in the blastocyst. A sharp decline in expression is observed at the fetal stage, after which ...
"Blastoid: The backstory of the formation of blastocyst-like structure solely from stem cells". 27 June 2018. Rivron, Nicolas C ... called the blastocyst. The first blastoids were created by the Nicolas Rivron laboratory by combining mouse embryonic stem ... "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells". Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. doi: ... "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells". Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. doi: ...
A hollow cavity forms marking the blastocyst stage. (day 1.5-3 of fertilization.) The blastocyst contains only a thin rim of ... The blastocyst is fully implanted day 7-12 of fertilization. Formation of the yolk sac. The embryonic cells flatten into a disk ...
Methylation begins to increase at 3.5 days after fertilization in the blastocyst, and a large wave of methylation then occurs ... in the pre-implantation embryo up to the blastocyst stage (see Figure), the only methyltransferase present is an isoform of ... DNMT3b begins to be expressed in the blastocyst. ...
The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in ... Albieri then implanted the blastocyst into Dora's ovary. At this time, Dora does not know that she was carrying a clone. When ...
... s (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre- ... The inner cell mass (cells of interest), from the blastocyst stage of the embryo, is separated from the trophectoderm, the ... The following day, she removed the inner cell mass from the late blastocyst using microsurgery. The extracted inner cell mass ... Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4-5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50-150 cells. Isolating the ...
This causes the blastocyst, or new embryo, to enter a state of suspended animation until its older sibling is old enough to ... Once the joey leaves, the blastocyst resumes development. Even after leaving the pouch, the joey may continue to suckle from ...
Due to that fact, the developing mammalian embryo at this stage is called a blastocyst, not a blastula, which is more generic ... Photo of blastocyst in utero (Animal developmental biology). ...
Human blastocyst-stage biopsy for PGD is performed by making a hole in the ZP on day three of in vitro culture. This allows the ... Compared to a blastocyst biopsy, a polar body biopsy can potentially be of lower costs, less harmful side-effects, and more ... It is diagnostically safer than the PB biopsy and, unlike blastocyst biopsy, it allows for the diagnosis of the embryos before ... This can restrict the number of blastocysts available for biopsy, limiting in some cases the success of the PGD. McArthur and ...
October 2015). "Human Blastocyst Secreted microRNA Regulate Endometrial Epithelial Cell Adhesion". eBioMedicine. 2 (10): 1528- ...
Daigneault BW, Rajput S, Smith GW, Ross PJ (May 2018). "Embryonic POU5F1 is Required for Expanded Bovine Blastocyst Formation ...
Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious ...
"Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells" (PDF). Nature. 557 (7703): 106-11. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..106R. ...
Blastoid (blastocyst-like organoid) Endometrial organoid Cardiac organoid - In 2018 hollow cardiac organoids were made to beat ... May 2018). "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells" (PDF). Nature. 557 (7703): 106-111. Bibcode:2018Natur. ... "Blastoid: The backstory of the formation of blastocyst-like structure solely from stem cells". 2018-06-27. "Nicolas Rivron Lab ...
At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10-12 days, implantation occurs. The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days ...
He proposes the Blastocyst Transfer Method as an alternate extraction method, which removes enough pluripotent stem cells from ... Liao, S. Matthew (2005). "Rescuing Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Blastocyst Transfer Method". The American Journal of ... Liao, S. Matthew (2005). "Rescuing Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Blastocyst Transfer Method". The American Journal of ...
As embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage, removing them from the inner cell mass ... Stewart CL, Kaspar P, Brunet LJ, Bhatt H, Gadi I, Köntgen F, Abbondanzo SJ (September 1992). "Blastocyst implantation depends ...
It may be possible that a couple may not have an embryo transfer in the case that no embryo develops into the blastocyst stage ... This cost does not include the cryopreservation of additional blastocysts. Depending on the number of embryos, one must incur ... Since 1st September 2017, up to 12 fertilized eggs can be developed and observed for 5 days after fertilization (blastocyst ... On average, 6 out of 10 fertilized eggs are healthy enough to develop into blastocysts 5 days after fertilization. ...
