Biotransformation
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Cunninghamella
Microsomes, Liver
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.
Dealkylation
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Hydroxylation
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I
Functionalization of exogenous substances to prepare them for conjugation in PHASE II DETOXIFICATION. Phase I enzymes include CYTOCHROME P450 enzymes and some OXIDOREDUCTASES. Excess induction of phase I over phase II detoxification leads to higher levels of FREE RADICALS that can induce CANCER and other cell damage. Induction or antagonism of phase I detoxication is the basis of a number of DRUG INTERACTIONS.
Ketoconazole
Biodegradation, Environmental
Xenobiotics
Trichloroethanes
Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.
Mass Spectrometry
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.
Glucuronosyltransferase
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II
The conjugation of exogenous substances with various hydrophilic substituents to form water soluble products that are excretable in URINE. Phase II modifications include GLUTATHIONE conjugation; ACYLATION; and AMINATION. Phase II enzymes include GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE and GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. In a sense these reactions detoxify phase I reaction products.
Glutathione Transferase
Trinitrotoluene
Liver
Glucuronides
Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.
Stereoisomerism
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Molecular Structure
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
Metabolic Detoxication, Drug
Gordonia Bacterium
Oxygenases
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.
Bile
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
Isoenzymes
Environmental Pollutants
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Equol
Glucuronates
Methoxyflurane
An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
Half-Life
Nitroglycerin
Berberidaceae
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1
An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include ETHANOL; INHALATION ANESTHETICS; BENZENE; ACETAMINOPHEN and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.
Feces
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Hepatocytes
Monoterpenes
Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6
Carbon Radioisotopes
Hepatophyta
Norisoprenoids
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Ethylmorphine
Drug Interactions
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1
A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.
Mucorales
Ictaluridae
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Prodrugs
7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase
Pseudomonas putida
Isoflavones
Coumarins
Soil Pollutants
Alprazolam
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Atrazine
A selective triazine herbicide. Inhalation hazard is low and there are no apparent skin manifestations or other toxicity in humans. Acutely poisoned sheep and cattle may show muscular spasms, fasciculations, stiff gait, increased respiratory rates, adrenal degeneration, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed)
Triazines
Metabolic Engineering
Aspergillus ochraceus
Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase
Parathion
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Flame Retardants
Enzyme Induction
Lactobacillus brevis
Triazolam
A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Acrylonitrile
Coumaric Acids
Pyrazolones
Phenobarbital
Photinia
Skin Lightening Preparations
Lithocholic Acid
Umbelliferones
7-Hydroxycoumarins. Substances present in many plants, especially umbelliferae. Umbelliferones are used in sunscreen preparations and may be mutagenic. Their derivatives are used in liver therapy, as reagents, plant growth factors, sunscreens, insecticides, parasiticides, choleretics, spasmolytics, etc.
L-Lysine 6-Transaminase
Arsenic
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Micromonospora
Dichloroethylenes
Octanes
Steroid Hydroxylases
Carboxylesterase
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase
Fluorides
Butylene Glycols
Zearalenone
(S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.
Biocatalysis
Benzo(a)pyrene
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
Glutathione
Enzyme Inhibitors
Carcinogens
Dichloroacetic Acid
Mutagens
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Fungi
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Guaiacol
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Chlorella
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
A group of ALKALOIDS, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the BORAGINACEAE; COMPOSITAE; and LEGUMINOSAE plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic CYTOTOXINS.
Epoxide Hydrolases
Anesthesia, Inhalation
Mucor
Pseudomonas mendocina
Trifluoroacetic Acid
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Aflatoxin B1
A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
Dogs
Transaldolase
Intestines
Xylenes
A family of isomeric, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, that contain the general formula C6H4(CH3)2. They are produced by the destructive distillation of coal or by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthenic fractions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Mutagenicity Tests
Biotechnology
Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals
Anemarrhena
Safrole
Halothane
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
Rats, Wistar
Chenodeoxycholic Acid
Sulfotransferases
Alkanes
Nitro Compounds
Styrenes
Fungicides, Industrial
Biological Availability
Toxicity Tests
Substrate Specificity
Aniline Hydroxylase
Trichloroethylene
Bioreactors
Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in mice and its mutagenicity after reaction with sodium nitrite in bacteria. (1/3890)
Mice fed a diet containing 0.3 or 0.03% triethanolamine developed malignant tumors. Females showed a high incidence of tumors in lymphoid tissues, while this type was absent in males. Tumors in other tissues were produced at a considerable rate in both sexes, but no hepatoma was found. Triethanolamine was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis by itself, but it became mutagenic after reacting with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions or when the mixture was heated. Although N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known carcinogen and mutagen, was detected in the reaction mixture by thin-layer chromatography, it may not be the main mutagenic product, because the product was a stable and direct mutagen and its mutagenic activity was destroyed by liver enzymes, unlike N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The lethal and mutagenic DNA damages produced by this unidentified product were susceptible to some extent to the repair functions of the bacteria. (+info)Enantioselective inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of isoidide dinitrate by diphenyleneiodonium sulphate. (2/3890)
1. We have shown previously that the D- and L- enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate (D-IIDN and L-IIDN) exhibit a potency difference for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta and that this is related to preferential biotransformation of the more potent enantiomer (D-IIDN). The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulphate (DPI), on the enantioselectivity of IIDN action. 2. In isolated rat aortic strip preparations, exposure to 0.3 microM DPI resulted in a 3.6 fold increase in the EC50 value for D-IIDN-induced relaxation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced relaxation. 3. Incubation of aortic strips with 2 microM D- or L-IIDN for 5 min resulted in significantly more D-isoidide mononitrate formed (5.0 +/- 1.5 pmol mg protein(-1)) than L-isoidide mononitrate (2.1 +/- 0.7 pmol mg protein(-1)) and this difference was abolished by pretreatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI. DPI had no effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity or GSH-dependent biotransformation of D- or L-IIDN in the 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of rat aorta. 4. Consistent with both the relaxation and biotransformation data, treatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI significantly inhibited D-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation. 5. In the intact animal, 2 mg kg(-1) DPI significantly inhibited the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic properties of D-IIDN, but had no effect L-IIDN. 6. These data suggest that the basis for the potency difference for relaxation by the two enantiomers is preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to NO, by an enzyme that is inhibited by DPI. Given that DPI binds to and inhibits NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, the data are consistent with a role for the cytochromes P450-NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase system in this enantioselective biotransformation process. (+info)Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 determines susceptibility to 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lymphomas. (3/3890)
CYP1B1-null mice, created by targeted gene disruption in embryonic stem cells, were born at the expected frequency from heterozygous matings with no observable phenotype, thus establishing that CYP1B1 is not required for mouse development. CYP1B1 was not detectable in cultured embryonic fibroblast (EF) or in different tissues, such as lung, of the CYP1B1-null mouse treated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin whereas the equivalent wild-type EF cells express basal and substantial inducible CYP1B1 and lung expresses inducible CYP1B1. CYP1A1 is induced to far higher levels than CYP1B1 in liver, kidney, and lung in wild-type mice and is induced to a similar extent in CYP1B1-null mice. 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was toxic in wild-type EFs that express CYP1B1 but not CYP1A1. These cells effectively metabolized DMBA, consistent with CYP1B1 involvement in producing the procarcinogenic 3,4-dihydrodiol as a major metabolite, whereas CYP1B1-null EF showed no significant metabolism and were resistant to DMBA-mediated toxicity. When wild-type mice were administered high levels of DMBA intragastrically, 70% developed highly malignant lymphomas whereas only 7.5% of CYP1B1-null mice had lymphomas. Skin hyperplasia and tumors were also more frequent in wild-type mice. These results establish that CYP1B1, located exclusively at extrahepatic sites, mediates the carcinogenicity of DMBA. Surprisingly, CYP1A1, which has a high rate of DMBA metabolism in vitro, is not sufficient for this carcinogenesis, which demonstrates the importance of extrahepatic P450s in determining susceptibility to chemical carcinogens and validates the search for associations between P450 expression and cancer risk in humans. (+info)Microbial desulfurization of organic sulfur compounds in petroleum. (4/3890)
