Bismuth. Medical search

A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.

A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.

A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).

The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).

Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.

A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514)

An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.

A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections.

A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.

Adenocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct bifurcation. These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing. G. Klatskin's original review of 13 cases was published in 1965. Once thought to be relatively uncommon, tumors of the bifurcation of the bile duct now appear to comprise more than one-half of all bile duct cancers. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1457)

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose.

Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).

Impaired digestion, especially after eating.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.

Mucins that are found on the surface of the gastric epithelium. They play a role in protecting the epithelial layer from mechanical and chemical damage.

Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.

Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.

Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.

Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

Detection and counting of scintillations produced in a fluorescent material by ionizing radiation.

Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.

Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.

Any tests done on exhaled air.

Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.

A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.

Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.

Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.

Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.

Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.

Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)

Polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components.

Agents used to treat trichomonas infections.

A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.

Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).

Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)

Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; (e.g., EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC). Nocturnal myoclonus is the principal feature of the NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3).

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.

A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.

The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)

Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.

The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.

A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.82, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.

Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5.

Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.

The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Substances used to bond COMPOSITE RESINS to DENTAL ENAMEL and DENTIN. These bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, ROOT CANAL THERAPY; PROSTHODONTICS; and ORTHODONTICS.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.

The carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface. This zone can be visualized by a variety of stains as well as by its affinity for lectins. Although most of the carbohydrate is attached to intrinsic plasma membrane molecules, the glycocalyx usually also contains both glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted into the extracellular space and then adsorbed onto the cell surface. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p502)

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.

A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.19, symbol Pb. (Dorland, 28th)

A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.

Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.

DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.

The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Nanoparticles produced from metals whose uses include biosensors, optics, and catalysts. In biomedical applications the particles frequently involve the noble metals, especially gold and silver.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.

Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.

Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Methods of creating machines and devices.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against Clostridium difficile. (1/408)

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for pseudomembranous colitis and many cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Because of potential relapse of disease with current antimicrobial therapy protocols, there is a need for additional and/or alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of disease caused by C. difficile. We have synthesized a systematic series of 14 structurally simple bismuth compounds and assessed their biological activities against C. difficile and four other gastrointestinal species, including Helicobacter pylori. Here, we report on the activities of six compounds that exhibit antibacterial activities against C. difficile, and some of the compounds have MICs of less than 1 microgram/ml. Also tested, for comparison, were the activities of bismuth subcitrate and ranitidine bismuth citrate obtained from commercial sources. C. difficile and H. pylori were more sensitive both to the synthetic bismuth compounds and to the commercial products than were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis, and the last three species were markedly resistant to the commercial bismuth salts. Testing with human foreskin fibroblast cells revealed that some of the synthetic compounds were more cytotoxic than others. Killing curves for C. difficile treated with the more active compounds revealed rapid death, and electron microscopy showed that the bismuth of these compounds was rapidly incorporated by C. difficile. Energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray microanalysis of C. difficile cells containing electron-dense material confirmed the presence of internalized bismuth. Internalized bismuth was not observed in C. difficile treated with synthetic bismuth compounds that lacked antimicrobial activity, which suggests that the uptake of the metal is required for killing activity. The nature of the carrier would seem to determine whether bismuth is transported into susceptible bacteria like C. difficile. (+info)

Helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies and re-treatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy. (2/408)

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that short-term triple therapy comprising a proton pump inhibitor, plus clarithromycin and amoxycillin be used as first choice in treating H. pylori infection, while eradication failure patients should be further treated with a quadruple therapy. Nevertheless, conflicting results have been reported using these treatment regimens in different countries. METHODS: A total of 278 patients with H. pylori infection were randomised to receive one-week triple therapy, comprising clarithromycin 500 mg b.d., amoxycillin 1 g b.d., and either omeprazole 20 mg b.d. (OAC; 90 patients), or pantoprazole 40 mg b.d. (PAC; 95 patients), or lansoprazole 30 mg b.d. (LAC; 93 patients). H. pylori infection at entry, and eradication 4-6 weeks after therapy had ended, were assessed by rapid urease test and histology on biopsies from the antrum and the corpus. When eradication did not occur, patients were given a 2-week treatment comprising ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg b.d., tetracycline 500 mg t.d.s. and tinidazole 500 mg b.d. (RBTT). Eradication in these patients was assessed 4-6 weeks after conclusion of treatment by a further endoscopy. RESULTS: Six patients were lost to the follow-up. At the end of the first course of treatment, the overall H. pylori eradication rate was 78% (95% CI: 73-83) and 79% (95% CI: 75-84) at 'intention-to-treat' (ITT) and 'per protocol' (PP) analysis, respectively, without any statistically significant difference between treatment regimens, although a trend for better results with the omeprazole combination was observed. Moreover, H. pylori eradication was achieved in 82% (95% CI: 75-97) (ITT) and 86% (95% CI: 69-94) (PP) of 38 patients re-treated with RBTT regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Our data found that this short-term triple therapy is not a satisfactory treatment (< 80% eradication rate) for H. pylori infection. The 2-week triple therapy used as re-treatment in eradication failure patients yielded more promising results. (+info)

Ranitidine bismuth citrate, tetracycline, clarithromycin twice-a-day triple therapy for clarithromycin susceptible Helicobacter pylori infection. (3/408)

BACKGROUND: Although many combination therapies have been proposed, there is still interest in identifying simple, inexpensive, effective protocols that have high rates of success. AIM: To investigate the role of the new soluble form of bismuth, ranitidine bismuth citrate, in twice-a-day therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS: Patients with histologically and culture proven H. pylori infection received ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg, tetracycline HCl 500 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg, each b.d. for 14 days, followed by 300 mg ranitidine once a day for 4 additional weeks. Outcome was assessed 4 or more weeks after the end of antimicrobial therapy by repeat endoscopy with histology and culture (49 patients) or urea breath testing (14 patients). RESULTS: Sixty-three patients completed the therapy, 59 men and four women (average age 56.7 years; range 31-75 years). All patients had clarithromycin-susceptible strains prior to therapy. H. pylori infection was cured in 94% (95% CI: 85-98%). There was a therapy failure in one patient who took the medicine for only 1 day and stopped because of side-effects. Three of the isolates from treatment failures were available post-failure; two were clarithromycin-resistant and one was susceptible. Side-effects were severe in two patients (3%) and moderate in three (primarily diarrhoea). CONCLUSIONS: Twice-a-day ranitidine bismuth citrate, tetracycline, clarithromycin triple therapy was well tolerated and effective for the treatment of H. pylori infection in patients with clarithromycin-susceptible H. pylori. (+info)

The influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate triple therapy regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection. (4/408)

