Biotransformation
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Cunninghamella
Microsomes, Liver
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.
Dealkylation
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Hydroxylation
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I
Functionalization of exogenous substances to prepare them for conjugation in PHASE II DETOXIFICATION. Phase I enzymes include CYTOCHROME P450 enzymes and some OXIDOREDUCTASES. Excess induction of phase I over phase II detoxification leads to higher levels of FREE RADICALS that can induce CANCER and other cell damage. Induction or antagonism of phase I detoxication is the basis of a number of DRUG INTERACTIONS.
Ketoconazole
Biodegradation, Environmental
Xenobiotics
Trichloroethanes
Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.
Mass Spectrometry
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.
Glucuronosyltransferase
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II
The conjugation of exogenous substances with various hydrophilic substituents to form water soluble products that are excretable in URINE. Phase II modifications include GLUTATHIONE conjugation; ACYLATION; and AMINATION. Phase II enzymes include GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE and GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. In a sense these reactions detoxify phase I reaction products.
Glutathione Transferase
Trinitrotoluene
Liver
Glucuronides
Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.
Stereoisomerism
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Molecular Structure
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
Metabolic Detoxication, Drug
Gordonia Bacterium
Oxygenases
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.
Bile
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
Isoenzymes
Environmental Pollutants
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Equol
Glucuronates
Methoxyflurane
An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
Half-Life
Nitroglycerin
Berberidaceae
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1
An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include ETHANOL; INHALATION ANESTHETICS; BENZENE; ACETAMINOPHEN and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.
Feces
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Hepatocytes
Monoterpenes
Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6
Carbon Radioisotopes
Hepatophyta
Norisoprenoids
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Ethylmorphine
Drug Interactions
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1
A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.
Mucorales
Ictaluridae
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Prodrugs
7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase
Pseudomonas putida
Isoflavones
Coumarins
Soil Pollutants
Alprazolam
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Atrazine
A selective triazine herbicide. Inhalation hazard is low and there are no apparent skin manifestations or other toxicity in humans. Acutely poisoned sheep and cattle may show muscular spasms, fasciculations, stiff gait, increased respiratory rates, adrenal degeneration, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed)
Triazines
Metabolic Engineering
Aspergillus ochraceus
Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase
Parathion
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Flame Retardants
Enzyme Induction
Lactobacillus brevis
Triazolam
A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Acrylonitrile
Coumaric Acids
Pyrazolones
Phenobarbital
Photinia
Skin Lightening Preparations
Lithocholic Acid
Umbelliferones
7-Hydroxycoumarins. Substances present in many plants, especially umbelliferae. Umbelliferones are used in sunscreen preparations and may be mutagenic. Their derivatives are used in liver therapy, as reagents, plant growth factors, sunscreens, insecticides, parasiticides, choleretics, spasmolytics, etc.
L-Lysine 6-Transaminase
Arsenic
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Micromonospora
Dichloroethylenes
Octanes
Steroid Hydroxylases
Carboxylesterase
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase
Fluorides
Butylene Glycols
Zearalenone
(S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.
Biocatalysis
Benzo(a)pyrene
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
Glutathione
Enzyme Inhibitors
Carcinogens
Dichloroacetic Acid
Mutagens
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Fungi
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Guaiacol
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Chlorella
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
A group of ALKALOIDS, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the BORAGINACEAE; COMPOSITAE; and LEGUMINOSAE plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic CYTOTOXINS.
Epoxide Hydrolases
Anesthesia, Inhalation
Mucor
Pseudomonas mendocina
Trifluoroacetic Acid
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Aflatoxin B1
A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
Dogs
Transaldolase
Intestines
Xylenes
A family of isomeric, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, that contain the general formula C6H4(CH3)2. They are produced by the destructive distillation of coal or by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthenic fractions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Mutagenicity Tests
Biotechnology
Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals
Anemarrhena
Safrole
Halothane
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
Rats, Wistar
Chenodeoxycholic Acid
Sulfotransferases
Alkanes
Nitro Compounds
Styrenes
Fungicides, Industrial
Biological Availability
Toxicity Tests
Substrate Specificity
Aniline Hydroxylase
Trichloroethylene
Bioreactors
Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in mice and its mutagenicity after reaction with sodium nitrite in bacteria. (1/3890)
Mice fed a diet containing 0.3 or 0.03% triethanolamine developed malignant tumors. Females showed a high incidence of tumors in lymphoid tissues, while this type was absent in males. Tumors in other tissues were produced at a considerable rate in both sexes, but no hepatoma was found. Triethanolamine was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis by itself, but it became mutagenic after reacting with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions or when the mixture was heated. Although N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known carcinogen and mutagen, was detected in the reaction mixture by thin-layer chromatography, it may not be the main mutagenic product, because the product was a stable and direct mutagen and its mutagenic activity was destroyed by liver enzymes, unlike N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The lethal and mutagenic DNA damages produced by this unidentified product were susceptible to some extent to the repair functions of the bacteria. (+info)Enantioselective inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of isoidide dinitrate by diphenyleneiodonium sulphate. (2/3890)
