Birds. Medical search

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

A widely distributed order of perching BIRDS, including more than half of all bird species.

PASSERIFORMES of the suborder, Oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. They include many commonly recognized birds such as CROWS; FINCHES; robins; SPARROWS; and SWALLOWS.

Periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. Hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. Most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding.

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

An order of BIRDS including over 300 species that primarily inhabit coastal waters, beaches, and marshes. They are comprised of shorebirds, gulls, and terns.

The use of wings or wing-like appendages to remain aloft and move through the air.

An order of BIRDS comprised of several families and more than 300 species. It includes COCKATOOS; PARROTS; PARAKEETS; macaws; and BUDGERIGARS.

Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.

BIRDS of the large family Psittacidae, widely distributed in tropical regions and having a distinctive stout, curved hooked bill. The family includes LOVEBIRDS; AMAZON PARROTS; conures; PARAKEETS; and many other kinds of parrots.

An order of BIRDS comprising the waterfowl, particularly DUCKS; GEESE; swans; and screamers.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

BIRDS that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. They include the FALCONIFORMES order, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of EAGLES, falcons, HAWKS, and others, as well as the STRIGIFORMES order, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes OWLS.

An order of heavy-bodied, largely terrestrial BIRDS including pheasants, TURKEYS, grouse, QUAIL, and CHICKENS.

Animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young.

An order of diurnal BIRDS of prey, including EAGLES; HAWKS; buzzards; vultures; and falcons.

Sounds used in animal communication.

Common name for small PASSERIFORMES in the family Fringillidae. They have a short stout bill (BEAK) adapted for crushing SEEDS. Some species of Old World finches are called CANARIES.

In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)

The family Passeridae comprised of small, mainly brown and grey seed-eating birds with conical bills.

Family in the order COLUMBIFORMES, comprised of pigeons or doves. They are BIRDS with short legs, stout bodies, small heads, and slender bills. Some sources call the smaller species doves and the larger pigeons, but the names are interchangeable.

A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.

A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled avian antigens, usually proteins in the dust of bird feathers and droppings.

Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.

Common name for the largest birds in the order PASSERIFORMES, family Corvidae. These omnivorous black birds comprise most of the species in the genus Corvus, along with ravens and jackdaws (which are often also referred to as crows).

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The sole family in the order Sphenisciformes, comprised of 17 species of penguins in six genera. They are flightless seabirds of the Southern Hemisphere, highly adapted for marine life.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

An order of heteroxenous protozoa in which the macrogamete and microgamont develop independently. A conoid is usually absent.

Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.

A superorder of large, mostly flightless birds, named for their distinctive PALATE morphology. It includes the orders Apterygiformes, Casuriiformes, Dinornithiformes, RHEIFORMES; STRUTHIONIFORMES and Tinamiformes.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

The family Sturnidae, in the order PASSERIFORMES. The starling family also includes mynahs and oxpeckers.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

Instinctual patterns of activity related to a specific area including ability of certain animals to return to a given place when displaced from it, often over great distances using navigational clues such as those used in migration (ANIMAL MIGRATION).

The motion of air relative to the earth's surface.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.

A system using beamed and reflected radio signals to and from an object in such a way that range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object may be determined.

Number of individuals in a population relative to space.

Any of several Old World finches of the genus Serinus.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

An order of BIRDS with the common name owls characterized by strongly hooked beaks, sharp talons, large heads, forward facing eyes, and facial disks. While considered nocturnal RAPTORS, some owls do hunt by day.

Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.

Large crested BIRDS in the family Cacatuidae, found in Australia, New Guinea, and islands adjacent to the Philippines. The cockatiel (species Nymphicus hollandicus) is much smaller.

Common name for many members of the FALCONIFORMES order, family Accipitridae, generally smaller than EAGLES, and containing short, rounded wings and a long tail.

The number of offspring produced at one birth by an oviparous or ovoviviparous animal.

Common name for one of five species of small PARROTS, containing long tails.

Periodic casting off FEATHERS; HAIR; or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in ARTHROPODS, skin renewal in AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES, and the shedding of winter coats in BIRDS and MAMMALS.

Sexual activities of animals.

The physical measurements of a body.

Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.

A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.

A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)

A thin-walled, glandular stomach found in birds. It precedes the gizzard.

A thin-walled distention of the alimentary tract protruding just outside the body cavity in the distal end of the neck (esophagus), used for the temporary storage of food and water.

A family in the order MONONEGAVIRALES comprising one genus Bornavirus. This family has a unique form of mRNA processing: replication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (1/4610)

Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of beta-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein + zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only beta-carotene despite moderately high lutein + zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function. (+info)

Casts of hepatic blood vessels: a comparison of the microcirculation of the penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, with some common laboratory animals. (2/4610)

Latex casts of the hepatic blood vessels of the penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, and of some common laboratory animals were compared. There was general similarity between the different species, but the portal venous and hepatic arterial systems of the penguin were simpler than those of other species. Measurements were made of the volume and length of portal veins and it appears that the portal venous system is capable of being a more efficient blood reservoir in the penguin than in other species studied. The peribiliary plexus was especially well formed in the penguin and was drained by long veins which usually joined portal venous branches. Some of the long veins drained directly into the hepatic venous tree: these translobular veins were more prominent than in mammals. Anastomoses between hepatic artery and portal vein were not present in penguins, and the supply to the sinusoids appeared to be separate. The morphology of small hepatic veins of all the species appeared to be similar. (+info)

First report of Thelazia sp. from a captive Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Japan. (3/4610)

Nematodes of the genus Thelazia were recovered from the cornea and inferior conjunctival sac of an immature Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana). The bird hatched and reared at the Toyooka Oriental White Stork Breeding Center, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, but died of chlamydiosis. There were neither gross nor histopathologic ophthalmic lesions. The eye worm from a bird is believed to be first reported in Japan. As regarding reintroduction plan for the Oriental white stork, control measures for prevent further infection with the eye worm will be needed. (+info)

Evidence for a correlation between the number of marginal band microtubules and the size of vertebrate erthrocytes. (4/4610)

In 23 species of vertebrates the dimensions of erythrocytes and the number of their marginal band microtubules were examined. A positive correlation was found between the size of erythrocytes and the number of microtubules. The absence of microtubules in diskoid erythrocytes of mammals-Camelidae-is discussed. (+info)

Temperature regulation and heat dissipation during flight in birds. (5/4610)

Core and skin temperature were measured by radiotelemetry in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during 30 min flights in a wind tunnel. Core temperature was independent of ambient temperature from 0 to 28 degrees C. The temporal mean of the monitored core temperature during flight was 42-7 degrees C in one bird and 44-0 degrees C in another. These temperatures are 2-4 degrees C higher than the resting temperature in starlings, and are among the highest steady-state temperatures observed in any animal. Skin temperature on the breast was within a few degrees of core temperature. In some locations skin temperature was higher at low ambient temperatures than at intermediate ambient temperatures. An analysis of the data shows that a high core temperature does not function as an aid to head dissipation. On the contrary, insulation is adjusted to maintain a high temperature, presumably because it is necessary for flight. The increase in skin temperature at low ambient temperatures is believed to be a result of a decrease in heat flow through the breast feathers brought about by feather adjustments, to compensate for an unavoidable increase in heat flow in unfeathered or poorly feathered parts of the body. (+info)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (6/4610)