AIM: To assess the influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy regimens in two consecutive studies. METHODS: In the first study, patients with a culture-proven Helicobacter pylori infection were treated with ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg, metronidazole 500 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg, all twice daily for 1 week (RMC). In the second study, amoxycillin 1000 mg was substituted for clarithromycin (RMA). Susceptibility testing for metronidazole was performed with the E-test. Follow-up endoscopy was performed after >/= 4 weeks. Antral biopsy samples were taken for histology and urease test, and culture and corpus samples for histology and culture. RESULTS: 112 patients, 53 males, age 55 +/- 14 years (39 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 66 gastritis) were treated with RMC, and 89 patients, 52 males, age 58 +/- 15 years (23 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 59 gastritis) were treated with RMA. For RMC, intention-to-treat eradication results were 98% (59/60, 95% CI: 91-100%) and 95% (20/21, 95% CI: 76-100%) for metronidazole susceptible and resistant strains, respectively (P = 0.45). For RMA these figures were 87% (53/61, 95% CI: 76-94%) for metronidazole susceptible strains and 22% (2/9, 95% CI: 3-60%) for resistant strains (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Both regimens are effective in metronidazole susceptible strains. However, in contrast to the amoxycillin-containing regimen, that containing clarithromycin is also effective in resistant strains. (+info)

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection after ranitidine bismuth citrate, metronidazole and tetracycline for 7 or 10 days. (5/408)

BACKGROUND: We assessed the efficacy, tolerance, and compliance of twice-daily triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori with ranitidine bismuth citrate, metronidazole and tetracycline for 7 or 10 days. METHODS: 105 subjects with H. pylori infection documented by the 13C-urea breath test were randomly assigned to a 7 or 10-day course of ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg b.d., metronidazole 500 mg b.d. and tetracycline 500 mg b.d. Subjects returned at the end of therapy for assessment of side-effects and pill count. A repeat 13C-urea breath test was obtained 4 or more weeks after completion of therapy and cure of infection was defined as a negative test result. RESULTS: Poor compliance (< 80% of medications) was seen in 2% of subjects randomized to 7 days of therapy and in 10% randomized to 10 days of therapy (P = N.S.). Intention-to-treat eradication rates were 56% for 7-day and 60% for 10-day therapy (P = N.S.). Per protocol eradication rates were 58% for 7-day and 61% for 10-day therapy (P = N.S.). The 10-day intention-to-treat eradication rate for males was 78% and 32% for females (P < 0.01) and per protocol eradication rates were 79% and 31%, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite excellent compliance and tolerance, neither 7 nor 10 days of therapy with twice-daily ranitidine bismuth citrate, metronidazole and tetracycline are adequate as a treatment of H. pylori infection. (+info)

Efficacy of a 1-week regimen of ranitidine bismuth citrate in combination with metronidazole and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication. (6/408)

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the efficacy and simplicity of the FDA-approved regimen of ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) and clarithromycin dual therapy, we added an inexpensive antibiotic (metronidazole), changed the dosage scheme to twice daily dosing, and decreased the duration of therapy to 1 week. METHODS: This was an open label study in which subjects with previously untreated Helicobacter pylori infection documented by serology or endoscopy and confirmed by the 13C-urea breath test received a 1-week course of RBC 400 mg b.d., metronidazole 500 mg b.d. and clarithromycin 500 mg b.d. A repeat breath test was performed 4-6 weeks after completing therapy. RESULTS: Forty-seven out of 50 subjects completed the protocol. Intention-to-treat and per protocol cure rates were 86% and 91%, respectively. The regimen was well tolerated. Study drugs were stopped in two patients due to side-effects. The most common side-effect was self-limited diarrhoea. CONCLUSION: Twice daily RBC-based triple therapy with metronidazole and clarithromycin for 1 week is well tolerated and effective in eradicating H. pylori infection. (+info)

Spiramycin is comparable to oxytetracycline in eradicating H. pylori when given with ranitidine bismuth citrate and metronidazole. (7/408)

BACKGROUND: We have consistently achieved about 90% eradication of H. pylori with liquid bismuth, metronidazole and oxytetracycline. AIM: To test eradication and adverse events of ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) when given with metronidazole and either oxytetracycline or spiramycin. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-three patients were randomized to one of four 10-day regimens: RBC400OM: RBC 400 mg b.d., oxytetracycline 500 mg q.d.s.; RBC400SM: RBC 400 mg b.d., spiramycin 1 g q.d.s.; RBC200OM: RBC 200 mg q.d.s., oxytetracycline 500 mg q.d.s.; RBC200SM: RBC 200 mg q.d.s., spiramycin 1 g q.d.s. Additionally, all patients received metronidazole 400 mg q.d.s. A 14C-urea breath test was performed at 8 weeks. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat eradication rates were 94%, 91%, 94% and 89% with RBC400OM, RBC400SM, RBC200OM and RBC200SM, respectively (P = 0.81). Eradication was significantly higher in ulcer patients (97%) than in those with diagnoses other than ulcer (86%) (P = 0.009). There was a strong tendency to better eradication among those who had never smoked (100%) compared with ex-smokers (93%) and smokers (89%) (P = 0.06). Fifty-three per cent experienced at least one moderate or severe adverse event, and women had more adverse events than men (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: All four regimens had comparable efficacy and adverse events. Eradication was significantly better in ulcer patients but there was a trend to better eradication in those who smoked less, used less alcohol and exercised more. Adverse events were frequent, perhaps because of the large dose of metronidazole used, but few patients stopped treatment. (+info)

Prospective evaluation of ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. (8/408)

BACKGROUND: There is a need for effective and inexpensive therapy for Helicobacter pylori with good patient compliance. AIM: To evaluate a simplified twice daily schedule for treating H. pylori. METHODS: Patients infected with H. pylori (positive by CLO- and 13C-urea breath tests [UBT]) and not previously treated with anti-H. pylori therapy were treated with ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) and two inexpensive antibiotics (metronidazole, tetracycline) twice daily for 14 days in an open-label study. Eradication was established by a negative UBT 4 weeks after ending therapy. RESULTS: Twenty men and 30 women (age 54+/-14 years, range 26-74) were included in the study. Five patients were prematurely withdrawn (side-effects 2, took additional antibiotics 2 and surgery 1) and one patient was lost to follow-up; therefore, 44 (88%) patients completed the H. pylori eradication protocol. Per protocol (PP) cure rate was 82% (36/44 patients, 95% CI: 68-95%), and intention-to-treat cure rate was 72% (36/50 patients, 95% CI: 58-82%). Five patients (10%) developed side-effects during therapy, most commonly nausea (3 patients). Four weeks after the end of treatment, 78% (PP) of patients were symptomatically improved. CONCLUSIONS: A 2-week course of twice-daily RBC-based triple therapy was well tolerated, eradicated H. pylori in 72% (ITT) and 82% (PP) of patients, respectively, and relieved symptoms in 78%. (+info)

Bismuth. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015. Copper. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production

p. 2. ISBN 978-3-527-29755-9. "Bismuth". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 3 March 2013. "15 Phosphorus". Elements. ... Roza, Greg (2010). The Nitrogen Elements: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth. p. 7. ISBN 9781435853355. "07 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries

Bismuth's highest fluoride is a volatile penta species that is a powerful fluorinating agent. In the solid state, it is ... "Bismuth compounds". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Volume 4. John Wiley & Sons. p. 22. Wiberg, Wiberg & ... Many metals form trifluorides, such as iron, bismuth, the rare-earth elements, and the metals in the aluminium and scandium ... The trifluorides of many rare earths, as well as bismuth, have the YF3 structure. Trifluorides of plutonium, samarium (at high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounds_of_fluorine

ISBN 0-7472-7569-6. Rendu, William; Beauval, Cédric; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Bayle, Priscilla; Balzeau, Antoine; Bismuth, Thierry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_cognition