1. We have shown previously that the D- and L- enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate (D-IIDN and L-IIDN) exhibit a potency difference for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta and that this is related to preferential biotransformation of the more potent enantiomer (D-IIDN). The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulphate (DPI), on the enantioselectivity of IIDN action. 2. In isolated rat aortic strip preparations, exposure to 0.3 microM DPI resulted in a 3.6 fold increase in the EC50 value for D-IIDN-induced relaxation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced relaxation. 3. Incubation of aortic strips with 2 microM D- or L-IIDN for 5 min resulted in significantly more D-isoidide mononitrate formed (5.0 +/- 1.5 pmol mg protein(-1)) than L-isoidide mononitrate (2.1 +/- 0.7 pmol mg protein(-1)) and this difference was abolished by pretreatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI. DPI had no effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity or GSH-dependent biotransformation of D- or L-IIDN in the 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of rat aorta. 4. Consistent with both the relaxation and biotransformation data, treatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI significantly inhibited D-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation. 5. In the intact animal, 2 mg kg(-1) DPI significantly inhibited the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic properties of D-IIDN, but had no effect L-IIDN. 6. These data suggest that the basis for the potency difference for relaxation by the two enantiomers is preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to NO, by an enzyme that is inhibited by DPI. Given that DPI binds to and inhibits NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, the data are consistent with a role for the cytochromes P450-NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase system in this enantioselective biotransformation process. (+info)Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 determines susceptibility to 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lymphomas. (3/3890)
CYP1B1-null mice, created by targeted gene disruption in embryonic stem cells, were born at the expected frequency from heterozygous matings with no observable phenotype, thus establishing that CYP1B1 is not required for mouse development. CYP1B1 was not detectable in cultured embryonic fibroblast (EF) or in different tissues, such as lung, of the CYP1B1-null mouse treated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin whereas the equivalent wild-type EF cells express basal and substantial inducible CYP1B1 and lung expresses inducible CYP1B1. CYP1A1 is induced to far higher levels than CYP1B1 in liver, kidney, and lung in wild-type mice and is induced to a similar extent in CYP1B1-null mice. 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was toxic in wild-type EFs that express CYP1B1 but not CYP1A1. These cells effectively metabolized DMBA, consistent with CYP1B1 involvement in producing the procarcinogenic 3,4-dihydrodiol as a major metabolite, whereas CYP1B1-null EF showed no significant metabolism and were resistant to DMBA-mediated toxicity. When wild-type mice were administered high levels of DMBA intragastrically, 70% developed highly malignant lymphomas whereas only 7.5% of CYP1B1-null mice had lymphomas. Skin hyperplasia and tumors were also more frequent in wild-type mice. These results establish that CYP1B1, located exclusively at extrahepatic sites, mediates the carcinogenicity of DMBA. Surprisingly, CYP1A1, which has a high rate of DMBA metabolism in vitro, is not sufficient for this carcinogenesis, which demonstrates the importance of extrahepatic P450s in determining susceptibility to chemical carcinogens and validates the search for associations between P450 expression and cancer risk in humans. (+info)Microbial desulfurization of organic sulfur compounds in petroleum. (4/3890)
Sulfur removal from petroleum is important from the standpoint of the global environment because the combustion of sulfur compounds leads to the production of sulfur oxides, which are the source of acid rain. As the regulations for sulfur in fuels become more stringent, the existing chemical desulfurizations are coming inadequate for the "deeper desulfurization" to produce lower-sulfur fuels without new and innovative processes. Biodesulfurization is rising as one of the candidates. Several microorganisms were found to desulfurize dibenzothiophene (DBT), a representative of the organic sulfur compounds in petroleum, forming a sulfur-free compound, 2-hydroxybiphenyl. They are promising as biocatalysts in the microbial desulfurization of petroleum because without assimilation of the carbon content, they remove only sulfur from the heterocyclic compounds which is refractory to conventional chemical desulfurization. Both enzymological and molecular genetic studies are now in progress for the purpose of obtaining improved desulfurization activity of organisms. The genes involved in the sulfur-specific DBT desulfurization were identified and the corresponding enzymes have been investigated. From the practical point of view, it has been proved that the microbial desulfurization proceeds in the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons, and more complicated DBT analogs are also desulfurized by the microorganisms. This review outlines the progress in the studies of the microbial desulfurization from the basic and practical point of view. (+info)Studies on cytochrome P-450-mediated bioactivation of diclofenac in rats and in human hepatocytes: identification of glutathione conjugated metabolites. (5/3890)