1. The activities of citrate synthase and NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases were measured in nervous tissue from different animals in an attempt to provide more information about the citric acid cycle in this tissue. In higher animals the activities of citrate synthase are greater than the sum of activities of the isocitrate dehydrogenases, whereas they are similar in nervous tissues from the lower animals. This suggests that in higher animals the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction is far-removed from equilibrium. If it is assumed that isocitrate dehydrogenase activities provide an indication of the maximum flux through the citric acid cycle, the maximum glycolytic capacity in nervous tissue is considerably greater than that of the cycle. This suggest that glycolysis can provide energy in excess of the aerobic capacity of the tissue. 2. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase are high in most nervous tissues and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase are high in all nervous tissue investigated. However, the activities of alanine aminotransferase are low in all tissues except the ganglia of the waterbug and cockroach. In these insect tissues, anaerobic glycolysis may result in the formation of alanine rather than lactate. (+info)

Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree. (7/4610)

The Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) are commonly accepted as being sister group to the other extant Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates). To clarify gnathostome relationships and to aid in resolving and dating the major piscine divergences, we have sequenced the complete mtDNA of the starry skate and have included it in phylogenetic analysis along with three squalomorph chondrichthyans-the common dogfish, the spiny dogfish, and the star spotted dogfish-and a number of bony fishes and amniotes. The direction of evolution within the gnathostome tree was established by rooting it with the most closely related non-gnathostome outgroup, the sea lamprey, as well as with some more distantly related taxa. The analyses placed the chondrichthyans in a terminal position in the piscine tree. These findings, which also suggest that the origin of the amniote lineage is older than the age of the oldest extant bony fishes (the lungfishes), challenge the evolutionary direction of several morphological characters that have been used in reconstructing gnathostome relationships. Applying as a calibration point the age of the oldest lungfish fossils, 400 million years, the molecular estimate placed the squalomorph/batomorph divergence at approximately 190 million years before present. This dating is consistent with the occurrence of the earliest batomorph (skates and rays) fossils in the paleontological record. The split between gnathostome fishes and the amniote lineage was dated at approximately 420 million years before present. (+info)

Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: extinctions on a large Melanesian island. (8/4610)

At least 50 species of birds are represented in 241 bird bones from five late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites on New Ireland (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea). The bones include only two of seabirds and none of migrant shorebirds or introduced species. Of the 50 species, at least 12 (petrel, hawk, megapode, quail, four rails, cockatoo, two owls, and crow) are not part of the current avifauna and have not been recorded previously from New Ireland. Larger samples of bones undoubtedly would indicate more extirpated species and refine the chronology of extinction. Humans have lived on New Ireland for ca. 35,000 years, whereas most of the identified bones are 15,000 to 6,000 years old. It is suspected that most or all of New Ireland's avian extinction was anthropogenic, but this suspicion remains undetermined. Our data show that significant prehistoric losses of birds, which are well documented on Pacific islands more remote than New Ireland, occurred also on large, high, mostly forested islands close to New Guinea. (+info)

Birds[edit]. This section is transcluded from Bird#Diet and feeding. (edit , history) ... Hiraldo, F.C.; Blanco, J. C.; Bustamante, J. (1991). "Unspecialized exploitation of small carcasses by birds". Bird Studies. 38 ... Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by ... "How Do Birds Eat If They Have No Teeth? , Blog , eNature". wild.enature.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

Birds[edit]. Birds also very commonly use display behaviours for courtship and communication. Manakin birds (in the family ... Many male birds have brightly coloured plumage for display. This feather is from a male Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus. ... Along with invertebrates and birds, vertebrates like the harbour seal also show display behaviour. Since the harbour seal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_

V, Birds of Pray and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001-2004[edit]. ... 1.4 V, Birds of Pray and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001-2004 ... In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(band)

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds promotes conservation of birds and other wildlife through the protection and re- ... Game birds, waders and water fowl[edit]. Red-listed western capercaillie and ptarmigan breed in Scotland and are absent ... Among the birds, ptarmigan, dotterel and snow bunting in particular may be affected as they depend on high-altitude habitats, ... "Mingulay birds". National Trust for Scotland. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2007.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland

Glue to construct bird nests[edit]. Many birds in the swift family, Apodidae, produce a viscous saliva during nesting season to ... Aerodramus nests form the basis of bird's nest soup.[4] Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the venom clade hunt with ... "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the "Caviar of the East"". Food Research International. 38 (10): 1125-1134. doi ... "Digestion", The Amazing World of Birds, Earthlife Web, retrieved 2012-07-29. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva

Relationship to birds[edit]. Oviraptorosaurs, like deinonychosaurs, are so bird-like that several scientists consider them to ... Paul, G.S. (2002). Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins ... Kurzanov, S.M. (1987). "Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds." Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian ... Xu, X.; Tan, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhao, X.; Tan, L. (2007). "A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptorosauria

"Grey Go-Away Bird". oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 4 May 2016.. *^ a b c d Turner, D.A. (2016). "Grey Go-away-bird ( ... The grey lourie (Corythaixoides concolor), also known as go-away bird, grey loerie, or kwêvoël, is a bold and common bird of ... "Grey Go-away-bird (Corythaixoides concolor) - HBW 4, p. 505". The Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved 2 May 2016.. ... Grey go-away-bird - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_loerie

Bird series[edit]. The Bird Series of currency notes is the second set of notes to be issued for circulation in Singapore. ... Bird's-eye view of Benjamin Sheares Bridge. 9 March 1987. [56]. [57]. $100. 165 mm x 78 mm. Brown. Passenger liner "Chusan". ... Bird's-eye view of a shipyard. 22 October 1984. [62]. [63]. $10,000. 195 mm x 93 mm. Red. General bulk carrier "Neptune Canopus ... Bird's-eye view of Singapore Changi International Airport by the fleet Singapore Airlines (B747-400). 1 August 1985. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_dollar

American Bird Conservancy. Earthjustice. Retrieved 2010-09-29.. *^ "Avian Collisions at Communication Towers - Sources of ... Hazard to birds[edit]. Main article: Towerkill. Radio, television and cell towers have been documented to pose a hazard to ... Reports have been issued documenting known bird fatalities and calling for research to find ways to minimize the hazard that ... There have also been instances of rare birds nesting in cell towers and thereby preventing repair work due to legislation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tower

"The Birds Of North America Online. CORNELL LAB OF ORNITHOLOGY and the AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. Retrieved October 7, 2015 ... Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 44, 64. ISBN 978-1-4081- ... Western birds migrate through Great Basin to the Pacific Coast. In British Columbia, fall migration begins in September and ... The North American Waterfowl Management Plan for redheads is 760,000 North American birds.[12] The population size has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhead_

Bird observatory[edit]. In 1933, Skokholm started functioning as a bird observatory, the first in Britain, founded by Ronald ... Bird life and larger fauna[edit]. Ronald Lockley, a pioneering ornithologist, especially famous for his work on puffins and ... "Pembrokeshire island reclaims bird observatory status". BBC News. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2017.. ... Skokholm Island was re-accredited as a bird observatory in 2014,[17] with resident wardens Richard Brown and Giselle Eagle.[18] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokholm

Birds[edit]. Example Binomial name Native range Status Continental relative Insular / mainland. length or mass ratio ... but has been since reclassified as a secondarily flightless stem bird, closer to modern birds than Jeholornis (thus actually an ... Lack's principle Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_dwarfism

Birds[edit]. Bird hatchlings may be altricial or precocial. Altricial means that the young hatch naked and with their eyes ... In oviparious biology, a hatchling is a newly hatched fish, amphibian, reptile, or bird.[1] A group of mammals called ... Precocial hatching are feathered when hatched, and can leave the nest immediately.[22] In birds, such as the bobwhite quail, ... The reptile hatchling is quite the opposite of an altricial bird hatchling. Most hatchling reptiles are born with the same ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchling

Mammals and birds[edit]. A large number of mammals and predatory birds have a brown coloration. This sometimes changes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown

