Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.
Conducting a biopsy procedure with the aid of a MEDICAL IMAGING modality.
The use of needles usually larger than 14-gauge to remove tissue samples large enough to retain cellular architecture for pathology examination.
Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis.
A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
A space in which the pressure is far below atmospheric pressure so that the remaining gases do not affect processes being carried on in the space.
A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Minimally invasive procedures guided with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging to visualize tissue structures.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
Use of ultrasound for imaging the breast. The most frequent application is the diagnosis of neoplasms of the female breast.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.
A physical examination in which the qualified health care worker inserts a lubricated, gloved finger of one hand into the RECTUM and may use the other hand to press on the lower ABDOMEN or pelvic area to palpate for abnormalities in the lower rectum, and nearby organs or tissues. The method is commonly used to check the lower rectum, the PROSTATE gland in men, and the UTERUS and OVARIES in women.
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Tissue ablation of the PROSTATE performed by ultrasound from a transducer placed in the RECTUM. The procedure is used to treat prostate cancer (PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA).
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Radiographic examination of the breast.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
The technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material.
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.
Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE).
Area of the human body underneath the SHOULDER JOINT, also known as the armpit or underarm.
Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Presence of blood in the urine.

Effect of trauma on plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations in sheep. (1/14535)

Portal plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations were measured before and after acute trauma (liver biosy). The trauma was sufficient to increase glucagon concentrations and depress insulin concentrations. These changes were associated with a marked hyperglycemia. Infusion of glucagon was insufficient to prevent stress inhibition of insulin secretion. The stimulation of glucagon secretion and inhibition of insulin secretion were of about one hour duration. These findings indicate that glucagon and insulin in conjunction with the nervous system may play an important role in the development of stress related hyperglycemia.  (+info)

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: experimental production in calves with antigens of Micropolyspora faeni. (2/14535)

Pneumonitis was induced in calves by exposure to aerosols of Micropolyspora faeni with or without prior sensitization of the animals by subcutaneous injection of antigen. The pneumonitis primarily involved centrolobular areas and was characterized by alveolar septal thickening and loss of air space by cellular infiltration. Vasculitis and focal haemorrhage occurred in certain individuals and haemoproteinaceous exudate appeared within septa and alveolar lumina. The pneumonitis was compared with human farmer's lung, pneumonitis of housed cattle and other experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitides.  (+info)

Level of retinoblastoma protein expression correlates with p16 (MTS-1/INK4A/CDKN2) status in bladder cancer. (3/14535)

Recent studies have shown that patients whose bladder cancer exhibit overexpression of RB protein as measured by immunohistochemical analysis do equally poorly as those with loss of RB function. We hypothesized that loss of p16 protein function could be related to RB overexpression, since p16 can induce transcriptional downregulation of RB and its loss may lead to aberrant RB regulation. Conversely, loss of RB function has been associated with high p16 protein expression in several other tumor types. In the present study RB negative bladder tumors also exhibited strong nuclear p16 staining while each tumor with strong, homogeneous RB nuclear staining were p16 negative, supporting our hypothesis. To expand on these immunohistochemical studies additional cases were selected in which the status of the p16 encoding gene had been determined at the molecular level. Absent p16 and high RB protein expression was found in the tumors having loss of heterozygosity within 9p21 and a structural change (mutation or deletion) of the remaining p16 encoding gene allele, confirming the staining results. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the RB nuclear overexpression recently associated with poor prognosis in bladder cancer is also associated with loss of p16 function and implies that loss of p16 function could be equally deleterious as RB loss in bladder and likely other cancers.  (+info)

Precancerous lesions in two counties of China with contrasting gastric cancer risk. (4/14535)

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and shows remarkable geographical variation even within countries such as China. Linqu County in Shandong Province of northeast China has a GC rate that is 15 times higher than that of Cangshan County in Shandong, even though these counties are within 200 miles of each other. METHOD: In order to evaluate the frequency of precancerous gastric lesions in Linqu and Cangshan Counties we examined 3400 adults in Linqu County and 224 adults in Cangshan County. An endoscopic examination with four biopsies was performed in each individual of the two populations. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) was 30% and 15.1%, respectively, in Linqu compared to 7.9% and 5.6% in Cangshan (P < 0.01). Within these histological categories, advanced grades were found more often in Linqu than in Cangshan. The prevalences of IM and DYS were more common at each biopsy site in Linqu, where the lesions also tended to affect multiple sites. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the concept that IM and DYS are closely correlated with risks of GC and represent late stages in the multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis.  (+info)

Measurement of serum TSH in the investigation of patients presenting with thyroid enlargement. (5/14535)

In otherwise euthyroid patients presenting with thyroid enlargement, reduction in serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations measured in a sensitive assay may be a marker of thyroid autonomy and may therefore indicate a benign underlying pathology. We investigated prospectively a cohort of 467 subjects presenting consecutively to our thyroid clinic with nodular or diffuse enlargement of the thyroid. Subjects were divided into those with normal (0.4-5.5 mU/l), low but detectable (0.1-0.39 mU/l) or undetectable (< 0.1 mU/l) serum TSH concentrations. The final pathological diagnosis was defined by fine-needle aspiration cytology and clinical follow-up of at least 2 years or by fine-needle aspiration cytology and histology following surgical treatment. Serum TSH concentrations below normal were found in 75 patients (16.1%), those with low serum TSH results having higher mean free T4 concentrations, were older and were more likely to be female. In those with undetectable serum TSH, no patient had a diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia and in those with low but detectable TSH, thyroid neoplasms were diagnosed in two patients (3.4%). In those with normal serum TSH, 12.0% had a final diagnosis of thyroid neoplasm (p = 0.013). Overall, thyroid malignancy was found in one patient (1.3%) of those with a serum TSH measurement below the normal range and 6.9% of those with normal serum TSH (p < 0.06). Reduction in serum TSH at presentation may identify a group which requires less intensive investigation and follow-up than those without biochemical evidence of thyroid autonomy.  (+info)

Coeliac disease detected by screening is not silent--simply unrecognized. (6/14535)

Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation and may be overlooked as a diagnosis. There is some evidence that untreated CD is associated with a doubling of mortality, largely due to an increase in the incidence of malignancy and small intestinal lymphoma, which is decreased by a strict gluten-free diet. We studied the clinical features of screening-detected coeliacs compared to age- and sex-matched controls as a 3-year follow-up to a population screening survey, and followed-up subjects who had had CD-associated serology 11 years previously to determine whether they have CD or an increased mortality rate compared to the general population. Samples of the general population (MONICA 1991 and 1983) were screened for CD-associated serology and followed-up after 3 and 11 years, respectively, and assessed by a clinical questionnaire, screening blood tests and jejunal biopsy. Mortality rates for 'all deaths' and 'cancer deaths' were compared in subjects with positive serology in 1983 with reference to the general population. Thirteen coeliacs were diagnosed by villous atrophy following screening, compared to two patients with clinically detected CD, giving a prevalence of 1:122. Clinical features or laboratory parameters were not indicative of CD compared to controls. Subjects with positive serology followed up after 11 years did not have an excess mortality for either cancer deaths or all causes of death. Screening-detected CD is rarely silent and may be associated with significant symptoms and morbidity. In this limited study with small numbers, there does not appear to be an increased mortality from screening-detected CD, although the follow-up may be too short to detect any difference.  (+info)

Mammography and 99mTc-MIBI scintimammography in suspected breast cancer. (7/14535)

The aim of this work has been to evaluate whether a diagnostic protocol based on the joint use of mammography and 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintimammography is capable of reducing the number of biopsies required in patients with suspected breast cancer. METHODS: We performed prone scintimammography in 90 patients with suspected breast cancer, involving 97 lesions. In all patients, the diagnosis was established by way of biopsy. On mammography, we evaluated the degree of suspicion of malignancy and the size of the lesion (smaller or larger than 1 cm in diameter). RESULTS: The results of only 41 of the biopsies indicated malignancy. On mammography, 20 lesions (of which 1 was breast cancer) were considered to be of low suspicion of malignancy, 31 (of which 4 were breast cancer) as indeterminate and 46 (of which 36 were breast cancer) as high. Fourteen lesions (2 low probability, 2 indeterminate and 10 high) were smaller than 1 cm, whereas 83 (18 low probability, 29 indeterminate and 36 high) were larger. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of scintimammography were 85%, 79%, 74% and 88%, respectively. Scintimammography was positive in all cases of breast cancer that initially had a low or indeterminate suspicion of malignancy according to mammography, as well as in 30 cases of breast cancer that initially were highly suspicious. Six false-negative scintimammography studies were obtained in lesions with a high suspicion of malignancy. CONCLUSION: We propose a diagnostic protocol with a biopsy performed on lesions that have a high suspicion of malignancy as well as those with low or indeterminate suspicion that are smaller than 1 cm or with positive scintimammography results. This would have reduced the total number of biopsies performed by 34%. More importantly, there would have been a 65% reduction in number of biopsies performed in the low and indeterminate mammographic suspicion groups. All 41 cases of breast cancer would have been detected.  (+info)

Oesophageal epithelial innervation in health and reflux oesophagitis. (8/14535)

BACKGROUND: The response of the oesophagus to refluxed gastric contents is likely to depend on intact neural mechanisms in the oesophageal mucosa. The epithelial innervation has not been systematically evaluated in health or reflux disease. AIMS: To study oesophageal epithelial innervation in controls, and also inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa in patients with reflux oesophagitis and healed oesophagitis. PATIENTS: Ten controls, nine patients with reflux oesophagitis, and five patients with healed oesophagitis. METHODS: Oesophageal epithelial biopsy specimens were obtained at endoscopy. The distribution of the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), and the neuropeptides calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Density of innervation was assessed by the proportion of papillae in each oesophageal epithelial biopsy specimen containing immunoreactive fibres (found in the subepithelium and epithelial papillae, but not penetrating the epithelium). RESULTS: The proportion of papillae positive for PGP immunoreactive nerve fibres was significantly increased in inflamed tissue when compared with controls, and non-inflamed and healed tissue. There was also a significant increase in VIP immunoreactive fibres within epithelial papillae. Other neuropeptides showed no proportional changes in inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Epithelial biopsy specimens can be used to assess innervation in the oesophagus. The innervation of the oesophageal mucosa is not altered in non-inflamed tissue of patients with oesophagitis but alters in response to inflammation, where there is a selective increase (about three- to fourfold) in VIP containing nerves.  (+info)

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

A needle biopsy is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area of the body. The tissue sample is then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells or other abnormalities. Needle biopsies are often used to diagnose lumps or masses that can be felt through the skin, but they can also be guided by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to reach areas that cannot be felt. There are several types of needle biopsy procedures, including fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA uses a thin needle and gentle suction to remove fluid and cells from the area, while core needle biopsy uses a larger needle to remove a small piece of tissue. The type of needle biopsy used depends on the location and size of the abnormal area, as well as the reason for the procedure.

An image-guided biopsy is a medical procedure in which imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), or mammography, are used to guide the removal of tissue samples from a suspicious area in the body for further examination and diagnosis. This technique allows healthcare professionals to obtain biopsy specimens precisely and accurately, even from deep-seated or hard-to-reach locations, minimizing injury to surrounding tissues and improving diagnostic confidence. The type of imaging modality used depends on the location, size, and nature of the suspected abnormality.

A "large-core needle biopsy" is a medical procedure in which a large-bore needle is used to obtain a tissue sample from the body for diagnostic examination. This type of biopsy allows for the removal of a larger piece of tissue than what can be obtained with a fine-needle aspiration biopsy, and it is often used when a mass or abnormality can be felt during a physical exam.

During the procedure, the healthcare provider will use imaging guidance (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI) to help guide the needle into the appropriate location. Once the needle is in place, it is advanced into the mass or abnormality and a core of tissue is removed for analysis. The sample is then sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope to determine if there are any abnormal cells present that may indicate cancer or other diseases.