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac causes a rare but potentially fatal hepatotoxicity that may be associated with the formation of reactive metabolites. In this study, three glutathione (GSH) adducts, namely 5-hydroxy-4-(glutathion-S-yl)diclofenac (M1), 4'-hydroxy-3'-(glutathion-S-yl)diclofenac (M2), and 5-hydroxy-6-(glutathion-S-yl)diclofenac (M3), were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of bile from Sprague-Dawley rats injected i.p. with a single dose of diclofenac (200 mg/kg). These adducts presumably were formed via hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-catalyzed oxidation of diclofenac to reactive benzoquinone imines that were trapped by GSH conjugation. In support of this hypothesis, M1, M2, and M3 were generated from diclofenac in incubations with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and GSH. Increases in adduct formation were observed when incubations were performed with liver microsomes from phenobarbital- or dexamethasone-treated rats. Adduct formation was inhibited by polyclonal antibodies against CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A (40-50% inhibition at 5 mg of IgG/nmol of CYP) but not by an antibody against CYP1A. Maximal inhibition was obtained when the three inhibitory antibodies were used in a cocktail fashion (70-80% inhibition at 2.5 mg of each IgG/nmol of CYP). These data suggest that diclofenac undergoes biotransformation to reactive metabolites in rats and that CYP isoforms of the 2B, 2C, and 3A subfamilies are involved in this bioactivation process. With respect to CYP2C isoforms, rat hepatic CYP2C7 and CYP2C11 were implicated as mediators of the bioactivation based on immunoinhibition studies using antibodies specific to CYP2C7 and CYP2C11. Screening for GSH adducts also was carried out in human hepatocyte cultures containing diclofenac, and M1, M2, and M3 again were detected. It is possible, therefore, that reactive benzoquinone imines may be formed in vivo in humans and contribute to diclofenac-mediated hepatic injury. (+info)Oxidative bioactivation of the lactol prodrug of a lactone cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. (6/3890)
The lactol derivative of a lactone cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (DFU) was evaluated in vivo and in vitro for its potential suitability as a prodrug. DFU-lactol was found to be 10 to 20 times more soluble than DFU in a variety of aqueous vehicles. After administration of DFU-lactol at 20 mg kg-1 p.o. in rats, a Cmax of 7.5 microM DFU was reached in the plasma. After oral administration, the ED50s of DFU-lactol in the carrageenan-induced paw edema and lipopolysaccharide-induced pyresis assays in rats are comparable with the ED50s observed when dosing with DFU. Incubations of DFU-lactol with rat and human hepatocytes demonstrated that the oxidation of DFU-lactol can be mediated by liver enzymes and that a competing pathway is direct glucuronidation of the DFU-lactol hydroxyl group. Assays with subcellular fractions from rat liver indicated that most of the oxidation of DFU-lactol occurs in the cytosolic fraction and requires NAD(P)+. Human liver cytosol can also support the oxidation of DFU-lactol to DFU when NAD(P)+ is added to the incubations. Fractionation of human liver cytosolic proteins showed that at least three enzymes are capable of efficiently effecting the oxidation of DFU-lactol to DFU. Incubations with commercially available dehydrogenases suggest that alcohol and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in this oxidative process. These data together suggest that lactols may represent useful prodrugs for lactone-containing drugs. (+info)The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor fluvastatin: effect on human cytochrome P-450 and implications for metabolic drug interactions. (7/3890)
Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, was metabolized by human liver microsomes to 5-hydroxy-, 6-hydroxy-, and N-deisopropyl-fluvastatin. Total metabolite formation was biphasic with apparent Km values of 0.2 to 0.7 and 7.9 to 50 microM and intrinsic metabolic clearance rates of 1.4 to 4 and 0.3 to 1.5 ml/h/mg microsomal protein for the high and low Km components, respectively. Several enzymes, but mainly CYP2C9, catalyzed fluvastatin metabolism. Only CYP2C9 inhibitors such as sulfaphenazole inhibited the formation of both 6-hydroxy- and N-deisopropyl-fluvastatin. 5-Hydroxy-fluvastatin formation was reduced by compounds that are inhibitors of CYP2C9, CYP3A, or CYP2C8. Fluvastatin in turn inhibited CYP2C9-catalyzed tolbutamide and diclofenac hydroxylation with Ki values of 0.3 and 0.5 microM, respectively. For CYP2C8-catalyzed 6alpha-hydroxy-paclitaxel formation the IC50 was 20 microM and for CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A catalyzed reactions, no IC50 could be determined up to 100 microM fluvastatin. All three fluvastatin metabolites were also formed by recombinant CYP2C9, whereas CYP1A1, CYP2C8, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 produced only 5-hydroxy-fluvastatin. Km values were approximately 1, 2.8, and 7.1 microM for CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A, respectively. No difference in fluvastatin metabolism was found between the CYP2C9R144 and CYP2C9C144 alleles, suggesting the absence of polymorphic fluvastatin metabolism by these alleles. CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A5 did not produce detectable amounts of any metabolite. This data indicates that several human cytochrome P-450 enzymes metabolize fluvastatin with CYP2C9 contributing 50-80%. Any coadministered drug would therefore only partially reduce the metabolic clearance of fluvastatin; therefore, the likelihood for serious metabolic drug interactions is expected to be minimal. (+info)Rapid liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based screening procedures for studies on the biotransformation of drug candidates. (8/3890)
The accelerated pace of contemporary drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry has generated increasing demands for early information on the metabolic fate of candidate drugs to guide the selection of new compounds for clinical evaluation. In response to these demands, we have developed a procedure for the rapid analysis of complex biological mixtures for the presence of drug-related materials and have embarked on the development of novel computer-based approaches whereby such procedures can be automated. The goal of this work was to rapidly identify drug metabolites (derived either from a single substrate or from a mixture of substrates) formed in vivo or in vitro. The approach that we have developed relies on the use of generic chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for analysis of mixtures of drugs and metabolites and on correlation analysis of tandem mass spectrometry spectra to distinguish drug-related components from endogenous materials. Cross-correlation of the spectra also is used to identify the relationship between each metabolite and its respective parent drug in the mixture. In this manner, metabolites of a mixture of several drugs may be analyzed in the time it normally would take to analyze the products from a single substrate. We show that this rapid analytical approach can, with only minor sacrifices in the completeness of the data, significantly increase the number of compounds whose metabolic fate can be elucidated in a given time. (+info)
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中国科学院大连化学物理研究所机构知识库(DICP OpenIR): Intravenous Fentanyl is Exhaled and the Concentration Fluctuates with Time
Carotenoid biotransformation pathways and oxidative stress in a bird: an experimental approach and its implications for color...