His devices, such as temple doors operated by invisible weights or flowing liquids, and mechanical singing birds powered by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden

The rebels figured out the birds' purpose, and defeated it by giving the birds disinformation. When the Capitol discovered this ... Candy-pink birds[edit]. During the 50th Games, Haymitch struck a temporary alliance with a female tribute from his district ... The groosling is an edible wild bird the size of a wild turkey. Katniss hunts it in the first book of the series. Rue states ... Jabberjays are small, crested black birds created by the Capitol during the Dark Days.[6] They possess the capability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_12_

On the shore, thousands of birds corpses can be seen with plastic remaining where the stomach once was. The durability of the ... Walker, T.R.; Reid, K.; Arnould, J.P.Y.; Croxall, J.P. (1997). "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990-1995 ... Marine plastic pollution can even reach birds that have never been at the sea. Parents may accidentally feed their nestlings ... In this remote location, the plastic blockage has proven deadly to these birds. These seabirds choose red, pink, brown, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution

Re:Bird paintings[edit]. Thanks for informing me. I've made some changes just after receiving your message. --Footage (talk) 10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sherool

Greenwood, Paul J. "Mating Systems, Philopatry and Dispersal in Birds and Mammals." Animal Behaviour 28.4 (1980): 1140-162. ... "Alternative Models of Territorial Polygyny in Birds." The American Naturalist 134.3 (1989): 323-43. Print. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_

Bird in a Cage[edit]. A bird in a cage (Trap)-Rib-Hadda subcorpus of letters. (Rib-Hadda was trapped in Gubla-(Byblos), unable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters

Birds[edit]. *Companion parrots such as macaws, African grey parrot, Amazon parrot, cockatoo, etc. ... This includes 7 million dogs, 7.5 million cats, 16 million fish, 12 million birds, and 10 million snakes.[18] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet

Bird and small pet products are created under the All Living Things label, and includes most items necessary for bird and small ... PETA alleges that it is cruel to sell birds bred in warehouses and feels that the breeding of the birds is similar to the use ... PETA renewed its demands that PetSmart permanently stop selling live birds after the voluntary halt in bird sales because of ... a fairly common infection in birds that may produce cold-like symptoms.[12] PetSmart resumed selling live birds again in April ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetSmart

Presence in birds[edit]. The antioxidant characteristics of canthaxanthin have been studied by a number of authors and ... canthaxanthin is transferred from yolk to the developing embryo where it might help to protect the developing bird against ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E161g

Birds[edit]. According to the EPA, clothianidin is practically non-toxic to test bird species that were fed relatively large ... To reduce the possibility that birds and small mammals might eat treated seeds, users are required to ensure that soil covers ... Bobwhite quail eggshell thickness was affected when the test birds were given a diet consisting of relatively large amounts of ... that exposure to treated seeds through ingestion may result in chronic toxic risk to non-endangered and endangered small birds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothianidin

The official bird of the state of Hawaiʻi, the nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of Oahu,[2] Maui, Kauaʻi, ... Birds of North America Online. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 18 March 2009.. ... Successful introductions include Haleakala and Piʻiholo ranches on Maui.[13][14] The nene population stands at 2,500 birds. ... Jobling, James A. (1991). A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. OUP. ISBN 0 19 854634 3.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Goose

Birds[edit]. Main article: Bird nest. In general, birds are the most skilled nest builders, although not all species of birds ... "Largest bird's nest". Guinness World Records. Retrieved August 20, 2013.. *^ a b c d "Mammal Nests and Burrows". Kids' Inquiry ... "Most populous bird's nest". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2013.. ... Birds as Builders of Homes. *. Ingersoll, Ernest (1920). "Nidification" . In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest

Vagrant birds[edit]. Among the many vagrant birds which have been found here, the following were firsts for Britain: *Common ... Great Pool is an SSSI because it is the largest area of fresh water in the islands and important for its breeding birds, and as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresco,_Isles_of_Scilly

They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many large ground-feeding birds (order Galliformes), the male is ... the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not ... Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence Turkey-cocks and Turkey-hens, and soon thereafter, turkeys.[5][8] ... The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the wild ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeys

This would make it the only living bird known to prey on humans, although other birds such as ostriches and cassowaries have ... Birds[edit]. Some evidence supports the contention that the African crowned eagle occasionally views human children as prey, ... The Taung Child, an early human found in Africa, is believed to have been killed by an eagle-like bird similar to the crowned ... Birds of prey of southern Africa: their identification and life histories. David Phillip, Cape Town, South Africa. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-eater

Migratory Bird Center: studies neotropical songbirds and wetland birds, the role of disease in bird population declines, and ... The Bird House[edit]. As of 2020,[update] The Bird House is closed for renovations and scheduled to reopen in 2021.[38] ... "Bird House". Smithsonian's National Zoo. Retrieved January 7, 2020.. *^ Ileana Najarro (August 27, 2014). "National Zoo's ... The zoo's Bird House is currently under renovation and once complete some invertebrates (such as Horseshoe crabs) will be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_

When bringing new birds to a household that already has pet birds, be sure to keep the new birds separated for at least 30 days ... Many wild birds can have the same diseases as pet birds, but for more information about wild birds, visit the wildlife page. ... How to stay healthy around pet birds. Before buying or adopting a pet bird, make sure a bird is the right type of pet for your ... How to house pet birds. *Provide a safe, sturdy enclosure or cage for your bird. Keep pet birds from interacting with all wild ...

https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/pets/birds.html

Please select this option if you encountered this bird or were provided encounter details about this bird while on official ... Please complete only those fields which describe the markers seen on the bird 1 Neck Collar ... Please do not report captive pigeon bands to the BBL, we do not keep a database of these birds. You can find more information ... After submitting your report you will have the ability to upload photos of the band and/or bird to further document your report ...

https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/bblretrv/index.cfm

1st FVC Bird of the Year - 2005 & 2007 / Bruno Lascurain). 1st Vegas Classic - 2005. 1st FVC 728 mile race - 2005 (two birds ... The SURE BET Family is the #1 money winning family of birds in the USA, no other has accomplished what this family has ... 1st Texasshootout Race - 2005 - 2 Sure Bet birds on the drop. 1st FVC 500 mile race - 2004. 1st FVC 350 mile race - 2005. 1st ... can you imagine what this list will look like in another 4 years as thousands of SURE BET Family birds are entered into money ...

https://www.angelfire.com/planet/ronald47578/snowfest/deisher555.html

You all know how we all dream about a certain bird you just have to have for a special mating, a mating that will change your ... Undoubtly Memories has turned out to be the best breeder of all the Creator Family birds Mike brought over!! I want to ... including 8th AU Hall of Fame Young Birds, 7th Place GHC Classic, 1st Place Texas Showdown 400 miles, =1st at 300 miles, and ...

http://www.angelfire.com/planet/ronald47578/heavenlydream.html

Mix - Anouk - BirdsYouTube. * Hans Teeuwen in discussie met de Meiden van Hallal - Duration: 6:39. UitgeverijTumult 463,662 ... Anouk Birds final full version Eurovision Songfestival 2013 - Duration: 5:10. TFE niname 144,494 views ...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMTggnBEtt4&list=PLdnZ0dBxItNImreFzvYUu3WVOr-J_syyb&index=1

Birds. * The Long Spring by Laurence Rose, review: a lyrical diary of the life of migrating birds Premium ... What do birds know about speed limits? Science has the answer Premium By Ken Thompson 10 Feb 2019, 10:30am. ... Winter has set in and it is vital to help the birds in your garden. Heres how Premium By Boudicca Fox-Leonard 6 Jan 2019, 7: ... How can a nation of twitchers abandon its birds? Premium Phoebe Smith 10 Apr 2019, 6:30pm. ...

