Biological warfare agents. Medical search

Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.

Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.

Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.

Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.

Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).

A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.

The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.

A species of gram-negative bacteria parasitic on HORSES and DONKEYS causing GLANDERS, which can be transmitted to humans.

An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.

An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.

An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the three ester bonds in a phosphotriester-containing compound.

An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.

Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.

The use of humans as investigational subjects.

Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.

Nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of CARBON. Such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY.

Neoplasms composed of tissue of the mesothelium, the layer of flat cells, derived from the mesoderm, which lines the body cavity of the embryo. In the adult it forms the simple squamous epithelium which covers all true serous membranes (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura). The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in these organs. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Histiocytic, inflammatory response to a foreign body. It consists of modified macrophages with multinucleated giant cells, in this case foreign-body giant cells (GIANT CELLS, FOREIGN-BODY), usually surrounded by lymphocytes.

A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).

Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Recording of visual and sometimes sound signals on magnetic tape.

The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).

A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface.

Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.

Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.

Administration of nursing services for one or more clinical units.

Publications printed and distributed daily, weekly, or at some other regular and usually short interval, containing news, articles of opinion (as editorials and letters), features, advertising, and announcements of current interest. (Webster's 3d ed)

The collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, and books. While originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers, with the advent of radio and television the use of the term has broadened to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current affairs.

Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.

A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.

The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.

Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures.

Management, removal, and elimination of biologic, infectious, pathologic, and dental waste. The concept includes blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special control and handling. Disposal may take place where the waste is generated or elsewhere.

Disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. It includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment.

Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. (1/48)

Evaluation of the fate and transport of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills requires the development of specific and sensitive detection assays. The objective of the current study was to develop and validate SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays for the specific detection and quantification of surrogate BW agents in synthetic building debris (SBD) and leachate. Bacillus atrophaeus (vegetative cells and spores) and Serratia marcescens were used as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Yersinia pestis (plague), respectively. The targets for SYBR green Q-PCR assays were the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and recA gene for B. atrophaeus and the gyrB, wzm, and recA genes for S. marcescens. All assays showed high specificity when tested against 5 ng of closely related Bacillus and Serratia nontarget DNA from 21 organisms. Several spore lysis methods that include a combination of one or more of freeze-thaw cycles, chemical lysis, hot detergent treatment, bead beat homogenization, and sonication were evaluated. All methods tested showed similar threshold cycle values. The limit of detection of the developed Q-PCR assays was determined using DNA extracted from a pure bacterial culture and DNA extracted from sterile water, leachate, and SBD samples spiked with increasing quantities of surrogates. The limit of detection for B. atrophaeus genomic DNA using the ITS and B. atrophaeus recA Q-PCR assays was 7.5 fg per PCR. The limits of detection of S. marcescens genomic DNA using the gyrB, wzm, and S. marcescens recA Q-PCR assays were 7.5 fg, 75 fg, and 7.5 fg per PCR, respectively. Quantification of B. atrophaeus vegetative cells and spores was linear (R(2) > 0.98) over a 7-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(1) B. atrophaeus cells or spores. Quantification of S. marcescens (R(2) > 0.98) was linear over a 6-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(2) S. marcescens cells. The developed Q-PCR assays are highly specific and sensitive and can be used for monitoring the fate and transport of the BW surrogates B. atrophaeus and S. marcescens in building debris and leachate. (+info)

Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei on Environmental Surfaces. (2/48)

The survival of the biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei on the surfaces of four materials was measured by culture and esterase activity analyses. The culture results demonstrated that this organism persisted for <24 h to <7 days depending on the material, bacterial isolate, and suspension medium. The persistence determined by analysis of esterase activity, as measured with a ScanRDI solid-phase cytometer, was always longer than the persistence determined by culture analysis. (+info)

Structure- and substrate-based inhibitor design for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. (3/48)

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Early indicators of exposure to biological threat agents using host gene profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (4/48)

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Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared. (5/48)

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Evasion of complement-mediated lysis and complement C3 deposition are regulated by Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide O antigen. (6/48)

The bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a potential weapon of bioterrorism when aerosolized. Macrophage infection is necessary for disease progression and efficient phagocytosis by human macrophages requires serum opsonization by complement. Microbial complement activation leads to surface deposition of a highly regulated protein complex resulting in opsonization or membrane lysis. The nature of complement component C3 deposition, i.e., C3b (opsonization and lysis) or C3bi (opsonization only) fragment deposition, is central to the outcome of activation. In this study, we examine the mechanisms of Ft resistance to complement-mediated lysis, C3 component deposition on the Ft surface, and complement activation. Upon incubation in fresh nonimmune human serum, Schu S4 (Ft subsp. tularensis), Fn (Ft subsp. novicida), and LVS (Ft subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain) were resistant to complement-mediated lysis, but LVSG and LVSR (LVS strains altered in surface carbohydrate structures) were susceptible. C3 deposition, however, occurred on all strains. Complement-susceptible strains had markedly increased C3 fragment deposition, including the persistent presence of C3b compared with C3bi, which indicates that C3b inactivation results in survival of complement-resistant strains. C1q, an essential component of the classical activation pathway, was necessary for lysis of complement-susceptible strains and optimal C3 deposition on all strains. Finally, use of Francisella LPS mutants confirmed O Ag as a major regulator of complement resistance. These data provide evidence that pathogenic Francisella activate complement, but are resistant to complement-mediated lysis in part due to limited C3 deposition, rapid conversion of surface-bound C3b to C3bi, and the presence of LPS O Ag. (+info)

Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism. (7/48)

Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other agents used "to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Only modest microbiologic skills are needed to produce and effectively use biologic weapons. And biological warfare has afflicted campaigns throughout military history, at times playing an important role in determining their outcomes. There is a long list of potential pathogens for use by terrorists, but only a few are easy to prepare and disperse. Of the infectious diseases, the vast majority are zoonoses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's highest-priority bioterrorism agents are in Category A. The only disease that does not affect animals in Category A is smallpox, which was eliminated by a worldwide vaccination program in the late 1970s. Because these diseases can infect animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings. (+info)

Animals as early detectors of bioevents: veterinary tools and a framework for animal-human integrated zoonotic disease surveillance. (8/48)

The threat of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases has prompted various public health agencies to recommend enhanced surveillance activities to supplement existing surveillance plans. The majority of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorist agents are zoonotic. Animals are more sensitive to certain biological agents, and their use as clinical sentinels, as a means of early detection, is warranted. This article provides design methods for a local integrated zoonotic surveillance plan and materials developed for veterinarians to assist in the early detection of bioevents. Zoonotic surveillance in the U.S. is currently too limited and compartmentalized for broader public health objectives. To rapidly detect and respond to bioevents, collaboration and cooperation among various agencies at the federal, state, and local levels must be enhanced and maintained. Co-analysis of animal and human diseases may facilitate the response to infectious disease events and limit morbidity and mortality in both animal and human populations. (+info)

Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Chapter 5: Nerve Agents" (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 144ff. ... Some chemical warfare nerve agents such as VX can also cause complete flaccid paralysis. In some situations, prominently in ... AFP is also associated with a number of other pathogenic agents including enteroviruses other than polio, echoviruses, West ... Curare acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent that induces flaccid paralysis. This poison binds to the acetylcholine (ACh) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis

Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. OCLC 82473582. Badreshia, S ... Gupta, Ramesh C (ed) (2015). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Academic Press. ... and some such as T-1123 and EA-3990 were investigated for potential military use as nerve agents. However, since all compounds ... was once produced commercially in the United States as a chemotherapy agent and for other medicinal purposes. It was found to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate

Ellison HD (2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0849314346. Fitzgerald GM, ... Phenyldichloroarsine is an obsolete chemical warfare agent and is classified as a vesicant or a vomiting/incapacitating agent. ... is an organic arsenical vesicant and vomiting agent developed by Germany and France for use as a chemical warfare agent during ... Phenyldichloroarsine is an arsenical vesicant which can be mixed with mustard agents for use in chemical warfare. PD was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine

Ellison, Hank D. (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. Girard, James ( ... Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I, including vesicants such as lewisite and vomiting agents ... ISBN 978-0-7637-5939-1. Somani, Satu M. (2001). Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... During the Vietnam War, the United States used Agent Blue, a mixture of sodium cacodylate and its acid form, as one of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Fenn, Elizabeth A (March 2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffrey Amherst". Journal of ... In June 1975, two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reservation were wounded in a firefight, and ... This is related historically to the greater impact of disease and warfare on the Virginia Indian populations, as well as their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