Publication : USDA ARS
Biotransformation of Progesterone by Whole Cells of Filamentous Fungi Aspergillus brasiliensis
Identification of new transformation products during enzymatic treatment of tetracycline and erythromycin antibiotics at...
Characterization and tissue distribution of conjugated metabolites of pyrene in the rat
Biotransformation of chlorzoxazone by hepatic microsomes from humans and ten other mammalian species
Identification of metabolites and thermal transformation products of quinolones in raw cow milk by liquid chromatography...
Biotransformation of alkenes by the obligate anaerobic M. thermoactica. - Lancaster EPrints
Viagra per pill cost for chlamydia treatment zithromax untied states
Practical Methods For Biocatalysis And Biotransformations
9781118158753 - Ionic Liquids in Biotransformations and | eCampus.com
Biotransformations and Bioprocesses (ebook) by Mukesh Doble | 9780203026373
Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations
Identification of thiocyanate as the principal metabolite of oxamyl in lactating goats
biotransform - Wiktionary
Ugt2a1 - UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A1 precursor - Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Ugt2a1 gene & protein
Primary Hepatocytes | Human and Animal Hepatocytes | Corning
Primary Hepatocytes | Human and Animal Hepatocytes | Corning
News | Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
Biomin.net - BIOMIN receives positive EFSA opinion for mycotoxin biotransformation.
UNAIR FST lecturer uses beta-glucosidase enzyme in microorganisms for ginseng biotransformation - Unair News
biotransformation | sciencenewsnet.in
ReP USP - Detalhe do registro: Oxidative stress and biotransformation parameters as potentials biomarkers in marine microalgae ...
Potential role of oxidative exoenzymes of the extremophilic fungus Pestalotiopsis palmarum BM-04 in biotransformation of extra...
Browsing ECNIS - Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition and Individual Susceptibility by Title
The Open Drug Metabolism Journal :: Aims & Scope
Novel Containers for Active Ingredients and Modular Biotransformations - BioSC Launches Two New FocusLabs - RWTH AACHEN...
Reactor operation for biotransformations with toxic reactants
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UCL Discovery
Browsing by Subject Biocatalyst
Reaction mass of... - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Databases
WebHome | RCSIRM | Moseley Bioinformatics Lab
DAILY QUIZ-23 - Pharmacognize Blog
Pesticide biotransformation in plants and microorganisms : similarities and divergences | 東京工業大学附属図書館 蔵書検索 (OPAC)
Development of biotransformation via enolate - Biocatalysis
Thermodynamically controlled synthesis of cefamandole<...
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Bachelors degree in Nursing (to qualify as a nurse) (Trento) | UniVr
How cigarette smoke affects smokers - Thaindian News
Biotransformation of 1,3-propanediol cyclic sulfate and its derivatives to diols by toluene-permeabilized cells of Bacillus sp....
Biotransformation
Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. Increasingly, biotransformations are ... Biotransformations can be slow and are often incompatible with high temperatures, which are employed in traditional chemical ... Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. ... Petrochemicals for example are often not amenable to biotransformations, especially on the scale required for some applications ...
Biocatalysis & Biotransformation
... homepage of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation (Articles lacking reliable references from ... Biotransformation. Biocatalysis & Biotransformation publishes 6 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions. ... Biocatalysis & Biotransformation is an academic journal that provides coverage of the application, both actual and potential of ... Subscribers to the electronic edition of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation receive access to the online archive, which dates ...
Penicillium oxalicum
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation. 32 (4): 199-207. doi:10.3109/10242422.2014.934365. Jarvis, W. R.; Barrie, S. D.; Traquair, ...
Glycogen debranching enzyme
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation. 26 (1-2): 76-85. doi:10.1080/10242420701806652. S2CID 83831481. Nakayama A, Yamamoto K, ...
3-HO-PCP
Holsztynska EJ, Domino EF (1985). "Biotransformation of phencyclidine". Drug Metab. Rev. 16 (3): 285-320. doi:10.3109/ ... application for in vivo and in vitro biotransformation studies". J Anal Toxicol. 10 (3): 107-15. doi:10.1093/jat/10.3.107. PMID ...
Arsenic biochemistry
The biotransformation of arsenic for excretion is primarily done through the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2 ... Martinez, V.D; Vucic, E.A (2011). "Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption ... Vahter, Marie (2002). "Mechanisms of arsenic biotransformation". Toxicology. 181-182: 211-7. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00285-8 ... Kumagai, Yoshito; Sumi, Daigo (2007). "Arsenic: Signal Transduction, Transcription Factor, and Biotransformation Involved in ...
Soman
Jokanović, M. (2001-09-25). "Biotransformation of organophosphorus compounds". Toxicology. 166 (3): 139-160. doi:10.1016/s0300- ...
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Jokanović, Milan (2001-09-25). "Biotransformation of organophosphorus compounds". Toxicology. 166 (3): 139-160. doi:10.1016/ ...
Streptomyces badius
Sutherland, J.B.; Evans, F.E.; Freeman, J.P.; Williams, A.J. (March 1996). "Biotransformation of quinoxaline by Streptomyces ... Gupta, Rajinder K.; Spiker, Jennifer K.; Crawford, Don L. (May 1988). "Biotransformation of coal by ligninolytic". Canadian ...
Saturation mutagenesis
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation/Bioinorganic Chemistry. 13 (1): 19-25. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.019. PMID 19261539. ( ...