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/birds/

Birds hobby channel To contact us, contact us: [email protected] Channel interested in publishing special and ... Integrated food for birds in order to produce a bumper (Goldfinch bird, Canary ) - Duration: 11 minutes, 44 seconds.. *188,676 ... The Canary birds shape and color are ideal for producing precise hybrid in the first experiments.. As well as the way they ... Sounds of the cockatiel bird can learn it quickly and song it - Duration: 13 minutes, 17 seconds.. *453,542 views ...

https://www.youtube.com/c/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1?sub_confirmation=1

Some birds, such as hummingbirds, will use their wings to create a blast of air to roll leaves over.[3] Other birds rake a foot ... Some birds, such as the common chiffchaff[1] of Eurasia and the Wilsons warbler[2] of North America, feed actively and appear ... Ridgely, Robert S.; Gwynne, Jr., John A. (1989). A guide to the birds of Panama: with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. ... Peterson, Roger; Mountfort, Guy; Hollom, P.A.D. (1954). A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. p. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning_

Stop the Bird-Killer Amendment. The Bird-Killer Amendment would give oil and gas companies and other industries a free pass to ... Birds of America John James Audubons Birds of America. *Explore the Collection ... Like birds, but dont know how to make the leap to becoming a birder? Here are three easy steps to get you into the field. ... Can one "bird nerd," with little more than a backpack and a spotting scope, crush the round-the-world Big Year record? ...

http://www.audubon.org/birds?page=37

There are a number of ways to attract birds to your garden, from planting native plants to providing safe stopover areas for ... Attracting Birds. There are a number of ways to attract birds to your garden, from planting native plants to providing safe ... Some birds will hunt, roost or even nest in brush piles. * Offer food in feeders- Bird feeders are great sources of ... Do not use a box with a perch, as house sparrows are known to sit on a nesting box perch and peck at other birds using the ...

https://nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Wildlife/Attracting-Birds

Bird Guide App Download Our Free Audubon Bird Guide App Start identifying 821 North American species with our in-depth ... Birds of America John James Audubons Birds of America. *Explore the Collection ... with hundreds of thousands of birds present at one time. Learn more » ...

http://www.audubon.org/birds/resources

From here you can find all relevant information concerning migratory bird species and program information for the U.S. Fish and ... This is the main page for the Migratory Birds program. ... Migratory Birds * Migratory Birds. Providing leadership in the ... The Migratory Bird Coordinator is responsible for migratory birds in the Region. The nongame Migratory Bird Coordinator has ... All migratory birds are listed as trust species and require USFWS to manage these species.The Migratory Bird Program is ...

https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/migbirds/

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birds Head Haggadah.. *. Spitzer, Maurice (ed.). The Birds Head Haggadah of Bezalel ... The fact that the birds heads themselves are those of birds of prey - which are ritually impure according to Jewish law - also ... Epstein theorizes that the choice of birds heads for the Jewish figures in the Birds Head Haggadah hints at the spiritual and ... The Birds Head Haggadah (c. 1300) is the oldest surviving illuminated Ashkenazi Passover Haggadah.[1][2] The manuscript, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah

... socialite pursues a potential boyfriend to a small Northern California town that slowly takes a turn for the bizarre when birds ... The birds used were hand puppets, mechanical, and a couple were trained live birds. See more » ... california , paranoia , bird attack , phone booth , unsolved mystery , See All (130) » Taglines:. It could be the most ... obviously the victim of a bird attack. Soon, birds in the hundreds and thousands are attacking anyone they find out of doors. ...

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056869/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9VGhlIEJpcmRzfGZ0PTF8bXg9MjB8bG09NTAwfGNvPTF8aHRtbD0xfG5tPTE_&fc=1&ft=61&fm=1

2 Birds takes place during one bright summer night and follows a group of young teenagers on a journey from innocence to ... 2 Birds takes place during one bright summer night and follows a group of young teenagers on a journey from innocence to ... 2 Birds takes place during one bright summer night and follows a group of young teenagers on a journey from innocence to ...

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1253563/

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=crocodile_birds&oldid=55877466" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crocodile_birds

... meringues and candy in the form of birds, which are said to have been left for them by birds celebrating their wedding. *1972, ... Birds Wedding *A custom among the Sorbs (Wends) of Lusatia in Germany, whereby on the evening of 24 January children put empty ... On 25 January in Upper Lusatia the custom of Ptači kwas (Birds Wedding) is observed. [...] Following the First World War the ... The Birds Wedding was a custom especially for Wendish children that went as follows: "On January 25th the children would place ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Birds

I like to compare the holiday season with the way a child listens to a favorite story. The pleasure is in the familiar way the story begins, the anticipation of familiar turns it takes, the familiar moments of suspense, and the familiar climax and ending." -Fred Rogers I know its still the middle of November, but I know that many of you are already thinking about holiday gifts for the lovers of physics, astronomy and the Universe in your life. People send me books and other educational materials throughout the year for review, and although they all have good and bad points about them, Im… ...

https://scienceblogs.com/tag/angry-birds

winter birds. ,h2,2. ,strong,Invite the Birds to Dinner,/strong,,/h2, In the winter, birds need food thats high in fat and oil ... winter birds. Winter can be a harsh time of year for wild birds. However, you can make those chilly months more enjoyable for ... winter birds. Winter can be a harsh time of year for wild birds. However, you can make those chilly months more enjoyable for ... winter birds. ,h2,5. ,strong,Make them Warm and Comfy,/strong,,/h2, Inviting birds to your backyard to eat and drink is one ...

https://inhabitat.com/inhabitots/7-ways-to-attract-birds-to-your-backyard-this-winter/winter-birds-jennie-lyon-2/

tags: White Tern, Gygis alba, birds, mystery bird, bird ID quiz [Mystery bird] The White Tern is known by more alternate names ... tags: Cave Swallow, Petrochelidon fulva, birds, mystery bird, bird ID quiz [Mystery bird] A young-of-the-year Cave Swallow, ... tags: Red-throated Loon, Red-throated Diver, Gavia stellata, birds, mystery bird, bird ID quiz [Mystery bird] Red-throated Loon ... tags: Black Kite, Milvus migrans, birds, mystery bird, bird ID quiz [Mystery bird] Black Kite, Milvus migrans, photographed at ...

https://scienceblogs.com/tag/mystery-birds

What is your favorite kind of bird of all not just pet or one of each if you really like birds?. Best answer: For a pet, I ... Your birds could use a playstand as well as a cage. A playstand is a good place to carry out training sessions, since birds can ... I wouldnt mind if the bird screeched when music came on either I would also prefer a bird that can be left alone for a while. ... And a rule that bird owners are quite familiar is that birds can bite and they sometimes do. I have an Amazon Parrot and a ...

https://answers.yahoo.com/dir/index/discover?sid=396546023

From here you can find all relevant information concerning migratory bird species and program information for the U.S. Fish and ... This is the main page for the Migratory Birds program. ... Migratory Birds * Migratory Birds. Providing leadership in the ... The migratory bird species protected by the Act are listed in 50 CFR 10.13. View the list of MBTA protected birds. ... Migratory bird permit policy is developed by the Division of Migratory Bird Management and the permits themselves are issued by ...

https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/migbirds/permits.php

See screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for Bubble Birds. ... Pop batches of funny looking birds by tossing other birds at them and matching sets of three or more birds of the same color. ... Pop batches of funny looking birds by tossing other birds at them and matching sets of three or more birds of the same color. ...