Ellison DH (2008). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. (Second ed.). CRC Press. pp. 157-159. ISBN 9780849314346 ... Hoenig SL (2006). Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387346267. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Mustard

D. Hank Ellison (24 August 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. In retrospect, it is ... Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): ... gained lasting infamy in an exchange of letters with his commanding officer Amherst who suggested a form of biological warfare ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. In retrospect, it is ... Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): ... As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-micro- biological" attempts at BW illustrate the difficulty of differentiating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_State_Park

Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Government Printing ... ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the ... ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) James S. Ketchum (2012). Chemical Warfare: Secrets Almost Forgotten. AuthorHouse. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Ketchum

Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN 9780849314346. "Isoquinilinium ... EA-3990 EA-4056 T-1123 VX (nerve agent) Gupta, edited by Ramesh C. (2009). Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents ( ... Since the agent molecule is positively charged, it does not cross the blood brain barrier very well. Octamethylene-bis(5- ... Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide) is an extremely potent carbamate nerve agent. It works by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)

C01-A035 Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. ISBN ... C01-A039 is a Novichok agent. It is the ethyl phosphorofluoridate ester of phosgene oxime. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C01-A039

Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN ... CNS is a mixture of chloroacetophenone, chloropicrin and chloroform that is used as a chemical warfare agent. CNS has the ... Hoenig, Steven L. (2007), Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7 v t e v t e. ... CNS was used as a riot control agent, but it's no longer used now. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNS_(chemical_weapon)

No biological warfare agents or munitions were ultimately detected. In 1992, the 203rd deployed a TECHINT liaison team as part ... Vesser, Dale A. (1 March 2000). "Biological Warfare Investigation Close Out Report Endnote 23". Special Assistant for Gulf War ... The detachment consisted of a headquarters section, seven three-man biological detection teams and five chemical/biological ... Act as the HQDA executive agent for foreign materiel used for training purposes. Conduct TECHINT training for DoD and reserve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203rd_Military_Intelligence_Battalion

Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9780849314346. "Physical properties of standard ... Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army. Retrieved ... It is absorbed through skin and causes burns and mild nerve agent symptoms. It reacts with water producing HF fumes and ... agents, candidate agents, and related compounds at several temperatures" (PDF). U. S. Army (12 Dec 1990). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_difluoride

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN ... Thousands of American soldiers were exposed to chemical warfare agents during Cold War testing programs (see Edgewood Arsenal ... Chemical Weapons United States "Closing U.S. Chemical Warfare Agent Disposal Facilities". Centers for Disease Control and ... In June 1990, Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System began destruction of chemical agents stored on Johnston Atoll in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_chemical_weapons_program

"ChemIDplus". Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9780849314346. v t e. ... EA-4352 is an organophosphate nerve agent of the G-series. It's the isopropyl analog of tabun. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-4352

Noah DL, Huebner, KD, Darling RG, Waeckerle JF,. The history and threat of biological warfare and terrorism. Ludwig m. Deppisch ... Darling RG, Catlett CL, Huebner KD, et al., Threat syndromes in bioterrorism I: CDC category agents. ... Nuclear, biological and chemical medical defense training as a model for planners. ... biological, radiological and nuclear defense (CBRNE) training and readiness programs. On November 6, 1998, Darling facilitated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Darling

EA-3966 EA-4056 T-1123 Hank ED (2008). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. ... Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 338-339. ISBN ... Despite of this, EA-3990 is claimed to be about three times more toxic than VX (another nerve agent). For VX, the median lethal ... Patent assigned to US army for EA-3990 among other similar nerve agents was filed in December 7, 1967. EA-3990 lethality in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3990

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 567-570. ... Casualty recording Collateral damage Asymmetric warfare Fourth generation warfare Loss exchange ratio Just war Distinction (law ... ISBN 978-1-5924-0315-8. Neiberg, Michael S. (2002): Warfare in World History, pp. 68-70, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-22954-8. ... a percentage which he states is unprecedented in modern warfare. Journalist and commentator Evelyn Gordon writes in Commentary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio

Nerve agent VX (nerve agent) Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton ... Hoenig, Steven L. (2007), Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7 Munro, NB; Talmage, SS; ... and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products". Environmental Health Perspectives. 107 (12): 933-74. doi:10.1289/ ... EA-2192 is an extremely toxic degradation product of the VX nerve agent. It is a white solid that is very soluble and stable in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-2192

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN ... produces small quantities of biological agents, for use in biological weapons defense research. According to the U.S. ... A more advanced production facility was constructed in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, which began producing biological agents in 1954. ... November 1969). "Draft NSDM re United States Policy on Warfare Program and Bacteriological/Biological Research Program" (PDF). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420003291 - via Google Books. Trivedi, ... Using stink bombs for these purposes has advantages over traditional riot control agents: unlike pepper spray and tear gas, ... They range in effectiveness from simple pranks to military grade malodorants or riot control chemical agents. The Guinness Book ... Chemical warfare Malodorant Practical joke List of practical joke topics Stinkpot (disambiguation) Thioacetone "Guinness World ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stink_bomb

Tabun (nerve agent) GV (nerve agent) "ChemIDplus". Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents ... Fluorotabun is a highly toxic organophosphate nerve agent of the G-series. It's the fluorinated analog of tabun, i.e. the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorotabun

Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN ... 2009). Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents (1st ed.). London: Academic Press. ISBN 9780123744845. BOWERY, N. G.; ... They have toxicity comparable to nerve agents. However, they are not acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. They act as GABA receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate

Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9780849314346. Compendium of chemical warfare ... This include blister agents, blood agents and vomiting agents. Ethyldichloroarsine Lewisite Methyldichloroarsine ... In a military context, the term arsenical refer to toxic arsenic compounds that are used as chemical warfare agents. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical

Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9780849314346. "Export Control List: Chemical ... Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 16 (7): 708-10. doi:10.1248/bpb.16.708. PMID 8401407.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacolone

... candidate agents, and related compounds at several temperatures" (PDF). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ... Compendium of chemical warfare agents. Springer. ISBN 9780387346267. v t e. ... Ethylsarin (GE), also known as EA-1209, is an organophosphate nerve agent of the G-series. It's the ethylphosphonofluoridate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylsarin

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 567-570. ... This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military ... All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons ... "Chemical Warfare Agents". "U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency (home page)". Archived from the original on October 15, 2004. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon

Ellison DH (2008). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-849-31434-6. US ... EA-1356 is an organophosphate nerve agent of the G-series. It is highly resistant to enzymatic degradation in the body. ... Söderström MT, Ketola RA, Kostiainen O (1995). "Identification of some nerve agent homologues and dialkyl methylphosphonates by ... Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-1356

p., 277 D. Hank Ellison (24 August 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. ... Any biological agents of warfare - living organisms, whatever their nature, or infective material derived from them - which are ... biological weapons] research, develop new biological weapons, and ultimately engage in [biological weapons] arms races". ... The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention effectively banned riot control agents from being used as a method of warfare, though ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Protocol

It has the potential to be weaponised for use in biological warfare,[226][227] and was investigated by Biopreparat for such use ... Ebolavirus is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent, as well as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the Centers for Disease ... Zubray G (2013). Agents of Bioterrorism: Pathogens and Their Weaponization. New York, NY, USA: Columbia University Press. pp. ... May 2002). "Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management". Journal of the American ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease

Ledgard, Jared (2006). A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0615136455. .. p. 82. ... "Chemical Entities of Biological Interest. UK: European Bioinformatics Institute. 27 October 2006. Main. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen

Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotton. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical ... Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents, Volume 1 (1982). Commission on Life Sciences. The ... Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities". Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. doi: ... Agents During the Cold War. ChemBooks Inc 2006. ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8 ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3167

a b Tuncer Oren (2001). "Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents", Turk J Elec Engin 9 (1 ... mirip dengan pakaian dipakai oleh askar-askar moden untuk perlindungan terhadap senjata biological, kimia dan nukelar. Oleh ... memakai pakaian who fireproof untuk melindungi diri mereka dari api-api gunpowder dan juga kimia-kimia dalam gunpowder warfare ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_cipta_pada_zaman_pertengahan_Islam