The blastocyst sticks tightly to the wall of the uterus and receives nourishment from the mothers blood. ... A blastocyst is made up of an inner group of cells with an outer shell. ... Once the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it buries itself in the uterine wall. ... During this time, it divides to form a ball of cells called a blastocyst. ...
Blastocyst culture refers to growing the embryos in the laboratory for 4-6 days after fertilization. Blastocyst embryos are ... With the improvements in the IVF culture conditions, it is now possible to grow the embryo successfully to blastocyst stage. ... Hence the option of Blastocyst transfer should be based on the individual basis and circumstances. ...
Preimplantation biopsy of blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization. Techniques have been developed to test cells obtained ... Preimplantation biopsy of blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization is an invasive technique. ... from biopsy of early cleavage stages or blastocysts of pregnancies conceived through in vitro fertilization. [39] These ...
The Morula and Blastocyst. 1 week old / 3 weeks pregnant (since LMP) ...
This work validates the use of blastocyst complementation as a tool to create novel insight into the function of developmental ... heterozygote mouse using blastocyst complementation. Additionally, this approach corrected non-sensory deficits associated with ... genes and highlights blastocyst complementation as a potential platform for generating chimeric inner ear cell types that can ... Each blastocyst was injected with 10-15 iPSCs. After blastocyst injection, mouse blastocysts were transferred into the uteri of ...
Effect of maternal obesity on estrous cyclicity, embryo development and blastocyst gene expression in a mouse model. Read our ...
Better late than never: the clinical value of Day 7 blastocysts Fraire-Zamora JJ., Serdarogullari M., Sharma K., Ammar OF., ...
... on the global gene expression pattern of individual bovine blastocysts. Compared to in vivo derived embryos, embryos produced ... Only early blastocysts of quality 1 were selected for the study. The blastocysts were washed three times in RNase-free PBS ( ... Eight blastocysts produced in vitro in serum-containing medium and eight other blastocysts produced in vitro in serum-free ... Each blastocyst constituted one replicate and its sex was determined by RT-PCR prior to RNA sequencing. Blastocysts produced ...
... of blastocysts in this group. For patients in Group B (n = 48), 389 blastocysts were microscopically examined (8.1 blastocysts/ ... For patients in Group A (n = 55), 425 blastocysts were biopsied and analyzed via aCGH (7.7 blastocysts/patient). Aneuploidy was ... All patients had a single fresh blastocyst transferred on d6. Laboratory parameters and clinical pregnancy rates were compared ... The observed aneuploidy rate (44.9%) among biopsied blastocysts highlights the inherent imprecision of SET when conventional ...
0.87 blastocysts per OPU; p = 0.44).. Use of Frozen Semen With Poor Post-Thaw Quality and/or Low In Vivo Fertility. We analyzed ... 18] The oocytes reaching the metaphase II stage were in vitro fertilized by ICSI and in vitrocultured up to the blastocyst ... Embryos were frozen at day 6, 7, 8, or 9 (day 0 is the day of ICSI) when the blastocyst stage was achieved. Embryos were ... During that study, a total of 32 blastocysts (0.71/OPU) were obtained. On the basis of these preliminary data, the objective of ...
Sea lions experience delayed implantation-also known as embryonic diapause-in which a fertilized egg, or blastocyst, may not ... Females are not pregnant until the blastocyst implants. Animal care staff suspected that Calli was pregnant based on her ...
Open Pulled Straw (OPS) Vitrification System for Oocyte, Embryo, Blastocyst and ES Cells. From VitaVitro Biotech. The Open ...
Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst hatching. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of ...
KSOM allows for higher rates of cell division and produces higher yields of blastocyst development.. M16: Classic embryo ...