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/bubble-birds/9wzdncrfj3g4?rtc=1

Listen to songs and albums by Radio Birds, including Hold on Me, Wait for Me in the Fall, Long Way Down, and many more. ... Jam in the Van - Radio Birds - Single. 2016. .ember67398496, #ember67398496::before { width: 200px; height: 200px; } @media ( ...

https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/radio-birds/id675387552

When a member spies an interesting bird, they send a text message describing it, complete with the GPS coordinates. The text … ... using cellphones equipped with a GPS satellite positioning receiver to help fellow twitchers dash to the sites where rare birds ... Birds-eye view. 1 June 2002 Birdwatchers in Scandinavia dont want to miss a trick. They are using cellphones equipped with a ... When a member spies an interesting bird, they send a text message describing it, complete with the GPS coordinates. The text is ...

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423453-100-birds-eye-view/

It turns all birds of that color into jokers. 4. JOKER BIRD can be matched with any type of birds with same color. 5.BOMB BIRD ... It turns all birds of that color into jokers. 4. JOKER BIRD can be matched with any type of birds with same color. 5.BOMB BIRD ... 2.HAT BIRD Marks all similar colored birds when matched and stop time and all rows. 3.HYPNO BIRD when matched with birds of ... 2.HAT BIRD Marks all similar colored birds when matched and stop time and all rows. 3.HYPNO BIRD when matched with birds of ...

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/birds-bash/9nblggh08gsm?rtc=1

Bird species living on volcanically or seismically-created oceanic islands have larger brains than their closest mainland ... Brainier Birds Live On Islands , @GrrlScientist. ">. A new study finds that bird species living on oceanic islands that rise ... These birds represented more than 1900 species that belonged to 91% of all living bird families. Mr. Sayol and his ... These birds represented more than 1900 species that belonged to 91% of all living bird families. Mr. Sayol and his ...

https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2018/07/31/brainier-birds-live-on-islands/

Tiny bird comes out on top in battle against bird of prey By Telegraph Reporters ... 9 British birds to kick off your bird-watching hobby 2 Apr 2017, 7:00am. ... Birds of prey. * Estate denies Chris Packham claims grouse moor criminals are behind two golden eagles vanishing By Simon ... From flight of fancy to vital nesting site: how one historic museum has provided a lifeline for the worlds fastest bird By Joe ...

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/birds-of-prey/

r/comics: Everything related to print comics (comic books, graphic novels, and strips) and web comics. Artists are encouraged to post their own work. News and media for adaptations based on comic books are welcome. Read [the subreddit wiki](https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/wiki/index) for more information about the subreddit.

https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/2jyadf/birds_of_paradise/

... anything sticky to birds. Their bills can stick together, other issues, causing injury or death. ... Can you feed a cockatiel bird marshmallows? Its not a good idea to feed sugar to a bird. They need to eat what is healthy for ... Answers.com® WikiAnswers® Categories Food & Cooking Desserts, Snacks, and Treats Marshmallows Do birds eat marshmallows? ... Definitely not, Sparrows are smaller birds and a marshmallow would not only choke it, but the different sugars and preserves, ...

http://www.answers.com/Q/Do_birds_eat_marshmallows

The survey, which is managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, is one of the most comprehensive long-term data sets on bird populations in North America. (scientificamerican.com)
Some birds, such as the common chiffchaff [1] of Eurasia and the Wilson's warbler [2] of North America , feed actively and appear energetic. (wikipedia.org)
Some birds, like the ruby-crowned kinglet [3] and red-eyed vireo [4] of North America use a combination of these tactics. (wikipedia.org)
As a direct result of this overhunting, and to some degree because of losses of natural habitat, the populations of most species of shore birds declined drastically in North America and elsewhere. (encyclopedia.com)
In North America, most pet birds of the parrot species are clipped, but in other parts of the world, wing clipping is considered to be barbaric. (bellaonline.com)
Birds are very abundant in North America. (amnh.org)
To a visitor from North America, where bird hunting is well regulated and only naughty farm boys shoot songbirds, the situation in the Mediterranean is appalling: Every year, from one end of it to the other, hundreds of millions of songbirds and larger migrants are killed for food, profit, sport, and general amusement. (nationalgeographic.com)
Birds & Blooms is the #1 bird and garden magazine in North America with more than 1 million subscribers. (zinio.com)
The rose-breasted grosbeak is a medium-sized, insect-eating bird found commonly in North America. (buzzle.com)
In North America the term may include various gallinaceous birds such as quail and turkey, aquatic quarry birds such as duck and geese, and shorebirds such as woodcock, snipe, and plover. (factmonster.com)

Gleaning is a feeding strategy by birds in which they catch invertebrate prey, mainly arthropods , by plucking them from foliage or the ground, from crevices such as rock faces and under the eaves of houses, or even, as in the case of ticks and lice, from living animals. (wikipedia.org)
Having a very small bill seems to be good for taking tiny prey from the surfaces of leaves, and small-billed birds such as the blue tit forage in broad-leafed woodlands. (wikipedia.org)
This realistic bit of whimsy is part of a large traveling exhibit on birds of prey that has just winged its way to the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. (latimes.com)
Kids can also see just what these birds of prey call dinner. (latimes.com)
The remaining birds of prey traditionally included within Falconiformes have been given their own order, Accipitriformes. (tolweb.org)
Batgirl and the Birds of Prey: Who is Oracle? (librarything.com)
This series is for collected editions branded as Birds of Prey . (librarything.com)
Birds of prey are powerful fliers and have superb eyesight, allowing them to spot prey on the ground even when they are hundreds of yards up in the air. (factmonster.com)
Eagles' talons are designed to seize prey, while the feet of perching birds, such as pipits, lock around twigs. (factmonster.com)
The Wedge-tailed eagle of Australia is the largest and the most magnificent of prey birds. (buzzle.com)

This requires strong legs and feet on the part of the nuthatch and piculet, while birds that face upwards tend to have stiff tail feathers to prop them up. (wikipedia.org)
Many studies show that feathers had already evolved in forms seen on birds today on dinosaurs long before they had wings, beaks, or lots of other adaptations that all birds today have. (nationalgeographic.com)
Families will find other bird-related activities at the museum, such as visiting the raptor station in the afternoon to look at feathers, bones and talons or dissecting owl pellets at 2 p.m. on Saturdays. (latimes.com)
When one or two of the feathers grow back, your bird will be able to fly much better than you suspect and one day he could still fly out. (bellaonline.com)
Those two unprotected feathers at the end of the wing are more apt to be broken or with some birds, they will be able to use those two feathers to get more lift than you would like. (bellaonline.com)
The best way to clip the flights is to cut from 3 to 6 (depending on your bird) of the flight feathers. (bellaonline.com)
Birds have feathers -except when they lose them for one. (neatorama.com)
Filled with detailed illustrations, this informative text explains how birds use their bones, air sacs, and feathers to master the art of flying. (scholastic.com)
Birds have wings covered with feathers, which allow most of them to fly. (factmonster.com)
Pair some birds of the same feathers together to form large clusters on your screen and you can win real money payouts of up to 13,650 coins per cluster! (gambling.com)
LEVEL UP your birds with feathers and up their scoring power. (apple.com)

Gregory J. Irving et al, Collapse of a tropical forest bird assemblage surrounding a hydroelectric reservoir, Global Ecology and Conservation (2018). (phys.org)