Large-core needle biopsies are generally considered safe, but like all medical procedures, they do carry some risks, such as bleeding, infection, and discomfort at the biopsy site. Patients should discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

A fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to obtain a sample of cells or tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area in the body, such as a lump or mass. The needle is typically smaller than that used in a core needle biopsy, and it is guided into place using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

The sample obtained during an FNB can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer, infection, or inflammation. The procedure is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, or discomfort. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the skill and experience of the healthcare provider performing the biopsy, as well as the adequacy of the sample obtained.

Overall, FNB is a valuable diagnostic tool that can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure used in cancer staging to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the primary tumor to the lymphatic system. This procedure involves identifying and removing the sentinel lymph node(s), which are the first few lymph nodes to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from the primary tumor site.

The sentinel lymph node(s) are identified by injecting a tracer substance (usually a radioactive material and/or a blue dye) near the tumor site. The tracer substance is taken up by the lymphatic vessels and transported to the sentinel lymph node(s), allowing the surgeon to locate and remove them.

The removed sentinel lymph node(s) are then examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. If no cancer cells are found, it is unlikely that the cancer has spread to other lymph nodes or distant sites in the body. However, if cancer cells are present, further lymph node dissection and/or additional treatment may be necessary.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is commonly used in the staging of melanoma, breast cancer, and some types of head and neck cancer.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

In the context of medical terminology, "vacuum" is not typically used as a standalone term with a specific medical definition. However, it can be used in certain medical procedures or conditions in relation to creating a partial vacuum or absence of pressure. For example:

1. In surgical procedures, such as a vacuum-assisted closure, a vacuum is applied to help promote wound healing by removing fluids and infectious materials from the wound site.
2. In some cases, a therapeutic vacuum may be used to treat soft tissue injuries or conditions like lymphedema, where controlled negative pressure is applied to improve circulation, reduce swelling, and promote healing.
3. A rare medical condition called "spontaneous intracranial hypotension" can occur when there is a leak in the dura mater (the protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord), causing cerebrospinal fluid to escape and creating a negative pressure or vacuum-like effect within the skull, which may result in headaches, neck pain, or other neurological symptoms.

In general, "vacuum" is not a commonly used medical term with a specific definition but can be found in relation to certain procedures or conditions where a partial vacuum or absence of pressure is involved.

The prostate is a small gland that is part of the male reproductive system. Its main function is to produce a fluid that, together with sperm cells from the testicles and fluids from other glands, makes up semen. This fluid nourishes and protects the sperm, helping it to survive and facilitating its movement.

The prostate is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It surrounds part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. This means that prostate problems can affect urination and sexual function. The prostate gland is about the size of a walnut in adult men.

Prostate health is an important aspect of male health, particularly as men age. Common prostate issues include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is an enlarged prostate not caused by cancer, and prostate cancer, which is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help to detect any potential problems early and improve outcomes.

Prostatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The term "neoplasm" simply means new or abnormal tissue growth. When it comes to the prostate, neoplasms are often referred to as tumors.

Benign prostatic neoplasms, such as prostate adenomas, are non-cancerous overgrowths of prostate tissue. They usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. While they can cause uncomfortable symptoms like difficulty urinating, they are generally not life-threatening.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells in the prostate. Prostate cancer often grows slowly and may not cause any symptoms for many years. However, some types of prostate cancer can be aggressive and spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the bones or lymph nodes.

It's important to note that while prostate neoplasms can be concerning, early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for many men. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are key to monitoring prostate health and catching any potential issues early on.

A "false negative" reaction in medical testing refers to a situation where a diagnostic test incorrectly indicates the absence of a specific condition or disease, when in fact it is present. This can occur due to various reasons such as issues with the sensitivity of the test, improper sample collection, or specimen handling and storage.

False negative results can have serious consequences, as they may lead to delayed treatment, misdiagnosis, or a false sense of security for the patient. Therefore, it is essential to interpret medical test results in conjunction with other clinical findings, patient history, and physical examination. In some cases, repeating the test or using a different diagnostic method may be necessary to confirm the initial result.

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the inside of the airways and lungs with a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to directly visualize the airways, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove foreign objects or secretions. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose and manage various respiratory conditions such as lung infections, inflammation, cancer, and bleeding. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and risks associated with the procedure.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

The rectum is the lower end of the digestive tract, located between the sigmoid colon and the anus. It serves as a storage area for feces before they are eliminated from the body. The rectum is about 12 cm long in adults and is surrounded by layers of muscle that help control defecation. The mucous membrane lining the rectum allows for the detection of stool, which triggers the reflex to have a bowel movement.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Stereotaxic techniques are minimally invasive surgical procedures used in neuroscience and neurology that allow for precise targeting and manipulation of structures within the brain. These methods use a stereotactic frame, which is attached to the skull and provides a three-dimensional coordinate system to guide the placement of instruments such as electrodes, cannulas, or radiation sources. The main goal is to reach specific brain areas with high precision and accuracy, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Stereotaxic techniques are widely used in research, diagnosis, and treatment of various neurological disorders, including movement disorders, pain management, epilepsy, and psychiatric conditions.

Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder in which the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leads to damage in the small intestine. In people with celiac disease, their immune system reacts to gluten by attacking the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and destruction of the villi - finger-like projections that help absorb nutrients from food.

This damage can result in various symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, and malnutrition. Over time, if left untreated, celiac disease can lead to serious health complications, including osteoporosis, infertility, neurological disorders, and even certain types of cancer.

The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which involves avoiding all foods, beverages, and products that contain gluten. With proper management, individuals with celiac disease can lead healthy lives and prevent further intestinal damage and related health complications.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

The breast is the upper ventral region of the human body in females, which contains the mammary gland. The main function of the breast is to provide nutrition to infants through the production and secretion of milk, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of fibrous connective tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue, and the mammary gland, which is made up of 15-20 lobes that are arranged in a radial pattern. Each lobe contains many smaller lobules, where milk is produced during lactation. The milk is then transported through a network of ducts to the nipple, where it can be expressed by the infant.

In addition to its role in lactation, the breast also has important endocrine and psychological functions. It contains receptors for hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role in sexual development and reproduction. The breast is also a source of sexual pleasure and can be an important symbol of femininity and motherhood.

It's worth noting that males also have breast tissue, although it is usually less developed than in females. Male breast tissue consists mainly of adipose tissue and does not typically contain functional mammary glands. However, some men may develop enlarged breast tissue due to conditions such as gynecomastia, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or certain medications.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein enzyme produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. It is primarily involved in liquefying semen after ejaculation, allowing sperm mobility.

In clinical medicine, PSA is used as a tumor marker, mainly for monitoring the treatment and recurrence of prostate cancer. Elevated levels of PSA can indicate inflammation, infection, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostate cancer. However, it's important to note that an elevated PSA level does not necessarily confirm cancer; further diagnostic tests like digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, and prostate biopsy are often required for definitive diagnosis.

Doctors may also use PSA isoforms or derivatives, such as free PSA, total PSA, and PSA density, to help improve the specificity of cancer detection and differentiate between malignant and benign conditions.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that combines the diagnostic capabilities of MRI with minimally invasive image-guided procedures. It uses a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and computer software to produce detailed images of the body's internal structures and soft tissues.

In interventional MRI, the technology is used in real-time to guide the placement of needles, catheters, or other medical instruments for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. This can include biopsies, tumor ablations, or targeted drug deliveries. The primary advantage of interventional MRI over traditional interventional radiology techniques is its ability to provide high-resolution imaging without the use of radiation, making it a safer option for certain patients. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform these procedures.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Interventional ultrasonography is a medical procedure that involves the use of real-time ultrasound imaging to guide minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This technique combines the advantages of ultrasound, such as its non-ionizing nature (no radiation exposure), relatively low cost, and portability, with the ability to perform precise and targeted procedures.

In interventional ultrasonography, a specialized physician called an interventional radiologist or an interventional sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of internal organs and tissues. These images help guide the placement of needles, catheters, or other instruments used during the procedure. Common interventions include biopsies (tissue sampling), fluid drainage, tumor ablation, and targeted drug delivery.

The real-time visualization provided by ultrasonography allows for increased accuracy and safety during these procedures, minimizing complications and reducing recovery time compared to traditional surgical approaches. Additionally, interventional ultrasonography can be performed on an outpatient basis, further contributing to its appeal as a less invasive alternative in many clinical scenarios.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

A bone marrow examination is a medical procedure in which a sample of bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced, is removed and examined. This test is used to diagnose or monitor various conditions affecting blood cell production, such as infections, leukemia, anemia, and other disorders of the bone marrow.

The sample is typically taken from the hipbone (iliac crest) or breastbone (sternum) using a special needle. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia or with sedation to minimize discomfort. Once the sample is obtained, it is examined under a microscope for the presence of abnormal cells, changes in cell size and shape, and other characteristics that can help diagnose specific conditions. Various stains, cultures, and other tests may also be performed on the sample to provide additional information.

Bone marrow examination is an important diagnostic tool in hematology and oncology, as it allows for a detailed assessment of blood cell production and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with various blood disorders.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Mammary ultrasonography, also known as breast ultrasound, is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures of the breast tissue. It is often used in conjunction with mammography to help identify and characterize breast abnormalities, such as lumps, cysts, or tumors, and to guide biopsy procedures.

Ultrasonography is particularly useful for evaluating palpable masses, assessing the integrity of breast implants, and distinguishing between solid and fluid-filled lesions. It is also a valuable tool for monitoring treatment response in patients with known breast cancer. Because it does not use radiation like mammography, mammary ultrasonography is considered safe and can be repeated as often as necessary. However, its effectiveness is highly dependent on the skill and experience of the sonographer performing the examination.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

Neoplasm seeding, also known as tumor seeding or iatrogenic implantation, is a rare complication that can occur during surgical procedures. It refers to the accidental spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to other locations in the body, usually along the path of a surgical incision or via bodily fluids. This can result in new tumor growths (metastases) at these sites, which may complicate treatment and worsen the patient's prognosis.

Neoplasm seeding is more commonly associated with certain types of surgeries, such as those involving the liver, pancreas, or other organs with highly vascular tumors. It can also occur during biopsy procedures, where a needle is used to remove tissue samples for diagnostic purposes. While neoplasm seeding is a known risk of these procedures, it is relatively uncommon and often outweighed by the benefits of timely and effective treatment.

A digital rectal examination (DRE) is a medical procedure in which a healthcare professional inserts a gloved and lubricated finger into the patient's rectum to assess the health of the lower rectum, anus, and prostate gland in men. The exam allows the provider to check for abnormalities such as lumps, growths, or other abnormalities that may indicate conditions like hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, prostate cancer, or other rectal or anal issues.

During a DRE, the healthcare professional will typically ask the patient to bend over a table or lie on their side while they perform the exam. They will gently insert their finger into the rectum and feel for any abnormalities in the rectal wall, prostate gland (in men), or other nearby structures. The provider may also assess the patient's sphincter tone and check for signs of fecal impaction or constipation.

The DRE is a relatively quick and straightforward procedure that can provide valuable information about a patient's lower digestive and reproductive health. It is commonly performed during routine physical examinations, particularly for men over the age of 50, as part of prostate cancer screening. However, it may also be used to investigate specific symptoms or concerns related to the rectum, anus, or prostate gland.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.

In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.

There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.

Interventional radiography is a subspecialty of radiology that uses imaging guidance (such as X-ray fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, or MRI) to perform minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These procedures typically involve the insertion of needles, catheters, or other small instruments through the skin or a natural body opening, allowing for targeted treatment with reduced risk, trauma, and recovery time compared to traditional open surgeries.