Blastocyst quality affects the success of blastocyst-stage embryo transfer. Fertility and Sterility, 2000, 74:282-287. ... Outcome of blastocyst transfer according to availability of excess blastocysts suitable for cryopreservation. Reproductive ... Single blastocyst transfer: a prospective randomized trial. Fertility and Sterility, 2004, 81:551-555. ...
The procedure for making mixed-genotype blastocyst. Breeding scheme for producing knockout mice. Blastocysts containing cells, ... The knocked-out embryonic stem cells from step 4 are inserted into a mouse blastocyst. For this example, we use blastocysts ... Embryonic stem cells are isolated from a mouse blastocyst (a very young embryo) and grown in vitro. For this example, we will ... The blastocysts now contain two types of stem cells: the original ones (from the grey mouse), and the knocked-out cells (from ...
Development of the Blastocyst About 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus, usually ... In the uterus, the cells continue to divide, becoming a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in ... The wall of the blastocyst is one cell thick except in one area, where it is three to four cells thick. The inner cells in the ... When the sac is formed (by about day 10 to 12), the blastocyst is considered an embryo. The amniotic sac fills with a clear ...
Robust automated assessment of human blastocyst quality using deep learning. bioRxiv, 2018. ...
Interspecies SCNT-derived Humanesque Blastocysts. Since the 1950s, scientists have developed interspecies blastocysts in ... laboratory settings, but not until the 1990s did proposals emerge to engineer interspecies blastocysts that contained human ...
Blastocysts were then classified according to the allocation of the labeled cells in the embryonic and/or abembryonic part of ... To achieve this, cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos were traced from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. ... Two cell lineages are observed on the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst: the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. ... Interestingly, we observed that daughter cells allocation at the blastocyst stage is not affected by biopsies performed at an ...
Kobayashi, T. et al. Generation of Rat Pancreas in Mouse by Interspecific Blastocyst Injection of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell ... Ruiz-Estevez, M. et al. Liver development is restored by blastocyst complementation of HHEX knockout in mice and pigs. Stem ... Kitahara, A. et al. Generation of Lungs by Blastocyst Complementation in Apneumic Fgf10-Deficient Mice. Cell Rep 31, 107626 ( ... Researchers knock out a gene that drives the development of a specific organ in the host blastocyst and implant pluripotent ...
All patients underwent a transfer of a single embryo with good quality, blastocyst stage. ...
Blastocyst implants in wall of uterus. (55% of Zygotes never reach this stage.) day 14 - 16 Blastocyst develops line of dark ... If a blastocyst is independent life, how does it follow an egg and sperm are not? A blastocyst is a potential toddler as is ... If a blastocyst is independent life, how does it follow an egg and sperm are not? A blastocyst is a potential toddler as is ... Blastocyst by day 5 Hollow Ball of cells, external and internal different. ca. 100 cells inner 50 are pleuripotent stem cells. ...
Biologically, medically, scientifically, the unborn are blastocysts, embryos, fetuses, etc. If you desire to ignore development ...
A blastocyst clearly doesnt have any consciousness, as it has no brain structures nor particularly differentiated cell types, ...