It turned out if the landscape is warmed and had old growth on it, populations tended to not be declining of these two bird species,' Betts said. (scientificamerican.com)
Still, he said it provides insight into how bird populations are responding to a changing climate. (scientificamerican.com)
The Migratory Bird Program is responsible for maintaining healthy migratory bird populations for the benefit of the American people. (fws.gov)
All migratory birds are listed as trust species and require USFWS to manage these species.The Migratory Bird Program is responsible for maintaining healthy migratory bird populations for the benefit of the American people. (fws.gov)
Also, from 1984, captive-reared birds were used to establish breeding populations on predator-free offshore islands and predator-proofed mainland reserves. (nzbirdsonline.org.nz)
My hypothesis is that the habitat with the greatest natural resources and the least human intervention will support the largest populations and greatest diversity of birds. (amnh.org)
All across Europe bird populations are in steep decline, and the slaughter in the Mediterranean is one of the causes. (nationalgeographic.com)
Overall, European bird populations appear to have declined since then by 31 per cent. (irishtimes.com)
We might accordingly suspect that insect and bird populations here are more intensely, potentially catastrophically, threatened. (irishtimes.com)
A change in bird populations may reflect management activities such as restoring and maintaining specific habitats. (nps.gov)
For that reason the Heartland Network monitors changes in bird populations over time. (nps.gov)
Improve our understanding of breeding bird habitat relationships and the effects of management actions such as grazing, exotic plant removal and prescribed fire regimes on bird populations, by correlating changes in bird community composition and abundance with changes in habitat variables. (nps.gov)

Do not use a box with a perch, as house sparrows are known to sit on a nesting box perch and peck at other birds using the nesting box. (nwf.org)
Definitely not, Sparrows are smaller birds and a marshmallow would not only choke it, but the different sugars and preserves, etc. would kill it. (answers.com)

Great slaty woodpeckers are one of the birds that have largely vanished following the construction of the Chiew Larn Reservoir some 31 years ago. (phys.org)
Not all woodpeckers will visit your bird feeder, but the tiny-but-mighty downy will! (nature.org)

Many wild birds can have the same diseases as pet birds, but for more information about wild birds, visit the wildlife page . (cdc.gov)
The early spring gathering of Sandhills on the Platte River in Nebraska is among the greatest wildlife spectacles on the continent, with hundreds of thousands of birds present at one time. (audubon.org)
Remove invasive plants from your wildlife habitat - Many invasive plants out-compete the native species favored by birds, insects and other wildlife. (nwf.org)
Reduce your lawn area - Lawns have little value to birds or other wildlife, and they require more energy for mowing, applying fertilizers and watering. (nwf.org)
Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Refuge System's 560-plus refuges cover more than 150 million acres and protect nearly 1,400 species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. (fws.gov)
The Office of Law Enforcement contributes to Service efforts to manage ecosystems, save endangered species, conserve migratory birds, preserve wildlife habitat, restore fisheries, combat invasive species, and promote international wildlife conservation. (fws.gov)
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has the primary responsibility for administration of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918), its amendments, and subsequent acts. (fws.gov)
However, during the nineteenth century and first decade or so of the twentieth century shore birds (and most other hunted species of wildlife) were relentlessly hunted during their migrations and on their wintering grounds. (encyclopedia.com)
That scene took place at Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge just south of Rock Hall, Md., an island oasis for migrating birds and home to dozens of other species, including that eagle. (washingtonpost.com)
More information about avian influenza in wild birds is available at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center website external icon . (cdc.gov)
It contains information on how to attract birds and other wildlife to the backyard and other information of interest to outdoor enthusiasts and amateur ornithologists and lepidopterists. (wikipedia.org)

When birds are infected, veterinarians call the disease avian chlamydiosis. (cdc.gov)
The scientists began by pulling data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey-a 52-year-old avian monitoring program that tracks hundreds of bird species across the U.S. and Canada. (scientificamerican.com)
Outside of school, the six of them laze around in a heap, shooting the breeze, or go on adventures through the crumbling buildings nearby or in some idyllic-looking woods where they steal wild bird eggs and spot avian rarities. (hollywoodreporter.com)
Shannon Hackett and John Bates , the current curators, study the evolution of birds and their parasites at all levels of the avian taxonomic hierarchy, from how orders and families are related to genetic structure at the population level. (fieldmuseum.org)
Have your vet that deals with avian health look your pet over before introducing him to the other birds. (bellaonline.com)
Avian influenza refers to infection of birds with avian influenza Type A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Wild aquatic birds can be infected with avian influenza A viruses in their intestines and respiratory tract, but usually do not get sick. (cdc.gov)
However, avian influenza A viruses are very contagious among birds and some of these viruses can sicken and even kill certain domesticated bird species including chickens, ducks, and turkeys. (cdc.gov)
Infected birds can shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza A viruses have been isolated from more than 100 different species of wild birds. (cdc.gov)
These wild birds are often viewed as reservoirs (hosts) for avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Domesticated birds (chickens, turkeys, etc.) may become infected with avian influenza A viruses through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with surfaces that have been contaminated with the viruses. (cdc.gov)

iGamer Such was the original's stellar success it's no wonder resisting the pull of Angry Birds Space is proving more difficult than escaping an event horizon. (theregister.co.uk)
It's a good thing then, that while Angry Birds Space isn't quite the revolution many had hoped for, Rovio serves up enough novelty and distinguishing mechanics to ensure the game is a true and worthy sequel to its fowl-flinging phenomenon. (theregister.co.uk)
It's a great twist on the Angry Birds formula. (theregister.co.uk)
For Angry Birds Space , there is no higher purpose than simple entertainment. (theregister.co.uk)
Angry Birds within Estonia. (nato.int)
New to the world of Angry Birds? (apple.com)
Angry Birds 2 is the best way to get to know all of the iconic characters and experience the fun gameplay that has captured the hearts (and spare time) of millions of players. (apple.com)
Decorated Angry Birds veteran? (apple.com)
Everything you love about classic Angry Birds games is here with some awesome new additions. (apple.com)
Angry Birds 2 is completely free to play. (apple.com)
Although Angry Birds 2 can be downloaded for free, there are optional in-app purchases available. (apple.com)
Whether it's your first Angry Birds game or your 10th, you'll be flying high in no time. (apple.com)

This information collection is authorized by The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 U.S.C. 703-712. (usgs.gov)

The South Island takahē is a rare relict of the flightless, vegetarian bird fauna which once ranged New Zealand. (nzbirdsonline.org.nz)
Take to the skies with songbirds and raptors, and waddle with some flightless birds, too! (worldcat.org)
Large flightless birds such as ostriches, emus, and rheas are strong runners. (factmonster.com)

This search allows you to explore Field Museum's Bird Division egg and nest collections. (fieldmuseum.org)

Birds & Blooms is an American magazine about backyard plants, birds, butterflies, and other creatures. (wikipedia.org)
Birds & Blooms was started in 1995. (wikipedia.org)
In May 2005, Birds & Blooms began publishing Birds & Blooms EXTRA with magazine issues published six months a year on alternating months to the original Birds & Bloom magazine. (wikipedia.org)

Make a nest of birds in two minutes and accelerated production - Duration: 5 minutes, 27 seconds. (youtube.com)
There are a number of ways to attract birds to your garden, from planting native plants to providing safe stopover areas for them to eat, drink and nest. (nwf.org)
Some birds will hunt, roost or even nest in brush piles. (nwf.org)
Watch for these striking red birds as they grab a snack from nearby bird feeders, forage along the ground and nest in the undergrowth along property edges. (nature.org)
SET like a black and-white cloud atop a pedestal nest, the bird was beautiful. (newscientist.com)
The third is Silence will carry your voice like the nest that holds the sleeping birds. (behance.net)
Different bird species build different types of nest. (factmonster.com)
Many birds nest in trees because eggs laid there will be out of reach of many predators. (factmonster.com)
Some birds nest in other inaccessible places. (factmonster.com)
Many sea birds, such as gulls, nest on cliff ledges, while kingfishers dig burrows in riverbanks. (factmonster.com)