Sulfur removal from petroleum is important from the standpoint of the global environment because the combustion of sulfur compounds leads to the production of sulfur oxides, which are the source of acid rain. As the regulations for sulfur in fuels become more stringent, the existing chemical desulfurizations are coming inadequate for the "deeper desulfurization" to produce lower-sulfur fuels without new and innovative processes. Biodesulfurization is rising as one of the candidates. Several microorganisms were found to desulfurize dibenzothiophene (DBT), a representative of the organic sulfur compounds in petroleum, forming a sulfur-free compound, 2-hydroxybiphenyl. They are promising as biocatalysts in the microbial desulfurization of petroleum because without assimilation of the carbon content, they remove only sulfur from the heterocyclic compounds which is refractory to conventional chemical desulfurization. Both enzymological and molecular genetic studies are now in progress for the purpose of obtaining improved desulfurization activity of organisms. The genes involved in the sulfur-specific DBT desulfurization were identified and the corresponding enzymes have been investigated. From the practical point of view, it has been proved that the microbial desulfurization proceeds in the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons, and more complicated DBT analogs are also desulfurized by the microorganisms. This review outlines the progress in the studies of the microbial desulfurization from the basic and practical point of view. (+info)Studies on cytochrome P-450-mediated bioactivation of diclofenac in rats and in human hepatocytes: identification of glutathione conjugated metabolites. (5/3890)
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac causes a rare but potentially fatal hepatotoxicity that may be associated with the formation of reactive metabolites. In this study, three glutathione (GSH) adducts, namely 5-hydroxy-4-(glutathion-S-yl)diclofenac (M1), 4'-hydroxy-3'-(glutathion-S-yl)diclofenac (M2), and 5-hydroxy-6-(glutathion-S-yl)diclofenac (M3), were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of bile from Sprague-Dawley rats injected i.p. with a single dose of diclofenac (200 mg/kg). These adducts presumably were formed via hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-catalyzed oxidation of diclofenac to reactive benzoquinone imines that were trapped by GSH conjugation. In support of this hypothesis, M1, M2, and M3 were generated from diclofenac in incubations with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and GSH. Increases in adduct formation were observed when incubations were performed with liver microsomes from phenobarbital- or dexamethasone-treated rats. Adduct formation was inhibited by polyclonal antibodies against CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A (40-50% inhibition at 5 mg of IgG/nmol of CYP) but not by an antibody against CYP1A. Maximal inhibition was obtained when the three inhibitory antibodies were used in a cocktail fashion (70-80% inhibition at 2.5 mg of each IgG/nmol of CYP). These data suggest that diclofenac undergoes biotransformation to reactive metabolites in rats and that CYP isoforms of the 2B, 2C, and 3A subfamilies are involved in this bioactivation process. With respect to CYP2C isoforms, rat hepatic CYP2C7 and CYP2C11 were implicated as mediators of the bioactivation based on immunoinhibition studies using antibodies specific to CYP2C7 and CYP2C11. Screening for GSH adducts also was carried out in human hepatocyte cultures containing diclofenac, and M1, M2, and M3 again were detected. It is possible, therefore, that reactive benzoquinone imines may be formed in vivo in humans and contribute to diclofenac-mediated hepatic injury. (+info)Oxidative bioactivation of the lactol prodrug of a lactone cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. (6/3890)
The lactol derivative of a lactone cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (DFU) was evaluated in vivo and in vitro for its potential suitability as a prodrug. DFU-lactol was found to be 10 to 20 times more soluble than DFU in a variety of aqueous vehicles. After administration of DFU-lactol at 20 mg kg-1 p.o. in rats, a Cmax of 7.5 microM DFU was reached in the plasma. After oral administration, the ED50s of DFU-lactol in the carrageenan-induced paw edema and lipopolysaccharide-induced pyresis assays in rats are comparable with the ED50s observed when dosing with DFU. Incubations of DFU-lactol with rat and human hepatocytes demonstrated that the oxidation of DFU-lactol can be mediated by liver enzymes and that a competing pathway is direct glucuronidation of the DFU-lactol hydroxyl group. Assays with subcellular fractions from rat liver indicated that most of the oxidation of DFU-lactol occurs in the cytosolic fraction and requires NAD(P)+. Human liver cytosol can also support the oxidation of DFU-lactol to DFU when NAD(P)+ is added to the incubations. Fractionation of human liver cytosolic proteins showed that at least three enzymes are capable of efficiently effecting the oxidation of DFU-lactol to DFU. Incubations with commercially available dehydrogenases suggest that alcohol and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in this oxidative process. These data together suggest that lactols may represent useful prodrugs for lactone-containing drugs. (+info)The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor fluvastatin: effect on human cytochrome P-450 and implications for metabolic drug interactions. (7/3890)
Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, was metabolized by human liver microsomes to 5-hydroxy-, 6-hydroxy-, and N-deisopropyl-fluvastatin. Total metabolite formation was biphasic with apparent Km values of 0.2 to 0.7 and 7.9 to 50 microM and intrinsic metabolic clearance rates of 1.4 to 4 and 0.3 to 1.5 ml/h/mg microsomal protein for the high and low Km components, respectively. Several enzymes, but mainly CYP2C9, catalyzed fluvastatin metabolism. Only CYP2C9 inhibitors such as sulfaphenazole inhibited the formation of both 6-hydroxy- and N-deisopropyl-fluvastatin. 5-Hydroxy-fluvastatin formation was reduced by compounds that are inhibitors of CYP2C9, CYP3A, or CYP2C8. Fluvastatin in turn inhibited CYP2C9-catalyzed tolbutamide and diclofenac hydroxylation with Ki values of 0.3 and 0.5 microM, respectively. For CYP2C8-catalyzed 6alpha-hydroxy-paclitaxel formation the IC50 was 20 microM and for CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A catalyzed reactions, no IC50 could be determined up to 100 microM fluvastatin. All three fluvastatin metabolites were also formed by recombinant CYP2C9, whereas CYP1A1, CYP2C8, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 produced only 5-hydroxy-fluvastatin. Km values were approximately 1, 2.8, and 7.1 microM for CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A, respectively. No difference in fluvastatin metabolism was found between the CYP2C9R144 and CYP2C9C144 alleles, suggesting the absence of polymorphic fluvastatin metabolism by these alleles. CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A5 did not produce detectable amounts of any metabolite. This data indicates that several human cytochrome P-450 enzymes metabolize fluvastatin with CYP2C9 contributing 50-80%. Any coadministered drug would therefore only partially reduce the metabolic clearance of fluvastatin; therefore, the likelihood for serious metabolic drug interactions is expected to be minimal. (+info)Rapid liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based screening procedures for studies on the biotransformation of drug candidates. (8/3890)
The accelerated pace of contemporary drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry has generated increasing demands for early information on the metabolic fate of candidate drugs to guide the selection of new compounds for clinical evaluation. In response to these demands, we have developed a procedure for the rapid analysis of complex biological mixtures for the presence of drug-related materials and have embarked on the development of novel computer-based approaches whereby such procedures can be automated. The goal of this work was to rapidly identify drug metabolites (derived either from a single substrate or from a mixture of substrates) formed in vivo or in vitro. The approach that we have developed relies on the use of generic chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for analysis of mixtures of drugs and metabolites and on correlation analysis of tandem mass spectrometry spectra to distinguish drug-related components from endogenous materials. Cross-correlation of the spectra also is used to identify the relationship between each metabolite and its respective parent drug in the mixture. In this manner, metabolites of a mixture of several drugs may be analyzed in the time it normally would take to analyze the products from a single substrate. We show that this rapid analytical approach can, with only minor sacrifices in the completeness of the data, significantly increase the number of compounds whose metabolic fate can be elucidated in a given time. (+info)
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中国科学院大连化学物理研究所机构知识库(DICP OpenIR): Intravenous Fentanyl is Exhaled and the Concentration Fluctuates with Time
Carotenoid biotransformation pathways and oxidative stress in a bird: an experimental approach and its implications for color...