Technetium
Francis, A. J.; Dodge, C. J.; Meinken, G. E. (2002). "Biotransformation of pertechnetate by Clostridia". Radiochimica Acta. 90 ...
Nitrogenase
Bioinorganic chemistry / Biocatalysis and biotransformation. 10 (2): 101-8. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.019. PMID 16510305. ...
Ketamine
Chang T, Glazko AJ (1974). "Biotransformation and disposition of ketamine". Int Anesthesiol Clin. 12 (2): 157-77. doi:10.1097/ ...
Rhizobium viscosum
ISBN 978-1-4398-0408-7. Wandrey, A. Liese, K. Seelbach, C. (2000). Industrial biotransformations. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978 ...
Cunninghamella elegans
The biotransformation of quercetin yields three metabolites, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D- ... Zhang, D.; Evans, F. E.; Freeman, J. P.; Duhart Jr, B.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1995). "Biotransformation of amitriptyline by ... Zhang, D.; Freeman, J. P.; Sutherland, J. B.; Walker, A. E.; Yang, Y.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1996). "Biotransformation of ... Pothuluri, J. V.; Freeman, J. P.; Evans, F. E.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1993). "Biotransformation of fluorene by the fungus ...
Cellulosimicrobium cellulans
TH-20 with ginseng biotransformation ability". 3 Biotech. 7 (4): 237. doi:10.1007/s13205-017-0850-2. ISSN 2190-5738. PMC ...
Isostere
Biotransformations and Bioprocesses. CRC Press, 2004, p. 60. ISBN 0-8247-4775-5 H. Erlenmeyer, Ernst Willi: Zusammenhänge ...
Sulfoxide
Holland, Herbert Leslie (1988). "Chiral Sulfoxidation by Biotransformation of Organic Sulfides". Chemical Reviews. 88 (3): 473- ...
Irina Ivshina
Luchnikova, Natalia A.; Grishko, Victoria V.; Ivshina, Irina B. (2020-11-25). "Biotransformation of Oleanane and Ursane ...
Serotonin
Alarcón J, Cid E, Lillo L, Céspedesa C, Aguila S, Alderete JB (2008). "Biotransformation of indole derivatives by mycelial ...
Enzyme kinetics
Baillie TA, Rettenmeier AW (1986). "Drug biotransformation: mechanistic studies with stable isotopes". Journal of Clinical ...
Allopregnanolone
Yagen B, Gallili GE, Mateles RI (August 1978). "Progesterone biotransformation by plant cell suspension cultures". Applied and ...
Cinobufagin
Li Qiao; Yu-zhi Zhou; Zhang J; Xiu-lan Qi; Li-hong Lin; Huan Chen; Li-yan Pang; Yue-hu Pei (2007). "Biotransformation of ...
Rudi Balling
2002). History and Trends in Bioprocessing and Biotransformation. Springer. ISBN 9783540446040. Retrieved 1 October 2021. " ...
TNT
... biotransformation versus mineralization". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54 (5): 605-18. doi:10.1007/s002530000445. PMID 11131384 ...
RDX
... biotransformation versus mineralization". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 54 (5): 605-618. doi:10.1007/s002530000445. ...
Tetrazepam
Baumgärtner MG, Cautreels W, Langenbahn H (1984). "Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of tetrazepam in man". Arzneimittel- ...
Salicyluric acid
Schrör K (2016). "Biotransformations of Salicylic Acid". Acetylsalicylic acid (Second ed.). Weinheim. p. 70. ISBN 978-3-527- ...
Synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi
2005). "Microbial cells and enzymes". Microbial enzymes and biotransformations. pp. 1-10. ISBN 978-1-58829-253-7. Ghorbani, HR ...
Metabolism
Galvão TC, Mohn WW, de Lorenzo V (October 2005). "Exploring the microbial biodegradation and biotransformation gene pool". ...
Fungal biotransformation of zinc silicate and sulfide mineral ores | The James Hutton Institute
"Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of chlorinated and brominated or" by Gianfranco Scipione
Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of chlorinated and brominated organohalogens and metabolites in a deepwater sculpin ( ... A, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOTRANSFORMATION, BROMINATED, CHAIN, CHLORINATED, DEEPWATER, FOOD, HURON, LAKE, METABOLITES, MYOXOCEPHALUS ... Scipione, Gianfranco, "Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of chlorinated and brominated organohalogens and metabolites in a ...
Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum. | Drug Metabolism &...
Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum.. F A Posadas del Rio, ... Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum.. F A Posadas del Rio, ... Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum.. F A Posadas del Rio, ... Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum. ...
Modeling of Pharmaceutical Biotransformation by Enriched Nitrifying Culture under Different Metabolic Conditions - Fingerprint
...
Reductive whole-cell biotransformation with Corynebacterium glutamicum: improvement of NADPH generation from glucose by a...
Redox self-sufficient whole cell biotransformation for amination of alcohols.. Klatte S, Wendisch VF., Bioorg Med Chem 22(20), ... Reductive whole-cell biotransformation with Corynebacterium glutamicum: improvement of NADPH generation from glucose by a ... "Reductive whole-cell biotransformation with Corynebacterium glutamicum: improvement of NADPH generation from glucose by a ... Reductive whole-cell biotransformation with Corynebacterium glutamicum: improvement of NADPH generation from glucose by a ...