Examples of interventional radiography procedures include:

1. Angiography: Imaging of blood vessels to diagnose and treat conditions like blockages, narrowing, or aneurysms.
2. Biopsy: The removal of tissue samples for diagnostic purposes.
3. Drainage: The removal of fluid accumulations (e.g., abscesses, cysts) or the placement of catheters to drain fluids continuously.
4. Embolization: The blocking of blood vessels to control bleeding, tumor growth, or reduce the size of an aneurysm.
5. Stenting and angioplasty: The widening of narrowed or blocked vessels using stents (small mesh tubes) or balloon catheters.
6. Radiofrequency ablation: The use of heat to destroy tumors or abnormal tissues.
7. Cryoablation: The use of extreme cold to destroy tumors or abnormal tissues.

Interventional radiologists are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in both diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures, allowing them to provide comprehensive care for patients requiring image-guided treatments.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

In the context of medicine, "needles" are thin, sharp, and typically hollow instruments used in various medical procedures to introduce or remove fluids from the body, administer medications, or perform diagnostic tests. They consist of a small-gauge metal tube with a sharp point on one end and a hub on the other, where a syringe is attached.

There are different types of needles, including:

1. Hypodermic needles: These are used for injections, such as intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or intravenous (IV) injections, to deliver medications directly into the body. They come in various sizes and lengths depending on the type of injection and the patient's age and weight.
2. Blood collection needles: These are used for drawing blood samples for diagnostic tests. They have a special vacuum-assisted design that allows them to easily penetrate veins and collect the required amount of blood.
3. Surgical needles: These are used in surgeries for suturing (stitching) wounds or tissues together. They are typically curved and made from stainless steel, with a triangular or reverse cutting point to facilitate easy penetration through tissues.
4. Acupuncture needles: These are thin, solid needles used in traditional Chinese medicine for acupuncture therapy. They are inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing.

It is essential to follow proper infection control procedures when handling and disposing of needles to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases.

Cytodiagnosis is the rapid, initial evaluation and diagnosis of a disease based on the examination of individual cells obtained from a body fluid or tissue sample. This technique is often used in cytopathology to investigate abnormalities such as lumps, bumps, or growths that may be caused by cancerous or benign conditions.

The process involves collecting cells through various methods like fine-needle aspiration (FNA), body fluids such as urine, sputum, or washings from the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary tracts. The collected sample is then spread onto a microscope slide, stained, and examined under a microscope for abnormalities in cell size, shape, structure, and organization.

Cytodiagnosis can provide crucial information to guide further diagnostic procedures and treatment plans. It is often used as an initial screening tool due to its speed, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional histopathological methods that require tissue biopsy and more extensive processing. However, cytodiagnosis may not always be able to distinguish between benign and malignant conditions definitively; therefore, additional tests or follow-up evaluations might be necessary for a conclusive diagnosis.

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), Transrectal:

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive therapeutic technique that uses ultrasound waves to heat and destroy targeted tissue. In the transrectal approach, an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to focus the ultrasound beams on a specific area, usually in the prostate gland. The high-intensity focused ultrasound energy raises the temperature of the targeted prostate tissue, leading to coagulative necrosis and ablation. This method is used to treat localized prostate cancer, offering an alternative to surgery or radiation therapy. It's important to note that HIFU transrectal treatment requires specialized equipment and training for its proper application.

The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.

The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.

The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Mammography is defined as a specialized medical imaging technique used to create detailed X-ray images of the breast tissue. It's primarily used as a screening tool to detect early signs of breast cancer in women who have no symptoms or complaints, as well as a diagnostic tool for further evaluation of abnormalities detected by other imaging techniques or during a clinical breast exam.

There are two primary types of mammography: film-screen mammography and digital mammography. Film-screen mammography uses traditional X-ray films to capture the images, while digital mammography utilizes digital detectors to convert X-rays into electronic signals, which are then displayed on a computer screen. Digital mammography offers several advantages over film-screen mammography, including lower radiation doses, improved image quality, and the ability to manipulate and enhance the images for better interpretation.

Mammography plays a crucial role in reducing breast cancer mortality by enabling early detection and treatment of this disease. Regular mammography screenings are recommended for women over a certain age (typically starting at age 40 or 50, depending on individual risk factors) to increase the chances of detecting breast cancer at an early stage when it is most treatable.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Carcinoma in situ is a medical term used to describe the earliest stage of cancer, specifically a type of cancer that begins in the epithelial tissue, which is the tissue that lines the outer surfaces of organs and body structures. In this stage, the cancer cells are confined to the layer of cells where they first developed and have not spread beyond that layer into the surrounding tissues or organs.

Carcinoma in situ can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, cervix, breast, lung, prostate, bladder, and other areas. It is often detected through routine screening tests, such as Pap smears for cervical cancer or mammograms for breast cancer.

While carcinoma in situ is not invasive, it can still be a serious condition because it has the potential to develop into an invasive cancer if left untreated. Treatment options for carcinoma in situ may include surgery, radiation therapy, or other forms of treatment, depending on the location and type of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for each individual case.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Fiber optic technology in the medical context refers to the use of thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic fibers that are designed to transmit light and images along their length. These fibers are used to create bundles, known as fiber optic cables, which can be used for various medical applications such as:

1. Illumination: Fiber optics can be used to deliver light to hard-to-reach areas during surgical procedures or diagnostic examinations.
2. Imaging: Fiber optics can transmit images from inside the body, enabling doctors to visualize internal structures and tissues. This is commonly used in medical imaging techniques such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, and laparoscopy.
3. Sensing: Fiber optic sensors can be used to measure various physiological parameters such as temperature, pressure, and strain within the body. These sensors can provide real-time data during surgical procedures or for monitoring patients' health status.

Fiber optic technology offers several advantages over traditional medical imaging techniques, including high resolution, flexibility, small diameter, and the ability to bend around corners without significant loss of image quality. Additionally, fiber optics are non-magnetic and can be used in MRI environments without causing interference.

Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. In ulcerative colitis, the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops ulcers or open sores that produce pus and mucous. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response in which the body's immune system attacks the cells in the digestive tract. The inflammation can be triggered by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and infections.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition that can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. It can also lead to complications such as anemia, malnutrition, and colon cancer. There is no cure for ulcerative colitis, but treatment options such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the prostate gland is removed. This surgery can be performed through various approaches such as open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, or robotic-assisted surgery. The type of prostatectomy performed depends on the reason for the surgery and the patient's individual circumstances.

There are two main types of prostatectomies: radical and simple. A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes. This type of prostatectomy is typically performed as a treatment for prostate cancer.

A simple prostatectomy, on the other hand, involves removing only the inner part of the prostate gland that is causing symptoms such as difficulty urinating or bladder obstruction. Simple prostatectomies are usually performed to alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

Regardless of the type of prostatectomy, potential risks and complications include bleeding, infection, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and changes in sexual function. It is important for patients to discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing surgery.

The term "axilla" is used in anatomical context to refer to the armpit region, specifically the space located lateral to the upper part of the chest wall and medial to the upper arm. This area contains a number of important structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes, which play a critical role in the health and functioning of the upper limb. Understanding the anatomy of the axilla is essential for medical professionals performing various procedures, including surgeries and injections, in this region.

"Frozen sections" is a medical term that refers to the process of quickly preparing and examining a small piece of tissue during surgery. This procedure is typically performed by a pathologist in order to provide immediate diagnostic information to the surgeon, who can then make informed decisions about the course of the operation.

To create a frozen section, the surgical team first removes a small sample of tissue from the patient's body. This sample is then quickly frozen, typically using a special machine that can freeze the tissue in just a few seconds. Once the tissue is frozen, it can be cut into thin slices and stained with dyes to help highlight its cellular structures.

The stained slides are then examined under a microscope by a pathologist, who looks for any abnormalities or signs of disease. The results of this examination are typically available within 10-30 minutes, allowing the surgeon to make real-time decisions about whether to remove more tissue, change the surgical approach, or take other actions based on the findings.

Frozen sections are often used in cancer surgery to help ensure that all of the cancerous tissue has been removed, and to guide decisions about whether additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy are necessary. They can also be used in other types of surgeries to help diagnose conditions and make treatment decisions during the procedure.

Lymphatic metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant lymph nodes through the lymphatic system. It occurs when malignant cells break away from the original tumor, enter the lymphatic vessels, and travel to nearby or remote lymph nodes. Once there, these cancer cells can multiply and form new tumors, leading to further progression of the disease. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for many types of cancer to spread and can have significant implications for prognosis and treatment strategies.

IGA glomerulonephritis (also known as Berger's disease) is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. In IgA glomerulonephritis, the immune system produces an abnormal amount of IgA antibodies, which deposit in the glomeruli and cause inflammation. This can lead to symptoms such as blood in the urine, protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, it can also lead to kidney failure. The exact cause of IgA glomerulonephritis is not known, but it is often associated with other conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications.

Uterine cervical neoplasms, also known as cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia, refer to abnormal growths or lesions on the lining of the cervix that have the potential to become cancerous. These growths are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be detected through routine Pap smears.

Cervical neoplasms are classified into different grades based on their level of severity, ranging from mild dysplasia (CIN I) to severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIN III). In some cases, cervical neoplasms may progress to invasive cancer if left untreated.

Risk factors for developing cervical neoplasms include early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and a weakened immune system. Regular Pap smears and HPV testing are recommended for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.

Barrett esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining of the lower esophagus changes, becoming more like the tissue that lines the intestines (intestinal metaplasia). This change can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. The exact cause of Barrett esophagus is not known, but it is often associated with long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as chronic acid reflux.

In Barrett esophagus, the normal squamous cells that line the lower esophagus are replaced by columnar epithelial cells. This change is usually detected during an upper endoscopy and biopsy. The diagnosis of Barrett esophagus is confirmed when the biopsy shows intestinal metaplasia in the lower esophagus.

It's important to note that not everyone with GERD will develop Barrett esophagus, and not everyone with Barrett esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, if you have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus, your healthcare provider may recommend regular endoscopies and biopsies to monitor the condition and reduce the risk of cancer. Treatment options for Barrett esophagus include medications to control acid reflux, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Lymphatic diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune and circulatory systems. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help to transport lymph fluid throughout the body, fight infection, and remove waste products.

Lymphatic diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Some common types of lymphatic diseases include:

1. Lymphedema: A condition that causes swelling in the arms or legs due to a blockage or damage in the lymphatic vessels.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Infections: Certain bacterial and viral infections can affect the lymphatic system, such as tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, and HIV/AIDS.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma can cause inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system.
5. Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with abnormalities in their lymphatic system, such as malformations or missing lymph nodes.