Publication : USDA ARS
Biotransformation of Progesterone by Whole Cells of Filamentous Fungi Aspergillus brasiliensis
Identification of new transformation products during enzymatic treatment of tetracycline and erythromycin antibiotics at...
Characterization and tissue distribution of conjugated metabolites of pyrene in the rat
Biotransformation of chlorzoxazone by hepatic microsomes from humans and ten other mammalian species
Identification of metabolites and thermal transformation products of quinolones in raw cow milk by liquid chromatography...
Biotransformation of alkenes by the obligate anaerobic M. thermoactica. - Lancaster EPrints
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Practical Methods For Biocatalysis And Biotransformations
9781118158753 - Ionic Liquids in Biotransformations and | eCampus.com
Biotransformations and Bioprocesses (ebook) by Mukesh Doble | 9780203026373
Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations
Identification of thiocyanate as the principal metabolite of oxamyl in lactating goats
biotransform - Wiktionary
Ugt2a1 - UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A1 precursor - Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Ugt2a1 gene & protein
Primary Hepatocytes | Human and Animal Hepatocytes | Corning
Primary Hepatocytes | Human and Animal Hepatocytes | Corning
News | Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
Biomin.net - BIOMIN receives positive EFSA opinion for mycotoxin biotransformation.
UNAIR FST lecturer uses beta-glucosidase enzyme in microorganisms for ginseng biotransformation - Unair News
biotransformation | sciencenewsnet.in
ReP USP - Detalhe do registro: Oxidative stress and biotransformation parameters as potentials biomarkers in marine microalgae ...
Potential role of oxidative exoenzymes of the extremophilic fungus Pestalotiopsis palmarum BM-04 in biotransformation of extra...
Browsing ECNIS - Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition and Individual
Susceptibility by Title
The Open Drug Metabolism Journal :: Aims & Scope
Novel Containers for Active Ingredients and Modular Biotransformations - BioSC Launches Two New FocusLabs - RWTH AACHEN...
Reactor operation for biotransformations with toxic reactants
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UCL Discovery
Browsing by Subject Biocatalyst
Reaction mass of... - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Databases
WebHome | RCSIRM | Moseley Bioinformatics Lab
DAILY QUIZ-23 - Pharmacognize Blog
Pesticide biotransformation in plants and microorganisms : similarities and divergences | 東京工業大学附属図書館 蔵書検索 (OPAC)
Development of biotransformation via enolate - Biocatalysis
Thermodynamically controlled synthesis of cefamandole<...
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Bachelors degree in Nursing (to qualify as a nurse) (Trento) | UniVr
How cigarette smoke affects smokers - Thaindian News
Biotransformation of 1,3-propanediol cyclic sulfate and its derivatives to diols by toluene-permeabilized cells of Bacillus sp....
Hexane
Biotransformation[edit]. n-Hexane is biotransformed to 2-hexanol and further to 2,5-hexanediol in the body. The conversion is ...
Ivacaftor
BiotransformationEdit. Ivacaftor is extensively metabolised in humans. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that ivacaftor is ...
Penicillium oxalicum
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation. 32 (4): 199-207. doi:10.3109/10242422.2014.934365. Jarvis, W. R.; Barrie, S. D.; Traquair, ...
Glycogen debranching enzyme
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation. 26 (1-2): 76-85. doi:10.1080/10242420701806652. S2CID 83831481. Nakayama A, Yamamoto K, ...
3-HO-PCP
Holsztynska EJ, Domino EF (1985). "Biotransformation of phencyclidine". Drug Metab. Rev. 16 (3): 285-320. doi:10.3109/ ... application for in vivo and in vitro biotransformation studies". J Anal Toxicol. 10 (3): 107-15. doi:10.1093/jat/10.3.107. PMID ...
Streptomyces endus
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation. 4 (1): 77. doi:10.3109/10242429008998198. OGATA, SEIYA; KOYAMA-MIYOSHI, YUKO; YOSHINO, ...
Arsenic biochemistry
The biotransformation of arsenic for excretion is primarily done through the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2 ... Martinez, V.D; Vucic, E.A (2011). "Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption ... Vahter, Marie (2002). "Mechanisms of arsenic biotransformation". Toxicology. 181-182: 211-7. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00285-8 ... Kumagai, Yoshito; Sumi, Daigo (2007). "Arsenic: Signal Transduction, Transcription Factor, and Biotransformation Involved in ...
Soman
Jokanović, M. (2001-09-25). "Biotransformation of organophosphorus compounds". Toxicology. 166 (3): 139-160. doi:10.1016/s0300- ...
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Jokanović, Milan (2001-09-25). "Biotransformation of organophosphorus compounds". Toxicology. 166 (3): 139-160. doi:10.1016/ ...
Streptomyces badius
Sutherland, J.B.; Evans, F.E.; Freeman, J.P.; Williams, A.J. (March 1996). "Biotransformation of quinoxaline by Streptomyces ... Gupta, Rajinder K.; Spiker, Jennifer K.; Crawford, Don L. (May 1988). "Biotransformation of coal by ligninolytic". Canadian ...
Saturation mutagenesis
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation/Bioinorganic Chemistry. 13 (1): 19-25. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.019. PMID 19261539.. ...
Technetium
Francis, A. J.; Dodge, C. J.; Meinken, G. E. (2002). "Biotransformation of pertechnetate by Clostridia". Radiochimica Acta. 90 ...
Nitrogenase
Bioinorganic chemistry / Biocatalysis and biotransformation. 10 (2): 101-8. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.019. PMID 16510305. ...
Ketamine
Chang T, Glazko AJ (1974). "Biotransformation and disposition of ketamine". Int Anesthesiol Clin. 12 (2): 157-77. doi:10.1097/ ...
Moclobemide
1990). "Biotransformation of moclobemide in humans". Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 360: 87-90. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990. ... Vallès B, Coassolo P, De Sousa G, Aubert C, Rahmani R (October 1993). "In vitro hepatic biotransformation of moclobemide (Ro 11 ...
Arthrobacter viscosus
ISBN 978-1-4398-0408-7. Wandrey, A. Liese, K. Seelbach, C. (2000). Industrial biotransformations. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978 ...
