Biphasic Insulins

Insulin Aspart

Insulin, Isophane

Insulin

Hypoglycemic Agents

Glucose

Islets of Langerhans

Receptor, Insulin

Secretory Vesicles

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Insulin-Secreting Cells

Exocytosis

Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated

Insulin Resistance

Drug Administration Schedule

Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins

Insulin, Long-Acting

Insulin Antibodies

Insulin Antagonists

Regular insulin

Insulin (medication)

Insulin

Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3

Pyruvate kinase

Glossary of diabetes

Randle cycle

Countercurrent distribution

List of drugs: Bi-Bo

Gerold Grodsky

N-Acylethanolamine

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Blood-injection-injury type phobia

Wnt signaling pathway

Medication

Adult neurogenesis

GDI2

Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate

Cystic fibrosis

Hormesis

Gymnema sylvestre

Anandamide

Apolipoprotein D

Prednisolone

Progesterone

Mitochondrion

Secretion19

• Pertussis toxin uncoupling-based studies have shown that Gαi and Gαo can inhibit insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Yet it is unclear whether Gαi and Gαo operate through identical mechanisms and how these G-protein-mediated signals inhibit insulin secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Our objective is to examine whether/how Gαo regulates islet development and insulin secretion in β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by pancreatic ß cells is biphasic. (bvsalud.org)
• Increased uncoupling protein-2 levels in beta-cells are associated with impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: mechanism of action. (shengsci.com)
• In pancreatic beta-cells, glucose metabolism signals insulin secretion by altering the cellular array of messenger molecules. (shengsci.com)
• First-phase insulin secretion: does it exist in real life? (blogspot.com)
• IN THE PAST THREE DECADES, the relevance of insulin secretion abnormalities in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been extensively debated, and a consensus has been reached that, to fulfill its pivotal role in regulating glucose metabolism, insulin secretion must not only be quantitatively appropriate, but also possess qualitative, dynamic features that optimize insulin action on target tissues. (blogspot.com)
• In particular, increasing emphasis has been placed on the importance of the so-called first-phase insulin secretion to glucose homeostasis. (blogspot.com)
• Does a first-phase insulin secretion really exist in in vivo physiology? (blogspot.com)
• The early surge in insulin concentration is capable of limiting the initial glucose excursion mainly through the prompt inhibition of endogenous glucose production, with the insulin mediated curtailment of glucagon secretion being particularly relevant. (blogspot.com)
• So let's put this together with the changes in insulin secretion and glucose levels in the progression of glucose intolerance through diabetes. (blogspot.com)
• Mostly I'm posting this because it is not always made clear that the FPIR is not physiologically relevant per se, but there seems to be a clear relationship between it's presence or absence in an intravenous glucose test and proper insulin secretion in response to a glucose load. (blogspot.com)
• The present invention also relates to methods of restoring the incretin effect, to restoring physiologic control of glucagon levels, to restoring first-phase insulin secretion, and to restoring the physiologic glucose-dependent insulin secretion. (justia.com)
• Insulin secretion is stimulated to greater extent by oral intake of glucose than by intravenous intake of glucose. (justia.com)
• This post-meal increase in insulin is referred to as first phase insulin secretion. (justia.com)
• A second phase of insulin secretion follows and is sustained until normal blood glucose levels are restored. (justia.com)
• Clinical observations reveal that patients with metabolic syndrome disorders such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity are characterized by progressive reductions in the magnitude of first-phase insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction, creating a new pathogenic platform shared by all components of the metabolic syndrome. (justia.com)
• Joan Domingo-Espín J, Lindahl M, Nilsson-Wolanin O, Cushman S W, Stenkula K G, Lagerstedt J O. Dual Actions of Apolipoprotein A-I on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Insulin-Independent Peripheral Tissue Glucose Uptake Lead to Increased Heart and Skeletal Muscle Glucose Disposal. (lu.se)