Symptoms of lymphatic diseases may vary depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of a lymphatic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Histochemistry is the branch of pathology that deals with the microscopic localization of cellular or tissue components using specific chemical reactions. It involves the application of chemical techniques to identify and locate specific biomolecules within tissues, cells, and subcellular structures. This is achieved through the use of various staining methods that react with specific antigens or enzymes in the sample, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. Histochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to identify different types of tissues, cells, and structures, as well as in research to study cellular and molecular processes in health and disease.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Hematuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of blood in urine. It can be visible to the naked eye, which is called gross hematuria, or detected only under a microscope, known as microscopic hematuria. The blood in urine may come from any site along the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Hematuria can be a symptom of various medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, kidney disease, or cancer of the urinary tract. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you notice blood in your urine to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

There are two types of liquid biopsy (which is not really a biopsy as they are blood tests that do not require a biopsy of ... liquid biopsies provide some advantages over tissue biopsy-based genomic testing. In addition, excisional biopsies are invasive ... An incisional biopsy or core biopsy samples a portion of the abnormal tissue without attempting to remove the entire lesion or ... When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. An excisional biopsy is an attempt to remove an entire ...
Additionally muscle biopsy is the only certain way to clarify ones muscle fiber types. I.e. by undergoing a muscle biopsy one ... A biopsy needle is usually inserted into a muscle, wherein a small amount of tissue remains. Alternatively, an "open biopsy" ... Muscle Biopsy MedlinePlus Muscle Biopsy: Overview Therapath Pathology (Articles with short description, Short description is ... A muscle biopsy can lead to the discovery of problems with the nervous system, connective tissue, vascular system, or ...
There are four main types of skin biopsies: shave biopsy, punch biopsy, excisional biopsy, and incisional biopsy. The choice of ... A punch biopsy is essentially an incisional biopsy, except it is round rather than elliptical as in most incisional biopsies ... Skin biopsy is a biopsy technique in which a skin lesion is removed to be sent to a pathologist to render a microscopic ... An incision made with a punch biopsy is easily closed with one or two sutures. Some punch biopsies are shaped like an ellipse, ...
A CT or MRI brain scan is done to find the position where the biopsy will be performed. Prior to the biopsy, the patient is ... Brain biopsy is the removal of a small piece of brain tissue for the diagnosis of abnormalities of the brain. It is used to ... If brain biopsy is performed for a possible tumor (which contain more blood vessels), the risk of death is 1% and a risk of ... If the person has a brain tumor, biopsy is 95% sensitive. The procedure can also be valuable in people who are ...
... vacuum-assisted biopsy, core needle biopsy, and surgical excision biopsy. Breast biopsies can be done utilizing ultrasound, MRI ... or the need for additional biopsies. Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB) is a more recent version of core needle biopsy using ... Core needle biopsy (CNB) is another percutaneous ("through the skin") method of breast biopsy that became more popular than FNA ... Needle biopsies have largely replaced open surgical biopsies in the initial assessment of imaging as well as palpable ...
For PrecisionPoint biopsies, real-time MRI is used to guide the placement of the biopsy needle, while only two punctures are ... Prostate biopsies can be performed using either the transrectal or transperineal approach. Transrectal biopsies, the more ... A prostate tissue biopsy is a medical procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from the prostate gland for diagnostic ... For other transperineal biopsy methods, a needle is used to obtain tissue samples in a similar manner, often requiring more ...
A native renal biopsy is one in which the patient's own kidneys are biopsied. In a transplant renal biopsy, the kidney of ... medical imaging to guide the positioning of biopsy equipment (imaging-guided renal biopsy). Alternatively, a biopsy may be ... Renal biopsy (also kidney biopsy) is a medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed from the body for ... Biopsy is performed in those instances where the cause is uncertain. Targeted kidney biopsy can be used to obtain tissue from a ...
... is the biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue) from the liver. It is a medical test that is done to aid ... Alcoholic liver disease and tuberculosis of the liver may be diagnosed through biopsy. Direct biopsy of tumors of the liver may ... Fatal complications have been reported in up to 0.01-0.3% of biopsied patients. Liver biopsies may be taken percutaneously (via ... Significant bleeding after a liver biopsy occurs in 1-2 out of 100 patients who are biopsied. Bleeding usually becomes apparent ...
... also plays a role in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. Any approach to lung biopsy risks causing a ... A lung biopsy is an interventional procedure performed to diagnose lung pathology by obtaining a small piece of lung which is ... A lung biopsy can be performed percutaneously (through the skin, typically guided by a CT Scan), via bronchoscopy with ... Bleeding can be life-threatening and can occur in 1 to 4%. Rarely, intercostal artery can be injured when biopsy needle is ...
A liquid biopsy, also known as fluid biopsy or fluid phase biopsy, is the sampling and analysis of non-solid biological tissue ... "Liquid Biopsies Show High Correlation with Tissue Biopsy for Genetic Mutations". Oncology Practice Management. July 2016. ... Liquid biopsies may also be used to validate the efficiency of a cancer treatment drug by taking multiple samples in the span ... Like traditional biopsy, this type of technique is mainly used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for diseases such as cancer ...
A Meningeal biopsy is a biopsy performed of the meninges of the central nervous system. It can involve the coverings of the ... MRI or CT may be used prior to the biopsy to assist in identifying the location for the biopsy. Stephen L. Hauser (23 March ... v t e (All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Biopsy, All stub articles ...
"Nerve Biopsies - Frequently Asked Questions". "Nerve biopsy". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. 29 April 2023. (Articles ... A nerve biopsy may be necessary when a patient experiences numbness, pain, or weakness in places such as the fingers or toes. A ... A nerve biopsy can potentially find the cause of the numbness or pain experienced in the limbs. It can reveal if these symptoms ... Biopsy literally means an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a ...
Early heart biopsies, sampling pericardium, in the latter half of the 1950s were performed through a cut in the left ... Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive procedure used routinely to obtain small samples of heart muscle, primarily for ... The accuracy of diagnosis by EMB depends on whether the correct site is biopsied. There is a risk that a diagnosis can be ... Endomyocardial biopsies". In Butera, Gianfranco; Chessa, Massimo; Eicken, Andreas; Thomson, John D. (eds.). Atlas of Cardiac ...
In the fusion MRI-US prostate biopsy, a prostate MRI is performed before biopsy and then, at the time of biopsy, the MRI images ... Increasingly, men undergoing initial biopsy are requesting targeted biopsy, and thus, the use of pre-biopsy MRI is growing ... prostate biopsy, are available: (1) direct "in-bore" biopsy within the MRI tube, and (2) fusion biopsy using a device that ... Fusion MRI-US biopsies can be achieved in an office setting with a variety of devices. MRI-guided prostate biopsy appears to be ...
... is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a ... Transurethral biopsy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain material ... Biopsy, Male genital surgery, All stub articles, Surgery stubs). ...
The biopsy tissue is examined under a microscope by a pathologist. An open biopsy may be done in the doctor's office or ... A lumpectomy to remove a breast tumor is a type of open biopsy. Open biopsy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer ... An open biopsy is a procedure in which a surgical incision (cut) is made through the skin to expose and remove tissues. ...
... is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate using a thin needle that is ... Transrectal biopsy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain material ... Biopsy, Male genital surgery, All stub articles, Oncology stubs). ...
... is a biopsy procedure in which a skin abnormality and a thin layer of surrounding skin are removed with a small ... "Skin lesion biopsy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-26. Shave biopsy entry in the public ... Shave biopsies are not effective in treating melanomas, but can provide a reasonably safe and accurate initial diagnosis. ... "Shave Biopsy Is a Safe and Acceptable Method for Melanoma". American College of Surgeons. Retrieved 22 October 2017. " ...
"Endometrial biopsy". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2010. "Endometrial biopsy pain". Endometrial Biopsy. Archived from ... A tenaculum, a type of forceps, will hold the cervix steady for the biopsy. The biopsy curette will be inserted into the ... Endometrial biopsy pain is quite common. The reason that doctors spray the lidocain is to help to deal with some of the pain ... The endometrial biopsy is a medical procedure that involves taking a tissue sample of the lining of the uterus. The tissue ...
... , also known as stereotactic core biopsy, is a biopsy procedure that uses a computer and imaging performed ... X-ray-guided stereotactic biopsy is used for impalpable lesions that are not visible on ultrasound. A stereotactic biopsy may ... stereotactic guidance is used for core biopsies or vacuum-assisted mammotomy. Stereotactic core biopsy is necessary for ... Large-core needle biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions. JAMA 1999; 281:1638-1641 Darling, M. L. R.; Smith, D. N.; Lester, S. C ...
For these reasons, a bone biopsy is not readily acceptable to patients. Moreover, multiple biopsies using double tetracycline ... biopsy should be done after all necessary imaging has been performed. A bone biopsy can also be used to find out if cancer, or ... unlike a bone marrow biopsy, which involves the innermost part of the bone. The bone biopsy sample retains the architecture of ... A bone biopsy is a procedure in which a small bone sample is removed from the outer layers of bone for examination, ...
There are two ways the sample may be obtained:[citation needed] Needle biopsy Open (excisional) biopsy A needle biopsy involves ... See Lymphadenectomy#With sentinel node biopsy. However, Sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluating early, thin melanoma has not ... the biopsy site is cleansed; and a local anesthetic is injected. The biopsy needle is then inserted into the node. A sample is ... Lymph node biopsy is a test in which a lymph node or a piece of a lymph node is removed for examination under a microscope (see ...
... is a procedure that uses very thin needles or guide wires to mark the location of an abnormal area of ... Needle-localized biopsy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain ... A similar process is used by radiologists to localize known malignancies that have previously undergone core biopsy so that the ... Needle localizations are commonly performed by radiologists before excisional biopsy of breast lesions, using one of a number ...
... abnormal findings on previous biopsies, or abnormal rectal examinations. Prostate biopsy Summary of Fee Schedule Policies, ... Prostate saturation biopsy typically entails 40-80 core samples taken from the prostate under general anesthesia. This ... Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine Pathology Service Associates: New HCPCS: Prostate Saturation Biopsies, 2012 ( ... Webarchive template wayback links, Orphaned articles from May 2020, All orphaned articles, Biopsy, Prostatic procedures). ...
The latter use makes it a form of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). Compared to a blastocyst biopsy, a polar body biopsy ... Polar body biopsy is used mainly by two PGD groups in the USA and by groups in countries where cleavage-stage embryo selection ... Polar body biopsy is the sampling of a polar body of an oocyte. It was first applied clinically in humans in 1987 after ... The biopsy and analysis of the first and second polar bodies can be completed before fertilization, which is the moment from ...
... (VAB) is a minimally invasive procedure (biopsy) to help in the diagnosis of breast cancer. VAB ... It also offers 10x the tissue of core needle biopsy. Yu, Ying-Hua; Liang, Chi; Yuan, Xi-Zi (2010). "Diagnostic value of vacuum- ... v t e (All stub articles, Pathology stubs, Breast surgery, Biopsy, Breast cancer). ... assisted breast biopsy for breast carcinoma: A meta-analysis and systematic review". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 120 ...
During the biopsy, blood tests are conducted to check the number of cells and to determine the most suitable treatment for the ... Bone marrow biopsy is used to show the extent of disease, known as staging in pathology. The process takes about 10-15 minutes ... Biopsy is a common medical test involving removal of a patient's tissues or cells to determine the presence of disease via ... Excisional biopsy is commonly performed to screen for mature T-cell lymphoma through the removal of the whole lymph node. ...
A biopsy may be necessary to confirm the presence of a bone tumour. Fine-needle aspiration is conducted, where a sample of ... During a Biopsy, depending on the type and location of the tumour, an orthopaedic pathologist will examine the tissue sample ... "Biopsy". Cancer.Net. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2020-04-23. "X-rays". www.nibib.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-23. Radiology (ACR), ... removed from the patient and interpret the cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease Image guided biopsies include ...
While commercial skin biopsy tests for DLB are available in the US, and the FDA has given a 'breakthrough device' authorization ... "Skin biopsy". Armstrong 2021, sec. "Fluid biomarkers". Blanc & Bousiges 2022, sec. "Abstract". Santos et al. 2022, sec. " ...
On muscle biopsy, the typical finding includes inclusion bodies, rimmed vacuoles and accumulation of aberrant proteins similar ... Muscle Biopsy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computer Tomography (CT) Scan to determine true sparing of quadriceps; Blood ...
... she may order a biopsy for you. Learn about the types of biopsies and more. ... Biopsy and Cytology Tests (American Cancer Society) * Biopsy: Types of Biopsy Procedures Used to Diagnose Cancer (Mayo ... But biopsies are performed for many other reasons too.. There are different types of biopsies. A needle biopsy removes tissue ... Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish * Skin Biopsy (National Library of Medicine) Also in ...