Cunninghamella elegans
The biotransformation of quercetin yields three metabolites, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D- ... Zhang, D.; Evans, F. E.; Freeman, J. P.; Duhart Jr, B.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1995). "Biotransformation of amitriptyline by ... Zhang, D.; Freeman, J. P.; Sutherland, J. B.; Walker, A. E.; Yang, Y.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1996). "Biotransformation of ... Pothuluri, J. V.; Freeman, J. P.; Evans, F. E.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1993). "Biotransformation of fluorene by the fungus ...
TNT
Hawari J, Beaudet S, Halasz A, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G (2000). "Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus ...
Tetrazepam
Baumgärtner, MG; Cautreels, W; Langenbahn, H (1984). "Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of tetrazepam in man". ...
Isostere
Biotransformations and Bioprocesses. CRC Press, 2004, p. 60. ISBN 0-8247-4775-5 H. Erlenmeyer, Ernst Willi: Zusammenhänge ...
Irina Ivshina
Luchnikova, Natalia A.; Grishko, Victoria V.; Ivshina, Irina B. (2020-11-25). "Biotransformation of Oleanane and Ursane ...
Serotonin
Alarcon J (2008). "Biotransformation of indole derivatives by mycelial cultures". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 63 (1-2): ...
Enzyme kinetics
Baillie TA, Rettenmeier AW (1986). "Drug biotransformation: mechanistic studies with stable isotopes". Journal of Clinical ...
Allopregnanolone
Yagen B, Gallili GE, Mateles RI (August 1978). "Progesterone biotransformation by plant cell suspension cultures". Applied and ...
Cinobufagin
Li Qiao; Yu-zhi Zhou; Zhang J; Xiu-lan Qi; Li-hong Lin; Huan Chen; Li-yan Pang; Yue-hu Pei (2007). "Biotransformation of ...
RDX
... biotransformation versus mineralization". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 54 (5): 605-618. doi:10.1007/s002530000445. ...
Synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi
2005). "Microbial cells and enzymes". Microbial enzymes and biotransformations. pp. 1-10. ISBN 978-1-58829-253-7. Ghorbani, HR ...
Metabolism
Galvão TC, Mohn WW, de Lorenzo V (October 2005). "Exploring the microbial biodegradation and biotransformation gene pool". ...
EPHX1
"Genetic polymorphisms of biotransformation enzymes in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 ... role of polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 12 (10): 848-54. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201249. PMID ...
Resveratrol
Kim JK, Kim M, Cho SG, Kim MK, Kim SW, Lim YH; Kim; Cho; Kim; Kim; Lim (June 2010). "Biotransformation of mulberroside A from ... PMID 10650073.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cichewicz RH, Kouzi SA; Kouzi (October 1998). "Biotransformation ...
Biotransformation - Wikipedia
Also there is other approach of biotransformation called enzymatic biotransformation. Petroleum oil is toxic for most life ... ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2. Biotransformation of Drugs Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation Microbial ... Biotransformation means chemical alteration of chemicals such as nutrients, amino acids, toxins, and drugs in the body. It is ... The metabolism of a drug or toxin in a body is an example of a biotransformation. The body typically deals with a foreign ...
Isomer-specific biotransformation... preview & related info | Mendeley
Isomer-specific biotransformation rates of a perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-precursor by cytochrome P450 isozymes and human ... Among branched isomers, perfluoroalkyl branching geometry significantly influenced the rate of biotransformation. As a result, ... here we examined the relative isomer-specific biotransformation rates of a model PFOS-precursor (N-ethylperfluorooctane ...
Biotransformation and Biocatalysis | GBB | Onderzoek | Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Biocatalysis & Biotransformation - Wikipedia
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Biocatalysis & Biotransformation homepage of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation. ... Biotransformation. Biocatalysis & Biotransformation publishes 6 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions. ... Biocatalysis & Biotransformation is an academic journal that provides coverage of the application, both actual and potential of ... Subscribers to the electronic edition of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation receive access to the online archive, which dates ...
One new triterpenoid from biotransformation product of glycyrrhiz...: Ingenta Connect
PRIME PubMed | Biotransformation of doxepin by Cunninghamella elegans
Biotransformation of doxepin by Cunninghamella elegans. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... Biotransformation of metoprolol by the fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana.. *Biotransformation of amitriptyline by ... Biotransformation of mirtazapine by Cunninghamella elegans.. *Biotransformation of adrenosterone by filamentous fungus, ... "Biotransformation of Doxepin By Cunninghamella Elegans." Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals, vol ...
Untersuchungen zur Biotransformation neuer substituierter Piperidylbenzilate
Genentech: Senior Scientific Researcher, Biotransformation/drug metabolism
The DMPK biotransformation group at Genentech is seeking a highly motivated individual to support development drug metabolism. ... Senior Scientific Researcher, Biotransformation/drug metabolism. South San Francisco. California, United States of America ... Hands-on LC/MS experience and proven abilities in determining the biotransformation pathways of drugs by drug metabolizing ... Designing, executing and reporting biotransformation studies to support drug development and regulatory filings. ...
Multicopper Oxidase-Catalyzed Biotransformation of Dihydroquercetin | SpringerLink
Biotransformation | definition of biotransformation by Medical dictionary
What is biotransformation? Meaning of biotransformation medical term. What does biotransformation mean? ... Looking for online definition of biotransformation in the Medical Dictionary? biotransformation explanation free. ... biotransformation. Also found in: Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. biotransformation. [bi″o-trans″for-ma´shun] the series ... biotransformation. see BIOCONVERSION.. biotransformation. body conversion of a drug to permit or enhance its pharmacological ...
Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2015 literature highlights
... Author(s). Baillie, Thomas A.; Dalvie, Deepak; ... 2015 review - Bioactivation - biotransformation - literature highlights - metabolism Abstract. Since 1972, Drug Metabolism ... We hope to continue this tradition with the current compendium of mini-reviews that highlight novel biotransformation processes ...
Biotransformations: Microbial Degradation of Health-Risk Compounds, Volume 32 - 1st Edition
Purchase Biotransformations: Microbial Degradation of Health-Risk Compounds, Volume 32 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... Aflatoxin biotransformations: biodetoxification aspects (V.P. Singh). Metabolism and cometabolism of halogenated C-1 and C-2 ... and environmental science to obtain a clear understanding of microbial biotransformations of xenobiotics, as well as an ...
Pharmacology Exam 1: Biotransformation Flashcards
Factors affecting drug biotransformation:. Definition. Age and Sex. Very young and very old- slower metabolism. Males have ... Elimination processes of biotransformation:. Definition. Hepatic metabolism: Phase I and II. Biliary secretion in stools. Renal ... factors affecting drug biotransformation:. Definition. Genetic polymorphisms- CYPs, others. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns. ...
Microbial Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation
These bioremediation and biotransformation methods endeavour to harness the astonishing, naturally occurring, microbial ... Microbial Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation. Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology. ... Microbial Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation. Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has ... particular compounds and they will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation ...
PRIME PubMed | Biotransformation of pantoprazole by the fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana
Biotransformation of pantoprazole by the fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or ... Biotransformation of indomethacin by the fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana.. *Biotransformation of metoprolol by the fungus ... "Biotransformation of Pantoprazole By the Fungus Cunninghamella Blakesleeana." Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in ... TY - JOUR T1 - Biotransformation of pantoprazole by the fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana. AU - Xie,Z Y, AU - Huang,H H, AU - ...