Biotransformations using lipase enzymes in organic solvents - Durham e-Theses
Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Nitroheterocyclics and Nitroaromatics: A Tale of two Fates - Chemical Engineering &...
Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805<...
Loraine, J. K., & Smith, M. C. M. (2017). Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain ... Loraine, JK & Smith, MCM 2017, Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain Mycobacterium ... Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805. / Loraine, ... Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805. In Barredo ...
Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology - Eawag
Gnosis by Lesaffre: Discover biotransformation in the health ingredients industry (video)
Biocatalysis and biotransformation
Biotransformation of Phosphogypsumin Petroleum-Refining Wastewaters
... and petroleum-refining wastewaters and used to investigate the effectiveness of carbon reduction and biotransformation of ... Biotransformation of Phosphogypsum by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria in Media Containing Different Zinc Salts ... 10) was found to be very effective with 90% carbon reduction (measured as COD) and the simultaneous biotransformation of ... and petroleum-refining wastewaters and used to investigate the effectiveness of carbon reduction and biotransformation of ...
Continuous biotransformation of bisphenol A and diclofenac by laccase in an enzymatic membrane reactor
Chronic cannabinoid, CP-55,940, administration alters biotransformation in the rat
... COSTA, BARBARA SIMONA;Parolaro, D;Colleoni ... Costa, B., Parolaro, D., Colleoni, M. (1996). Chronic cannabinoid, CP-55,940, administration alters biotransformation in the ... Costa, B., Parolaro, D., Colleoni, M. (1996). Chronic cannabinoid, CP-55,940, administration alters biotransformation in the ... The present findings demonstrate that the behavioural tolerance occurs together with modified biotransformation activities. ...
Interaction between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man<...
Interaction between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. A. P. Alvares, A. H. Conney, K. E. Anderson, A. ... Interaction between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. / Alvares, A. P.; Conney, A. H.; Anderson, K. E. et ... Alvares AP, Conney AH, Anderson KE, Kappas A. Interaction between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. ... Interaction between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. In: Pharmacologist. 1976 ; Vol. 18, No. 2. pp. No. ...
Production of fine chemicals by (bio)transformation of agro-food by-products and wastes
... R. Villa;J. Clark;F. Molinari;D. ... Production of fine chemicals by (bio)transformation of agro-food by-products and wastes / R. Villa, J. Clark, F. Molinari, D. ... The extraction from the complex source or from the final biotransformation mixture also plays a crucial role in the overall ... The extraction from the complex source or from the final biotransformation mixture also plays a crucial role in the overall ...
Instrumental analysis, metabolism and toxicity of cis- and trans-zearalenone and their biotransformation products
Biotransformation - Singapore Membrane Consortium (SG MEM)
Fermentation & Other Biotransformations
Part II: Methods and Approaches 1: Assessing Disease Associations and Interactions Chapter 9 | HuGE | CDC
The process of biotransformation, i.e., the enzymatic alteration of foreign or xenobiotic compounds, is conventionally divided ... Biotransformation enzyme polymorphism and pesticide susceptibility. Neurotoxicology 2000;21:101-11.. *. Sams C, Mason HJ, ... Generally, one can investigate the role of a gene whose product is hypothesized to be involved in the biotransformation, cell ... In slow acetylators, initial acetylation in the liver is less efficient, and hence biotransformation of the aromatic amine is ...
Genetic Variation in Biotransformation Enzymes, Air Pollution Exposures, and Risk of Spina Bifida
... ... The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between gene variants in biotransformation enzyme pathways and ambient air ... Genetic Variation in Biotransformation Enzymes, Air Pollution Exposures, and Risk of Spina Bifida ... Gene-environment interactions between air pollution and biotransformation enzymes and risk of birth defects Cite ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Bio-transformation of thiolutin production from Streptomyces pimprina to Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Fair State Coop YCH Biotransformation IPA - Craft Beer Time
State Coop has partnered with the Brewing Innovations Team at YCH to test their new Bio-T hop blend in TCH Biotransformation ... With Biotransformation IPA, Fair State Coop and YCH learn more about the biotransformation effects from mid-fermentation dry- ... YCH Biotransformation IPA. The fine folks at Fair State Coop have partnered with the Brewing Innovations team at YCH to test a ... Fair State Coop and Yakima Chief Hops brewed YCH Biotransformation IPA in order to explore a new hop blend, created to make a ...
Biotransformation and MIST expertise continue in MetaSafe | MetaSafe AB
ANNATTO EXTRACTS (JECFA 52, 2004)
Fichas
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Biotransformation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. using Aspergillus niger
Genome sequencing of strain Cellulosimicrobium sp. TH-20 with ginseng biotransformation ability. - PacBio
TH-20 isolated from ginseng soil samples was identified to produce enzymes contributing to its excellent biotransformation ... These genes are relevant to ginsenoside biotransformation, including 6 for beta-glucosidase, 1 for alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase ... Biotransformation for increasing the pharmaceutical effect of ginsenosides is getting more and more attractions. Strain ... TH-20 with ginseng biotransformation ability. Authors: Zheng, Fei and Zhang, Wei and Chu, Xiaodan and Dai, Yulin and Li, Jing ...