Benaissa, M.L.; Hantson, P.; Bismuth, C.; Baud, F.J. Intensive Care Med. 1995, 21(12), 1051-1053. "Cyanides, Cyanide Oxides and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_cyanide

Leclercq, R; Bismuth, R; Casin, I; Cavallo, JD; Croize, J; Felten, A; Goldstein, F; Monteil, H; Quentin-Noury, C; Reverdy, M; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusidic_acid

David de la Chesnaye; Danièle Boone; Delphine Poracchia; Stéphanie Poncelet; Damien Bismuth; Elizabeth James. "The way of life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastis

Hannier, S; Tournier, M; Bismuth, G; Triebel, F (1998). "CD3/TCR complex-associated lymphocyte activation gene-3 molecules ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_Triebel

Bismuth forms Zintl phases such as NaBi, Rb7In4Bi6 and Ba11Cd8Bi14. Bailar et al. refer to bismuth as being, 'the least " ... Bismuth is a soft metal (MH 2.5) that is too brittle for any structural use. It has an open-packed crystalline structure (BCN 3 ... Most of the ordinary compounds of bismuth are covalent in nature. The oxide, Bi2O3 is predominantly basic but will act as a ... The solution chemistry of bismuth is characterised by the formation of oxyanions; it forms anionic bismuthates in strongly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals_close_to_the_border_between_metals_and_nonmetals

Bismuth, C; Le Bellec, M; Dally, S; Lagier, G (1980). "Benzodiazepine physical dependence. 6 cases (author's transl)". La ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome

"bismuth subsalicylate". reference.medscape.com. Retrieved 2016-05-10. Levy-Cooperman N, McIntyre G, Bonifacio L, McDonnell M, ... Opioids Alosetron Anticholinergics Bismuth subsalicylate, potentially dangerous synergism. Eluxadoline increases the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluxadoline

Claude François Geoffroy demonstrates that bismuth is distinct from lead and tin. January 1 - Retrospectively, the minimum date ... Geoffroy, C. F. (1753). "Sur Bismuth". Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences: 190. Retrieved 2013-11-26. CS1 maint: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1753_in_science

Bismuth (Snapper Jones). An amalgamation of DC's Tin and Snapper Carr and Marvel's Toad and Rick Jones. Cobalt (Lucius Richmond ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amalgam_Comics_characters

Bismuth-Jarrassé, Colette; Jarrassé, Dominique (2010). Synagogues de Tunisie : monuments d'une histoire et d'une identité. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kether_Torah_Synagogue_of_Sousse

Bismuth becomes bitmut. Aluminium becomes nhôm (銋), because the ending -nium has a similar pronunciation. It was the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages

Bismuth does not. Bismuth melts easily and if kept melted, calcinates forming a yellow powder. Bismuth amalgamates with Mercury ... Bismuth, Zinc, and the reguluses of Antimony and Arsenic". He gave six ways to distinguish bismuth and cobalt which were ... Bismuth dissolved in nitric acid and with aqua regia and gives a white precipitate when put in pure water. The regulus of ... which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. He died on April 29, 1768, of prostate cancer. About ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandt

Bismuth-Jarrassé, Colette; Jarrassé, Dominique (2010). Synagogues de Tunisie : monuments d'une histoire et d'une identité. Le ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or_Thora_Synagogue_(Tunis)

ISBN 978-1-4398-7313-7. Braun, Thomas P.; DiSalvo, Francis J. (2000-01-15). "Bismuth selenide iodide". Acta Crystallographica ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenide_iodide

Shoenberg, D (1939). "Magnetic properties of bismuth. III. Further measurements on the de Haas-van Alphen effect". Proc. Roy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shoenberg

Redirects to Bismuth subsalicylate. bucainide (INN) bucelipase alfa (USAN) Bucet (Forest Laboratories) bucetin (INN) buciclovir ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drugs:_Bs–Bz

... (ytterbium-bismuth-platinum; also named YbPtBi) is an intermetallic material which at low temperatures exhibits an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YbBiPt

Note: description of bismuth. Georgius Agricola (Latin for Georg Bauer, 24 March 1494 - 21 November 1555), he is "father of ... description of bismuth and naming of zinc (1526). Calbus Freibergius (Latin for Ulrich Rülein von Calw, 1527) Ein nützlich ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_discovery_and_classification_of_minerals

Calcium and magnesium are added to a molten lead-bismuth bath. The resulting bismuth compounds have higher melting points and ... The compounds are treated with chlorine to free up the bismuth. Temperature used in the process is about 380-500 °C(572-932 °F ... The Betterton-Kroll process is an industrial process for removing bismuth from lead. The process was developed by William ... doi:10.1016/0016-0032(55)90727-4. us 2205387, Betterton, Jesse O.; Lebedeff Yuril E., "Recovery of bismuth", published 1940-06- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betterton–Kroll_process

Impurities that are more noble than lead, such as silver, gold, and bismuth, flake from the anode as it dissolves and settle to ... especially for bismuth-free lead. The electrolyte for this process is a mixture of lead fluorosilicate ("PbSiF6") and ... "Bismuth-Production, properties, and applications". JOM. 44 (4): 46-49. Bibcode:1992JOM....44d..46O. doi:10.1007/BF03222821. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betts_electrolytic_process

Alloys Containing Aluminium, Cadmium, and Tin; Aluminium, Antimony, and Lead; or Aluminium, Antimony, and Bismuth". Proceedings ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Romley_Alder_Wright

Bismuth oxidizes to the +V oxidation state only with difficulty in the absence of alkali. Synthesis is performed by making a ... These effects are due to the toxicity of bismuth. Oral absolute lethal dose (LD100) of NaBiO3 is 720 mg/kg for rats, and 510 mg ... Commercial samples may be a mixture of bismuth(V) oxide, sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide. A related compound with the ... NaBiO3 can be used for lab-scale plutonium separation (see bismuth phosphate process). NaBiO3 is a mild mechanical irritant. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate

Usually, bismuth produces a black line, due to bismuth sulfide, along the gums, near the teeth, similar to the Burton's line ... Bismuth excess may cause stomatitis. On even rarer occasions, bismuth has been reported to cause pigmentation of the vagina and ... Bismuthia is a rare dermatological condition that results from the prolonged use of bismuth. Much more rarely than with silver ... Special stains and spectroscopic methods must be utilized for identification of skin pigments affected by bismuth. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthia

Subnitrate of bismuth, 2 drachms; Simple syrup, 1⁄2 ounce; Chalk mixture, 11⁄2 ounces, "A teaspoonful every two or three hours ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum

This village is known for its bazaar (marketplace). Bismuth ore is mined here. The word "Bhimphedi" comes from the Sanskrit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimphedi

Other low shear strength materials: fluorides of calcium, lithium, barium, and rare earths; sulfides of bismuth and cadmium; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_tribology

Bismuth antimonides, Bismuth-antimonys, or Bismuth-antimony alloys, (Bi1−xSbx) are binary alloys of bismuth and antimony in ... Bismuth antimonide itself (see box to right) is sometimes described as Bi2Sb2. Crystals of bismuth antimonides are synthesized ... Pure bismuth is a semimetal, containing a small band gap, which leads to it having a relatively high conductivity (7.7*105 S/m ... Bismuth antimonides are used as the n-type legs in many thermoelectric devices below room temperature. The thermoelectric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_antimonide