Aspart 304

• A recently completed study that compared two types of insulin for treating inadequately controlled type 2 patients showed that insulin degludec/insulin aspart produced fewer instances of hypoglycemia than biphasic insulin aspart 30. (diabeteshealth.com)
• The patients, divided into two groups, received twice-daily injections of either insulin degludec/insulin aspart or biphasic insulin aspart 30. (diabeteshealth.com)
• Novo Nordisk also manufactures biphasic insulin aspart 30, which it introduced in 2005. (diabeteshealth.com)
• Insulin degludec/insulin aspart users required smaller doses of their drug than the biphasic insulin aspart 30 users. (diabeteshealth.com)

Analogues6

• Are insulin analogues an unavoidable necessity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in developing countries? (who.int)
• ABSTRACT Despite their reported benefits in terms of glycaemic control, insulin analogues are expensive for patients in developing countries. (who.int)
• RÉSUMÉ En dépit des avantages rapportés en termes de contrôle de la glycémie, les analogues de l'insuline sont coûteux pour les patients des pays en développement. (who.int)
• Among the new treatment regimens that have emerged, the development of rapid- and long-acting insulin analogues using recombinant DNA technology represents a major advance in the treatment of diabetes (Barrio Castellanos, 2005). (diabetesonthenet.com)
• In addition, the rapid-acting insulin analogues offer convenience as well as clinical benefits - they are injected immediately before a meal rather than 30-45 minutes in advance (Lepore et al, 2000). (diabetesonthenet.com)
• Modern pre-mixes manufactured using rapid-acting insulin analogues offer better postprandial control and are therefore replacing the traditional products (Garber, 2006). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Glargine1

• In addition, insulin glargine has a stable metabolic profile that more closely mimics the action of endogenous insulin (Naess et al, 2004). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Injection6

• By Eli Lilly these include:[citation needed] Humulin R (REGULAR human insulin injection [rDNA origin]) is a short-acting insulin that has a relatively short duration of activity as compared with other insulins. (wikipedia.org)
• Humulin R Regular U-500 (Concentrated) insulin human injection, USP (rDNA Origin) is a stronger concentration (500 units/mL) of Humulin R. Humulin 70/30 (70% human insulin isophane suspension, 30% human insulin injection [rDNA origin]) is a mixture insulin. (wikipedia.org)
• It is an intermediate-acting insulin combined with the onset of action of Humulin Humulin 50/50 (50% human insulin isophane suspension, 50% human insulin injection [rDNA origin]) is a mixture insulin. (wikipedia.org)
• Manufactured by Novo Nordisk, insulin degludec/insulin aspart combines an ultra-long-lasting basal insulin with a rapid-acting insulin in a single injection. (diabeteshealth.com)
• It involves long-acting (basal) insulin, which is injected at night, and an additional bolus injection of short-acting insulin before each meal. (diabetesonthenet.com)
• its major disadvantage is that it causes a peak in plasma insulin concentration 1-2 hours after injection, unlike the short-lived prandial response seen in people without diabetes (Kumar and Clark, 1998). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Degludec1

• Like insulin degludec/insulin aspart, it is designed to perform as a long-lasting insulin that delivers good glycemic control while lowering the risk of hypoglycemic episodes. (diabeteshealth.com)

Soluble2

• Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin and soluble insulin, is a type of short-acting medical insulin. (wikipedia.org)
• The interaction of the insulin into basal background insulin isophane with soluble insulin humulin m insuman comb biphasic analogue insulin is stable monitor closely. (familytreecounseling.com)

Pancreatic1

• However the first phase insulin response, hereinafter FPIR, is a non-physiologic phenomenon sometimes used to assess pancreatic function. (blogspot.com)

Glycaemic control2

• Introduction: Intensive insulin therapy with multiple daily injections (MDI) gives better glycaemic control than conventional biphasic insulin regimen in children with type 1 Diabetes mellitus. (eurospe.org)
• Though MDI regimen is widely practiced in other countries, this is not so in Sri Lanka.Objective: Effect on glycaemic control and BMI of children with TIDM after the change of insulin regimen to MDI from twice daily insulin regime. (eurospe.org)

Isophane1

• In 2020, the combination of human insulin with insulin isophane was the 246th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. (wikipedia.org)

Novo Nordisk1

• Insulin detemir is currently licensed as part of a basal-bolus insulin regimen only (Novo Nordisk, 2005). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Humulin3