EnzymesBiodegradationAccentuate hop flavor and aromaBIOACCUMULATIONBiocatalysisEnzymeToxicityFermentationMetabolismVitroAnaerobicProcessesBeta-glucosidaseOrganicBiosynthesisGlutamicumGenetic variationToleranceGenesCompoundsMicrobialProductsFermentationsSoilReactionWhole-cellProcessDrugsEffectActivityProductionCultureRoleExcellentDetailsFactorsNaturalHumanFieldPotential
Enzymes8
- Many recent epidemiologic investigations have examined associations between polymorphic genes that code for enzymes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation (i.e. metabolism) and disease and have generated interesting findings. (cdc.gov)
- TH-20 isolated from ginseng soil samples was identified to produce enzymes contributing to its excellent biotransformation activity against ginsenosides, the main active components of ginseng. (pacb.com)
- Enzymes as biocatalysts in the biotransformation industry. (abdn.ac.uk)
- Breast cancer: role of polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes. (cdc.gov)
- The na- quire biotransformation by enzymes carcinogens. (who.int)
- Additionally, we will examine a series of decarboxylase enzymes for their activity and suitability as enzyme partners in the biotransformation process. (ukri.org)
- Combined effect of genetic polymorphisms in phase I and II biotransformation enzymes on head and neck cancer risk. (cdc.gov)
- To apply this raw material in new industrial fields, a second hydroxy group is inserted into borneol by cytochrome P450cam (CYP101) enzymes in a whole-cell catalytic biotransformation with Pseudomonas putida KT2440. (fraunhofer.de)
Biodegradation2
- Dr. Field conducts research on the biodegradation and biotransformation of environmental contaminants of concern. (utoronto.ca)
- A significant proportion of the B3 conference was concerned with the action of oxygenases, which are critically important in aerobic biodegradation and for commercial biotransformations. (umn.edu)
Accentuate hop flavor and aroma2
- Through expression of a B-glucosidase enzyme, LalBrew New England can promote hop biotransformation & accentuate hop flavor and aroma. (centralstreetfarmhouse.com)
- Through expression of a beta-glucosidase enzyme LalBrew Köln™ can promote hop biotransformation and accentuate hop flavor and aroma. (fhsteinbart.com)
BIOACCUMULATION1
- Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of chlorinated and brominated organohalogens and metabolites in a deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni) food chain from Lake Huron. (uwindsor.ca)
Biocatalysis1
- Biocatalysis and biotransformation / European Federation of Biotechnology. (bvs.br)
Enzyme1
- Diphenyliodonium-mediated inhibition of salicylate 1-monooxygenase and a comparative study between native, deflavo, and reconstituted enzyme(s) showed that FAD site of the enzyme was involved in the biotransformation of CL-20 catalyzed by salicylate 1-monooxygenase. (canada.ca)
Toxicity1
- It has been recognized for many decades that individual differences in response to pharmacological treatment, exhibited as drug toxicity or a lack of therapeutic effect, are often due to genetic differences that result in altered rates of biotransformation (metabolism). (cdc.gov)
Fermentation4
- In this brew, the blend, "Bio-T", is designed to maximize the effects of biotransformation during mid-fermentation dry-hopping. (craftbeertime.com)
- The significant oxidoreductase genes responsible for each or multiple inhibitors biotransformation identified in this study will serve as a component of key gene device library for robust biorefinery fermentation strains development in the future biorefinery applications. (bvsalud.org)
- Based on production of beta-citronellol from geraniol in a standard wort fermentation (terpene biotransformation). (escarpmentlabs.com)
- This method will benefit the bioprocess development of biotransformation or fermentation approaches for microbial lignan production. (hhu.de)
Metabolism1
- The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of single and repeated administration of CP-55,940 [(-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1, 1-dimethylheptyl)-phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol)] on behaviour, energy metabolism and biotransformation. (unimib.it)
Vitro1
- Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum. (aspetjournals.org)
Anaerobic1
- Performance of single- and two-stage pH-stat completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) systems for anaerobic acrylic acid biotransformation was investigated and compared. (cmich.edu)
Processes2
- We harness their power and the biotransformation processes already occurring in nature to cultivate nutritional actives that benefit human health and wellbeing. (cphi-online.com)
- We want to free up our pathways of detoxification and elimination, allowing the body to continue its processes of metabolization and biotransformation. (cleanprogram.com)
Beta-glucosidase1
- These genes are relevant to ginsenoside biotransformation, including 6 for beta-glucosidase, 1 for alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase, 1 for alpha-1,6-glucosidase, 1 for endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, 1 for alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, and 1 for beta-galactosidase. (pacb.com)
Organic1
- Biotransformation of organic compounds by using microbial whole cells provides an efficient approach to obtain novel analogues which are often difficult to synthesize chemically. (biomedcentral.com)
Biosynthesis1
- Promising sources of natural 2-PE are microorganisms, especially yeasts, which can produce 2-PE by biosynthesis and biotransformation. (waw.pl)
Glutamicum2
- Tolerance and transcriptional analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum on biotransformation of toxic furaldehyde and benzaldehyde inhibitory compounds. (bvsalud.org)
- This study found that Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 demonstrated excellent tolerance and biotransformation capacity to five typical aldehyde inhibitors including two furaldehydes 2-furaldehyde ( furfural ), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde, and three benzaldehydes 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin), and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (syringaldehyde). (bvsalud.org)
Genetic variation1