A spectroscopic liquid biopsy for the earlier detection of multiple cancer types *James M. Cameron ... Application of liquid biopsy as multi-functional biomarkers in head and neck cancer *Vasudha Mishra ... Clinical applications and utility of cell-free DNA-based liquid biopsy analyses in cervical cancer and its precursor lesions * ... Colorectal cancer detected by liquid biopsy 2 years prior to clinical diagnosis in the HUNT study *Siv S. Brenne ...
There are two types of liquid biopsy (which is not really a biopsy as they are blood tests that do not require a biopsy of ... liquid biopsies provide some advantages over tissue biopsy-based genomic testing. In addition, excisional biopsies are invasive ... An incisional biopsy or core biopsy samples a portion of the abnormal tissue without attempting to remove the entire lesion or ... When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. An excisional biopsy is an attempt to remove an entire ...
Drs Sapna Patel and David Polsky explore biomarker development and the clinical utilization of liquid biopsy in melanoma. ... With liquid biopsy in melanoma, one of the things that we think about is the false-negative rate. We know that, especially in ... Theres so much more to talk about in liquid biopsy, because were really just at the top of the glacier of what we know and ... Can you give us a refresher on these definitions and how you think we should be thinking of our liquid biopsy tools in terms of ...
Learn about kidney biopsy, a procedure in which a health care professional takes small pieces of tissue from your kidney to ... What are the risks of a kidney biopsy?. What is a kidney biopsy?. A kidney biopsy is a procedure in which a health care ... Biopsy results. After the biopsy, your kidney tissue will be sent to a lab to be examined by a pathologist. Biopsy results may ... Percutaneous kidney biopsy. A health care professional inserts a thin biopsy needle through your skin and into your kidney to ...
Submission of Biopsy Tissues. FFPE biopsy tissue can be submitted to IDPB for additional pathologic characterization and ... Some biopsies may be small specimens. To maintain specimen integrity, we recommend existing FFPE tissue blocks be submitted as ... In those cases, clinicians may choose to perform a biopsy of the affected tissue to help better understand the cause of ... In cases where a biopsy is performed, CDCs Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB) is available to assist with testing of ...
Learn about kidney biopsies. Discover who needs this medical test and how to prepare. ... After your biopsy, youll have to take it easy and give the site time to heal. You may have some pain around the biopsy site. ... What Does Kidney Biopsy Preparation Involve? Youll likely need to do a number of things to prepare for your kidney biopsy. The ... The types of kidney biopsy include: *Percutaneous. This is one of the most common procedures for a biopsy. The doctor inserts a ...
biopsy. Apr 12,2019 4:51 IST A doctors déjà vu moment. Oncologist remembers the case of a 30-something man who was diagnosed ...
A bronchoscopy with a transbronchial lung biopsy is a medical procedure that involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lungs. ... A biopsy performed during a bronchoscopy is also called a bronchoscopy with a lung biopsy or a fiber-optic bronchoscopy with a ... Lung Needle Biopsy. The results of a lung needle biopsy help doctors diagnose conditions such as infection and cancer. Learn ... A lung biopsy allows your doctor to test for many kinds of diseases, including infections, benign tumors and polyps, and cancer ...
Skin Biopsy. Skin biopsies can confirm the diagnosis of plaque psoriasis; however, this is usually reserved for the evaluation ...
Liver biopsy Enlarge image Close Liver biopsy. Liver biopsy. A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of liver ... Pain. Pain at the biopsy site is the most common complication after a liver biopsy. Pain after a liver biopsy is usually a mild ... Before your liver biopsy, youll meet with your provider to talk about what to expect during the biopsy. This is a good time to ... Pre-biopsy blood tests. Before your biopsy, youll have a blood test to check your bloods ability to clot. If you have blood- ...
Sentinel node biopsy identifies the first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains. The surgeon uses a harmless dye and a weak ...
"Liquid biopsy" for cancer screening BMJ 2021; 372 :m4933 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4933 ... considerable hope has been expressed that blood tests for circulating free DNA-sometimes known as liquid biopsy-could help ... "Liquid biopsy" for cancer screening. BMJ 2021; 372 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4933 (Published 04 January 2021) Cite this ...
A skin biopsy can safely be performed in an outpatient or ambulatory setting and may assist in diagnosis by allowing ... Skin biopsy is performed in order to microscopically examine various cutaneous conditions. ... The area of biopsy heals with some degree of scarring, and this should be discussed with the patient beforehand. A shave biopsy ... 1] The best biopsy to assess an eruption, as opposed to a tumor or growth, is a punch biopsy owing to the ability to evaluate ...
Recently underwent stereotactic breast biopsy. Results came back Focal atypical lobular hyperplasia. Referred to general ... Breast biopsy was performed after abnormal mammogram for calcifications. Birad score 4. Already had saw surgeon who wanted to ... I had a 5mm nodule punch biopsied on my left side sternum. The report said "Invasive ductal carcinoma, final Nottingham grade 2 ... I had a 5mm nodule punch biopsied on my left side sternum. The report said "Invasive ductal carcinoma, final Nottingham grade 2 ...
In a biopsy, a doctor takes a small amount of tissue from the area of the body where cancer may be present. The tissue is sent ... Other tests can suggest that cancer is in the body, but only a biopsy can ... Your doctor may recommend a biopsy if they think you might have cancer. ... Shave biopsy/punch biopsy. For a shave biopsy, the doctor removes some tissue by scraping the surface of the skin. In a punch ...
Punch biopsy uses a tool called biopsy forceps to remove tissue.. Cone biopsy is another, more invasive, way for your doctor to ... This is known as a colposcopic biopsy. Other types of biopsies include:. *Endocervical curettage uses a thin instrument called ... If your biopsy shows you have cervical cancer, the next step is to see if it has spread, and where. Your doctor might order one ... Cervical biopsies. Your doctor might also remove a small piece of tissue during your colposcopy to check for cancer. ...
Learn more about the common methods of biopsy. ... A lung biopsy involves the removal of tissue from a growth that ... Other Methods for Biopsy. Occasionally, a biopsy is performed using a device with a light attached to it called an endoscope ... In a lung biopsy, a pathologist examines the tissue removed from the suspicious growth under a microscope. He or she is able to ... There are a few ways that your doctor can do a biopsy. The most common is called a bronchoscopy. Other methods your doctor ...
The BD EleVationâ„¢ Breast Biopsy System gives you the flexibility to handle different lesions and different locations within the ...
... Oncol Res Treat. 2017;40(7-8):404-408. doi: 10.1159/000478018. Epub 2017 ... Liquid biopsies inform on circulating tumor cells as well as tumor-derived cell-free nucleic acids, exosomes and platelets. ... These hurdles might be overcome by analyzing tumor cells or tumor cell products in blood samples (liquid biopsy), which in ... Re-analysis of metastatic lesions by needle biopsy is possible but invasive, and limited by the known intra-patient ...
A bone biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of bone is taken from the body and looked at under a microscope for cancer ... A bone biopsy can be taken from any bone in the body. It is easiest to get the biopsy samples from bones that are close to the ... Closed or needle biopsy. A closed or needle biopsy is done in a hospital or clinic by a doctor who specializes in X-ray tests ( ... Open biopsy. You will be asleep or the area will be numb so you will not feel any pain. After the biopsy, you may feel sleepy ...
This streamlined technique can be used in conjunction with vertebral augmentation procedures or independent biopsies. ... Our coaxial bone biopsy kits allow a core sample collection within the vertebral body. ... Bone Biopsy Kits. Our coaxial bone biopsy kits allow a core sample collection within the vertebral body. This streamlined ... Bone biopsy kits for the iVAS® balloon system feature a rotating handle. ...
A prostate biopsy procedure is the most definitive way of diagnosing prostate cancer, though new tests and technologies are ... your doctor may advise you to have another biopsy. A second biopsy may also be appropriate if a previous biopsy detected ... If your doctor suspects that you have prostate cancer, they may advise you to undergo a prostate biopsy procedure. A biopsy is ... The likelihood that a prostate biopsy will detect cancer depends greatly on the pre-biopsy profile of the person undergoing the ...
Bladder Biopsy. Some centers advocate limiting the use of cystoscopy and biopsy in the evaluation and workup of patients ... In addition, a biopsy of the bladder can be performed to evaluate for carcinoma in situ or other inflammatory conditions. ... Biopsies are performed primarily to help rule out other varieties of cystitis or malignant or premalignant (eg, carcinoma in ... An increased activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in biopsy samples has also been shown and may ultimately lead to a ...
Swift Bio, Fluxion Develop Liquid Biopsy Workflow Jun 02, 2015 , staff reporter ...
... Review clinical trials at Sutter Health. ... Liquid biopsy is a test done on a sample of blood to examine pieces of DNA from tumor cells circulating in the blood ( ... This study seeks to provide evidence that liquid biopsy monitoring provides useful genomic information for oncologists to ...
A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells ... A doctor with expertise in interpreting bone marrow biopsies (a pathologist) will look at the biopsy sample under a microscope ... For the biopsy, a different kind of needle will be inserted into the same area to remove a small sample of bone. A bandage will ... The biopsy site may feel slightly sore the day after the procedure and might have a small bruise. The bandage should be left in ...
Testing for prostate cancer with both systematic and MRI-targeted biopsy led to more accurate diagnosis and prediction of the ... By comparing diagnoses from systematic biopsy alone to systematic biopsy plus MRI-targeted biopsy, the researchers found that ... Unlike biopsies for most other types of cancer, which target abnormalities found by imaging, systematic biopsy uses a non- ... The goal of this study was to determine whether it would be better to replace systematic biopsy with MRI-targeted biopsies or ...
The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) could be a promising procedure to assess this risk in clinically N0 patients. ... Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Patients. Marie-Laure Matthey-Giè. ,1Ariane Boubaker. ,2Igor Letovanec. , ... Biopsy Results, Outcomes of Surgery, and Followup. The rate of positive SN for the 13 patients was 31% (4/13). The median ... S. G. Gupta, L. C. Wang, P. F. Peñas, M. Gellenthin, S. J. Lee, and P. Nghiem, "Sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation and ...
  • When the specimen is evaluated, in addition to diagnosis, the amount of uninvolved tissue around the lesion, the surgical margin of the specimen is examined to see if the disease has spread beyond the area biopsied. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, a pathologist would examine a mastectomy specimen, even if a previous nonexcisional breast biopsy had already established the diagnosis of breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The usual intent of skin biopsy is to further characterize the nature of a skin growth or eruption and assist in diagnosis by allowing histopathologic evaluation of a tissue sample. (medscape.com)
  • Skin biopsies are also indicated for cutaneous eruptions to help clarify the diagnosis when multiple etiologies are being considered. (medscape.com)
  • Here is what you should know about a prostate biopsy, including when you might need this procedure and how often it may lead to a cancer diagnosis. (healthline.com)
  • Using both types of biopsy greatly improved prostate cancer diagnosis in a new study. (cancer.gov)
  • This method, which combines systematic biopsy, the current primary diagnostic approach, with MRI-targeted biopsy, is poised to greatly improve prostate cancer diagnosis, thereby reducing the risk of both overtreatment and undertreatment of the disease. (cancer.gov)
  • The addition of MRI-targeted biopsy also led to 458 upgrades, or changes in diagnosis to a more aggressive cancer, based on analysis of the biopsy tissue by histopathology. (cancer.gov)
  • The researchers also determined that combined biopsy provided more accurate diagnosis than MRI-targeted biopsies alone. (cancer.gov)
  • Early diagnosis of a suspicious skin lesion and skin biopsy can help identify skin cancers and lead to early treatment. (stlukesonline.org)
  • For instance, in June 2021, Biocept, Inc. and Quest Diagnostics collaborated to offer NGS-based liquid biopsy testing for lung cancer diagnosis. (globenewswire.com)
  • A new non-invasive alternative to liver biopsy has proved to be very reliable for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, according to a new study. (medindia.net)
  • Once the biopsy confirms the diagnosis, your provider will start a treatment plan. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The largest and longest running study of children born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening has shown that embryo biopsy does not adversely affect the health of babies born as the result of a subsequent singleton pregnancy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The development of a reasonable differential diagnosis is of prime importance in determining if biopsy is indicated. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, the differential diagnosis aids the clinician in selecting the appropriate technique if biopsy is necessary. (medscape.com)
  • Scalpel biopsy may be warranted even when the differential diagnosis includes only benign entities. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical diagnosis registered in the biopsies charts agreed in relation to the histopathological diagnosis in 57.72% of the cases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consider consulting a pulmonologist if the diagnosis is unclear, if there is a rapid decline in pulmonary function, or if there is a potential need for a tissue biopsy or BAL, such as in cases where lung cancer, mesothelioma, or an infection is suspected. (cdc.gov)
  • A biopsy is a procedure that removes cells or tissue from your body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • A kidney biopsy is a procedure in which a health care professional takes one or more tiny pieces of tissue from your kidney. (nih.gov)
  • Compared to other kinds of medical tests - like collecting blood and urine samples - the kidney biopsy procedure is much more in-depth. (webmd.com)
  • What's the Procedure for a Kidney Biopsy? (webmd.com)