Biological warfare. *Carcinogen. *Food safety. *Hazard symbol. *List of extremely hazardous substances ... Pradhan B.K.; Sandle N.K. (1999). "Effect of different oxidizing agent treatments on the surface properties of activated ... a flocculating agent. Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S) and thiols. Adsorption ... activated carbon is allowed for use as a processing agent to adsorb brown color pigments from white grape concentrates.[16] It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal

Endicott, S. L.; Hageman, E. (1998). The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea. ... A local doctor concluded that some unspecified infectious agent had arrived in a package from New Orleans.[74][75] 650 ... Yellow fever has been researched by several countries as a potential biological weapon.[105] ... The mosquito hypothetically considered as an agent in the transmission of yellow fever) Anales de la Real Academia de Ciencias ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever

It permanently bans the use of all forms of chemical and biological warfare.[11] The agreement was signed after World War I, ... Nerve gas or nerve agent is the name of a family of chemical poisons. Usually people call them nerve agents (they are not ... People were afraid that chemical and biological warfare could have terrible effects in any future war. The protocol was ... Nerve agents have long-lasting effects. People who survive nerve agent poisoning almost always have chronic damage to the brain ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agent

Pasteur isolated the infectious agent from anthrax. He then derived a vaccine by altering the infectious agent so as to make it ... "A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology. New York: D. Appleton and Company.. ... including the risk of prion contamination of biological materials) are likely to be used more and more often. However, they are ... Pasteur also isolated a crude preparation of the infectious agent for rabies. In a brave piece of rapid medicine development, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

Croddy, Eric (2002). Chemical and biological warfare: a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen. Springer. p. 128. ISBN ... It is known as a food additive to the FAO as an acidity regulator, a flour treatment agent and as a leavener.[11] It has E ... Sayers, W. (2006). "The Use of Quicklime in Medieval Naval Warfare". The Mariner's Mirror. Volume 92. Issue 3. pp. 262-269. ... Adrienne Mayor (2005), "Ancient Warfare and Toxicology", in Philip Wexler (ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 4 (2nd ed.), ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicklime

"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9): 971-975. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536. ISSN ... He commuted the contribution system to a fixed poll tax which was collected by imperial agents and forwarded to units in need.[ ... they decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon. The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the ... "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire

... of the radioactive agents being infused.[15] Methods, techniques and devices are available to lower the occurrence of this type ... Biological dose units and quantities. *Wireless electronic devices and health. *Radiation Heat-transfer ... These medications were the first agents of what is known as radioimmunotherapy, and they were approved for the treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

that in the second year after its launch, biological preprints hosted on bioRxiv repository were tweeted about on over 20,000 ... 2019-02-21: Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. *2019-02-20: Psychology & Marketing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals

Biological transmission requires a period of incubation of the trypanosomes within the tsetse host. The term 'biological' is ... Trypanosoma agents. Distribution. Glossina vectors. Sleeping sickness - chronic form. humans. T. brucei gambiense. Western ... Anti-Submarine Warfare: An Illustrated History, 2007, by David Owen. Page 170. Seaforth Publishing. ... Tsetse are biological vectors of trypanosomes, meaning that in the process of feeding, they acquire and then transmit small, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly

Biological agent. *Biological warfare. *Bioterrorism. *Colony Collapse Disorder. *Defaunation. *Dysgenics. *Interplanetary ... The American Institute of Biological Sciences published a similar paper in support of this concept in 2009.[10] In addition, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate

"Biological Psychiatry. 66 (12): 1075-82. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.026. PMC 2787650. PMID 19748076.. ... First-line pharmacotherapy agents include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the selective serotonin-norepinephrine ... warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, or other threats on a person's life.[1][6] Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, ... "Biological Psychiatry. 66 (12): 1072-4. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.023. PMC 2825567. PMID 19944792.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder

Agents Chemother. 23 (2): 267-72. doi:10.1128/aac.23.2.267. PMC 186035 . PMID 6340603. Gattas MV, Forteza R, Fragoso MA, ... Rada B, Leto TL (2009). "Redox warfare between airway epithelial cells and Pseudomonas: Dual oxidase versus pyocyanin". Immunol ... Reiter B, Härnulv G (1984). "Lactoperoxidase antibacterial system natural occurrence, biological functions and practical ... OSCN− has also been identified as an antimicrobial agent in milk, saliva, tears, and mucus. OSCN− is considered as safe product ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothiocyanite

Chemical, biological (CB) - and sometimes radiological - warfare agents were assigned what is termed a military symbol by the U ... Chlamydial Biological Agents[edit]. *SI - psittacosis. Rickettsial Biological Agents[edit]. *RI - rocky mountain spotted fever ... With biological agents a 1 signifies a wet-type agent (e.g., UL1), and a 2 signifies a dry-type agent (e.g., UL2). Binary ... or combining letters of the two agents (e.g., HD mixed with L is HL). Furthermore, one strain of the biological agent Tularemia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_designation

See also: Ski warfare. Snow affects warfare conducted in winter, alpine environments or at high latitudes. The main factors are ... Clays, desert dust and biological particles can be nuclei.[20] Artificial nuclei include particles of silver iodide and dry ice ... The first group may be cold hardy owing to the ability to produce antifreeze agents in their body fluids that allows survival ... Snow can also provide cover and fortification against small-arms fire.[91] Noted winter warfare campaigns where snow and other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow

... biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programmes.[119] ... Shawkey, Matthew D.; Pillai, Shreekumar R.; Hill, Geoffrey E. (2003). "Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather- ... "Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1716): 2333-2337. PMC 3119002 . PMID 21208965. doi:10.1098/rspb. ... Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. New York: St. Martin's, 1999. pp. 479-655. One hundred ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird

Fighting and warfare. The second element of Alfred's society is fighting men. The subject of war and the Anglo-Saxons is a ... biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British".[39] The development of ... and kings and their agents sought in various ways to establish social order.[89] This process started with Edward the Elder - ... The role of churchmen was analogous with that of the warriors waging heavenly warfare. However what Alfred was alluding to was ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons

Biological warfare. The British used smallpox as a biological warfare agent at the Siege of Fort Pitt during the French and ... "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst", The Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. ... "Smallpox and biological warfare: a disease revisited". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 18 (1): 13-20. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005. ... for use in biological warfare.[150] Insertion of the synthesized smallpox DNA into existing related pox viruses could ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

Competition for dwindling resources resulted in warfare and many casualties (an additional "Runaway Train" iteration). Together ... humanity's economic struggle to work and earn a livelihood is largely a continuation and extension of the biological struggle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_collapse

Mustard gas was used as a chemical warfare agent during World War I and was discovered to be a potent suppressor of ... Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies, proteins, DNA and receptor ligands) to preferentially target the ... Available agents[edit]. Main article: List of antineoplastic agents. There is an extensive list of antineoplastic agents. ... Alkylating agents[edit]. Main article: Alkylating antineoplastic agent. Alkylating agents are the oldest group of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

The first is the biological agent (also called a bio-agent, biological threat agent, or biological warfare agent). This is the ... Examples of biological weaponsEdit. A biological agent by itself is not enough to make a biological weapon. Neither is a ... Examples of biological agentsEdit. Examples of some biological agents and toxins are listed below. Experts have said that these ... A biological weapon has to have both: the bio-agent that is meant to make people sick, and a system to deliver that agent.[2] ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapon

PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the ... Only natural forces on the cell are considered to be atrophic factors, whereas, for example, agents of mechanical or chemical ... it is not uncommon for the chemical warfare waged by prokaryotes to succeed, with the consequence known as infection by its ... Since then several theories were proposed to understand its biological significance during neural development. PCD in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death

National Biological Warfare. Defense Analysis Center. Defense. Science & Technology Directorate Plum Island Animal Disease ... U.S. CBP Office of Field Operations agent checking the authenticity of a travel document at an international airport using a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security

Host Specificity Testing of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: The Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety. Xth ... While predatory species are often used as biological control agents, introduced species of coccinellids are not necessarily ... This makes some of them particularly valuable as agents in biological control programmes. Determination of specialisation need ... Evaluating host specificity of agents for biological control of arthropods: rationale, methodology and interpretation, pp. 69- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladybug

"EPA is not aware of any deliberate actions to release chemical or biological agents into the atmosphere." Theorists have ... or biological or chemical warfare and that the trails are causing respiratory illnesses and other health problems.[1][4] ... consisting of chemical or biological agents left in the sky by high-flying aircraft, sprayed for nefarious purposes undisclosed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtrails

Wheelis M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002;8(9):971-975. doi:10.3201/ ... pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic ... "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism" (PDF). Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): 498. doi:10.1111/1469- ... Twigg, G., (1984), The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal, London: Batsford.. *. Ziegler, Philip (1998). The Black Death. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death

"The legacy of Agent Orange". BBC News. 29 April 2005.. *^ "Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans". nytimes.com. ... Main articles: Rainbow herbicide and Herbicidal warfare. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December ... Weeds resistant to multiple herbicides with completely different biological action modes are on the rise. In Missouri, 43% of ... Agent Orange was a herbicide blend used by the British military during the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. military during the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide

For purposes of the Phase I endeavor, models that mimic common biological warfare agents (BWA) will be used to test the system ... The system is to be applied to wall surfaces, and remain dormant until a biological threat comes in contact with the surface. ... Upon completion of the decontamination phase of operation, the color agent is designed to decompose, indicating the end of the ... opening the nanotube and exposing the biocide and color agent inside. ...

https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/224521

Military Biology and Biological Warfare Agents. Military Biology and Biological Warfare Agents. by U. S. Department of the Army ... Properties of Biological Warfare AgentsPossible Antipersonnel Biological Warfare AgentsPossible Antianimal Biological Warfare ... S. Department of the Army Staff is the author of Military Biology and Biological Warfare Agents, published 2003 under ISBN ...

https://www.valorebooks.com/textbooks/military-biology-and-biological-warfare-agents/9781410206992

... and Prophylaxis for Selected Biological Warfare Agents. (RX). by Internal Medicine News; Health care industry Health, general ... APA style: Vaccines, Therapeutics, and Prophylaxis for Selected Biological Warfare Agents. (RX).. (n.d.) >The Free Library. ( ... MLA style: "Vaccines, Therapeutics, and Prophylaxis for Selected Biological Warfare Agents. (RX).." The Free Library. 2001 ... S.v. Vaccines, Therapeutics, and Prophylaxis for Selected Biological Warfare Agents. (RX).." Retrieved Aug 24 2019 from https ...

https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Vaccines%2C+Therapeutics%2C+and+Prophylaxis+for+Selected+Biological+...-a081108382

2.2 Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents. 2.3 Overview of Biological Warfare Agents. 2.4 Conclusions. References. Chapter 3 US ... Chemical and biological warfare agents are threats to the military and civilians alike in both terrorist and conventional ... Chapter 1 A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents and their Decontamination Jeffery K. Smart. 1.1 ... Chapter 2 Introduction to Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents Jennifer Coughlin and Jennifer J. Becker. 2.1 Introduction. ...

https://www.labmate-online.com/book/georgeo-bizzigotti/handbook-of-chemical-and-biological-warfare-agent-decontamination/13

... to testify about experiments involving simulated biological and chemical warfare agents. These agents, which the army calls ... My research interests include biological and chemical warfare policies, and I have written in particular about testing done in ... During the next 20 years, the army released simulant agents over hundreds of populated areas around the country. Targets ... vii) chemical, biological, environmental, climate, or tectonic weapons.. (C) The term `exotic weapons systems includes weapons ...

http://www.bariumblues.com/chemtrails_over_duluth.htm

T-2 Mycotoxins and Biological Warfare - Same Destructive Agent as Indoor Mold in Fungal Infections /by Carolyn Willbanks. ... 2 important factors when considering an agent as a biological warfare agent). ... Inhalation: Declassified reports prove that T-2 mycotoxin has been used as a simple but effective biological warfare agent on ... 56T-2 Mycotoxins and Biological Warfare - Same Destructive Agent as Indoor Mold. ...

https://www.mold-help.org/t-2-mycotoxins-and-biological-warfare/

A training film on medical defense against biological warfare in the United States. The proficiency of a biological warfare ... The proficiency of a biological warfare agent like pathogen to transfer through an artificial route in the United States. ... Technicians carry out biological warfare test. Accidental incidents occur due to use of a blender and a centrifuge. A ... agent like pathogen to transfer through a artificial route shows U.S. soldiers having food and water. ...

http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675061083_United-States-soldiers_biological-warfare-defense_yellow-fever-viruses_animation

US11564777 2004-09-17 2006-11-29 Systems and methods for detecting radiation, biotoxin, chemical, and biological warfare agents ... Systems and methods for detecting radiation, biotoxin, chemical, and biological warfare agents using a multiple angle light ... Systems and methods for detecting radiation, biotoxin, chemical, and biological warfare agents using a multiple angle light ... Systems and methods for detecting radiation, biotoxin, chemical, and biological warfare agents using a multiple angle light ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US7518723B2/en

Synthesis and Docking Studies of Phenylureas as Candidates for the Drug Design Against the Biological Warfare Agent Yersinia ... Synthesis and Docking Studies of Phenylureas as Candidates for the Drug Design Against the Biological Warfare Agent Yersinia ... Synthesis and Docking Studies of Phenylureas as Candidates for the Drug Design Against the Biological Warfare Agent Yersinia ... Abstract:Background: Bubonic plague is amongst the diseases with the highest potential for being used in biological warfare ...

https://www.eurekaselect.com/173389/article

We simultaneously identified multiple biological warfare agents in environmental samples by looking at specific probe responses ... Biological Warfare Dispatch DNA Microarray DNA Probes Fiber Optics Fiber Optic Technology Fluorescence Humans Microsphere ... high-density array composed of 18 species-specific probe microsensors to identify biological warfare agents. ... "The U.S. national civilian vulnerability to the deliberate use of biological and chemical agents has been highlighted by ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/15871

... check out Announcement shows just how much s attitude to ... Where to find Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agent decontamination pdf...?. It would be great if you say me about ... Re: Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agent decontamination pdf Well, apparently looking bad) Please: DOWNLOAD. ... Re: Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agent decontamination pdf Thanks a lot, it works great! ...

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Biological Warfare Agents Remediation System SBC: Physical Optics Corporation Topic: HSB0142001 To address the DHS need for a ... proposes to develop a Biological Warfare Agents Remediation (BIFAR) system based on photocatalytic ionization of hydrogen ... Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (25) Apply Office for Chemical and Biological Defense filter ... Agents must rely on sign-cutting to detect traffic and start their pursuit. These signs can be difficult or impossible to ...

https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/award/all/?f%5B0%5D=im_field_state%3A105829&f%5B1%5D=itm_field_award_yr%3A2014&f%5B2%5D=im_field_state%3A105809&f%5B3%5D=itm_field_award_yr%3A2018&f%5B4%5D=im_field_state%3A105828&f%5B5%5D=im_field_agencies%3A105733&%3Bf%5B1%5D=im_field_state%3A105859&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=im_field_state%3A105813&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=im_field_agencies%3A105752&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B3%5D=im_field_agencies%3A105747&solrsort=sort_label%20asc

Preventing disease after exposure to a biological agent is partially a function of the immunity of the exposed individual. The ... and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. ... only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. Unlike ... Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/8/01-0516

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Chemical and biological warfare agents are threats to the ... Plasma Assisted Decontamination of Biological and Chemical Agents Plasma decontamination is a rapidly expanding area of modern ... Plasma Assisted Decontamination of Biological and Chemical Agents Plasma decontamination is a rapidly expanding area of modern ... An increasing number of engineers are using plasma methods for decontamination of chemical and biological agents. Plasma ...

https://www.environmental-expert.com/health-safety/decontamination-products/books

Find biological science books and publications , the worlds largest environmental industry marketplace and information ... Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Chemical and biological warfare agents are threats to the ... The biological sciences are now in the midst of a true life sciences revolution akin to what physics experienced just after the ... Climate Change - Biological and Human Aspects In recent years climate change has become recognized as the foremost ...

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... events in the United States showed a need to characterize the efficiency of filter sampling against bioterrorism agents (CDC, ... Biological-weapons; Biological-warfare-agents; Biological-agents; Biological-effects; Particulates; Models; Sampling; Author ... events in the United States showed a need to characterize the efficiency of filter sampling against bioterrorism agents (CDC, ...

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Biological-warfare-agents; Infectious-diseases; Environmental-contamination; Environmental-exposure; Occupational-exposure; ...