- Notable examples include nerve damage among individuals homozygous for some variants of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene ("slow acetylators") given isoniazid as an antituberculosis therapy, hemolytic anemia among glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient patients given aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs, and varied rates of biotransformation of debrisoquine, an antihypertensive drug, due to genetic variation at the CYP2D6 locus. (cdc.gov)
Tolerance1
- The present findings demonstrate that the behavioural tolerance occurs together with modified biotransformation activities. (unimib.it)
Genes1
- Transcription levels of 93 genes hypothesized to be responsible for five aldehydes biotransformation were examined by qRT- PCR . (bvsalud.org)
Compounds3
- The process of biotransformation, i.e., the enzymatic alteration of foreign or xenobiotic compounds, is conventionally divided into two phases. (cdc.gov)
- Note that the concept of biotransformation also includes other aroma active compounds such as thiols and esters. (escarpmentlabs.com)
- Deca durabolin injection statement to highlight the potential for comprehensive metabolite studies, particularly when investigating biotransformation products of deuterated compounds. (haitifeed.com)
Microbial1
- The study of flavonoid biotransformation by structurally-well defined BDO and NDO will provide the substrate structure and reactivity relationships and eventually establish the production of non-plant-originated flavonoids by means of microbial biotechnology. (kribb.re.kr)
Products2
- Furthermore, biotransformation of B-ring skewed substrates, flavanone and isoflavanol, by BDO produced the epoxide products, instead of dihydrodiols. (kribb.re.kr)
- Biotransformation of Agricultural Waste and By-Products within the 4F economic climate: The nutrients, Feed, Fiber, gasoline (4F) financial system presents an overview of plant species greater exploitable for a selected transformation. (u1-frisuren.de)
Fermentations1
- The bioconversion of aldehyde inhibitors into less toxic alcohols or acids ( biotransformation ) is the prerequisite condition for efficient biorefinery fermentations . (bvsalud.org)
Soil2
- Eleven isolates of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were isolated from soil contaminated with crude oil derivatives and petroleum-refining wastewaters and used to investigate the effectiveness of carbon reduction and biotransformation of phosphogypsum. (pjoes.com)
- Biotransformation of polluted soil when treated with biosurfactants: petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides 15. (bokkilden.no)
Reaction1
- Initial reaction(s) in biotransformation of CL-20 catalyzed by salicylate 1-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. (canada.ca)
Whole-cell2
- A strategy to identify a ketoreductase that preferentially synthesizes pharmaceutically relevant (S)-alcohols using whole-cell biotransformation [Bugworks Res. (ccamp.res.in)
- These results show that whole-cell catalytic biotransformation of terpenes could lead to bio-based, higher-functionalized monomers, which might be basic raw materials for different fields of application, such as biopolymers. (fraunhofer.de)
Process2
- The process is called biotransformation. (cphi-online.com)
- Opioids, such as codeine, hydromorphone, and morphine, undergo a number of biotransformations as part of the normal metabolic process. (uspharmacist.com)
Drugs2
- These results suggest that small intestine may play an important role in the biotransformation of these drugs at their absorption site, after oral administration. (aspetjournals.org)
- None were taking bolic pathway in the biotransformation of drugs that would interfere with acetylation a number of drugs such as procainamide, nor were any on any drugs known to be hydralazine, sulphonamides, isoniazide and polymorphically N-acetylated. (who.int)
Effect3
- Biotransformation for increasing the pharmaceutical effect of ginsenosides is getting more and more attractions. (pacb.com)
- Acetate concentration in both single- and two-stage reactors was continuously maintained at a nonlimiting concentration of 2000 ± 200 mg/L using a computer-controlled pH-stat system to allow observation of the effect of acrylate biotransformation on the more sensitive methanogenic step. (cmich.edu)
- Effect of biotransformation medium on isoquercitrin production by Bacillus sp. (springeropen.com)
Activity1
- There was significant correlation between phosphotriesterase (PTE) activity and the chlorpyrifos biotransformation rates, with this relationship varying among sites. (itu.edu.tr)
Production1
- Production of isoquercitrin from quercetin by biotransformation using Bascillus sp. (springeropen.com)
Culture1
- One of the isolates (culture no. 10) was found to be very effective with 90% carbon reduction (measured as COD) and the simultaneous biotransformation of approximately 2.65g phosphogypsum/L in industrial petroleum-refining wastewaters. (pjoes.com)
Role1
- The extraction from the complex source or from the final biotransformation mixture also plays a crucial role in the overall bioprocess. (unimi.it)
Excellent1
- Additional biotransformations were carried out with monosaccharides: D-mannonic acid and D-xylonic acid were obtained with good to excellent conversions of 73 % and greater than 95 %, respectively. (chemistryviews.org)
Details1
- This review details recent progresses in the flavonoid biotransformation by bacterial non-heme dioxygenases, biphenyl dioxygenase (BDO), and naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO), which can initially activate biphenyl and naphthalene with insertion of dioxygen in stereospecfic and regiospecific manners. (kribb.re.kr)
Factors1
- The factors regulating TNT biotransformation were investigated in detail for one fungus, Suillus variegatus. (elsevier.com)
Natural1
- Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación. (medlineplus.gov)
Human1
- The biotransformation of glycerol trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISD), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), and mannitol hexanitrate (MHN) by extracts from human liver, small intestine mucosa, kidney, and blood serum was investigated. (aspetjournals.org)
Field1
- Adrian Covaci works mostly in the field of Chromatography, limiting it down to topics relating to Biotransformation and, in certain cases, Microsome, as a part of the same area of interest. (research.com)
Potential1
- Biotransformation and Potential Mineralization of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA by Acidimicrobiaceae sp. (serdp-estcp.org)