  • If a small piece of tissue is taken during the procedure, it's called a transbronchial biopsy and is used to diagnose lung conditions. (healthline.com)
  • Bronchoscopy can be combined with a transbronchial lung biopsy, which is a procedure used to collect pieces of lung tissue. (healthline.com)
  • A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of liver tissue for laboratory testing. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small piece of liver tissue, so it can be examined under a microscope for signs of damage or disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A liver biopsy is a safe procedure when performed by an experienced health care provider. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A skin biopsy is indicated to evaluate cutaneous growths when malignancy is a concern or to confirm the type of a known malignant growth (eg, basal cell carcinoma , squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma ) prior to a more invasive surgical procedure. (medscape.com)
  • Who does your biopsy depends on the type of procedure recommended and what area of the body is being tested. (cancer.net)
  • In this procedure, also called transthoracic needle biopsy, you'll receive anesthesia and a needle will be inserted through the skin directly into the suspicious spot to remove a small sample of tissue for analysis. (mskcc.org)
  • A bone biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of bone is taken from the body and looked at under a microscope for cancer, infection, or other bone disorders. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • If your doctor suspects that you have prostate cancer, they may advise you to undergo a prostate biopsy procedure. (healthline.com)
  • A prostate biopsy is an invasive procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a needle to remove several small pieces of prostate tissue. (healthline.com)
  • A prostate biopsy procedure should be performed only if there are other indications that cancer may be present. (healthline.com)
  • How does a prostate biopsy procedure work? (healthline.com)
  • There are several steps to a prostate biopsy procedure. (healthline.com)
  • At least a week before your prostate biopsy procedure, you should discuss your medications with your doctor. (healthline.com)
  • You may need to do an enema the night before your biopsy and possibly a second enema an hour or two before the procedure. (healthline.com)
  • A prostate biopsy procedure usually takes around 10 minutes. (healthline.com)
  • Though a prostate biopsy procedure is uncomfortable, you will be awake throughout the process. (healthline.com)
  • The likelihood that a prostate biopsy will detect cancer depends greatly on the pre-biopsy profile of the person undergoing the procedure. (healthline.com)
  • Numbing cream may be placed on the aspiration and biopsy site about 30 minutes before the procedure. (kidshealth.org)
  • The biopsy site may feel slightly sore the day after the procedure and might have a small bruise. (kidshealth.org)
  • The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) could be a promising procedure to assess this risk in clinically N0 patients. (hindawi.com)
  • A skin biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of skin tissue is removed, processed, and examined under a microscope. (stlukesonline.org)
  • To prevent infection after the biopsy, your provider may prescribe antibiotics to take for several days after the procedure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In comparison, axillary lymphadenectomy, also called axillary lymph node dissection , is a surgical procedure where the lymph nodes are dissected out within the axilla en bloc. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Surgical biopsy requires preoperative localization to guide the procedure. (medpagetoday.com)
  • FibroScan replaces liver biopsies with a quick and painless procedure similar to the familiar ultrasound tests long used to diagnose and track pregnancy, as well as internal disease.It's based on a technology called transient elastography, which measures liver "stiffness" to assess the degree of fibrosis - scarring - and guide ongoing treatment. (medindia.net)
  • An imaging-guided breast biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure performed by a doctor who is specially trained in breast procedures. (sutterhealth.org)
  • To check if cancer has spread to the axillary lymph nodes, most people have a procedure called sentinel node biopsy during breast surgery. (komen.org)
  • A liver biopsy is a procedure in which a doctor takes a small piece of tissue from your liver . (nih.gov)
  • To prepare for a liver biopsy talk with your doctor, have blood and imaging tests if needed, arrange for a ride home after the procedure, and follow your doctor's instructions about fasting before the procedure. (nih.gov)
  • Biopsy is often the definitive procedure that provides tissue for microscopic analysis when additional information is required to guide any indicated therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Percutaneous pleural biopsy should be done only by a pulmonologist or surgeon trained in the procedure and should be done only in patients who are cooperative and have no coagulation abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The BD EleVationâ„¢ Breast Biopsy System gives you the flexibility to handle different lesions and different locations within the breast. (bd.com)
  • Re-analysis of metastatic lesions by needle biopsy is possible but invasive, and limited by the known intra-patient heterogeneity of individual lesions. (nih.gov)
  • In the study, 2,103 men who had MRI-visible lesions underwent both MRI-targeted and systematic biopsies. (cancer.gov)
  • The team, which included other researchers from NCI and other organizations, worked with Philips Healthcare to develop software that could overlay MRI images onto ultrasound images in real time, providing a view of lesions to be sampled that's not possible with systematic biopsy. (cancer.gov)
  • Fine-needle aspiration ( FNA ) biopsy is performed using a small needle to obtain samples of tissue and fluid from solid or cystic breast lesions. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Benefits include cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and ability to perform multiple biopsies of separate lesions within the same breast quadrant. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Oral tissue biopsy may be necessary for lesions that cannot be diagnosed on the basis of the history and clinical findings alone. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsy is strongly recommended for the evaluation of most lesions that persist for 2 weeks or longer after the potential irritants are removed. (medscape.com)
  • Oropharyngeal biopsy may take several forms, all sharing the purpose of identifying the histopathology of lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsy samples of tonsillar lesions may be best obtained through formal tonsillectomy, particularly if neoplasm is the concern. (medscape.com)
  • Hydatid cysts, lung abscesses, and vascular lesions should in general not be biopsied. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Under sterile conditions, local anesthesia, and imaging guidance-usually CT but sometimes ultrasonography for pleural-based lesions-a biopsy needle is passed into the suspected lesion while patients hold their breath. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CT-guided fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsies of pulmonary lesions: a single-center experience with 750 biopsies in Japan. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The aim of this work was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological aspects of tongue's lesions submitted to biopsy, and identify their more prevalent characteristics. (bvsalud.org)
  • An incisional biopsy or core biopsy samples a portion of the abnormal tissue without attempting to remove the entire lesion or tumor. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] When intact removal is not indicated for a variety of reasons, a wedge of tissue may be taken in an incisional biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Already had saw surgeon who wanted to do needle directed incisional biopsy. (medhelp.org)
  • The surgical approach may be an incisional biopsy, which removes only part of the abnormal area, or an excisional biopsy, which removes the entire tumor. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Smaller diameter needles collect cells and cell clusters, fine needle aspiration biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, in a fine needle aspiration biopsy , the doctor inserts a very thin, hollow needle through the skin to collect a sample of cells and sometimes fluid for examination. (cancer.net)
  • Liver biopsy is commonly performed by inserting a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Your health care provider may recommend a liver biopsy if blood tests or imaging studies suggest you might have a liver problem. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A liver biopsy also is used to find out the state of someone's liver disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The most common type of liver biopsy is called percutaneous liver biopsy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Another type of liver biopsy involves using a vein in the neck. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Pain at the biopsy site is the most common complication after a liver biopsy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Pain after a liver biopsy is usually a mild discomfort. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Bleeding can occur after a liver biopsy but is not a common complication. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In rare instances, the needle may stick another internal organ, such as the gallbladder or a lung, during a liver biopsy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Before your liver biopsy, you'll meet with your provider to talk about what to expect during the biopsy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The study is being presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases being held in Washington, DC, Nov. 1-5.In liver biopsy, a sample of tissue is most often collected using a needle inserted through the skin and underlying tissue and into the liver. (medindia.net)
  • To confirm the accuracy of FibroScan - already established by research studies in Europe and Asia - the new U.S. research focused on 814 patients with chronic type B and C viral hepatitis.Each was examined using FibroScan followed by liver biopsy, and the results were compared according to several criteria. (medindia.net)
  • The study also noted that the device "exhibits excellent reproducibility," which makes it a "reasonable alternative" to liver biopsy. (medindia.net)
  • What is a liver biopsy? (nih.gov)
  • In each type of liver biopsy, doctors take the sample of liver tissue in a different way. (nih.gov)
  • Common types of liver biopsy are described below. (nih.gov)
  • In percutaneous liver biopsy, the doctor inserts a needle through your skin in the upper part of the abdomen to take a small piece of your liver tissue. (nih.gov)
  • Percutaneous liver biopsy is the most common type of liver biopsy and has been performed routinely for many years. (nih.gov)
  • In transjugular liver biopsy, a doctor inserts a needle into a vein in your neck called the jugular vein. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors usually perform transjugular biopsy in people who have a higher risk of problems with percutaneous liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • If you need a liver biopsy and you are having surgery for other reasons, a doctor may perform a liver biopsy during the surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Why do doctors use liver biopsy? (nih.gov)
  • How do I prepare for a liver biopsy? (nih.gov)
  • Talk with your doctor about what you can expect before, during, and after the liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • You may receive sedatives during a liver biopsy to help you relax and stay comfortable. (nih.gov)
  • Before you have a liver biopsy, your doctor may order blood tests to find out how well your blood clots. (nih.gov)
  • If you have problems with blood clotting, your doctor may give you a transfusion of platelets or clotting factors just before a liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • Your doctor may also recommend a transjugular liver biopsy instead of a percutaneous liver biopsy . (nih.gov)
  • For safety reasons, most people cannot drive home after a liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • You will need to make plans for getting a ride home after a liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors may ask people to fast-not eat or drink anything-for several hours before a liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • In some cases, doctors ask patients to eat a small snack a few hours before a liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • Next, a health care professional will use imaging methods-most often, an ultrasound-to guide the biopsy needle. (nih.gov)
  • Health care professionals use imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, to guide the biopsy needle into the kidney. (nih.gov)
  • Computed tomography ( CT scan ) or a bone scan may be used to guide the biopsy needle. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • In order for the doctor to obtain tissue from only suspicious parts of your prostate, imaging is necessary to help guide the biopsy needle to the right spots. (healthline.com)
  • Then, using ultrasound to guide the biopsy needle, the provider will insert the needle into the prostate to take a sample. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These methods provide a non-invasive alternative to repeat invasive biopsies to monitor cancer treatment, test available drugs against the circulating tumor cells, evaluate the mutations in cancer and plan individualized treatments. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, excisional biopsies are invasive, can't be used repeatedly, and are ineffective in understanding the dynamics of tumor progression and metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cone biopsy is another, more invasive, way for your doctor to take a tissue sample, so it's usually performed in a hospital. (webmd.com)
  • Biopsies of advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) need invasive exams in fragile patients, and therefore minimally invasive "liquid biopsies" have generated considerable enthusiasm. (nature.com)
  • Rise in incidences and prevalence of various cancer types, improvements in liquid biopsy technology, rise in demand of non-invasive procedures, and promising government initiatives improve the market growth. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Furthermore, advantages of liquid biopsy over conventional invasive diagnostics methods are expected to present lucrative growth opportunities for the market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • An excisional biopsy is an attempt to remove an entire lesion. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast to a biopsy that merely samples a lesion, a larger excisional specimen called a resection may come to a pathologist, typically from a surgeon attempting to eradicate a known lesion from a patient. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, because cancer is a heterogeneous genetic disease, and excisional biopsies provide only a snapshot in time of some of the rapid, dynamic genetic changes occurring in tumors, liquid biopsies provide some advantages over tissue biopsy-based genomic testing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Surgical (excisional) biopsy. (cancer.net)