3 H 2O Bismuth tribromide can also be produced by the direct oxidation of bismuth in bromine. Bismuth bromide is highly water- ... Bismuth tribromide is an inorganic compound of bismuth and bromine with the chemical formula BiBr3. It may be formed by the ... "Sigma-Aldrich: 654981 Bismuth(III) bromide anhydrous, powder, 99.999% trace metals basis". Archived from the original on 2012- ... reaction of bismuth oxide and hydrobromic acid: Bi 2O 3 + 6 HBr ⇌ 2 BiBr 3 + ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_tribromide

Bismuth sulfide, Bi. 2S. 3, occurs naturally in bismuth ores.[45] It is also produced by the combination of molten bismuth and ... bismuth vanadate), pearlescent cosmetics (bismuth oxychloride), and bismuth-containing bullets. Recycling bismuth from these ... Bismuth white (also "Spanish white") can refer to either bismuth oxychloride or bismuth oxynitrate (BiONO3), when used as a ... "Milk of bismuth" (an aqueous suspension of bismuth hydroxide and bismuth subcarbonate) was marketed as an alimentary cure-all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth

While bismuth salts were in use in Europe by the late 1700s, the combination of bismuth subsalicylate and zinc salts for ... Bismuth oxychloride and bismuth hydroxide are both believed to have bactericidal effects, as is salicylic acid for ... It is also commonly known as pink bismuth. Bismuth subsalicylate has the empirical chemical formula of C7H5BiO4, and it is a ... Some of the risks of salicylism can apply to the use of bismuth subsalicylate. Children should not take medication with bismuth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate

9.75 at 20C; valence +3 or +5. Bismuth is a silver-white, reddish-tinged, brittle ... The major ores of bismuth, bismuthinite (the sulfide), also called bismuth glance, and bismite (the oxide), are found ... bismuth b?zm?th [key] [Ger. Weisse Masse=white mass], metallic chemical element; symbol Bi; at. no. 83; at. wt. 208.98040; m.p ... Bismuth does not tarnish in air, but when heated it burns to form yellow fumes of the trioxide. It reacts with the halogens and ...

https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/chemistry/elements/bismuth

Bismuth Subsalicylate: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Take bismuth subsalicylate exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than recommended by the ... Bismuth subsalicylate comes as a liquid, tablet, or chewable tablet to be taken by mouth, with or without food. Follow the ... Before taking bismuth subsalicylate,. *tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to salicylate pain relievers such as ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607040.html

Bismuth - Properties and reactions: Bismuth is a rather brittle metal with a somewhat pinkish, silvery metallic lustre. Bismuth ... Although it does not tarnish in air at ordinary temperatures, bismuth forms an oxide coating when heated and is oxidized ... Bismuth is a rather brittle metal with a somewhat pinkish, silvery metallic lustre. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all ... Bismuth is relatively nontoxic, the least so of the heavy metals. It is generally not an industrial hazard. Although bismuth ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/bismuth/Properties-and-reactions

The bismuth nuclear spin (blue arrow) can tilt in ten different directions, shown in red and yellow. Initialization, ... theoretical work shows the advantages of bismuth qubits in silicon: M. H. Mohammady, G. W. Morley, and T. S. Monteiro. Phys. ... A bismuth atom in one slice of a silicon crystal. The large light green cloud shows the bound electron wavefunction, and the ... A bismuth atom in one slice of a silicon crystal. The large light green cloud shows the bound electron wavefunction, and the ...

https://www.aps.org/units/dcmp/gallery/bismuthatom.cfm

Pierre Bismuth, Luca Lo Pinto, and Nicolaus Schafhausen 2013. This publication comprises two volumes: a booklet accompanying ... For his exhibition at Kunsthalle Wien, titled "Der Kurator, der Anwalt und der Psychoanalytiker," Bismuth invited a different ... Dessislava Dimovas essay provides a general overview of Bismuths artistic project, discussing the importance of plasticity, ... Just like the idiosyncratic mix of conceptualism and appropriation refined by Bismuth throughout his career, Things I Remember ...

https://mitpress.mit.edu/contributors/pierre-bismuth

bismuth hydride (CHEBI:37197) is a bismuth molecular entity (CHEBI:37196). elemental bismuth (CHEBI:85541) is a bismuth ... bismuth molecular entity (CHEBI:37196) has part bismuth atom (CHEBI:33301) bismuth molecular entity (CHEBI:37196) is a ... bismuth coordination entity (CHEBI:37384) is a bismuth molecular entity (CHEBI:37196). ... CHEBI:37196 - bismuth molecular entity. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/en/searchId.do?chebiId=37196

‎Preview, buy, and download songs from the album Dukas-Debussy, including Pour le piano, L. 95: Prélude, Pour le piano, L. 95: Sarabande, Pour le piano, L. 95: Toccata, and many more. Buy the album for $10.99. Songs start at $0.99.

https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dukas-debussy/1045960842?app=itunes&ign-mpt=uo%3D4

Bismuth. Updated January 22, 2016 12:03:56 Polonium can be artificially made by bombarding atoms of the metal bismuth, seen ...

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-22/mismuth/7106988?nw=0

A list of US medications equivalent to Bismuth Subsalicylate is available on the Drugs.com website. ... Bismuth Subsalicylate is a medicine available in a number of countries worldwide. ... In the US, Bismuth Subsalicylate (bismuth subsalicylate systemic) is a member of the drug class antidiarrheals and is used to ... Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate and Calcium Carbonate). Procter & Gamble, Canada. *Pepto-Bismol Extra Strength. Procter & ...

https://www.drugs.com/international/bismuth-subsalicylate.html

A list of US medications equivalent to Bismuth Aluminate is available on the Drugs.com website. ... Bismuth Aluminate is a medicine available in a number of countries worldwide. ...

https://www.drugs.com/international/bismuth-aluminate.html

Bismuth is an element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is in the "pnictogen" (phosphorus group) column of the ... alloy uses for bismuth metal as a replacement for lead have become an increasing part of bismuths commercial importance. ... Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, medicines, and in medical procedures. As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent ... Alloys with bismuth can have very low melting points, and are used as triggers in fire sprinkler systems. ...

https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Bismuth&

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/3C2H2O4.2Bi/c3

... may cause other side effects. Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this ... Before taking bismuth subsalicylate,. *tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to salicylate pain relievers such as ... This Bismuth Subsalicylate page on EmpowHER Womens Health works best with javascript enabled in your browser.. Toggle ... Take bismuth subsalicylate exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than recommended by the ...

https://www.empowher.com/media/reference/bismuth-subsalicylate

Bismuth, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to bismuth, ... Bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline (Helidac) comes as two chewable bismuth tablets, one metronidazole tablet, and one ... If you are taking bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline (Helidac), chew and swallow the bismuth tablets. Swallow the ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601028.html

Periodic Table of the Elements: Bismuth. Periodic Table of the Elements: Bismuth. Atomic Number:. 83. ...

https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science-and-technology/chemistry/compounds-and-elements/periodic-table-of-the-elements-bismuth