Biotransformation of quinazoline and phthalazine by Aspergillus niger. | Sigma-Aldrich
Predicting biotransformation and bioconcentration of organic chemicals in fish - Eawag
Biotransformation of benzo [a] pyrene by three rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) cell lines and extrapolation to derive a ... We do this by measuring chemical uptake and biotransformation rates not only in cells of a rainbow trout liver cell line (RTL- ... We selected three cell lines from different tissues to more fully account for whole-body biotransformation in vivo: the RTL-W1 ... Stadnicka-Michalak, J.; Weiss, F. T.; Fischer, M.; Tanneberger, K.; Schirmer, K. (2018) Biotransformation of benzo [a] pyrene ...
Uranium Bio-Transformations: Chemical or Biological Processes?
We further debate if uranium biotransformations provide bio-protection or bio-benefit to the microbe and highlight the need for ... Mechanisms of bio-transformation of uranium. Mechanisms of bio-transformations of uranium. 1) Mineralization―the formation of ... As other uranium bio-transformations are explored, it is possible that biology rather than chemistry may be found to be the ... Uranium bio-transformations are the many and varying types of interactions that microbes can have with uranium encountered in ...
Biotransformation - Current Protocols
Structural Characterization of Silica Particles Extracted from Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum: Biotransformation via Annelids
Biotransformation of Dioscorea nipponica by Rat Intestinal Microflora and Cardioprotective Effects of Diosgenin
... Jia-Fu Feng,1 ... H. Y. Wang, H. Y. Hua, X. Y. Liu, J. H. Liu, and B. Y. Yu, "In vitro biotransformation of red ginseng extract by human ... In Vitro Biotransformation of DN Extract by Rat Intestinal Microflora. A 30 g GAM broth was dissolved in 1000 mL water (70°C), ... These tubes were used as in vitro biotransformation vessels. The dried extracts and diosgenin were suspended in 1% (w/v) ...
Biotransformations and Bioprocesses (ebook) by Mukesh Doble | 9780203026373
... download and read Biotransformations and Bioprocesses ebook online in PDF format for iPhone, iPad, Android, Computer and Mobile ... Biotransformations and Bioprocesses. by Mukesh Doble(ed.) ; Anil Kumar Kruthiventi(ed.) ; Vilas Ganjanan Gaikar(ed.) ... Title: Biotransformations and Bioprocesses. Author: Mukesh Doble; Anil Kumar Kruthiventi; Vilas Ganjanan Gaikar. ... It clarifies principles in reaction and biochemical engineering, synthetic and biotransformation chemistry, and biocell and ...
9781118158753 - Ionic Liquids in Biotransformations and | eCampus.com
9781118158753 Our cheapest price for Ionic Liquids in Biotransformations and Organocatalysis Solvents and is $143.95. Free ... PART II IONIC LIQUIDS IN BIOTRANSFORMATIONS 73. 3 IONIC LIQUIDS IN BIOTRANSFORMATIONS: MOTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 75. Christina ... 3.2 Motivation to Use IL in Biotransformations 80. 3.3 Challenges for the Use of IL in Biotransformations 91. 4 IONIC LIQUIDS ... 4.5 Multiphase Biotransformations 124. 4.6 Prospects 140. 5 IONIC LIQUIDS AS (CO-)SOLVENTS FOR HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 151. Hua Zhao ...
Clariant partners to bring new Biotransformation technology to India
This partnership entails bringing Polymaterias Biotransformation technology to market in India through Clariants ... With new innovations such as Biotransformation emerging, we can work with the industry to address these issues.". Niall Dunne, ... Clariant partners to bring new Biotransformation technology to India Additive Masterbatches India Masterbatches Plastics and ... For more information: Clariant And Polymateria Launch Partnership To Bring New Biotransformation Technology To Market In South ...
Microbial Biotransformation for the Production of Steroid Medicament | IntechOpen
Microbial biotransformation of phytosterol to produce AD is a well-researched area. However, low substrate solubility of ... Factors affecting the effective biotransformation process to obtain AD are discussed and limitations are highlighted. The main ... This review examines the microbial biotransformation process and limitations for enhanced AD production. ... or 9-hydroxy-AD are the major obstacles for AD production leading to detailed research for optimization of biotransformation ...
Catalysts | Free Full-Text | Sequential Biotransformation of Antcin K by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633
By using either 25S-antcin K 26-O-β-glucoside or 25R-antcin K 26-O-β-glucoside as the biotransformation precursor, it was ... Four metabolites from the biotransformation were isolated with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and ... The biotransformation of antcin K, a major ergostane triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea, by Bacillus ... Sequential Biotransformation of Antcin K by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 Te-Sheng Chang 1. , Chien-Min Chiang 2, Yi-Yun Siao 1 ...
Biotransformation of Agricultural Waste and By-Products
AllAboutFeed - Fumonisins - Underestimated but controllable by biotransformation
In contrast to adsorption of mycotoxins by clays, microbial and/or enzymatic biotransformation is highly specific and ... a process called biotransformation. This microbial and/ or enzymatic biotransformation, in contrast to mycotoxin adsorption by ... In contrast to adsorption of mycotoxins by clays, microbial and/or enzymatic biotransformation is highly specific and ...
Modulation of key biotransformation enzymes by xenobiotics
biotransformation | HomeBrewTalk.com - Beer, Wine, Mead, & Cider Brewing Discussion Community.
EnzymesPathwaysMetabolismCompoundsProcessesReactionsHistoric Metabolic Biotransformation DataXenobioticsBioremediationHepaticBiodegradationWhole-body biotransformationMetabolicUptakeCytochromeDrug biotransformationEnzymatic biotransformationBiocatalysisOptimization of biotransformationMetabolitesVivoAerobicRate constantsDegradationBioaccumulationAbsorptionSpeciesFungusOrganismsChemicalsPollutantsContaminants2018StereoselectiveToxicityGenesSaccharomycesSyntheticActivated sludgeEnzymeSteroidNutrientBiotechnologyIsomerUndergoToxicologyCompoundBiotaGlutathioneTriterpenoidBioavailabilityMechanisms
Enzymes11
- Biocatalysis & Biotransformation is an academic journal that provides coverage of the application, both actual and potential of biological catalysts, including whole cells or isolated components thereof, natural and modified enzymes and catalytic antibodies for the synthesis, interconversion or degradation of chemical species. (wikipedia.org)
- Hands-on LC/MS experience and proven abilities in determining the biotransformation pathways of drugs by drug metabolizing enzymes. (gene.com)
- Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another, aided by organisms such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes. (omicsonline.org)
- Biotransformation of green tea catechins mediated by microbes and/or enzymes could increase their bioavailability and improve their health benefits, but the regulatory mechanism remains unclear. (doaj.org)
- 3-aminobenzanthrone, a human metabolite of the carcinogenic environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone, induces biotransformation enzymes in rat k. (nih.gov)
- It assumes that only chemicals freely dissolved in the body fluid may bind with enzymes and subsequently undergo biotransformation reactions. (environmental-expert.com)
- An overview of the combined quantum mechanical / molecular mechanical (QM / MM) approach and its application to studies of biotransformation enzymes and drug metabolism is given. (ebscohost.com)
- Such information is essential in the development of methods to predict metabolism of drugs and to understand metabolic effects of genetic polymorphism in biotransformation enzymes. (ebscohost.com)
- Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) are responsible for the biotransformation of a vast range of compounds. (ebscohost.com)
- Biotransformation enzymes in human intestine: critical low levels in the colon? (bmj.com)
- In conclusion, migrating Swedish Atlantic salmon carry higher concentrations of PCBs in their lipids compared to salmon in the Baltic Sea, but have lower activation of biotransformation genes and enzymes. (lu.se)
Pathways10
- the pathways of drug metabolism can be divided into: phase І phase II Drugs can undergo one of four potential biotransformations: Active Drug to Inactive Metabolite, Active Drug to Active Metabolite, Inactive Drug to Active Metabolite, Active Drug to Toxic Metabolite (biotoxification). (wikipedia.org)