  • There are two types of liquid biopsy (which is not really a biopsy as they are blood tests that do not require a biopsy of tissue): circulating tumor cell assays or cell-free circulating tumor DNA tests. (wikipedia.org)
  • By detecting, quantifying and characterisation of vital circulating tumor cells or genomic alterations in CTCs and cell-free DNA in blood, liquid biopsy can provide real-time information on the stage of tumor progression, treatment effectiveness, and cancer metastasis risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those tests analyze circulating tumor cells (CTCs) Analysis of individual CTCs demonstrated a high level of heterogeneity seen at the single cell level for both protein expression and protein localization and the CTCs reflected both the primary biopsy and the changes seen in the metastatic sites. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biopsy can show whether or not a tumor is cancerous. (webmd.com)
  • Sentinel node biopsy identifies the first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains. (mayoclinic.org)
  • [ 1 ] The best biopsy to assess an eruption, as opposed to a tumor or growth, is a punch biopsy owing to the ability to evaluate the epidermal, dermal, and subcutaneous tissue for histological examination. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes, even if a tumor is large enough to feel, image-guided biopsy can be used to help direct the doctor to the right part of the body. (cancer.net)
  • These hurdles might be overcome by analyzing tumor cells or tumor cell products in blood samples (liquid biopsy), which in principle might reflect all subclones present at that specific time point and allow sequential monitoring of disease evolution. (nih.gov)
  • Liquid biopsies inform on circulating tumor cells as well as tumor-derived cell-free nucleic acids, exosomes and platelets. (nih.gov)
  • Liquid biopsy is a test done on a sample of blood to examine pieces of DNA from tumor cells circulating in the blood (circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA). (sutterhealth.org)
  • A significant transaction from tumor to liquid biopsy is anticipated to increase the adoption of this technique in the market. (globenewswire.com)
  • A margin or edge of normal breast tissue around the tumor may also be removed, depending on the reason for the biopsy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • By re-analyzing the pretreatment biopsy, Kwong and colleagues were able to establish that it was rare but present from the start, hiding on one side of the tumor. (newswise.com)
  • Our study is the first to measure multiple regions in pre-treatment tumor biopsies at high resolution and then track the resistant mutation over years of treatment through six biopsies," Kwong said. (newswise.com)
  • Understanding the difference could guide treatment to make it more effective, earlier, Kwong notes, and identifying rare mutations that are geographically isolated on a tumor will require improving our approach to analyzing biopsies. (newswise.com)
  • Since the mutation was detected only 16 days after treatment began, Kwong and colleagues decided to re-examine the pretreatment biopsy, which sampled a single region of the tumor and had not found a PI3KCA mutation. (newswise.com)
  • Sequencing-based liquid biopsy testing offers tremendous promise for tailoring treatment regimens to the changing tumor genomic landscape. (nature.com)
  • The liquid biopsy market is segmented into circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), extracellular vesicles (EVS), and other circulating biomarkers. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • NEW YORK - Irvine, California-based Genomic Testing Cooperative (GTC) said on Tuesday it is collaborating with C2i Genomics to develop liquid biopsy tests for solid tumor staging and monitoring. (genomeweb.com)
  • In patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma metastasis with unknown primary tumor ( Neck Cancer, Unknown Primary Site ), biopsies of the oropharynx are included in the evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • Complications to skin biopsies include bleeding at the biopsy site, hematoma, or infection. (medscape.com)
  • Today we'll be discussing liquid biopsy in melanoma. (medscape.com)
  • With liquid biopsy in melanoma, one of the things that we think about is the false-negative rate. (medscape.com)
  • 20 years ago [ 1 ], sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was introduced for melanoma patients and later for numerous other tumors with lymphatic metastatic propensity. (hindawi.com)
  • This type of biopsy is most commonly done when a kind of skin cancer called melanoma is suspected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Optimal treatment for clinically localized melanoma requires surgical control of the primary site and accurate staging of the regional nodal basin with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). (medscape.com)
  • In 1992, the technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was introduced to the field of melanoma care and publications detailing its use continue to grow exponentially. (medscape.com)
  • What is a prostate biopsy? (healthline.com)
  • For example, a prostate biopsy may be appropriate if a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has found that your levels of this prostate-produced protein are higher than expected for your age. (healthline.com)
  • If you've had a previous prostate biopsy that detected no cancerous cells, but your PSA levels are elevated, your doctor may advise you to have another biopsy. (healthline.com)
  • In a typical prostate biopsy, they will remove 10 to 12 samples. (healthline.com)
  • Do they put you to sleep for a prostate biopsy? (healthline.com)
  • A prostate biopsy is the removal of tiny samples of prostate tissue to examine it for signs of prostate cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are three main ways to perform a prostate biopsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Transrectal prostate biopsy - through the rectum. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other prostate biopsy methods are used, but not very often. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A prostate biopsy is generally safe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We all know from studies performed before that MRI with targeted biopsies reduces overdiagnosis in men referred to prostate biopsy in clinical cohorts. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Pathologic examination of a biopsy can determine whether a lesion is benign or malignant, and can help differentiate between different types of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • A lung biopsy allows your doctor to test for many kinds of diseases, including infections, benign tumors and polyps, and cancer. (healthline.com)
  • In 429 of the biopsies performed, the suspicious lesion detected on screening mammography was not cancerous, for a benign biopsy rate of 75 percent. (rsna.org)
  • The inclusion of DBT imaging would have reduced the number of biopsies performed on recalled women from 571 to 298-while still detecting the 142 cancers-for a biopsy rate of 36 percent, and a benign biopsy rate of 52 percent. (rsna.org)
  • Access the Radiology study, "The Potential Impact of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis on the Benign Biopsy Rate in Women Recalled within the UK Breast Screening Programme," at pubs.radiology.org . (rsna.org)
  • Nordstrom and colleagues found that the detection of clinically insignificant tumors and benign findings on biopsy were lower by 64% and 74%, respectively, among men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, when biopsy was performed when MRI results were positive rather than using a standard strategy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Key secondary outcomes included the detection of clinically insignificant cancers and biopsies with benign findings. (medpagetoday.com)
  • so my biopsy results came back benign. (cancer.org)
  • I'm sorry if I'm a pain posting here when my biopsy was benign. (cancer.org)
  • Therefore, the decision to forego biopsy in an apparently benign lesion should be made with great care and only when the patient understands the need for close follow-up and agrees to comply. (medscape.com)
  • In this context, considerable hope has been expressed that blood tests for circulating free DNA-sometimes known as liquid biopsy-could help achieve earlier detection of cancers. (bmj.com)
  • With the addition of MRI-targeted biopsy to systematic biopsy, we can now identify the most lethal cancers within the prostate earlier, providing patients the potential for better treatment before the cancers spread. (cancer.gov)
  • MRI-targeted biopsies, which merge previously taken MRI images of suspected cancer with real-time ultrasound technology, are better able to detect more high-grade cancers than systematic biopsies. (cancer.gov)
  • Among the men who underwent prostatectomy, the researchers found that systematic biopsy alone underdiagnosed about 40% and MRI-targeted biopsy alone underdiagnosed about 30% of the cancers, while combined biopsy underdiagnosed 14.4% of the cancers. (cancer.gov)
  • In addition, while systematic biopsy underdiagnosed 16.8% and MRI-targeted biopsy underdiagnosed 8.7% of the most aggressive cancers, combined biopsy missed only 3.5% of the most aggressive cancers. (cancer.gov)
  • Biopsy detected 142 cancers. (rsna.org)
  • A prostate cancer screening strategy using MRI with targeted and standard biopsy reduced the detection of clinically insignificant cancers as well as unnecessary biopsies, researchers reported. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Such an approach was also as effective as a standard biopsy strategy in detecting clinically significant cancers, said Tobias Nordstrom, MD, PhD, of the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, in a presentation at the virtual European Association of Urology Congress. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The findings showed that the addition of standard biopsy resulted in the discovery of 30 more clinically significant cancers among the men in the experimental biopsy group and the detection of 18 fewer insignificant cancers. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The yield of closed pleural biopsy is about twice as high for tuberculosis than it is for pleural cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most unknown primary cancers reside within the Waldeyer ring, and biopsies of the nasopharynx, base of the tongue, and tonsils are recommended. (medscape.com)
  • Oral mucosal biopsy has few contraindications. (medscape.com)
  • In most cases, a biopsy is the only test that can tell for sure if a suspicious area is cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a lung biopsy, a pathologist examines the tissue removed from the suspicious growth under a microscope. (mskcc.org)
  • If the suspicious growth cannot be reached by a bronchoscopy, your physician may recommend a needle biopsy through the chest wall. (mskcc.org)
  • If you have a high PSA score and/or suspicious changes to your prostate, a biopsy is more likely to detect cancer than if you have no significant risk factors or indications that you may have cancer. (healthline.com)
  • Image-guided breast biopsy provides confirmation of suspicious findings on initial imaging. (auntminnie.com)
  • Before submission of any specimens to CDC's IDPB, FFPE biopsy specimens should undergo routine histopathologic evaluation at the clinical institution's pathology laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) may significantly reduce the number of women who undergo breast biopsy for a non-cancerous lesion following an abnormal mammogram, according to a new study published in Radiology . (rsna.org)
  • Of these, 603 were randomized to undergo standard biopsy, and 929 to MRI, with targeted and standard biopsy if the MRI results indicated prostate cancer. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In the NEJM article, the researchers explained that an important question was whether men with positive MRI results should undergo a standard biopsy in addition to targeted biopsy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The researchers suggested that awareness by radiologists in this area, along with imaging findings, can support informed discussions and management plans for breast cancer patients who may undergo biopsy. (auntminnie.com)
  • The results of the study are good news for chronic hepatitis B and C sufferers who now often undergo repeated and potentially painful liver biopsies as part of their disease management.The focus of the research was the French-made FibroScan, which was being used in more than 70 countries worldwide when it received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in April. (medindia.net)
  • A core needle biopsy uses a larger needle to remove a larger tissue sample than a fine needle biopsy. (cancer.net)
  • Needle biopsies, such as a core needle biopsy and vacuum-assisted biopsy, can be done with imaging equipment, if needed. (cancer.net)
  • Core needle biopsy ( CNB ) removes a small tissue sample, through a very small incision, with a hollow-core needle. (medpagetoday.com)
  • By definition, a biopsy is used to sample tissue in order to investigate a clinical lesion or eruption further, but not necessarily to attempt complete lesion removal. (medscape.com)
  • At times, however, a punch biopsy removes the entire skin lesion. (medscape.com)
  • A skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If the whole skin lesion was not removed at the time of biopsy, you and your provider may decide to completely remove it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Biopsy should be performed on any oral lesion that persists despite removal of any irritative stimulus. (medscape.com)
  • A kidney biopsy can help health care professionals diagnose and treat kidney problems when they need more information after looking at your blood and urine tests. (nih.gov)
  • Conditions that a kidney biopsy can help diagnose include kidney disease with no clear cause - this is true for both acute and long-term versions of the condition - and kidney cancer . (webmd.com)
  • How do health care professionals perform a kidney biopsy? (nih.gov)
  • There are a few different ways to perform a kidney biopsy. (webmd.com)
  • The accuracy of liquid biopsy tests is an area of constant improvement and scientific debate. (nature.com)
  • Rapid development in digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and NGS-based technology has improved the accuracy of liquid biopsy. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. (cancer.net)
  • A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is done to check for a blood disorder or blood cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma. (cancer.net)
  • Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are often taken from the pelvic bone. (cancer.net)
  • The person performing the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy will know your child's medical history, but might ask additional questions, such as what medicines your child is taking or whether he or she has any allergies. (kidshealth.org)
  • A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy usually takes about 30 minutes. (kidshealth.org)
  • Prostate cancer has been one of the only solid tumors diagnosed by performing systematic biopsies 'blind' to the cancer's location. (cancer.gov)