Kundu A.K. (2016) Bismuth-Centered Perovskite Multiferroics. In: Magnetic Perovskites. Engineering Materials. Springer, New ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2761-8_4

BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE (biz muth sub sa LIS i late) relieves the symptoms of diarrhea, upset stomach, heartburn, acid ... Bismuth Subsalicylate tablets. What is this medicine?. BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE (biz muth sub sa LIS i late) relieves the symptoms ... an unusual or allergic reaction to bismuth subsalicylate, aspirin, other salicylates or other medicines, foods, dyes, or ...

https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/family-resources-library/bismuth-subsalicylate-tablets

Rock and Mineral Shows Google Search for Bismuth. Weinrich Minerals, Inc. Google Search for Bismuth. Ask about Bismuth here :. ... Visit our Advertisers for Bismuth :. A Bijoux Google Search for Bismuth. Adams Minerals Google Search for Bismuth. Cape ... Google Search for Bismuth. Exceptional Minerals Google Search for Bismuth. John Betts Fine Minerals Search for Bismuth. ... PEBismuth =2,025.91 barns/electron. U=PEBismuth x rElectron Density=15883.30 barns/cc.. ...

http://www.webmineral.com/data/Bismuth.shtml

Element Bismuth (Bi), Group 15, Atomic Number 83, p-block, Mass 208.980. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, ... bismuth painting. Painters in Italy including Raphael used both bismuth metal and bismuthinite, bismuth trisulphide in their ... Bismuth was used as an alloying metal in the bronze of the Incas of South America around 1500 AD. Bismuth was not mined as ore ... Bismuth occurs as the native metal, and in ores such as bismuthinite and bismite. The major commercial source of bismuth is as ...

http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/83/bismuth

Bismuth telluride, Bismuth tritelluride, Tellurobismuthite Gray, crystalline solid. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0056.html

Bismuth, Matildite, Bismuthinite. Mineral: Bismuth: Bi Matildite: AgBiS2 Bismuthinite: Bi2S3 Comments: SEM image of native Bi ...

http://www.webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=3731&target=Matildite

When bismuth is burned with oxygen, the flame acquires a blue color, and the bismuth trioxide produced forms yellow fumes. ... Currently, bismuth alloys are widely used for safety devices in fire detection and suppression systems. Bismuth oxychloride is ... Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.. *Bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in certain antacids ... Bismuth shot is one alternative that provides similar ballistic performance. Also, bismuth core bullets are being used in ...

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Bismuth

This new study explores the efficacy of bismuth-based therapy for children. ... Results Bismuth monotherapy showed a very low efficacy. Overall, the mean eradication rate with bismuth-based dual therapy was ... 6 weeks of bismuth subsalicylate, 786 mg-1.5 gg, t.d.s.); and ampicillin, 750 mg-1.5 g,g t.d.s.. 6e,f. 100 (61-100)e,f. EGDS (1 ... 4 weeks of bismuth subcitrate, 480 mg/1.73 m2, t.d.s. or q.d.s.; and 2 weeks amoxicillin, 70 mg/kg, b.d.. 22e. 19f. 59 (39-77) ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/761972

Scientists from India report that pure bismuth -- a semimetal with a very low number of electrons per given volume, or carrier ... They report the observation in pure Bismuth single crystals that they prepared. Because Bismuth doesnt fit neatly into the ... In Bismuth, a single electron is shared by 100,000 atoms, making this semimetals carrier density quite low, which has made it ... In fact, Bismuth has been shown to resist superconductivity all the way down to super-cold temperatures of 10 millikelvin. Here ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-12/aaft-srt112816.php

Bismuth selenide; Linear Formula: Bi2Se3; find Sigma-Aldrich-401080 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, ... Bismuth(III) selenide; CAS Number: 12068-69-8; EC Number: 235-104-7; Synonym: ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/401080?lang=en®ion=US

Printed Matter, Inc. is an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 1976 by artists and art workers with the mission to foster the appreciation, dissemination, and understanding of artists books and other artists publications.

https://www.printedmatter.org/catalog/36027

Bismuth oxychloride and bismuth hydroxide are both believed to have bactericidal effects, as is salicylic acid for enterotoxigenic E. coli a common cause of "traveler's diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth is usually determined gravimetrically, being precipitated and weighed as the phosphate or the oxychloride, BiOCl. (britannica.com)
To produce the latter, a suitable amount of hydrochloric acid is added to a nitric acid solution containing the bismuth, and the resulting solution is poured into a large volume of water, causing the oxychloride to precipitate. (britannica.com)
Bismuth oxychloride is a naturally ocurring mineral used as a makeup colorant that provides an iridescent (shiny) effect. (ewg.org)
Show all 1,107 recent products that contain BISMUTH OXYCHLORIDE. (ewg.org)
Dating back to ancient Egypt, bismuth oxychloride is an inorganic compound of bismuth that is found in the majority of mineral cosmetics. (lorealparisusa.com)
This is due to its large, plate-like chemical structure, which provides bismuth oxychloride light wave interference effects. (lorealparisusa.com)
Some cosmetic companies claim that bismuth oxychloride is natural and better for skin than talc. (paulaschoice.com)
The truth is that in many ways talc is a more natural, unadulterated, pure ingredient than bismuth oxychloride. (paulaschoice.com)
Bismuth oxychloride, which seldom occurs in nature, is manufactured by combining bismuth, a by-product of lead and copper metal refining, with chloride (a chlorine compound) and water. (paulaschoice.com)
Bismuth oxychloride is heavier than talc. (paulaschoice.com)
Bismuth oxychloride was permanently listed by the FDA as a coloring agent in 1977 and for use as a synthetic ingredient. (paulaschoice.com)
Some people react to bismuth oxychloride due to its unique crystalline structure. (paulaschoice.com)
This is more of a problem when bismuth oxychloride is the main ingredient in powder makeup. (paulaschoice.com)
Pure concentrations of bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles appear to have a negative effect on human skin cells. (paulaschoice.com)

For the same reason, it is typically recommended that nursing mothers not use medication containing bismuth subsalicylate because small amounts of the medication are excreted in human breast milk, and these pose a theoretical risk of Reye's syndrome to nursing children. (wikipedia.org)

Bismuth subsalicylate, sold under the brand name Pepto-Bismol, is an antacid medication used to treat temporary discomforts of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, such as diarrhea, indigestion, heartburn and nausea. (wikipedia.org)

Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth subsalicylate is the only active ingredient in an over-the-counter drug that can leave a shiny metal oxide slag behind after being completely burnt with a blow torch. (wikipedia.org)
It may be formed by the reaction of bismuth oxide and hydrobromic acid: Bi 2O 3 + 6 HBr ⇌ 2 BiBr 3 + 3 H 2O Bismuth tribromide can also be produced by the direct oxidation of bismuth in bromine. (wikipedia.org)
The major ores of bismuth, bismuthinite (the sulfide), also called bismuth glance, and bismite (the oxide), are found extensively in South America but are rare in the United States, where bismuth is obtained as a byproduct of lead and copper refining. (factmonster.com)
Although it does not tarnish in air at ordinary temperatures, bismuth forms an oxide coating when heated and is oxidized rapidly at its boiling point of 1,560 °C. The yellow colour of this oxide distinguishes it from those formed by other metals. (britannica.com)
Bismuth oxide is used as a yellow pigment for cosmetics and paints, while bismuth(III) chloride oxide (BiClO) gives a pearly effect to cosmetics. (rsc.org)
Read this American Journal of Nano Research and Applications at SciencePG and evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on atomic, physical, and thermal properties of bismuth oxide powder. (symbaloo.com)
Bismuth is a brittle metal with a pinkish hue , often occurring in its native form with an iridescent oxide tarnish showing many refractive colors from yellow to blue. (wikidoc.org)
When combusted with oxygen , bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes . (wikidoc.org)
To the best of our knowledge, no systematic investigation of bismuth-based compounds [ 11 ] with nicotinic acid N -oxide has been documented [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Nicotinic acid N -oxide (0.104 g, 0.75 mmoL) was placed in one of the arms of a branched tube [ 13 ], whereas bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate (0.121 g, 0.25 mmoL) was placed in the other arm. (hindawi.com)

Bismuth compounds account for about half the production of bismuth. (wikipedia.org)
Although bismuth and certain of its compounds find considerable therapeutic use, some authorities recommend that other remedies be substituted. (britannica.com)
Soluble inorganic bismuth compounds are toxic. (britannica.com)
Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, medicines, and in medical procedures. (conservapedia.com)
Conclusions The evidence in favour of bismuth compounds for treating infected children is still not clear. (medscape.com)
Bismuth compounds have been used for centuries in medicine. (redorbit.com)
The discovery of H. pylori in 1983 led to renewed interest in bismuth compounds, because these were found to successfully treat the infection in combination with antibiotics. (redorbit.com)
The research team led by Professor Paul Moayyedi from McMaster University, Canada performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety of bismuth compounds, when used in a 1 or 2-week course of H. pylori eradication therapy. (redorbit.com)
They examined the risk of adverse events in randomized controlled trials using bismuth compounds as part of H. pylori eradication therapy compared to other regimens. (redorbit.com)
Their results indicated that Bismuth compounds, when used as part of H. pylori eradication therapy, are safe and well-tolerated. (redorbit.com)
The only adverse event occurring more frequently with bismuth compounds was dark stools, which is of little clinical significance. (redorbit.com)
For these reasons it is important to be sure of the safety of bismuth compounds. (redorbit.com)

and bismuth telluride is used as a thermoelectric material. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The nanoribbons are made of bismuth telluride, the material behind solid-state cooling technologies such as commercial thermoelectric refrigerators. (purdue.edu)
Bismuth telluride has been the workhorse material of thermoelectric cooling for decades, but just in the last few years people found this material and related materials have this amazing additional property of being topological insulators," he said. (purdue.edu)
Doped bismuth sesquitelluride, Doped bismuth telluride, Doped bismuth tritelluride, Doped tellurobismuthite [Note: Doped with selenium sulfide. (cdc.gov)
Properties are unavailable but should be similar to Bismuth telluride, undoped. (cdc.gov)

[5] As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent in recent years, there is an increasing use of bismuth alloys (presently about a third of bismuth production) as a replacement for lead. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth antimonides, Bismuth-antimonys, or Bismuth-antimony alloys, (Bi1−xSbx) are binary alloys of bismuth and antimony in various ratios. (wikipedia.org)
The most important use of bismuth is in the manufacture of low-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal, used in electrical fuses and in automatic fire alarm and sprinkler systems. (factmonster.com)
Alloys with bismuth can have very low melting points, and are used as triggers in fire sprinkler systems. (conservapedia.com)
Currently, bismuth alloys are widely used for safety devices in fire detection and suppression systems. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Among many different thermoelectric materials, bismuth antimony (Bi-Sb) alloys, known as the first topological insulator 5 , stood out as a promising cryogenic temperature TE material. (nature.com)
Because bismuth expands on freezing , it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys , which needed to expand to fill printing molds. (wikidoc.org)
C. Many fusible alloys have eutectic compositions and are often bismuth -based in combination with lead, tin, antimony, gallium, cadmium, zinc, and indium alloying constituents. (globalspec.com)

In the periodic table , bismuth is located in group 15 (formerly group 5A), below arsenic and antimony . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In addition, bismuth is placed in the group called "poor metals" (or post-transition metals), which are situated between the transition metals and metalloids in the periodic table . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Element number 83 of the Periodic Table, Bismuth. (cafepress.com)

[5] Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. (wikipedia.org)
As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent in recent years, alloy uses for bismuth metal as a replacement for lead have become an increasing part of bismuth's commercial importance. (conservapedia.com)
There has been no summary of evidence for the toxicity of bismuth when used for short periods as part of H. pylori eradication therapy. (redorbit.com)

Bismuth is a silver-white, reddish-tinged, brittle metallic element with a rhombohedral crystalline structure. (factmonster.com)
Bismuth is a rather brittle metal with a somewhat pinkish, silvery metallic lustre . (britannica.com)
Bismuth metal is brittle and so it is usually mixed with other metals to make it useful. (rsc.org)
Bismuth (chemical symbol Bi , atomic number 83) is a brittle, white crystalline metal with a pink tinge. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Bismuth is a crystalline, brittle metal that is silvery-white with an iridescent hue. (healingcrystals.com)
In its elemental form, bismuth is a silvery white brittle metal. (americanelements.com)

Crystals of bismuth antimonides are synthesized by melting bismuth and antimony together under inert gas or vacuum. (wikipedia.org)
Pure bismuth is a semimetal, containing a small band gap, which leads to it having a relatively high conductivity (7.7*105 S/m at 20 °C). When the bismuth is doped with antimony, the conduction band decreases in energy and the valence band increases in energy. (wikipedia.org)
Although several reports have been concerned with solution chemistry synthesis of semimetal bismuth and antimony nanocrystals, the synthesis of Bi tubular arrays and flower-shaped crystals and Sb nanobowls, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported in the literature. (hindawi.com)
Herein we extend this hydrothermal method to the synthesis of semimetal bismuth and antimony films with hierarchical structures. (hindawi.com)
Bismuth-antimony (Bi-Sb) alloy is a promising material for thermoelectric cooling. (nature.com)

Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic element, and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals (i.e., it exhibits the greatest opposition to being magnetized). (britannica.com)
Among all the metals , bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic -in other words, it is the most resistant to being magnetized. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Our friends stopped by with a simple apparatus to demonstrate the diamagnetic properties of bismuth metal. (evilmadscientist.com)
No other metal is more naturally diamagnetic (as opposed to superdiamagnetic ) than bismuth, and it has a high electrical resistance . (wikidoc.org)

Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase ( water being the best-known example). (wikidoc.org)

Coarsely crystalline bismuth. (webmineral.com)
Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid. (wikipedia.org)

When synthesizing single crystals of bismuth antimonides, it is important that impurities are removed from the samples, as oxidation occurring at the impurities leads to polycrystalline growth. (wikipedia.org)
They report the observation in pure Bismuth single crystals that they prepared. (eurekalert.org)
45g Bismuth Crystals Bismuth Metal crystal from china Free shipping! (aliexpress.com)
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Of growing interest in rock shops, however, are laboratory-grown bismuth crystals. (galleries.com)