• Humulin, one brand name for a group of biosynthetic human insulin products, is synthesized in a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria which has been genetically altered with recombinant DNA to produce biosynthetic human insulin. (wikipedia.org)
• Humulin R consists of zinc-insulin crystals dissolved in a clear fluid. (wikipedia.org)
• It is an intermediate-acting insulin combined with the onset of action of Humulin R. In UK these include: Actrapid Humulin S Insuman Rapid "insulin regular human (OTC) - Humulin R, Novolin R". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. (wikipedia.org)

Glulisine1

• Lipoatrophy in children, adolescents and adults with insulin pump treatment: Is there a beneficial effect of insulin glulisine? (auf-der-bult.de)

Endogenous2

• McCormack and McElduff, 2004), such mixes do not closely match the profile of endogenous insulin and studies comparing them with a basal insulin and oral antidiabetic agent (OAD) combination have produced mixed findings (Janka et al, 2005). (diabetesonthenet.com)
• Non-insulin therapies are available to reduce endogenous gluconeogenesis or improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, e.g., metformin, sulfonylureas or thiazolidinediones (TZD). (justia.com)

Basal insulin1

• An alternative regimen to basal-bolus for people with type 2 diabetes is twice-daily pre-mixed insulin in which traditional short- or rapid-acting insulin and intermediate-acting basal insulin are combined in one syringe. (diabetesonthenet.com)

Glucagon1

• The incretin effect is caused mainly by the two intestinal insulin-stimulating hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). (justia.com)

Sensitivity2

• We hypothesized that selective manipulation of baroreflex activity through electrical carotid sinus stimulation influences insulin sensitivity by changing muscular glucose delivery. (shengsci.com)
• In conclusion, acute changes in baroreceptor stimulation did not elicit significant changes in muscular glucose delivery and whole-body insulin sensitivity. (shengsci.com)

Resistance9

• This has led to the hypothesis that clustering of risk factors such as insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, may be an indication of an underlying metabolic disorder which increases the risk for premature atherosclerosis. (gla.ac.uk)
• Other influences of the LDL subfraction profile were the activities of lipases and parameters indicative of the presence of insulin resistance. (gla.ac.uk)
• The CAD patients also demonstrated some features of insulin resistance, such as hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic response, both after the standardised fat meal as well as after a modified glucose meal carried in almost fat free yoghurt. (gla.ac.uk)
• Lipoprotein lipase activity is believed to be modulated by hormonal influence such as insulin and resistance of LPL to insulin may be responsible for the lower preheparin LPL documented in CAD patients. (gla.ac.uk)
• The prevalence of insulin resistance and the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in Singapore may be higher than other population because of the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. (gla.ac.uk)
• There were also ethnic differences in markers of insulin resistance such as fasting insulin and fasting glucose and these difference paralleled that seen in LDL-III concentration. (gla.ac.uk)
• Effects of pioglitazone on adipose tissue remodeling within the setting of obesity and insulin resistance. (shengsci.com)
• Obesity and dysfunctional energy partitioning can lead to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (shengsci.com)
• It follows, that the metabolic disorders should be correctable by the treatment, or restoration, of the failing components of the underlying pathogenic platform of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. (justia.com)

Early insulin3

• What is the relationship between the first-phase insulin response to a brisk intravenous glucose challenge and the early insulin response following glucose ingestion? (blogspot.com)
• An increasing body of evidence indicates that the early insulin response following glucose ingestion plays a critical role in the maintenance of postprandial glucose homeostasis. (blogspot.com)
• Importantly, enhanced early insulin release is associated with improved overall glucose tolerance. (justia.com)

Phase insulin3

• First Phase Insulin ~ Physiological Relevance? (blogspot.com)
• This confirms, under physiological conditions, the findings of the studies that assessed the metabolic relevance of the first-phase insulin response to intravenous glucose. (blogspot.com)
• However, these therapies fail to restore first-phase insulin release or the incretin effect. (justia.com)

Metabolic3

• The metabolic effects of GH are biphasic. (msdmanuals.com)
• Several hours later, more profound anti- insulin -like metabolic effects occur. (msdmanuals.com)
• Metabolic activity reaches a plateau 4 hours after its administration, remaining constant for 30 hours, whereas the time-action profile of traditional Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin shows a pronounced peak after 4-6 hours followed by a decline (Heinemann et al, 2000). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Bolus1