  • Full-field digital mammography findings were false negative, and biopsy re¬vealed intermediate ductal carcinoma in situ. (rsna.org)
  • In this analysis, Nordstrom reported findings from a strategy that combined MRI-targeted and standard biopsy in men with positive results on MRI compared with use of a standard biopsy strategy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Our results therefore support the use of standard biopsy in addition to targeted biopsy for men who have positive MRI results, an observation that is in line with previous findings. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Malignancy rates for findings undergoing image-guided breast biopsy vary by the method of detection, according to research to be presented in this session. (auntminnie.com)
  • Zhu and colleagues wanted to compare malignancy rates for findings undergoing image-guided breast biopsy, exploring several methods of detection. (auntminnie.com)
  • Here, we describe a case of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) related to COVID-19 and demonstrate findings from peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle biopsies. (bvsalud.org)
  • The muscle biopsy revealed moderate neuromyopathic findings with positive expression for MHC-class I, C5b9, CD8 and CD68. (bvsalud.org)
  • In adults, tonsil ulcerations, friability, or induration are concerning findings and should be biopsied. (medscape.com)
  • Some controversy exists as to the necessary extent of this biopsy, ranging from focal biopsy of abnormal findings to unilateral or bilateral tonsillectomy. (medscape.com)
  • The decision to proceed with biopsy in the following circumstances must be individualized to the patient's findings and the ability of the surgeon to minimize morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • A vacuum-assisted biopsy uses a suction device to collect a tissue sample through a specially designed needle. (cancer.net)
  • When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. (wikipedia.org)
  • This technological development could make it possible to diagnose and manage cancer from repeated blood tests rather than from a traditional biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases, a kidney biopsy may be used to examine an abnormal mass, or lump, seen on a kidney x-ray or ultrasound and help rule out kidney cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Cells taken from your cervix from any type of biopsy will be sent to a lab and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. (webmd.com)
  • If your biopsy shows you have cervical cancer, the next step is to see if it has spread, and where. (webmd.com)
  • Your doctor may recommend a biopsy if they think you might have cancer. (cancer.net)
  • In a biopsy, a doctor takes a small amount of tissue from the area of the body where cancer may be present. (cancer.net)
  • Other tests can suggest that cancer is in the body, but only a biopsy can test to show whether there are cancer cells. (cancer.net)
  • The type of biopsy you have depends on where the possible cancer is located. (cancer.net)
  • This general category refers to different biopsies, each using a special needle to collect cells to test an area for cancer. (cancer.net)
  • This type of biopsy is done using surgery to remove the tissue your doctor thinks may be cancer. (cancer.net)
  • Testing a blood sample for cancer is called a liquid biopsy. (cancer.net)
  • However, this type of biopsy is still new and it is not done for most types of cancer. (cancer.net)
  • If your doctor suspects that you have lung cancer, he or she will perform a biopsy to remove tissue from the possibly cancerous growth in your chest. (mskcc.org)
  • A biopsy is a standard cancer screening test that involves the careful removal of small tissue samples, which are then examined in a laboratory to determine whether they contain cancer cells or any other abnormal cells. (healthline.com)
  • How often do prostate biopsies find cancer? (healthline.com)
  • Unlike biopsies for most other types of cancer, which target abnormalities found by imaging, systematic biopsy uses a non-targeted method of taking systematically spaced samples across the prostate gland to find a cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • By comparing diagnoses from systematic biopsy alone to systematic biopsy plus MRI-targeted biopsy, the researchers found that adding MRI-targeted biopsy to systematic biopsy led to 208 more cancer diagnoses than systematic biopsy alone. (cancer.gov)
  • Skin biopsies most often are done to diagnose skin cancer , which may be suspected when an abnormal area of skin has changed color , shape , size, or appearance or has not healed after an injury. (stlukesonline.org)
  • A biopsy is done to check for prostate cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Normal results from the biopsy suggest that no cancer cells have been found. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A positive biopsy result means that cancer cells have been found. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The biopsy may also show cells that look abnormal, but may or may not be cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The U.S. FDA is actively engaged in supporting the commercialization of cancer biopsy products and increasing the use of these assays in clinics. (globenewswire.com)
  • For instance, in March 2021, the U.S. FDA granted a breakthrough device designation to RaDaR-a liquid biopsy assay to detect minimal residual disease in early-stage cancer. (globenewswire.com)
  • Our study validates that DBT can help in the diagnostic workup of mammographic abnormalities and reduce harm to women through fewer false positive biopsies without any reduction in the cancer detection rate. (rsna.org)
  • A skin biopsy can help your health care provider diagnose or rule out problems such as skin cancer or psoriasis . (medlineplus.gov)
  • This type of biopsy is often done when a skin cancer is suspected, or a rash that seems to be limited to the top layer of skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A better understanding of test performance and clinical utility and higher-accuracy methods are needed to broaden adoption of liquid biopsies as the standard of care in cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • Easy accessibility and high adoption of advanced diagnostic technologies among healthcare professionals and the increasing prevalence of cancer in the US and Canada are the key factors driving the growth of the liquid biopsy market in North America. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Using our liquid biopsy approach to more sensitively and accurately stage and monitor patients with early-stage cancer addresses an unmet need, and we believe that the extensive experience of the team at GTC in developing and validating new clinically actionable tests will significantly accelerate bringing this innovation to patient care," C2i Genomics CEO Asaf Zviran said in a statement. (genomeweb.com)
  • An easy read booklet about the different types of biopsy and what happens. (macmillan.org.uk)
  • What are the different types of biopsy? (cancer.net)
  • Instructions about fasting vary, and doctors may give different instructions for different types of biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • The kidney biopsy is usually performed by a radiologist or nephrologist at a hospital or outpatient center. (nih.gov)
  • You may have the biopsy as an outpatient. (macmillan.org.uk)
  • Because of the relatively low risk of skin biopsy as compared with biopsy of other organs, and the ability to obtain a sample under simple local anesthesia, a skin biopsy can be safely and routinely performed in an outpatient or ambulatory setting, as well as an inpatient setting. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsies may be performed in the setting of an outpatient office, or may require formal operative settings with general anesthesia . (medscape.com)
  • Here, we introduce the different approaches of blood-based liquid biopsies and discuss the clinical applications in oncology. (nih.gov)
  • C-arm cone-beam CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy of lung nodules: clinical experience in 1108 patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Axillary dissection removes more axillary lymph nodes than a sentinel node biopsy does. (komen.org)
  • For this reason, sentinel node biopsy is the preferred first step to check the axillary lymph nodes. (komen.org)
  • Biopsies are most commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous or inflammatory conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A second biopsy may also be appropriate if a previous biopsy detected abnormal cells that weren't cancerous. (healthline.com)
  • This report will indicate whether the biopsy found any cancerous cells or any noncancerous but abnormal cells. (healthline.com)
  • The Arab physician Abulcasis (1013-1107) developed one of the earliest diagnostic biopsies. (wikipedia.org)
  • A kidney biopsy is a diagnostic medical test that involves the removal and study of small pieces of your kidney. (webmd.com)
  • A kidney biopsy is a fairly complicated diagnostic test. (webmd.com)
  • The patient underwent surgical diagnostic biopsy, which showed a 4-mm intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ. (rsna.org)
  • Improved laboratory techniques, newer diagnostic tests for pleural fluid (eg, adenosine deaminase levels, interferon-gamma, polymerase chain reaction studies for suspected tuberculosis), and more widespread availability of thoracoscopy have made pleural biopsy less necessary and therefore uncommonly done. (msdmanuals.com)
  • punch biopsy. (macmillan.org.uk)
  • A punch biopsy is accomplished with a circular or elliptically shaped blade that is driven vertically into the skin in a direction perpendicular to the cutaneous plane, usually to the level of the subcutaneous tissue. (medscape.com)
  • In some cases, a suture is used to aid in hemostasis, particularly after a punch biopsy greater than 3-4 mm in width. (medscape.com)
  • I had a 5mm nodule punch biopsied on my left side sternum. (medhelp.org)
  • Punch biopsy uses a tool called biopsy forceps to remove tissue. (webmd.com)
  • In a punch biopsy, they use a small circular instrument to push through the surface of the skin and take a sample of tissue from below the skin's surface. (cancer.net)
  • A shave biopsy, in which a blade is used to remove epidermis and partial or complete dermis with a horizontal and partially oblique direction, allows for evaluation of the epidermis with or without the superficial dermis but does not provide a great representation of the subcutaneous tissue compared with other biopsy methods. (medscape.com)
  • For a shave biopsy, the doctor removes some tissue by scraping the surface of the skin. (cancer.net)
  • This type is called a transjugular biopsy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Transjugular biopsy also allows doctors to measure pressure in the veins of the liver at the same time that they perform the biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • This Collection on Liquid biopsy features Special Issue content guest edited by Professor Angela Cox (University of Sheffield, UK,) and Professor Klaus Pantel (University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany) and includes a curated set of research articles and commissioned content from leading researchers. (nature.com)
  • You obviously do a lot of work in liquid biopsy. (medscape.com)
  • Can you give us a refresher on these definitions and how you think we should be thinking of our liquid biopsy tools in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value? (medscape.com)
  • So, that's a way to think about the liquid biopsy space, sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • So, the negative predictive value is another important feature when we talk about liquid biopsy and in terms of disease monitoring. (medscape.com)
  • The aspiration takes a small sample of the liquid with a needle, while the biopsy takes a sample of solid tissue. (cancer.net)
  • A liquid biopsy has less risk than taking a sample of tissue, and your doctor can do it multiple times. (cancer.net)
  • This study seeks to provide evidence that liquid biopsy monitoring provides useful genomic information for oncologists to improve how they treat their patients. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells are made. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some kids feel a quick sharp cramp as the liquid bone marrow is withdrawn for the aspiration or as the sample of bone marrow is removed for the biopsy. (kidshealth.org)
  • Liquid biopsies are anticipated to witness considerable growth over the forecast period due to the advancements and increasing regulatory approvals in the U.S. (globenewswire.com)
  • The PIK3CA mutation could also be detected by isolating circulating cell-free DNA in the blood after resistance developed, making it a potential target for liquid biopsies that are under development. (newswise.com)
  • Based on product & service, the liquid biopsy market is segmented into assay kits, instruments, and services. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Based on sample type, the liquid biopsy market is segmented into blood and other sample types. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • In 2021, the blood samples accounted for the largest share of the liquid biopsy market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The global liquid biopsy market has been segmented into four major regions North America, Europe, the Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • A health care professional inserts a thin biopsy needle through your skin and into your kidney to obtain samples of your kidney tissue for analysis. (nih.gov)
  • The doctor inserts a special biopsy needle through your skin and guides it to your kidney with the help of an ultrasound or sonogram. (webmd.com)
  • In this type of biopsy, the doctor inserts a thin tube with a video camera called a laparoscope into the abdomen through small incisions. (cancer.net)
  • Enhance follow up ultrasound visualization three to four weeks post-biopsy with bio-absorbable suture-like netting. (hologic.com)
  • SecurMark biopsy site marker in stainless steel, Infinity shape under ultrasound. (hologic.com)
  • Although complications are rare with imaging-guided biopsies, they can happen. (sutterhealth.org)
  • They can be placed days in advance of surgical biopsy and at the patient's convenience. (medpagetoday.com)
  • This type of biopsy is often done to diagnose rashes . (medlineplus.gov)
  • This type of biopsy is most commonly done to help diagnose skin ulcers or diseases that involve the tissue below the skin, such as the fatty tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • They can also use a lung biopsy to assess the stage of a known malignancy. (healthline.com)
  • A biopsy performed during a bronchoscopy is also called a bronchoscopy with a lung biopsy or a fiber-optic bronchoscopy with a lung biopsy. (healthline.com)
  • A fiber-optic or flexible bronchoscope is more often used for lung biopsy. (healthline.com)
  • The standard biopsy techniques may require modification in some patients, including those with conditions that preclude the safe use of local anesthetic and those with severe bleeding diatheses or coagulopathies. (medscape.com)
  • In cases where a biopsy is performed, CDC's Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB) is available to assist with testing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy tissue specimens for orthopoxviruses and other infectious etiologies, as indicated. (cdc.gov)
  • Some biopsies may be small specimens. (cdc.gov)