Take bismuth subsalicylate exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
If your doctor has told you to take bismuth subsalicylate regularly, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. (medlineplus.gov)
Take bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after you eat or drink foods that contain calcium, such as dairy products and calcium-fortified juices and foods. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor may tell you not to take bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline if you are taking disulfiram (Antabuse) or have taken it within the past two weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
How should I take bismuth subsalicylate? (cigna.com)

Spectrum™ Bismuth Subcarbonate, USP is used as a filler in radiopaque catheters which can be seen by x-ray. (fishersci.com)

Bismuth atoms have the same electronic structure in their outermost shell as do the other elements of the nitrogen group . (britannica.com)
Polonium can be artificially made by bombarding atoms of the metal bismuth, seen here, with neutrons. (abc.net.au)
In Bismuth, a single electron is shared by 100,000 atoms, making this semimetal's carrier density quite low, which has made it seem unlikely it could be a superconductor. (eurekalert.org)

There are many brands and forms of bismuth subsalicylate available. (webmd.com)

Scientists from India report that pure Bismuth - a semimetal with a very low number of electrons per given volume, or carrier concentration - is superconducting at ultralow temperatures. (eurekalert.org)
In particular, semimetal bismuth has attracted great attention because of its low carrier density, small effective mass, and large mean-free path, making it an interesting system for studying quantum confinement effects [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

Bismuth occurs as the native metal, and in ores such as bismuthinite and bismite. (rsc.org)

Bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline (Helidac) comes as two chewable bismuth tablets, one metronidazole tablet, and one tetracycline capsule to take together by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
If you are taking bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline (Helidac), chew and swallow the bismuth tablets. (medlineplus.gov)

Salicylates are very toxic to cats, and thus bismuth subsalicylate should not be administered to cats. (wikipedia.org)
You should not use bismuth subsalicylate if you have a stomach ulcer, a recent history of stomach or intestinal bleeding, or if you are allergic to salicylates such as aspirin, Doan's Extra Strength, Salflex, Tricosal, and others. (adventisthealthcare.com)

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Bismuth and the element listed for that row. (mindat.org)
The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Bismuth. (mindat.org)
Bismuth orthovanadate occurs naturally in several minerals. (dickblick.com)

It can cause a black tongue and black stools in some users of the drug, when it combines with trace amounts of sulfur in saliva and the colon to form bismuth sulfide. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth sulfide is a highly insoluble black salt, and the discoloration seen is temporary and harmless. (wikipedia.org)

Well-designed, randomised, multi-centre studies of H. pylori eradication trials in children comparing bismuth-based triple therapy with the best available recommended first-line therapies are needed. (medscape.com)

Bismuth metal has been known since ancient times, although it was often confused with lead and tin, which share some physical properties. (wikipedia.org)
Aim To comprehensively review the clinical, pharmacologic and microbiologic properties of bismuth salts, and to summarise the evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of bismuth-based therapy for H. pylori eradication in children. (medscape.com)
The BisNano collaboration between Colombia, the European Union and Mexico seeks to produce new, high-value bismuth-based materials for use in fields such as electronics, by exploring the properties of the metal at the nanoscale. (scidev.net)
In addition, nanostructured bismuth could exhibit even more interesting electronic and thermoelectric properties [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Stimulated by these interesting properties, a number of different methods have been developed to prepare various bismuth nanostructures. (hindawi.com)
Wan-Yusoff, W.M.D. Optical Properties of Bismuth Tellurite Based Glass. (mdpi.com)
The first attempt to improve BiNbO4 occurred in 1992 when Kagata reported the microwave dielectric properties of bismuth niobate doped with the addition of oxides. (intechopen.com)
The bismuth-containing oxides have large structural diversity and promising physical properties for applications in optics, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics [ 4 ]. (intechopen.com)

While bismuth salts were in use in Europe by the late 1700s, the combination of bismuth subsalicylate and zinc salts for astringency with salol (phenyl salicilate) appears to have begun in the US in the early 1900s as a remedy for life-threatening diarrhea in infants with cholera. (wikipedia.org)
However, in the 1970s bismuth salts, used at high doses for prolonged periods, were found to lead to neurotoxicity. (redorbit.com)
Thirty-five randomized controlled trials containing over 4500 patients were identified comparing bismuth with placebo or no treatment, or bismuth salts in combination with antibiotics as part of eradication therapy with the same dose and duration of antibiotics alone or in combination with acid suppression. (redorbit.com)
Reference: Ford AC, Malfertheiner P, Gigure M, Santana J, Khan M, oayyedi P. Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: Systematic review and meta-analysis. (redorbit.com)

Artificial bismuth was commonly used in place of the actual mineral. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Bismuth and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. (mindat.org)
Uses: An ore of bismuth and as mineral specimens. (galleries.com)

They are used in cosmetics, pigments, and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate , used to treat diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth is already used in electronic devices, medical products and cosmetics. (scidev.net)

Agricola , in De Natura Fossilium (c. 1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth is relatively nontoxic, the least so of the heavy metals. (britannica.com)

The density, molar volume and refractive index increase when bismuth ions Bi 3+ increase, this is due to the increased polarization of the ions Bi 3+ and the enhanced formation of non-bridging oxygen (NBO). (mdpi.com)
This manuscript focuses on a case study that involves bismuth substitution by europium ions. (intechopen.com)

The People's Republic of China is the world's largest producer of bismuth, followed by Mexico and Peru . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Although Mexico produces more than 20 per cent of the world's bismuth, it is sold with no treatment. (scidev.net)
was a professional and depth research report on Global Bismuth Germanate industry that you would know the world's major regional market conditions of Bismuth Germanate industry, the main region including North American, Europe and Asia etc, and the main country including United States ,Germany ,Japan and China etc. (pitchengine.com)

Pure bismuth is a naturally occurring, grayish-white powder. (paulaschoice.com)

if you are taking tetracycline antibiotics such as demeclocycline (Declomycin), doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin), minocycline (Dynacin, Minocin), and tetracycline (Sumycin), take them at least 1 hour before or 3 hours after taking bismuth subsalicylate. (medlineplus.gov)
Bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline is used along with other ulcer medications to treat duodenal ulcers. (medlineplus.gov)
Bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline (Pylera) come as a capsule to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
if you are taking antacids containing aluminum, calcium, magnesium or sodium bicarbonate, or zinc supplements, take them 1 to 2 hours before or 1 to 2 hours after bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline. (medlineplus.gov)
If you are taking iron supplements, take them 3 hours before or 2 hours after bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline. (medlineplus.gov)

Bismuth tribromide is an inorganic compound of bismuth and bromine with the chemical formula BiBr3. (wikipedia.org)

Bismuth is a high-density, silvery, pink-tinged metal. (rsc.org)

Bismuth is a chemical element with the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. (wikipedia.org)
Bismuth is an element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. (conservapedia.com)
Bismuth (atomic symbol: Bi, atomic number: 83) is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element with an atomic radius of 208.98040. (americanelements.com)

American Elements specializes in producing high purity Bismuth Ferrite (Garnet, Bi 3 Fe 5 O 12 ) Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. (americanelements.com)