- Major methodological breakthroughs in recent years have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high-throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganisms providing unprecedented insights into biotransformation and biodegradative pathways and the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- In the field of Environmental Microbiology, genome-based global studies open a new era providing unprecedented in silico views of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as clues to the evolution of biochemical pathways relevant to biotransformation and to the molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- Functional genomic and metagenomic approaches are increasing our understanding of the relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds and they are accelerating the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes. (wikipedia.org)
- An effective way to counteract them is through biodegradation by natural metabolic pathways, a process called biotransformation. (allaboutfeed.net)
- The samples were also measured for As speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS to investigate potential As biotransformation pathways. (nerc.ac.uk)
- This study proposes that fungal pathways must be considered for the biotransformation of potential PFAS precursors, such as 6:2 FTOH, and suggests the basis for selecting proper microorganisms for remediation of fluoroalkyl‐contaminated sites. (deepdyve.com)
- However, very little is known regarding the interactions between PBDEs and the gut microbiome, and how such interactions modify the hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism pathways. (washington.edu)
- Taken together, the present study revealed for the first time that there is a novel interaction between the gut microbiome and PBDEs, and this markedly impacts both xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism pathways in the host liver. (washington.edu)
- The focus of his research group is elucidating novel biotransformation products and pathways of emerging contaminants to inform improved design of engineered natural treatment systems for non-point pollutants. (uiowa.edu)
Metabolism5
- The terms metabolism and biotransformation are used interchangeably in this book. (springer.com)
- The metabolism of a drug or toxin in a body is an example of a biotransformation. (wikipedia.org)
- The DMPK biotransformation group at Genentech is seeking a highly motivated individual to support development drug metabolism. (gene.com)
- To investigate the biotransformation of pantoprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor, by filamentous fungus and further to compare the similarities between microbial transformation and mammalian metabolism of pantoprazole, four strains of Cunninghamella (C. blakesleeana AS 3.153, C. echinulata AS 3.2004, C. elegans AS 3.156, and AS 3.2028) were screened for the ability to catalyze the biotransformation of pantoprazole. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Our findings indicate that As(V) accumulation and its subsequent biotransformation were enhanced by organic P forms, which provides new insight into how DOP modulates As metabolism in algae. (americanelements.com)
Compounds14
- If this modification ends in mineral compounds like CO2, NH4+, or H2O, the biotransformation is called mineralisation. (wikipedia.org)
- Biotransformation of xenobiotics can dominate toxicokinetics and the metabolites may reach higher concentrations in organisms than their parent compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- These bioremediation and biotransformation methods harness the naturally occurring, microbial catabolic diversity to degrade, transform or accumulate a huge range of compounds including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals. (wikipedia.org)
- The research of the Biotransformation and Biocatalysis group is aimed at obtaining insight in the enzymology of the microbial transformation of synthetic compounds, and the development of improved biocatalysts for such transformations. (rug.nl)
- The liver is the predominant organ in which biotransformation of foreign compounds takes place, although other organs may also be involved in drug biotransformation. (nih.gov)
- Biotransformations can also be used to synthesize compounds or materials, if synthetic approaches are challenging. (omicsonline.org)
- Biotransformation approaches and synthetic methods in tandem provide a source for generating compounds around core structures, which can be screened for various biological activity studies. (omicsonline.org)
- Hence, biotransformation experiments can be effectively utilized to synthesize more compounds. (omicsonline.org)
- Biotransformation is one of the important experimental methods to identify compounds, whose structure and properties resembles the parent compound. (omicsonline.org)
- This project aims to exploit engineered biofilms as biocatalysts in the biotransformations of enantiomerically pure compounds for fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry. (bham.ac.uk)
- In this work an overview of recent and important findings related to patents and various microbial biotransformations of steroidal compounds including dehydrogenation/reduction, hydroxylation, esterification, methylation, halogenation and methoxylation is presented. (eurekaselect.com)
- The term 'biotransformation' may be unfamiliar to some in the industry, but it refers to fermentation and other natural processing methods that involve transforming compounds within a living system," said Marc Philouze, general manager of Gnosis by Lesaffre, in a press release. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
- We developed a unified model that was able to simulate four experimental types (two variants of OECD 308 and two variants of OECD 309) for three compounds by using a biomass corrected, generalized aerobic biotransformation parameter (k'bio). (fraunhofer.de)
- Aspergillus niger is a well-known fungus that has been used for many different biotransformations of organic compounds. (scholar.ru)
Processes9
- Coverage includes: Mechanistic, principles, kinetics and thermodynamics of biocatalytic processes The chemical or genetic modification of biocatalysts Metabolic engineering Activity and stability of biocatalysts in non-aqueous and multi-phasic environments Environmental applications of biocatalysis David Leak is the Editor-in-Chief of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation. (wikipedia.org)
- We hope to continue this tradition with the current compendium of mini-reviews that highlight novel biotransformation processes that were published during the past year. (wur.nl)
- Bioaccumulation occurs when uptake processes outcompete those of elimination and biotransformation. (eawag.ch)
- The PBTK model described here can account for respiratory and dietary uptake routes and for chemical biotransformation processes. (eawag.ch)
- Gnosis by Lesaffre has unveiled a new business strategy which is the continued focus on microorganisms and biotransformation processes such as fermentation to cultivate nutritional actives, probiotics, and yeasts that will target five key market segments. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
- This study highlights the potential of chiral analysis to study biotransformation processes in food webs. (usgs.gov)
- Little is known about the bioaccumulation dynamics, biotransformation processes, or subsequent toxicity to consumers of dissolved selenite (SeO 3 ) versus selenate (SeO 4 ) uptake into aquatic primary producer communities. (stroudcenter.org)
- We hypothesize that migrating salmons' biotransformation processes are affected by the high levels of built-up PCBs compared to salmon that in a pre-migrational stage. (lu.se)
- Our results indicate that accumulated pollutants from the Baltic Sea are deactivated inside the migrating salmon's lipid tissues and increase in concentration when migration is initiated thereby limiting their impact on biotransformation processes. (lu.se)
Reactions6
- The use of glycosyltransferases (GT) for biotransformation reactions on natural and synthetic aglycones is a non-developed field. (europa.eu)
- Other biotransformation reactions involve demethylation, oxidative cleavage of amine, cleavage of C-N bond, aldehyde to carboxylate transformation and hydroxylation. (csic.es)
- Biotransformation reactions, which yield products having a higher toxicity than the parent compound, are referred to as BIOACTIVATION reactions. (powershow.com)
- A novel series of biotransformation reactions is implicated in the conversion of the ethoxycoumarin substrate to these products, including O -deethylation, 6-hydroxylation to form a 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin catechol, and subsequent O -methylation. (asm.org)
- The mechanisms are quite well understood, but there is still a tremendous variation in reactions that lead to biotransformations. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Biotransformation reactions were performed for 48 h using baker s yeast with M. oleifera or C. lanatus seed oil (experimental) and without yeast (control) in nutrient broth medium. (scialert.net)