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... biological warfare] agents." [Blum, 1995]. The biological warfare program is overseen by the US Armys Chemical Warfare Service ... biological agents, chemical agents, obscurants, marking agents, dyes and inks, chaffs and flakes." [United States Patent and ... As part of Project 112, the US military sprays a biological agent on barracks in Oahu, Hawaii. The agent is believed to be ... The BWC would ban all biological warfare, and would provide enforcement for the ban, something the 1972 Biological Weapons ...

http://historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_military_tmln&startpos=0

Microrockets Fueled by Water Neutralize Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. no picReleased 29 Oct 2014 5 00 PM EDTSource ... Date October 30 2014 Source Springer Summary Biological membranes are mainly composed of lipid bilayers Gaining a better ... understanding of adsorption of solution ions onto lipid membranes helps clarify functional processes in biological cells A ... Contact Information Available for logged in reporters only Citations ACS NanoWith fears growing over chemical and biological ...

http://www.chemistry2011.org/news/PhysicalSciences/Chemistry/?Page=74

direct energy weapons, chemical and/or biological agents, in a macabre experiment of future warfare. By Prof. Paola Manduca ... and chemical and/or biological agents, in a sort of macabre experiment of future warfare, where there is no respect for ... anything: International rules (from the Geneva Convention to the treaties on biological and chemical weapons), refugees, ...

https://www.globalresearch.ca/new-unknown-deadly-weapons-used-by-israeli-forces/2932

Protection Against Biological Warfare Agents 1161. Food and WaterInfective Microorganisms 1169. Prevention of Infection from ... acid action activity addition agents alcohol ammonium antimicrobial antiseptic Appl application Association Bacillus bacteria ...

https://books.google.com/books/about/Disinfection_Sterilization_and_Preservat.html?hl=pt-BR&id=3f-kPJ17_TYC

Results of search for su:{Chemical warfare agents.} and su-to:Biological warfare. ... by (2nd: World Congress on New Compounds in Biological and Chemical Warfare Ghent, Belgium) 1986: , Heyndrickx, Bruno , ... by (1st: World Congress on New Compounds in Biological and Chemical Warfare Ghent, Belgium) 1984: , Heyndrickx, Aubin , ... First world congress : new compounds in biological and chemical warfare, toxicological evaluation, proceedings, Ghent, May 21st ...

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CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents * Skin Grafts and Biologic Skin Substitutes * CBRNE - Evaluation of a Biological Warfare ... CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents * 2002 830992-overview Procedures Procedures CBRNE - Evaluation of a Biological Warfare ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/206885-108610/928288-overview

... biological warfare agent samples; research samples; and raw samples (bacteria, virus, genomic DNA, etc.); As will be ... A recent report from NIH-NIAID (NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for CDC Category A Agents, February 2002, National Institutes ... These potential bioterror agents include: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) toxin, Yersinia pestus (plague), botulinum toxin, ... Nor are there rapid, reliable methods to identify the presence of these agents in the field, particularly for use by first ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7138121?dq=7,003,515

CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents * Skin Grafts and Biologic Skin Substitutes * CBRNE - Evaluation of a Biological Warfare ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/206885-108634/1295109-overview

... biological warfare agent samples; research samples (i.e. in the case of nucleic acids, the sample may be the products of an ... If, for example, the bead comprising a first agent has a 1 concentration of IBL, and a second bead comprising a second agent ... Thus, for example, a specific combination of IMs can serve to code the bead, and be used to identify the agent on the bead upon ... Molecular biological diagnostic systems including electrodes. US5633972. 29 Nov 1995. 27 May 1997. Trustees Of Tufts College. ...

http://www.google.ca/patents/US7285384

Detection of biological warfare agents. US6855540. Aug 8, 2001. Feb 15, 2005. Dade Behring Inc.. Reagent container and canister ... The purpose of the analysis may be to identify an unknown biological agent or target in the sample, to determine the ... The identification cards are used to identify the particular unknown biological agent, i.e., microorganism, present in the ... The biological sample test tube 30A and its associated identification card 28A can be thought of as a set. The biological ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5762873?dq=6480844

Unidentified chemicals involved with clandestine production of WMD agents or drugs, explosive… ... Chemical Warfare Agents Biological Warfare Agents Radiological Material Explosive Material Illegal Drugs ... military chemical and potential biological agents. Using a combination of technical details, practical examples and humor, Mr. ... Unidentified chemicals involved with clandestine production of WMD agents or drugs, explosive materials, unlabeled waste, and ...

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Biological Warfare Agents. REDUCTION, RECYCLING, AND RESOURCE RECOVERY. Overview of Waste Treatment for Resource Recovery. ... Factors Involved in Biological Treatment. Aerobic Treatment of Organic Wastes. Anaerobic Treatment of Organic Wastes. ...

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Make research projects and school reports about Agent Orange easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and ... and pictures about Agent Orange at Encyclopedia.com. ... See alsoChemical and Biological Warfare ; Insecticides and ... Gough, M. Agent Orange: The Facts. New York: Perseus Books, 1986.. National Academy of Sciences. Veterans and Agent Orange: ... Agent Orange. Agent Orange is a defoliant, that is, a chemical that kills plants and causes the leaves to fall off the dying ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/environmental-studies/agent-orange

Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ warfare , is the deliberate use of disease -causing biological agents such as protozoa , fungi , bacteria , protists , or viruses , to kill or incapacitate humans, other animals or plants. (princeton.edu)
Biological warfare (BW), also known as a germ warfare , biological weapons , and bioweapons , is the use of any pathogen ( bacterium , virus or other disease-causing organism) as a weapon of war. (bionity.com)
Do you have any reason to believe that you, or any members of your unit, were exposed to chemical warfare or germ warfare? (gulfweb.org)
President Bush used information from Curveball to charge in his 2003 State of the Union address that Iraq had "mobile biological weapons labs" designed to produce "germ warfare agents. (latimes.com)
Biological warfare (BW), commonly called germ warfare is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) to ill or incapacitate people directky or the animals and plants on which people depend. (histclo.com)
Sometimes known as 'germ warfare,' biological weapons involve the use of toxins or infectious agents that are biological in origin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Claims that old and sick people died after scientists used them as guinea pigs in germ warfare experiments are to be investigated by the police. (rense.com)
The goal: to see what might happen in a real germ-warfare attack. (indymedia.org)
Now, with anthrax in the mail and fear mounting of further biological attacks, researchers are again looking back at the only other time this country faced the perils of germ warfare -- albeit self-inflicted. (indymedia.org)

The threat of bioterrorism has stimulated renewed interest in the "Blue Book," a pocket-sized manual published by the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Md. The fourth edition of the manual, entitled "Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook" (February 2001), includes a summary of medical agents from which this table is adapted. (thefreelibrary.com)
The potential threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism is inversely proportional to the number of immune persons in the targeted population. (cdc.gov)
The environmental sampling conducted during the 2001 anthrax bioterrorism events in the United States showed a need to characterize the efficiency of filter sampling against bioterrorism agents (CDC, 2002). (cdc.gov)
For the use of biological agents by terrorists, see bioterrorism . (bionity.com)
it addresses the effect of bioterrorism on drinking water safety, particularly safeguards that are in place to protect consumers against the microbial agents involved. (wiley.com)
The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. (wikipedia.org)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classifies anthrax as a Category A agent with serious bioterrorism potential. (emedicinehealth.com)
We learned a lot about how vulnerable we are to biological attack from those tests,' says Leonard Cole, adjunct professor of political science at Rutgers University in New Jersey and author of several books on bioterrorism. (indymedia.org)
The release of nerve gas in the Tokyo subways, the spread of biological weapons, and the anthrax attack of 2001 in the United States demonstrate that not only is the threat of such menacing weapons real, but also that we must urgently prepare to deal with future acts of bioterrorism. (springer.com)
Comprehensive and authoritative, Biological Weapons Defense: Infectious Diseases and Counterbioterrorism provides researchers, physicians, and policymakers with a sound basis for understanding not only the diseases caused by these infectious organisms, but also an appreciation of the universe of bioterrorism problems that must be mastered to develop effective countermeasures. (springer.com)