• The basal-bolus insulin regimen is the most common one for people with type 1 diabetes. (diabetesonthenet.com)

Diabetes6

• Regular insulin is used for the long-term management of diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
• Although some of the patients in the study were already taking once or twice-daily injections of insulin, or were taking oral diabetes medications, the medications were failing to help them achieve adequate control over their blood sugars. (diabeteshealth.com)
• This study in Jordan aimed to compare the effectiveness and adverse events of premixed human insulin (BHI30) versus premixed insulin analogue (BIAsp30) in patients with type 2 diabetes. (who.int)
• However, the physiological significance of biphasic GSIS and its relationship to diabetes are not yet fully understood. (bvsalud.org)
• It is clear that even before diabetes, the acute insulin response is lacking which causes glucose levels to go higher prompting an increased but delayed insulin response. (blogspot.com)
• The last few years have seen several new developments in the treatment and management of diabetes, including new insulin formulations and delivery methods, simpler blood sugar tests and people with diabetes taking greater responsibility for the management of their condition (Naess and Eriksen, 2002). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Glucose metabolism1

• What are the effects of such insulin responses on glucose metabolism? (blogspot.com)

Regimen1

• In this article Phillip Pickstock describes a retrospective questionnaire analysis assessing the effect of an insulin regimen change on treatment satisfaction and general wellbeing. (diabetesonthenet.com)

Incretin3

• The incretin effect denominates the phenomenon that oral glucose elicits a higher insulin response than does intravenous glucose. (shengsci.com)
• This effect, which is called the incretin effect, is estimated to be responsible for more than half of the insulin response to glucose. (justia.com)
• The rapid and sizable increase in insulin release initiated by the incretin effect begins within two minutes of nutrient ingestion and continues for up to 15 minutes. (justia.com)

Adipose tissue1

• GH initially exerts insulin -like effects, increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat, stimulating amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in liver and muscle, and inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue. (msdmanuals.com)

Patients1

• La présente étude en Jordanie visait à comparer l'efficacité de l'insuline humaine prémélangée (BHI30) à celle de l'analogue de l'insuline prémélangé (BIAsp30) ainsi que les événements indésirables pour deux substances chez des patients atteints de diabète de type 2. (who.int)

Bedtime1

• In addition, insulin glargine's constant and peakless profile allows its flexible administration - whereas traditional insulins must be injected at bedtime - and it has a lower inter-subject variability than short-acting insulins, making accurate dosing and titration easier (Lepore et al, 2000). (diabetesonthenet.com)

Acute1

• This is true, but even in the peer review literature that term seems to be misused to equate with the acute spike in insulin levels to a high oral glucose load. (blogspot.com)

20201

• Risk Factors and Characteristics of Biphasic Anaphylaxis [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 4]. (auf-der-bult.de)

Fewer1

• Given the very short time frames involved, and how there would be fewer complicating factors in assessing glucose and insulin levels, I'm surprised we don't hear more about this as a diagnostic measure. (blogspot.com)

Treatment2

• Results demonstrated that biotin has a biphasic effect on GK mRNA expression, being stimulatory after short-term treatment and inhibitory after longterm treatment. (nih.gov)
• Insulin release was not affected by biotin treatment. (nih.gov)

Relationship1

• In a group of young Singaporean males, the relationship of plasma triglyceride with LDL-II failed to show a biphasic pattern but rather, increasing levels of plasma triglyceride was associated with decreasing levels of LDL-II. (gla.ac.uk)

Control1

• Beta-cell dysfunction is, in turn, characterized by its two contributing components: (1) the progressive impairment of insulin production, and (2) the progressive impairment of physiologic control of insulin release. (justia.com)

Types1

• However, both types of insulin were equally effective at controlling A1c's. (diabeteshealth.com)

Levels2

• Diagnosis is clinical, by skull and hand x-rays, and by measurement of levels of growth hormone and insulin -like growth factor 1. (msdmanuals.com)
• You can click to enlarge but top to bottom are series of glucose, insulin and proinsulin responses to a standard OGTT, from left to right in normal, IGT, and four "stages" of T2 based on progressive fasting glucose levels. (blogspot.com)