Historic Metabolic Biotransformation Data1
- Another method uses historic metabolic biotransformation data from the literature exclusively [ 3 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Xenobiotics1
- The book will provide an opportunity for scientists in the areas of microbiology, biochemistry, engineering, food science, biotechnology, and environmental science to obtain a clear understanding of microbial biotransformations of xenobiotics, as well as an interface between industry and the academic world. (elsevier.com)
Bioremediation3
- aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation. (waset.org)
- Also, high quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation are cordially invited for presentation at the conference. (waset.org)
- ICBBB 2020 has teamed up with the Special Journal Issue on Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation . (waset.org)
Hepatic2
Biodegradation1
- However, very little evidences on fungal degradation or biotransformation of EHCO have been reported, which contain high amounts of asphaltenes and its biodegradation rate is very limited. (wiley.com)
Whole-body biotransformation3
- We selected three cell lines from different tissues to more fully account for whole-body biotransformation in vivo: the RTL-W1 cell line, representing the liver as major site of biotransformation, and the RTgill-W1 (gill) and RTgutGC (intestine) cell lines, as important environment-organism interfaces, which likely influence chemical uptake. (eawag.ch)
- Consequently, the whole body biotransformation rate of a chemical is retarded by the extent of its distribution in different biological compartments. (environmental-expert.com)
- Using a randomly generated training set (n = 64), the biotransformation model is found to be: log(HLφfish) = 2.2(± 0.3)B − 2.1(± 0.2)V − 0.6(± 0.3) (RMSE = 0.71), where HL is the whole body biotransformation half‐life in days, φfish is the freely dissolved fraction in body fluid, and B and V are the chemical's H‐bond acceptance capacity and molecular volume. (environmental-expert.com)
Metabolic2
- Fragmentation pattern obtained from the mass spectrum is utilized to identify the biotransformation site in the molecule, which is the metabolic soft spot. (omicsonline.org)
- Minimum biotransformation rates, calculated from enantiomer mass balances between predators and prey, suggest metabolic half-lives on the order of 8 yr for CB 136 in lake trout and 2.6 yr for CB 95 in sculpins. (usgs.gov)
Uptake3
- We do this by measuring chemical uptake and biotransformation rates not only in cells of a rainbow trout liver cell line (RTL-W1), but also an intestinal (RTgutGC) as well as a gill (RTgill-W1) cell line to account for possible sites of biotransformation other than the liver. (eawag.ch)
- Together with previously analysed levels of these contaminants in plasma of the same mother-pup pairs, these results put together were used to examine in detail the maternal transfer (placental/lactational) and uptake and biotransformation in the pups. (uio.no)
- Widely nonracemic PCB residues in forage fish (lake herring, rainbow smelt, and slimy sculpin) and lake trout suggest a combination of both in vivo biotransformation and uptake of nonracemic residues from prey for these species. (usgs.gov)
Cytochrome2
- thus, here we examined the relative isomer-specific biotransformation rates of a model PFOS-precursor (N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide, NEtFOSA) with human microsomes and recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 2C9 and 2C19. (mendeley.com)
- In liver, which is the major organ for xenobiotic biotransformation and nutrient homeostasis, certain PBDE congeners are oxidized by cytochrome P450s (Cyps) to form more toxic metabolites. (washington.edu)
Drug biotransformation1
- Ideally, an in vitro model for drug biotransformation should accurately resemble biotransformation in vivo in the liver. (nih.gov)
Enzymatic biotransformation2
- Also there is other approach of biotransformation called enzymatic biotransformation. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to adsorption of mycotoxins by clays, microbial and/or enzymatic biotransformation is highly specific and irreversible. (allaboutfeed.net)
Biocatalysis3
- Biocatalysis & Biotransformation publishes 6 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions. (wikipedia.org)
- Subscribers to the electronic edition of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation receive access to the online archive, which dates back to 1987, as part of their subscription. (wikipedia.org)
- It clarifies principles in reaction and biochemical engineering, synthetic and biotransformation chemistry, and biocell and enzyme kinetics for successful applications of biocatalysis and bioprocess technologies in the food, chiral drug, vitamin, pharmaceutical, and animal feed industries. (ebooks.com)
Optimization of biotransformation1
- However, low substrate solubility of phytosterol in aqueous media and nucleus degradation of AD to androstadienedione (ADD) or 9-hydroxy-AD are the major obstacles for AD production leading to detailed research for optimization of biotransformation process. (intechopen.com)
Metabolites7
- Four metabolites from the biotransformation were isolated with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and identified as 25 S -antcin K 26- O -β-glucoside, 25 R -antcin K 26- O -β-glucoside, 25 S -antcin K 26- O -β-(6′- O -succinyl)-glucoside, and 25 R -antcin K 26- O -β-(6′- O -succinyl)-glucoside with mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis. (mdpi.com)
- Microbial biotransformations or microbial biotechnology are extensively used to generate metabolites in bulk amounts. (omicsonline.org)
- During biotransformation, a particular drug is treated with microsomal proteins and screened for possible metabolites [ 5 , 6 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- The objective of this study was to examine levels and patterns of POPs and their metabolites in mother-pup pairs with respect to maternal transfer and biotransformation. (uio.no)
- Thus, a placental transfer is suggested by the current study to be the major source of OH-metabolites found in the pups, but endogenous biotransformation in the pups may also contribute to these levels. (uio.no)
- Biotransformation of 7-ethoxycoumarin by Streptomyces griseus resulted in the accumulation of two metabolites which were isolated and identified as 7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin. (asm.org)
- Biotransformation of Cranberry Proanthocyanidins to Probiotic Metabolites by Lactobacillus rhamnosus Enhances Their Anticancer Activity in HepG2 Cells In Vitro. (cranberryinstitute.org)
Vivo1
- A model for whole body in vivo biotransformation of neutral and weakly polar organic chemicals in fish is presented. (environmental-expert.com)
Aerobic3
- In contrast, aerobic biotransformation half-lives should be easier to extract from OECD 309 experiments with suspended sediments. (fraunhofer.de)
- Overall, k'bio has the potential to serve as a system-independent descriptor of aerobic biotransformation at the water-sediment interface that is equally and consistently applicable for both persistence and exposure assessment purposes. (fraunhofer.de)
- The overall TMP removal efficiency for the pilot BNR process was 64 ± 14% while the TMP biotransformation efficiencies in the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones were 22 ± 20%, 27 ± 8% and 36 ± 5% respectively. (iwaponline.com)
Rate constants1
- Our aim was to find a way to extract biotransformation rate constants that are universally valid across variants of water-sediment systems and, hence, provide a more general description of the compound's behavior in the environment. (fraunhofer.de)
Degradation1
- Several studies have been conducted on the biotransformation and degradation of chlorophenols from the water-soil environment. (scielo.org.za)
Bioaccumulation3
- Dissolved organic phosphorus enhances arsenate bioaccumulation and biotransformation in Microcystis aeruginosa. (americanelements.com)
- Only limited information is available on the effects of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) on arsenate (As(V)) bioaccumulation and biotransformation in organisms. (americanelements.com)
- Wang Z, Gui H, Luo Z, Zhen Z, Yan C, Xing B. Dissolved organic phosphorus enhances arsenate bioaccumulation and biotransformation in Microcystis aeruginosa. (americanelements.com)
Absorption3
- Biotransformation occur between absorption and elimination from kidneys. (slideserve.com)
- Absorption and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers DE-" by Moira A. McKernan, Barnett A. Rattner et al. (unl.edu)
- Further, we explored periphyton biotransformation of Se species using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy analysis and changes in the periphyton associated microbial consortium using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). (stroudcenter.org)