We watched some of the early arrivals, huge white birds with black beaks, and they were not alone, as eagles, herons, geese, starlings and red-winged blackbirds vied for our attention. (washingtonpost.com)
Some shore birds have long beaks to probe the mud for worms. (factmonster.com)

Because of this, certain types of birds might not be suitable for young children or people with weakened immune systems living in the household. (cdc.gov)
Give them their own set of binoculars, a field journal, a book on birding and pen to help them track and record the different types of birds they see. (inhabitat.com)
s a charming set of images featuring all types of birds in quite cozy cottages complete with furniture an. (neatorama.com)
In the Heartland region of the US there are around 120 different types of birds. (nps.gov)

There are 230 species of birds in Central Park alone (Johnson, 1). (amnh.org)
Different species of birds live in or depend on different habitats. (amnh.org)
There are over 9000 species of birds soaring the skies in different parts of the word. (buzzle.com)

Betts conceded it may be that birds flock to these ecosystems for other reasons despite below-average temperatures. (scientificamerican.com)
Birds are great indicators of local and regional changes in ecosystems. (nps.gov)

The human story begins in a San Francisco pet shop and culminates at the home of Mitch's mother (Jessica Tandy) at Bodega Bay, where the characters' sense of security is slowly eroded by the curious behavior of the birds in the area. (rottentomatoes.com)

Winter can be a harsh time of year for wild birds. (inhabitat.com)
And water is essential for the survival and health of wild birds. (inhabitat.com)
The majority of the wild birds from which these viruses have been recovered represent gulls, terns and shorebirds or waterfowl such as ducks, geese and swans. (cdc.gov)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game birds . (wikipedia.org)
Many species of shore birds are hunted as game birds. (encyclopedia.com)
game birds, a term used variously for all birds of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous, or chickenlike, birds), for certain quarry species within this order, and for a variety of quarry birds of several other orders. (factmonster.com)
Game birds are hunted extensively, especially in the English-speaking world, and a number of dogs, including pointers, setters, and retrievers, have been specially bred for this purpose. (factmonster.com)
Laws designating game birds and licensing their hunting were originally enacted in England to protect the privileges of nobility. (factmonster.com)

They are using cellphones equipped with a GPS satellite positioning receiver to help fellow twitchers dash to the sites where rare birds have been spotted. (newscientist.com)

Our magazine covers a wide range of topics such as attracting hummingbirds, building birdhouses, gardening for butterflies, feeding birds for less, growing veggies, tales of readers' birding experiences, plus a whole lot more. (zinio.com)

Sounds of the cockatiel bird can learn it quickly and song it - Duration: 13 minutes, 17 seconds. (youtube.com)
Can you feed a cockatiel bird marshmallows? (answers.com)
Once the cockatiel bird learns to wolf whistle you will hear it all day. (bellaonline.com)

2006). It encompasses most - though by no means all - of the familiar groups of land birds, including the largest order, Passeriformes, which comprises over half of all bird species. (tolweb.org)
The largest order, Passeriformes or perching birds, includes over half of all bird species. (factmonster.com)

One of the best ways you can protect yourself from getting sick is to thoroughly wash your hands with running water and soap after you touch birds, their droppings, or items in their cages. (cdc.gov)
Perch or stick training your birds can help you remove your birds from their cages without being nipped. (yahoo.com)
In a bird market in the Mediterranean tourist town of Marsa Matruh, Egypt, I was inspecting cages crowded with wild turtledoves and quail when one of the birdsellers saw the disapproval in my face and called out sarcastically, in Arabic: "You Americans feel bad about the birds, but you don't feel bad about dropping bombs on someone's homeland. (nationalgeographic.com)
He kissed his fingers to suggest how good the birds tasted, and I kept frowning at the cages. (nationalgeographic.com)

Here, seven ways to attract birds to your backyard this winter, and how to get your children excited that they are there. (inhabitat.com)

singing mating goldfinch Raging / He Forcing The female on Take position : bird 2 - Duration: 12 minutes. (youtube.com)
Mix natural feed the small nestlings birds / Canary and hybrid goldfinch - Duration: 13 minutes, 48 seconds. (youtube.com)
Integrated food for birds in order to produce a bumper (Goldfinch bird, Canary ) - Duration: 11 minutes, 44 seconds. (youtube.com)

Cariamidae (seriemas), traditionally considered to belong to Gruiformes, may also be closer to Passeriformes than to most other 'Land Birds', though the support for this is not strong. (tolweb.org)

What's neat about the entire show, he said, is that many of the birds--eagles, hawks, condors, falcons, owls, vultures--are mounted in active positions that show them in real-life situations amid natural surroundings. (latimes.com)

The young of ground-nesting birds, such as ducks and geese, hatch out as fluffy chicks that are soon able to stand and fend for themselves. (factmonster.com)

Nests are safe places where birds lay their eggs and rear their young. (factmonster.com)
Use the slingshot to fling birds at the piggies' towers and bring them crashing down - all to save the precious eggs. (apple.com)

These features are even seen in gleaning birds that are not closely related. (wikipedia.org)
Despite their classification in the same order, shore birds are not closely related to each other. (encyclopedia.com)
Anatomical and molecular evidence suggest that the scrub-birds are most closely related to the lyrebirds (Menuridae), with these two families diverging from each other 30-35 million years ago. (encyclopedia.com)
Closely related to the crow, this hardy bird species is highly intelligent, eye-catching and shows an engaging personality. (buzzle.com)

The risk assessment for birds and mammals uses a tiered approach to assess the risk of mortality and reproductive effects, the current guidance document is the European Food Safety Standards (EFSA) guidance document for risk assessment for birds and mammals ((EFSA-Q-2009-00223). (hse.gov.uk)
EFSA Guidance document for Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals (EFSA-Q-2009-00223)1. (hse.gov.uk)
Whilst using the EFSA Guidance Document of Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals (EFSA-Q-2009-00223) several errors in the text have been noticed. (hse.gov.uk)
When a product has more than one active substance, the potential additional risks to birds and mammals must also be considered. (hse.gov.uk)
In such cases a combined assessment is required for acute and long-term effects on birds and mammals. (hse.gov.uk)
Birds are so different from humans and other mammals. (amnh.org)

Play the world's best bird flinging, pig popping game! (apple.com)

It is always a good choice to keep your birds' wings clipped. (yahoo.com)
My birds have had their wings clipped---they won't be able to escape out of the house and get lost. (yahoo.com)
Birds that were never allowed to fly before having their wings clipped are often very nervous birds. (bellaonline.com)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtS3bCuDuxk]YouTube LinkThis bird in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park isn't welcoming the throngs of visitors that the park receives daily. (neatorama.com)