  • Blastocyst culture refers to growing the embryos in the laboratory for 4-6 days after fertilization. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • Blastocyst embryos are considered to be robust. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • BC is a technique in which deletion of a key gene for the development of a specific lineage creates a vacant niche (organogenesis-disabled phenotype) that can be complemented by the progeny of wild type pluripotent stem cells injected into embryos at the blastocyst stage of development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although aCGH followed by frozen embryo transfer has been used to screen at risk embryos (e.g., known parental chromosomal translocation or history of recurrent pregnancy loss), this is the first description of aCGH fully integrated with a clinical IVF program to select single blastocysts for fresh SET in good prognosis patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One widely used technique for creating transgenic mice involves the creation and injection of stably transfected mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) into mouse blastocyst embryos. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In mouse embryos, cells seem prepatterned to become certain cell lineage because the first cleavage plane has been related with further embryonic-abembryonic axis at the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
  • To achieve this, cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos were traced from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
  • During this time, it divides to form a ball of cells called a blastocyst. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the uterus, the cells continue to divide, becoming a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Then it becomes a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Since 1st September 2017, up to 12 fertilized eggs can be developed and observed for 5 days after fertilization (blastocyst stage) outside the body. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • On average, 6 out of 10 fertilized eggs are healthy enough to develop into blastocysts 5 days after fertilization. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • The blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus about 6 days after fertilization. (msdmanuals.com)
  • About 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus, usually near the top. (msdmanuals.com)
  • And as of the fifth day after fertilization, embryonic cells are no longer identical: one can recognize cells which form the embryo itself and cells that form the placenta (blastocyst stage). (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • Sea lions experience delayed implantation-also known as embryonic diapause-in which a fertilized egg, or blastocyst, may not implant in the uterine wall for several months following breeding. (si.edu)
  • Embryonic stem cells are isolated from a mouse blastocyst (a very young embryo ) and grown in vitro . (wikipedia.org)
  • Two cell lineages are observed on the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst: the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. (bioone.org)
  • Blastocysts were then classified according to the allocation of the labeled cells in the embryonic and/or abembryonic part of the blastocyst. (bioone.org)
  • Given their nonembryonic source, they could replace blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells in research and medicine. (ca.gov)
  • Preimplantation biopsy of blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization is an invasive technique. (medscape.com)
  • We used RNA sequencing to examine the effect of in vitro embryo production, in either serum-containing or serum-free media, on the global gene expression pattern of individual bovine blastocysts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La présente étude menée en Turquie a évalué l'impact de la loi rendant obligatoire le transfert d'un embryon unique en fonction de l'âge et de l'augmentation consécutive des transferts d'embryons congelés-décongelés sur l'issue de la grossesse des patientes bénéficiant d'une fécondation in vitro. (who.int)
  • Le transfert d'un embryon unique, le transfert d'embryons congelés-décongelés et le transfert de deux embryons ont été réalisés chez 5632 patientes après l'entrée en vigueur de la loi, tandis que l'approche traditionnelle par fécondation in vitro et par transferts d'embryons congelés-décongelés a été utilisée chez 6029 patientes avant le vote de cette loi. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ Pour étudier les effets de la silymarine sur le développement folliculaire, nous avons recruté 40 femmes en bonne santé subissant une fécondation in vitro (FIV) en raison d'une infertilité masculine. (who.int)
  • Once the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it buries itself in the uterine wall. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The blastocyst sticks tightly to the wall of the uterus and receives nourishment from the mother's blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Inside the uterus, the blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus, where it develops into an embryo attached to a placenta and surrounded by fluid-filled membranes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blastocysts containing cells, that are both wildtype and knockout cells, are injected into the uterus of a foster mother. (wikipedia.org)
  • KSOM allows for higher rates of cell division and produces higher yields of blastocyst development. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • A blastocyst is made up of an inner group of cells with an outer shell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We address these potential limitations by adopting the technique of blastocyst complementation (BC) to generate inner ear neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The wall of the blastocyst is one cell thick except in one area, where it is three to four cells thick. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some of the cells from the placenta develop into an outer layer of membranes (chorion) around the developing blastocyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Since the 1950s, scientists have developed interspecies blastocysts in laboratory settings, but not until the 1990s did proposals emerge to engineer interspecies blastocysts that contained human genetic or cellular material. (asu.edu)