Bismuth subsalicylate has the empirical chemical formula of C7H5BiO4, and it is a colloidal substance obtained by hydrolysis of bismuth salicylate (Bi(C6H4(OH)CO2)3). (wikipedia.org)

The bismuth cation coordinates at three different ethanedisulfonate ligands and has a coordination number of eight, which is accompanied by a distorted square antiprismatic configuration. (mdpi.com)

Other experiment with MBEdid show 2DEG, by transition to tetragonal BFO, with reduced lattice parameter (3.9A) and increased polarization \17 table1 for promising bismuth ferrite-based HS. (prezi.com)

The bismuth-based dielectric ceramics are extensively studied for this purpose, namely, the bismuth niobate (BiNbO4). (intechopen.com)
They present stibiotantalite structure, where "A" can be bismuth (Bi 3+ ) and "B" niobium (Nb 5+ ) cations, composing the bismuth niobate, BiNbO 4 [ 2 , 3 ]. (intechopen.com)
The bismuth niobate exists in two polymorph structures, an orthorhombic (α) phase and a triclinic (β) phase. (intechopen.com)
In the last three decades, the bismuth niobate ceramics have been studied as a dielectric material for applications in radio and microwave frequency range, since the development of the communication systems forced the device miniaturisation, and, for that, new dielectric materials are needed [ 3 , 5 ]. (intechopen.com)

Bismuth vanadate is a promising photoanode material, but recent reports on undoped BiVO 4 without sublayers and co-catalysts showed large variations in photocurrent generation. (rsc.org)

137 mg/L bismuth subnitrate. (europa.eu)
A GLP test was conducted according to OECD 201 guideline using the related substance, bismuth subnitrate. (europa.eu)

Also, The Seebeck coefficient (the ratio of the potential difference between ends of a material to the temperature difference between the sides) at 80K of Bi.9Sb.1 is -140μV/K, much smaller than the Seebeck coefficient of pure bismuth, -50μV/K. Jain, A. L. (1959). (wikipedia.org)

This work, "Bismuth", is a derivative of "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bismuth_crystal_artificial.jpg" by Alchemist-hp, used under CC BY. (spreadshirt.com)

Bismuth(V) fluoride , also known as bismuth pentafluoride , is a chemical compound . (wikipedia.org)

As a derivative of salicylic acid, bismuth subsalicylate displays anti-inflammatory and bactericidal action. (wikipedia.org)
The salicylic acid is absorbed and therapeutical concentrations of salicylic acid can be found in blood after bismuth subsalicylate administration. (wikipedia.org)

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before taking other antacids or diarrhea medications together with bismuth subsalicylate. (adventisthealthcare.com)

Children should not take medication with bismuth subsalicylate while recovering from influenza or chicken pox, as epidemiologic evidence points to an association between the use of salicylate-containing medications during certain viral infections and the onset of Reye's syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
If you will be giving bismuth subsalicylate to a child or teenager, tell the child's doctor if the child has any of the following symptoms before he or she receives the medication: vomiting, listlessness, drowsiness, confusion, aggression, seizures, yellowing of the skin or eyes, weakness, or flu-like symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
Bismuth subsalicylate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (cigna.com)
Bismuth subsalicylate is an antacid and anti-diarrhea medication. (adventisthealthcare.com)

But the researchers found what they believe are analytical errors in the original studies that justified the switch to bismuth as a non-toxic alternative to lead. (innovations-report.com)
In the new experiments, the researchers dynamically compressed bismuth by initiating a fast-moving shock wave that traveled through a thin sample of the material. (cambridge.org)
Researchers have already characterised and synthesised bismuth-based nanoceramics and nanofilms which could go on to be used in products as diverse as computer drives and solar cells. (scidev.net)

The major commercial source of bismuth is as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold ores. (rsc.org)

Bismuth does not tarnish in air, but when heated it burns to form yellow fumes of the trioxide. (factmonster.com)

Bismuth was recognized as a metal by early observers, including Georg Agricola, in the 16th cent. (factmonster.com)
Bismuth was used as an alloying metal in the bronze of the Incas of South America around 1500 AD. (rsc.org)
Bismuth was not mined as ore but appears to have occurred as the native metal. (rsc.org)
At the business end of the scale, there is a cylinder of bismuth metal about 1 cm in diameter, held in place by a rubber band. (evilmadscientist.com)
MEXICO CITY] Mexico's profits from mining bismuth metal could increase tenfold with the use of nanotechnology , if an international research project lives up to its promise. (scidev.net)
Another aspect of the project is evaluating bismuth as a 'green metal' - a substitute for lead and mercury in products. (scidev.net)
Here, we report on the crystal structure of this bismuth metal-organic framework and its coordination behavior, which has thus far not been reported in heavier main group elements. (mdpi.com)
Bi nanowires and nanorods were prepared by high pressure injection of the liquid metal or vapor phase of bismuth into the channels of porous anodic alumina template [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor , rather than a poor metal . (wikidoc.org)

The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state . (wikipedia.org)

Organisms2

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Information Science7

Health Care3

Geographicals1

Antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against Clostridium difficile. (1/408)

Helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies and re-treatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy. (2/408)

Ranitidine bismuth citrate, tetracycline, clarithromycin twice-a-day triple therapy for clarithromycin susceptible Helicobacter pylori infection. (3/408)

The influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate triple therapy regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection. (4/408)

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection after ranitidine bismuth citrate, metronidazole and tetracycline for 7 or 10 days. (5/408)

Efficacy of a 1-week regimen of ranitidine bismuth citrate in combination with metronidazole and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication. (6/408)

Spiramycin is comparable to oxytetracycline in eradicating H. pylori when given with ranitidine bismuth citrate and metronidazole. (7/408)

Prospective evaluation of ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. (8/408)

Ranitidine

Organometallic Compounds

Antacids

Anti-Ulcer Agents

Metronidazole

Salicylates

Amoxicillin

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter Infections

Clarithromycin

Histamine H2 Antagonists

Furazolidone

Dimercaprol

Tinidazole

Duodenal Ulcer

Drug Therapy, Combination

Tetracycline

Omeprazole

Germanium

Klatskin's Tumor

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Sucralfate

Peptic Ulcer

Dyspepsia

Penicillins

Radiation Protection

Hydrocarbons, Iodinated

Antimony

Gastric Mucins

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Thymolphthalein

Hepatic Duct, Common

Colloids

Scintillation Counting

Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures

Gastritis

Breath Tests

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles

Antidiarrheals

Cimetidine

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic

Gastric Mucosa

Alpha Particles

Gastroscopy

Tooth Discoloration

Resins, Synthetic

Antitrichomonal Agents

Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate

Bile Duct Neoplasms

Stomach Ulcer

Sulfoxides

Spectrophotometry, Atomic

Electrodes

Myoclonus

Drug Combinations

Prosthesis Coloring

Campylobacter

Lansoprazole

Silicates

Metals, Heavy

Campylobacter Infections

Duodenum

Indium

Cholangiocarcinoma

Nitroimidazoles

Radiation-Protective Agents

Treatment Outcome

Salmonella

Levofloxacin

Urease

Stomach Diseases

Bile Ducts

Anti-Infective Agents

Dental Cements

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Double-Blind Method

Metals

Anti-Infective Agents, Local

Metallothionein

Urea