Bird owners should be aware that although their pets might be highly intelligent and fun companions, they can sometimes carry germs that can make people sick. (cdc.gov)
Before buying or adopting a pet bird, make sure a bird is the right type of pet for your family. (cdc.gov)
Birds require special care and can sometimes carry germs that can make people sick . (cdc.gov)
Many birds make use of multiple feeding strategies, depending on the availability of different sources of food and opportunities of the moment. (wikipedia.org)
Like birds, but don't know how to make the leap to becoming a birder? (audubon.org)
However, you can make those chilly months more enjoyable for both your family and the birds by making your backyard a bird winter wonderland. (inhabitat.com)
From here on, the numerous birds that make up the Chorus keep rushing in. (tufts.edu)
If you are going to clip the wings, please make sure that the bird has had a lot of practice and can fly well first. (bellaonline.com)
If you have a child and you are always prepared and make sure that your child is safe, and you can do the same with your bird. (bellaonline.com)
Clipping the flights except for the last two may make it look as if your bird has not been clipped while he is sitting on a perch. (bellaonline.com)
The decision of whether to clip your bird or not, is yours to make. (bellaonline.com)
Water Birds' is an informal name for a group including many though by no means all of the families that make their livings in the water. (tolweb.org)
After seeing a red-tailed hawk in a park near my house, and two blue jays in a school courtyard, I became interested in how these birds make a home in the busy, dangerous city of New York. (amnh.org)
I could have answered that it's possible to feel bad about both birds and bombs, that two wrongs don't make a right. (nationalgeographic.com)
Birds have evolved many features to make flight possible. (factmonster.com)
With around 9,000 species, birds make up the second-largest vertebrate class after fish. (factmonster.com)
If you already own a bird, make sure you quarantine the new arrival for at least 8 weeks before you introduce the new bird to the existing birds. (bellaonline.com)
Features like multi-stage levels, pig-punishing spells and choosing the order in which you fling birds make the game more irresistible than ever. (apple.com)

If you want to attract this sunny yellow bird to your feeders, fill them with sunflower and nyjer seed. (nature.org)
To attract the widest range of bird species to your yard during the winter, it's important to have many different bird feeders available. (inhabitat.com)

People most commonly get psittacosis after exposure to pet birds, like parrots and cockatiels, and poultry, like turkeys or ducks. (cdc.gov)

In Britain game bird refers particularly to partridge, grouse, and quail. (factmonster.com)

Less commonly, birds infect people through bites and beak-to-mouth contact. (cdc.gov)
These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. (cdc.gov)

Psittacosis is a disease caused by bacteria ( Chylamydia psittaci ) spread through the droppings and respiratory secretions of infected birds. (cdc.gov)
People most commonly get psittacosis by breathing in dust from droppings or respiratory secretions of infected birds. (cdc.gov)

Your children will also enjoy making pine cone goodies for the birds by painting peanut butter on pine cones and then rolling them in seed - birds can't resist them when they're hanging in your backyard trees. (inhabitat.com)
It is dangerous to feed marshmallows, peanut butter, anything "sticky" to birds. (answers.com)

Both species of scrub-bird forage in leaf litter on the ground, eating a wide variety of invertebrates. (encyclopedia.com)

And as your birding skills grow, we hope you'll continue to learn more about the myriad bird species that thrive in the wetlands, prairies, forests and other wild places The Nature Conservancy and our partners work hard toprotect for people and nature. (nature.org)

This is no dreary, bookish study of birds. (latimes.com)
A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. (tolweb.org)

Meanwhile, forest-dependent birds have largely vanished, as the once-contiguous rainforest has been replaced by isolated habitat patches overgrown with bamboo and vines. (phys.org)
Without taking into account the potential for serious mainland edge effects and associated human disturbance of habitat, planners will underestimate the potential impact of hydropower development on bird biodiversity. (phys.org)
Providing leadership in the conservation of migratory bird habitat through partnerships, grants, and outreach for present and future generations. (fws.gov)
Both scrub-bird species prefer habitat with very dense vegetation cover close to the ground, a thick layer of leaf litter, and a moist microclimate. (encyclopedia.com)
In the case of the rufous scrub-bird, suitable habitat occurs mainly in rainforest, associated with natural or human-induced openings in the canopy, or in adjoining moist eucalyptus forest that has been well buffered from fire. (encyclopedia.com)
How does habitat affect the diversity and number of bird species in Central Park? (amnh.org)
He suggested that I visit different parts of Central Park to observe birds because Central Park has a lot of variation in habitat. (amnh.org)
Birds' feet are shaped to help them move in their particular habitat. (factmonster.com)
Thus, improving our understanding of birds and their specific habitat needs. (nps.gov)

A study by an international team of conservation scientists found that a dam built in Thailand 31 years ago has caused the local bird population to collapse. (phys.org)
Let us send you the latest in bird and conservation news. (audubon.org)
The Migratory Bird Management Office in Washington D.C. published a list of the Species of Conservation Concern, 2008 . (fws.gov)

Old-growth forests can provide a refuge for heat-sensitive birds as temperatures rise across the Pacific Northwest, according to new research. (scientificamerican.com)

Inviting birds to your backyard to eat and drink is one thing - inviting them to stay permanently is quite another. (inhabitat.com)
Now that you have a backyard filled with beautiful birds, keep your children excited by getting them involved. (inhabitat.com)

And most importantly, choose feed that is strictly organic to prevent the birds from ingesting toxic pesticides. (inhabitat.com)

Adult birds do not normally sleep in nests, but roost in trees or other sheltered spots. (factmonster.com)

Gleaning, in birds, does not refer to foraging for seeds or fruit. (wikipedia.org)
Not picky eaters, they're happy to eat nuts, seeds, suet and corn, and will often dominate a bird feeder. (nature.org)
They frequent bird feeders throughout the year, particularly if those feeders are stocked with sunflower seeds. (nature.org)
Many birds rely on evergreens for the seeds, nuts and berries they produce all season long. (inhabitat.com)

The Iridescent feathered American crow is one of the most common bird species that is spotted throughout America. (buzzle.com)

How can a nation of twitchers abandon its birds? (telegraph.co.uk)

However, most of these shore birds are commonly found in and around the shores, beaches, and mudflats of marine and fresh waters. (encyclopedia.com)
Many species of shore birds predictably congregate in large numbers at particular times of year, generally during the spring or autumn migrations, or during winter. (encyclopedia.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms38

Diseases4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science2

Health Care7

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (1/4610)

Casts of hepatic blood vessels: a comparison of the microcirculation of the penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, with some common laboratory animals. (2/4610)

First report of Thelazia sp. from a captive Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Japan. (3/4610)

Evidence for a correlation between the number of marginal band microtubules and the size of vertebrate erthrocytes. (4/4610)

Temperature regulation and heat dissipation during flight in birds. (5/4610)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (6/4610)

Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree. (7/4610)

Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: extinctions on a large Melanesian island. (8/4610)

Birds

Passeriformes

Songbirds

Animal Migration

Feathers

Charadriiformes

Flight, Animal

Psittaciformes

Animals, Wild

Parrots

Anseriformes

Chickens

Raptors

Galliformes

Nesting Behavior

Falconiformes

Vocalization, Animal

Finches

Beak

Sparrows

Geese

Ducks

Columbidae

Cloaca

Bird Fancier's Lung

Poultry Diseases

Crows

Phylogeny

Species Specificity

Spheniscidae

Reptiles

Haemosporida

Poultry

Palaeognathae

Feeding Behavior

Seasons

Biological Evolution

Ecosystem

Dinosaurs

Coturnix

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype

Starlings

Animals, Zoo

Geography

Population Dynamics

Mammals

Homing Behavior

Wind

Fossils

Trees

Conservation of Natural Resources

Radar

Population Density

Canaries

Reproduction

Biodiversity

Strigiformes

Alligators and Crocodiles

Cockatoos

Hawks

Clutch Size

Parakeets

Molting

Wing

Sexual Behavior, Animal

Body Size

Psittacosis

West Nile virus

West Nile Fever

Proventriculus

Crop, Avian

Bornaviridae

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (1/4610)

Casts of hepatic blood vessels: a comparison of the microcirculation of the penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, with some common laboratory animals. (2/4610)

First report of Thelazia sp. from a captive Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Japan. (3/4610)

Evidence for a correlation between the number of marginal band microtubules and the size of vertebrate erthrocytes. (4/4610)

Temperature regulation and heat dissipation during flight in birds. (5/4610)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (6/4610)

Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree. (7/4610)

Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: extinctions on a large Melanesian island. (8/4610)