  • This work validates the use of blastocyst complementation as a tool to create novel insight into the function of developmental genes and highlights blastocyst complementation as a potential platform for generating chimeric inner ear cell types that can be transplanted into damaged inner ears to improve hearing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Females are not pregnant until the blastocyst implants. (si.edu)
  • It may be possible that a couple may not have an embryo transfer in the case that no embryo develops into the blastocyst stage. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
  • The egg develops into a blastocyst, an embryo, then a fetus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This research is the first to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived inner ear sensory neurons in the Neurog1 +/− heterozygote mouse using blastocyst complementation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the improvements in the IVF culture conditions, it is now possible to grow the embryo successfully to blastocyst stage. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • The first lineage specification during mammalian embryo development can be visually distinguished at the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
  • Mixtures simulating groundwater contaminants, insecticide formulation, and lawn-care herbicides reduced development to blastocyst and mean cell number per embryo (p or = 0.05). (cdc.gov)
  • Hence the option of Blastocyst transfer should be based on the individual basis and circumstances. (theoriginfertility.com)
  • The observed aneuploidy rate (44.9%) among biopsied blastocysts highlights the inherent imprecision of SET when conventional morphology is used alone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For patients in Group A ( n = 55), 425 blastocysts were biopsied and analyzed via aCGH (7.7 blastocysts/patient). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aneuploidy was detected in 191/425 (44.9%) of blastocysts in this group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For patients in Group B ( n = 48), 389 blastocysts were microscopically examined (8.1 blastocysts/patient). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it buries itself in the uterine wall. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blastocyst sticks to the uterine wall which has been prepared via hormonal changes. (freezingblue.com)
  • [ 2 ] This technique has evolved throughout the years and is now largely performed by biopsy of the blastocyst trophectoderm cells with analysis using techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to test for aneuploidy. (medscape.com)
  • In order to achieve this goal, it is expected that investigators will identify markers indicative of the state of the uterus receptive for blastocyst implantation, characterize how these markers are involved in the process of blastocyst implantation, and develop noninvasive methods for measurement of markers. (nih.gov)
  • This Request for Applications (RFA), National Cooperative Program on Markers of Uterine Receptivity for Blastocyst Implantation, is related to the priority area of family planning. (nih.gov)
  • 33. Molecules in blastocyst implantation. (nih.gov)
  • The presence of fibroids can lead to decrease of fertility due to impairment of endometrial receptivity and abnormal implantation of the blastocyst. (hindawi.com)
  • Combining in toto live imaging and various perturbation experiments, we demonstrate and measure fluid flow forces existing in the mouse blastocyst cavity and identify Klf2( Krüppel-like factor 2) as a fluid force reporter with force-responsive enhancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blastocyst biopsy for PGD of mutation load and gender. (nih.gov)
  • Advancements in embryo culture, blastocyst biopsy techniques, 24-chromosome aneuploidy screening platforms, and improved genomic coverage of new sequencing platforms, such as next-generation sequencing, have made PGT safe and accessible for all patients who undergo in vitro fertilization. (medscape.com)
  • The modern approach to IVF involves blastocyst culture and biopsy followed by PGT and a single embryo transfer. (medscape.com)
  • This is of utmost importance from the time of egg collection through to blastocyst stage and final embryo transfer. (planer.com)
  • Genetic reporter for live tracing fluid flow forces during cell fate segregation in mouse blastocyst development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blastocyst Transfer prices from 350 kč - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Free consultation ★ Choose from 4 Blastocyst Transfer Clinics in Prague with 24 verified patient reviews. (whatclinic.com)
  • A PGD case and analysis of blastocyst mosaicism. (nih.gov)
  • High-throughput sexing of mouse blastocysts by real-time PCR using dissociation curves. (nih.gov)
  • In a word, a blastocyst is an embryo that has developed for five to six days following fertilisation. (whatclinic.com)
  • Pregnancy and live-birth rates (51% vs 38%) were higher in the two-blastocyst transfer group. (medscape.com)
  • The authors concluded that the transfer of single, frozen-warmed blastocysts is associated with a lower risk for multiple gestation, preterm delivery, and low birth weight when compared with double blastocyst transfer. (medscape.com)
  • Age at the time of vitrification and survival after thawing were similar in the one- or two-blastocyst transfer groups. (medscape.com)