As the 2001 anthrax attacks amply demonstrated, the threat posed by a biological weapons' incident may be closer to home than any of us care to think. (wordpress.com)
2001). Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. (springer.com)
While there has been substantial effort since the 2001 distribution of Bacillus anthracis spores through the US Postal System to develop analyzers to detect this and other biological agents, the analyzers lack sensitivity, lack specificity (produce high false-positive rates), are too slow, or cannot be fielded. (omicsonline.org)

Upon completion of the decontamination phase of operation, the color agent is designed to decompose, indicating the end of the threat. (sbir.gov)
This book is a comprehensive overview of the scientific research and development that has been done in chemical and biological agent decontamination technology in the US military. (labmate-online.com)
It begins with a section on the background of decontamination, which includes a chronological history of military research, an overview of the US Department of Defense decontamination principles and requirements and a chapter that acts as a primer on chemical and biological warfare agents. (labmate-online.com)
An increasing number of engineers are using plasma methods for decontamination of chemical and biological agents. (environmental-expert.com)

Chemical and biological warfare agents are threats to the military and civilians alike in both terrorist and conventional warfare scenarios. (labmate-online.com)
This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
Public information on biological and chemical threats. (who.int)
Biological and chemical threats. (who.int)
Dr. Lederberg is cochair of a study on biological weapon threats and defensive measures tasked by the Defense Science Board and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. (cdc.gov)
Sensing capabilities now packaged in small, lightweight forms that are easy to use and specific for some forms of biological and chemical warfare threats already exist. (nap.edu)
Biodefense refers to measures to restore biosecurity to a group of organisms who are, or may be, subject to biological threats or infectious diseases. (wikipedia.org)
The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive. (wikipedia.org)
Target audience are military and civilian healthcare providers treating biological warfare injuries, and members of the military, defense agencies and relevant contractors that need to know the different bacterial and viral agents and biological toxins being used in warfare (and need to stay current on bioterrorist threats). (gpo.gov)
Includes topics such as scientific and clinical aspects of threats agents, history of past use, and overarching policies to control their use. (jhsph.edu)
Builds skills in crafting evidence-based public health policy options in preparing and responding to chemical and biological threats. (jhsph.edu)

The system is to be applied to wall surfaces, and remain dormant until a biological threat comes in contact with the surface. (sbir.gov)
The potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. (cdc.gov)
Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over an adversary, either by threat or by actual deployment. (princeton.edu)
Unidentified chemicals involved with clandestine production of WMD agents or drugs, explosive materials, unlabeled waste, and forensic samples all pose a threat to the worker and those they protect. (routledge.com)
Were it not for the Biological Weapons Convention, a gradually escalating technology race would have amplified even further this threat to human existence. (cdc.gov)
The following references provide information on evaluating the threat of botulinum toxin being used as biological weapon. (osha.gov)
This work was supported by the Chemical and Biological Technologies Department of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency in the "Dynamic Multifunctional Materials for a Second Skin D[MS] 2 " program. (scitechdaily.com)
they are designed to perform isolated experiments to detect or verify the presence of known threat agents. (nap.edu)
No threat agents detected," one wrote in his computer journal. (latimes.com)
A case in which a potentially exposed person is being evaluated by health-care workers or public health officials for poisoning by a particular chemical agent, but no specific credible threat exists. (cdc.gov)
Reviews the scientific principles and outcomes of threat agent use. (jhsph.edu)

According to the current declassified literature, the T-2 mycotoxin is the only mycotoxin known to have been used as a biological weapon. (mold-help.org)
The report of "yellow rain" in remote sections of jungle in Laos (1975-81), which resulted in more than 6,378 deaths, has been viewed as use of T-2 mycotoxin as a biological weapon. (mold-help.org)
Other reported uses of T-2 mycotoxin as a biological weapon concern Kampuchea (1979-81) with 1,034 deaths and Afghanistan (1979-81) with 3,042 deaths. (mold-help.org)
For example, smallpox virus would not be considered a useful biological weapon against a population universally immunized with vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
The US Army Chemical Warfare Service, working with a Harvard University team of researchers led by Dr. Louis Fieser, develop napalm (naphthenic palmitic acids), a flammable, gasoline-based incendiary weapon. (historycommons.org)
A biological weapon may be intended to kill, incapacitate or seriously impede an adversary. (bionity.com)
As a strategic weapon, BW is again militarily problematic, although with a possible exception with the Soviets, the weaponized biological agents did not spread from person to person. (bionity.com)
President Nixon's abjuration of biological warfare as a U.S. military weapon in 1969 set in motion the most important diplomatic and legal steps towards its eradication globally, laying the groundwork for the Biological Weapons Convention treaty. (cdc.gov)
A number of states named by the U.S. State Department as "state sponsors of terrorism" have developed or are developing botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. (osha.gov)
Answers basic questions regarding the signs and symptoms of botulism, how long it takes to develop and recover, what treatments and vaccines exist, as well as provides a background for naturally occurring botulism and as a biological weapon. (osha.gov)
Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon. (osha.gov)
This policy statement replaces the 2000 policy statement, with an added focus on systems issues that are key in minimizing morbidity and mortality to children after their exposure to a chemical or biological weapon. (aappublications.org)
The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if tularemia is used as a biological weapon against a civilian population. (nih.gov)
OutpostS Book Review calls it: "The most massive, well-documented assembly of evidence ever published in support of the idea that the AIDS virus could have been manufactured as a biological weapon. (abovetopsecret.com)
VX is a type of chemical weapon called a nerve agent . (wikipedia.org)

Mucous membranes or breaks in the skin also are vulnerable sites and require protection against biological warfare agents. (emedicinehealth.com)

The Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, which has been known as the "Blue Book" has been enormously successful. (gpo.gov)

One type of assay, known as an immunoassay, is commonly used to detect and identify biological agents, including bacteria, viruses, and proteins. (nap.edu)
Medical professionals learn about effective available medical countermeasures against many of the bacteria, viruses, and toxins that might be used as biological weapons against military forces or civilian communities. (gpo.gov)
The bacteria were carried for miles throughout the subway system, leading Army officials to conclude in a January 1968 report: 'Similar covert attacks with a pathogenic (disease-causing) agent during peak traffic periods could be expected to expose large numbers of people to infection and subsequent illness or death. (indymedia.org)

The following quote comes from a paper on the history of biological warfare. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The purpose of this handbook is to serve as a concise, pocket-sized manual that can be pulled off the shelf (or from a pocket) in a crisis to guide medical personnel in the prophylaxis and management of biological casualties. (gpo.gov)

Background: Bubonic plague is amongst the diseases with the highest potential for being used in biological warfare attacks today. (eurekaselect.com)
This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
In some countries private, local, and provincial (state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapons attacks. (wikipedia.org)
It was the Japanese who made the most use of biological weapons during World War II, as among other terrifyingly indiscriminate attacks, the Japanese Army Air Force dropped ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague on Ningbo, China. (medicalnewstoday.com)
As early as the 1950s, the army's Fort Detrick in partnership with the CIA launched a multi-million dollar research program under which dengue fever and several addition exotic diseases were studied for use in offensive biological warfare attacks. (preventdisease.com)

Current detection systems and technologies, which may also be suitable for civilian defenses against biological weapons of mass destruction, will have to be adapted to the unique needs of the future soldier environment. (nap.edu)

This handbook was first produced by the Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBRN) Subcommittee in June 1995. (fas.org)
This handbook is intended to supply information to first responders for use in making a preliminary assessment of a situation when a possible chemical, biological agent or radiological material is suspected. (fas.org)
When evaluating and taking action against a possible chemical, biological, or radiological incident, your personal safety is of primary concern. (fas.org)
Section A What Is the Difference Between a Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Event? (fas.org)
Chemical, biological, and radiological material as well as industrial agents can be dispersed in the air we breath, the water we drink, or on surfaces we physically contact. (fas.org)
The following sections contain indicators of chemical/biological/radiological material release and key information to relay to responding organizations. (fas.org)
When approaching a scene that may involve chemical, biological, or radiological materials the most critical consideration is the safety of oneself and other responders. (fas.org)
Be cognizant that the presence and identification of hazardous agents may not be immediately verifiable, especially in the case of biological and radiological agents. (fas.org)
The following actions/measures to be considered by first responders are applicable to either a chemical, biological, or radiological incident. (fas.org)
Recent terrorist events in the United States underscore the importance of emergency response procedures for dealing with terrorist-related events involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) agents. (cdc.gov)

Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, including low toxicity and high specific activity. (cdc.gov)
Defense strategies against biological weapons include such measures as enhanced epidemiologic surveillance, vaccination, and use of antimicrobial agents, with the important caveat that the final line of defense is the immune system of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)

citation needed] Pre-treatment with pyridostigmine prior to exposure, and treatment with other drugs such as atropine and diazepam after exposure, will reduce symptoms of nerve agent toxicity but may not be sufficient to prevent death if a large dose of nerve agent has been absorbed. (wikipedia.org)
Somani SM, Husain K. Low-level nerve agent toxicity under normal and stressful conditions. (cdc.gov)

Since publication of the 2000 technical report, many additional acts of chemical and biological terrorism have occurred, including the release of anthrax spores through the US postal system, intentional food contamination by toxic chemicals in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Fresno, California, and the identification of ricin-laden letters in a post office in South Carolina. (aappublications.org)
Indeed, in the largest biological weapons accident known-the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg ) in the Soviet Union in 1979, sheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility in the southeastern portion of the city (known as Compound 19 and still off limits to visitors today, see Sverdlovsk anthrax leak ). (wikipedia.org)
While all of these techniques have been employed for biological agent detection to some extent (e.g. identification of anthrax on mail sorting equipment by PCR), none of them satisfy all of the requirements of speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and field ruggedness, especially the latter as required by military personnel. (omicsonline.org)

We developed a fiber-optic, microsphere-based, high-density array composed of 18 species-specific probe microsensors to identify biological warfare agents. (cdc.gov)
Consequently the need for a portable technology that can rapidly identify biological warfare agents with high specificity (no false-positive responses) and sensitivity (e.g. 10 4 spores for B. anthracis [ 1 ]) in the field remains. (omicsonline.org)
During the past decade, various techniques have been developed to detect and identify biological agents. (omicsonline.org)

In April 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases published the technical report "Chemical-Biological Terrorism and Its Impact on Children. (aappublications.org)
it funded and coordinated 137 institutions in the US that conducted research - including chemical warfare agents and prevention of infectious diseases tested on prisoners and children. (ahrp.org)
In Biological Weapons Defense: Infectious Diseases and Counterbioterrorism, prominent experts in biodefense research-many from the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases-authoritatively delineate the universe of scientific, medical, and legal issues facing the biodefense research community. (springer.com)

Biological weapons (often referred to as bioweapons ) are living organisms or replicating entities ( virus ) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. (princeton.edu)
There is an overlap between biological warfare and chemical warfare , as the use of toxins produced by living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention . (princeton.edu)
Using nonliving toxic products, even if produced by living organisms (e.g., toxins), is considered Chemical warfare under the provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention . (bionity.com)
Because living organisms can be unpredictable and incredibly resilient, biological weapons are difficult to control, potentially devastating on a global scale, and prohibited globally under numerous treaties. (medicalnewstoday.com)

T-2 mycotoxins and Yellow Rain - the same destructive neurological and immunological agents that are found in indoor molds. (mold-help.org)
Currently, the United States Army is conducting 90% of their biological warfare research in T-2 mycotoxins, according to Dr. William Deagle, in a recent telephone interview. (mold-help.org)
However, skin contact does not pose a significant risk, because intact skin provides an effective barrier to all biological agents except trichothecene mycotoxins. (emedicinehealth.com)

2. acoustic warfare countermeasures. (af.mil)
Acoustic warfare countermeasures involve intentional underwater acoustic emissions for deception and jamming. (af.mil)
3. acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures. (af.mil)
Acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures involve anti-acoustic warfare support measures and anti-acoustic warfare countermeasures, and ma not involve underwater acoustic emissions. (af.mil)

The proficiency of a biological warfare agent like pathogen to transfer through a artificial route shows U.S. soldiers having food and water. (criticalpast.com)
The U.S. military used aircraft to spray Agent Orange in order to deprive enemy Viet Cong soldiers of thick jungle that they used for cover, whether for snipers along riverbanks or for supply roads secretly carved through the undergrowth. (howstuffworks.com)
Then there's the the Bari incident , when soldiers and sailors were swimming in mustard agent when Germans bombed U.S. ships in that Italian harbor. (wired.com)

The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons ("offensive BW") was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), signed by over 100 countries. (bionity.com)

The best-known documented use of ricin as an agent of biological warfare was by the Soviet Union 's KGB during the Cold War . (wikidoc.org)
Note that two of these targets are toxins (botulinum and ricin) while the remainder are infectious agents. (wikipedia.org)

Monsanto's Agent Orange: The Persistent Ghost from the Vietnam War , Meryl Nass, Organic Consumers Assn., 2002. (wordpress.com)

The continuing occurrence of chemical and biological terrorism makes clear the ongoing need to improve public health and health care system preparedness in all respects, including the detection of covert events, establishment of comprehensive response protocols for children, and implementation of plans for rapid resource mobilization. (aappublications.org)
The overall goal of the course is to provide a survey of the various software and hardware aspects associated with chemical and biological detection. (umd.edu)

Is The Pentagon Modifying Viruses To Save Crops - Or To Wage Biological Warfare? (opb.org)
Agent Orange is one of several herbicidal (plant-killing) preparations that was used by the U.S. military to destroy forests and enemy crops in Vietnam in the 1960s. (encyclopedia.com)
Other uses of Agent Orange included destroying crops that the Viet Cong relied on for food . (howstuffworks.com)

The final chapter presents strategies for use in identifying or characterizing suspected weapons of mass destruction, illegal drugs, explosive substances, biological hazards, and other hazardous materials. (routledge.com)
This chapter discusses biological sensors and their role on future Army battlefields. (nap.edu)

During the first Gulf War the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team, Task Force Scorpio , to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians. (wikipedia.org)

Biological warfare was the focus of billion-dollar investments by the United States and the former Soviet Union until President Nixon's unilateral abjuration in 1969. (cdc.gov)
In this context, the recruitment of top German and Japanese scientists who had conducted grisly "medical" experiments whilst waging biological war against China and the Soviet Union would be free of any moralizing or political wavering. (wordpress.com)
Largely unknown to the public was the huge advances thathe Germans and made in CW during the War creating deadly nerve agents and the massive BW progrm launched by the Soviet Union after the War. (histclo.com)
And akthough chemicl warfare was very limited suring the War, WMD were largely unknown to the public was the huge advances that he Germans and made in CW during the War creating deadly nerve agents and the massive BW progrm launched by the Soviet Union after the War. (histclo.com)

The study of deleterious or beneficial biochemical interactions between plants (allelopathy) and the chemicals responsible for these interactions (allelochemicals) has wide implications in many areas of biological science. (environmental-expert.com)
Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. (wikipedia.org)
Chemical Warfare (CW) uses chemicals, commonly called poison gas, to kill. (histclo.com)
Agent Orange is one of the most dangerous chemicals known to mankind. (wordpress.com)
Exposure to chemicals and chemical warfare agents occurs by inhaling chemical gas or vapor. (emedicinehealth.com)

The proficiency of a biological warfare agent like pathogen to transfer through an artificial route in the United States. (criticalpast.com)

Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed. (wikipedia.org)
Known as the USAMRIID Blue Book, this invaluable handbook supplies basic summary and treatment information quickly for the healthcare provider on the front lines of a biological incident. (gpo.gov)

Probabilistic Modelling in Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics has been written for researchers and students in statistics, machine learning, and the biological sciences. (environmental-expert.com)
VX is one of the "V-series nerve agents" which were made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom 's military researchers. (wikipedia.org)
Unknown to most Americans is that dengue fever has been the intense focus of U.S. army and CIA biological warfare researchers for over fifty years. (preventdisease.com)

That Iraq had already used chemical warfare agents led coalition forces to take protective action. (rand.org)
George J. Tenet was director of the CIA when the U.S. insisted that Iraq had an active biological weapons program. (latimes.com)
According to the Germans, President Bush mischaracterized Curveball's information when he warned before the war that Iraq had at least seven mobile factories brewing biological poisons. (latimes.com)
1. Under Saddam Hussein Iraq developed chemical and biological weapons, acquired missiles allowing it to attack neighbouring countries with these weapons and persistently tried to develop a nuclear bomb. (globalsecurity.org)