Species4
- Biotransformation of Agricultural Waste and By-Products in the 4F Economy: The Food, Feed, Fiber, Fuel (4F) Economy presents an evaluation of plant species better exploitable for a particular transformation. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Comparatively little is known with regard to the biotransformation of this drug in other species. (nih.gov)
- These data indicate a species-conserved mechanism for the oxidative biotransformation of chlorzoxazone. (nih.gov)
- These results suggest that the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic to organic species does not contribute to As resistance in the sampled earthworm populations. (nerc.ac.uk)
Fungus4
- TY - JOUR T1 - Biotransformation of pantoprazole by the fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Biotransformation of alpha-cedrol and caryophyllene oxide by the fungus Neurospora crassa. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Biotransformation of alpha- and 6beta-santonin by fungus and plant cell cultures. (biomedsearch.com)
- Prior to this study, one report demonstrated that the 6:2 FTOH biotransformation by the wood‐decaying fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, generated more polyfluoroalkyl substances, such as 5:3 acid (F(CF2)5CH2CH2COOH), and diverted away from producing the highly stable perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). (deepdyve.com)
Organisms1
- PCB atropisomers were racemic in phytoplankton and zooplankton, suggesting no biotransformation potential toward PCBs for these low trophic level organisms. (usgs.gov)
Chemicals3
- Biotransformation means chemical alteration of chemicals such as nutrients, amino acids, toxins, and drugs in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, the model adequately captures variation in biotransformation rate between chemicals with varying logKOW, B, and V, and exhibits high degree of independence from the choice of training chemicals. (environmental-expert.com)
- The OECD guidelines 308 and 309 define simulation tests aimed at assessing biotransformation of chemicals in water-sediment systems. (fraunhofer.de)
Pollutants1
- Biotransformation of various pollutants is a sustainable way to clean up contaminated environments. (wikipedia.org)
Contaminants1
- Our research focuses on the fundamental mechanisms related to the microbial and vegetative biotransformation of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments. (uiowa.edu)
20181
- 2018. "Sequential Biotransformation of Antcin K by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. (mdpi.com)
Stereoselective2
- This dissertation investigates the impact of stereoselective biotransformation and particle size on the persistence of steroid hormones, one of the most potent category of EDCs, in aquatic sediment. (unl.edu)
- Alternatively, macrozooplankton obtained nonracemic residues from feeding on organic-rich suspended particles and sediments, which would imply that stereoselective microbial PCB biotransformation may be occurring in Lake Superior sediments at PCB concentrations far lower than that previously associated with such activity. (usgs.gov)
Toxicity2
- Co-exposures with α-naphthoflavone as potent inhibitor of biotransformation, assessment of CYP1A catalytic activity, and the progression of cellular toxicity upon prolonged BaP exposure revealed that BaP is handled differently in the RTgill-W1 compared to the other two cell lines. (eawag.ch)
- In this study, we examined the influence of three different DOP forms (β-sodium glycerophosphate (βP), adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and D-Glucose-6-phosphate disodium (GP) salts) and inorganic phosphate (IP) on As(V) toxicity, accumulation, and biotransformation in Microcystis aeruginosa. (americanelements.com)
Genes1
- This includes enzyme identification and characterization, genetic engineering and expression of GT genes, optimization of GT production and biotransformation conditions, and development of tools to identify further GT genes and activities (analytical procedures). (europa.eu)
Saccharomyces1
- In this study, preliminary investigations on biotransformation of under utilized Moringa oleifera and Citrullus lanatus seed oils were carried out using baker s yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). (scialert.net)
Synthetic2
Activated sludge3
- Its susceptibility to microbiological breakdown was studied in a batch biotransformation system, in presence or absence of carbon source and at two activated sludge concentrations. (csic.es)
- A pilot scale biological nutrient removal (BNR) process, batch experiments and modeling exercises were employed to investigate the removal and biotransformation of trimethoprim (TMP) in a BNR activated sludge process. (iwaponline.com)
- Batch tests with and without nitrification inhibition showed that AOB played a role in the biotransformation of TMP in BNR activated sludge. (iwaponline.com)
Enzyme2
- 0.01) indicating that the same enzyme(s) mediated these biotransformations. (nih.gov)
- Liquid chromatography-multistage mass spectrometry (LC-MS n ) studies determined that collision-induced dissociation, and not biotransformation or enzyme catalysis, produced the unique mass spectral rearrangement. (aspetjournals.org)
Steroid1
- Although much progress in microbial biotransformation on steroid drugs is well-achieved, many efforts are ongoing in order to improve the efficiency of steroidal drug production as well as to degrade their derivatives. (eurekaselect.com)
Nutrient2
- Co-occurrence of α- and β-isomers decreases the biotransformation rates of both isomers in a sandy sediment indicating carbon source and/or nutrient limited condition may enhance the competition between stereoisomers. (unl.edu)
- These results provide a global insight into the roles of A. niger RAF106 and different nutrient sources in mediating the biotransformation of green tea catechins and modifying the radical-scavenging activity of biotransformed catechins. (doaj.org)
Biotechnology1
- The first book of its kind, it will open new vistas of research in the field of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology in general, and Biotransformations in particular. (elsevier.com)
Isomer1
- Isomer-specific biotransformation. (mendeley.com)
Undergo1
- For the drug to get excreted into urine or bile it has to undergo a series of transformation which is called biotransformation. (omicsonline.org)
Toxicology3
- use in toxicology and xenobiotic biotransformations in REPE, which takes the administration of being air and body. (sftv.org)
- use in toxicology and xenobiotic biotransformations solution mali come thick and persons are the formations semper, image-based opinion, relations, same map and see of viewing mistake in same hours, according individuals, enquiries, and presently1 remoteness. (sftv.org)
- use in toxicology and xenobiotic biotransformations of same aliquid is to form and this three ad sub by Drs. Gupta, Mahendra Kumar and Vandana Gupta destroys a free grief to the twofold lakes on the idea. (sftv.org)
Compound3
- Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound. (wikipedia.org)
- A new triterpenoid compound (1) and a known compound (2) were isolated from the product of biotransformation of glycyrrhizic acid by Aspergillus niger. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Although dissipation half-lives of the parent compound are directly extractable from OECD 308 data, they are system-specific and mix up phase transfer with biotransformation. (fraunhofer.de)
Biota2
- The enantiomeric composition of seven chiral PCB congeners was measured in the Lake Superior aquatic food web sampled in 1998, to determine the extent of enantioselective biotransformation in aquatic biota. (usgs.gov)
- This result suggests that significant biotransformation may occur for metaboliz able PCB congeners over the lifespan of these biota. (usgs.gov)
Glutathione1
- Biotransformation of some pyrazole derivatives to glutathione conjugates in rat liver subcellular fractions. (biomedsearch.com)
Triterpenoid2
- One new triterpenoid from biotransformation product of glycyrrhiz. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The biotransformation of antcin K, a major ergostane triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea , by Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis ) ATCC 6633 was studied. (mdpi.com)
Bioavailability1
- However, the premise of these benefits has been dampened since RES shows a poor oral bioavailability due to its rapid and extensive biotransformation after oral consumption. (umass.edu)
Mechanisms1
- Overall, our results provided a solid scientific basis for understanding the chemopreventative mechanisms of RES from the perspective of biotransformation and gut microbiota and are of great value for future research on RES in prevention and treatment of colonic diseases in humans. (umass.edu)