First world congress : new compounds in biological and chemical warfare, toxicological evaluation, proceedings, Ghent, May 21st-23rd, 1984 / edited by A. Heyndrickx. (who.int)
Agent Orange's development came about in part due to work by Dr. Arthur W. Galston, a botanist who researched compounds that boost plant growt-h, known as growth regulators . (howstuffworks.com)

Her specialty is international law, including the Biological Weapons Convention, which the United States ratified in 1975. (opb.org)
This declaration was followed by the negotiation, ratification, and coming into force (in 1975) of the Biological Weapons Convention, a categorical ban on the development, production, and use of biological weapons. (cdc.gov)
This is a new Web site that we have created to put together for all those who may have interest in everything that we have been able to uncover and understand about the chemical and biological testing of warfare agents done from probably the early 1940s up through 1975," said Dr. Michael Kilpatrick. (wired.com)
Over 4 million Vietnamese still suffer from Agent Orange exposure, hundreds of thousands of children born long after the war ended in 1975 suffer birth defects caused by Agent Orange. (wordpress.com)

Yet many Gulf War veterans have reported a host of symptoms that could be construed as coming from exposure to chemical or biological weapons. (rand.org)

Some reports demonstrate that T-2 mycotoxin was the operative agent in the "plague" of Athens in 430 BC. (mold-help.org)

These agents are used to incapacitate or kill humans, animals, or plants as part of a war effort. (medicalnewstoday.com)

VX nerve agent was developed in 1952 by British chemists who were researching different types of insecticides. (faqs.org)

Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods. (princeton.edu)
According to congressional testimony by Dr. Alan M. Pearson, Director of the Biological and Chemical Weapons Control Program at the Washington D.C.-based Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation , with very little in the way of effective oversight or accountability, tens of billions of dollars "have been appropriated for bioweapons-related research and development activities. (wordpress.com)

Agent Orange was created by mixing equal quantities of two agricultural herbicides commonly used to kill weeds: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Present in the 2,4,5-T as an impurity was 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (usually abbreviated to TCDD), a dioxin contaminant that is highly toxic to some animals. (encyclopedia.com)
Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents. (cdc.gov)
All nerve agents cause their toxic effects by preventing the proper operation of an enzyme that acts as the body's "off switch" for glands and muscles. (cdc.gov)
VX is the most toxic nerve agent ever created. (wikipedia.org)
VX nerve agent (O-ethyl S-[2-diisoproylaminoethyl] methylphsophonothioate) is one of the most toxic substances ever developed. (faqs.org)

Nerve agents like Sarin kill by disrupting the metabolic processes, causing a buildup of a chemical messenger (acetylcholine) by inhibiting the production of acetylcholinesterase, a key regulator of neurotransmission. (gulfweb.org)
Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents (like sarin) are a runny nose, tightness in the chest, and constriction of the pupils. (wikipedia.org)
The reaction product of the most important nerve agents, including soman, sarin, tabun and VX, with acetylcholinesterase were solved by the U.S. Army using X-ray crystallography in the 1990s. (wikipedia.org)
Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent. (cdc.gov)
Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents. (cdc.gov)

Since the introduction of chemical agents in World War I, the Army has had to make special preparations to defend against chemical and biological warfare. (nap.edu)
CW was developed by the Germans and first used in World War I. The World War I chemical agents, however, rather primitive. (histclo.com)
The Japanese also had an active program and actually used both biological and chemical agents in china, primarily in China. (histclo.com)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to the respiratory equipment, garments, and barrier materials used to protect rescuers and medical personnel from exposure to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards. (emedicinehealth.com)
The types of hazards addressed here include biological warfare agents (BWAs), chemical warfare agents (CWAs), and radioactive agents. (emedicinehealth.com)

Biological sensors, or biosensors, may be defined as devices that probe the environment for specific molecules or entities through chemical, biochemical, or biological assays. (nap.edu)

Nerve agent pre-treatment drugs (NAPP) administered to U.S. servicemen and women, such as pyridostigmine bromide, also disrupt these metabolic processes by creating a carbamate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase, which preempts the action of the nerve agent. (gulfweb.org)
The ability to separate molecular constituents in complex solutions is crucial to many biological and man-made processes. (scitechdaily.com)

Children remain potential victims of chemical or biological terrorism. (aappublications.org)
Moreover, many new principles in the care of children after chemical and biological terrorism have been developed. (aappublications.org)

CONTENTSElementary Biology of Military SignificanceGeneral Properties of Biological Warfare AgentsPossible Antipersonnel Biological Warfare AgentsPossible Antianimal Biological Warfare AgentsPossible Anticrop Biological Warfare AgentsDisseminationU. (valorebooks.com)
S. Department of the Army Staff is the author of 'Military Biology and Biological Warfare Agents', published 2003 under ISBN 9781410206992 and ISBN 1410206998. (valorebooks.com)

It is important to note that all of the classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being smallpox. (wikipedia.org)

Organisms1

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Humanities1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care8

Publication Characteristics1

Geographicals3

Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. (1/48)

Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei on Environmental Surfaces. (2/48)

Structure- and substrate-based inhibitor design for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. (3/48)

Early indicators of exposure to biological threat agents using host gene profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (4/48)

Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared. (5/48)

Evasion of complement-mediated lysis and complement C3 deposition are regulated by Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide O antigen. (6/48)

Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism. (7/48)

Animals as early detectors of bioevents: veterinary tools and a framework for animal-human integrated zoonotic disease surveillance. (8/48)

Biological Warfare

Biological Warfare Agents

Chemical Warfare Agents

Chemical Warfare

Literature, Medieval

Mustard Gas

Glanders

Bioterrorism

Burkholderia mallei

Plague

Sarin

Anthrax

Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases

Soman

Organothiophosphorus Compounds

Human Experimentation

Persian Gulf Syndrome

Military Science

Organophosphates

Decontamination

Nanotubes, Carbon

Neoplasms, Mesothelial

Granuloma, Foreign-Body

Barium Sulfate

Minnesota

Barium

Respiratory Tract Infections

Polymers

Pharyngitis

Metals, Heavy

Unedited Footage

Videotape Recording

Video Recording

Filtration

Air Microbiology

Wetting Agents

Aerosols

Polycarboxylate Cement

Jordan

Nursing, Supervisory

Costa Rica

Newspapers

Journalism

Military Personnel

Mercury

Sterilization

Medical Waste

Medical Waste Disposal

Waste Management

Disinfection

Sterilization, Tubal

Sterilization, Reproductive

Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. (1/48)

Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei on Environmental Surfaces. (2/48)

Structure- and substrate-based inhibitor design for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. (3/48)

Early indicators of exposure to biological threat agents using host gene profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (4/48)

Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared. (5/48)

Evasion of complement-mediated lysis and complement C3 deposition are regulated by Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide O antigen. (6/48)

Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism. (7/48)

Animals as early detectors of bioevents: veterinary tools and a framework for animal-human integrated zoonotic disease surveillance. (8/48)

Biodefense vaccines for category A priority pathogens - Anthrax and Botulism - Vaccine Nation

Biological weapon - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Scientists race to create bioweapon vaccines | BioPrepWatch

Biodefense Shield and Avian Influenza - Volume 12, Number 5-May 2006 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Mason grad puts her stamp on postal investigations job with a biodefense innovation | George Mason

National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases - News & Events

University of Rochester Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling - University of Rochester Center for Biodefense...

University of Rochester Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling - University of Rochester Center for Biodefense...

Canadian and international scientists collaborate to take action against animal disease and biological threats - Canadian Food...

OIE Recognises US Centre for Biological Threat Reduction - The Cattle Site

Overcoming Challenges to Develop Countermeasures Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents: Appropriate Use of Animal Models ...

Biochemical Markers Summer Fellowship | Institutes of Energy and the Environment

Top 10 2013-Details About Risk Factors - OWASP

Developing Medical Countermeasures To Treat the Acute and Chronic Effects of Ocular Chemical Toxicity - Event Summary | Online...

Biodefense & Bioweapon - The SunShine Project

Can mushroom toxin be used as a bioweapon?

Biodefense Headlines - November 5, 2017

Maryland Among 3 States Awarded Federal Biodefense Contracts « CBS Baltimore

Biosecurity and Biodefense Resource - Federation of American Scientists

Immunogenetics of Macaques Used for Biodefense and AIDS Research - David OConnor