Biological Warfare
Biological Warfare Agents
Chemical Warfare Agents
Chemical Warfare
Mustard Gas
Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).
Glanders
Bioterrorism
Burkholderia mallei
Plague
Sarin
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.
Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases
Soman
Organothiophosphorus Compounds
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)
Organophosphates
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. (1/48)
Evaluation of the fate and transport of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills requires the development of specific and sensitive detection assays. The objective of the current study was to develop and validate SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays for the specific detection and quantification of surrogate BW agents in synthetic building debris (SBD) and leachate. Bacillus atrophaeus (vegetative cells and spores) and Serratia marcescens were used as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Yersinia pestis (plague), respectively. The targets for SYBR green Q-PCR assays were the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and recA gene for B. atrophaeus and the gyrB, wzm, and recA genes for S. marcescens. All assays showed high specificity when tested against 5 ng of closely related Bacillus and Serratia nontarget DNA from 21 organisms. Several spore lysis methods that include a combination of one or more of freeze-thaw cycles, chemical lysis, hot detergent treatment, bead beat homogenization, and sonication were evaluated. All methods tested showed similar threshold cycle values. The limit of detection of the developed Q-PCR assays was determined using DNA extracted from a pure bacterial culture and DNA extracted from sterile water, leachate, and SBD samples spiked with increasing quantities of surrogates. The limit of detection for B. atrophaeus genomic DNA using the ITS and B. atrophaeus recA Q-PCR assays was 7.5 fg per PCR. The limits of detection of S. marcescens genomic DNA using the gyrB, wzm, and S. marcescens recA Q-PCR assays were 7.5 fg, 75 fg, and 7.5 fg per PCR, respectively. Quantification of B. atrophaeus vegetative cells and spores was linear (R(2) > 0.98) over a 7-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(1) B. atrophaeus cells or spores. Quantification of S. marcescens (R(2) > 0.98) was linear over a 6-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(2) S. marcescens cells. The developed Q-PCR assays are highly specific and sensitive and can be used for monitoring the fate and transport of the BW surrogates B. atrophaeus and S. marcescens in building debris and leachate. (+info)Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei on Environmental Surfaces. (2/48)
The survival of the biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei on the surfaces of four materials was measured by culture and esterase activity analyses. The culture results demonstrated that this organism persisted for <24 h to <7 days depending on the material, bacterial isolate, and suspension medium. The persistence determined by analysis of esterase activity, as measured with a ScanRDI solid-phase cytometer, was always longer than the persistence determined by culture analysis. (+info)Structure- and substrate-based inhibitor design for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. (3/48)
(+info)Early indicators of exposure to biological threat agents using host gene profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (4/48)
(+info)Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared. (5/48)
(+info)Evasion of complement-mediated lysis and complement C3 deposition are regulated by Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide O antigen. (6/48)
The bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a potential weapon of bioterrorism when aerosolized. Macrophage infection is necessary for disease progression and efficient phagocytosis by human macrophages requires serum opsonization by complement. Microbial complement activation leads to surface deposition of a highly regulated protein complex resulting in opsonization or membrane lysis. The nature of complement component C3 deposition, i.e., C3b (opsonization and lysis) or C3bi (opsonization only) fragment deposition, is central to the outcome of activation. In this study, we examine the mechanisms of Ft resistance to complement-mediated lysis, C3 component deposition on the Ft surface, and complement activation. Upon incubation in fresh nonimmune human serum, Schu S4 (Ft subsp. tularensis), Fn (Ft subsp. novicida), and LVS (Ft subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain) were resistant to complement-mediated lysis, but LVSG and LVSR (LVS strains altered in surface carbohydrate structures) were susceptible. C3 deposition, however, occurred on all strains. Complement-susceptible strains had markedly increased C3 fragment deposition, including the persistent presence of C3b compared with C3bi, which indicates that C3b inactivation results in survival of complement-resistant strains. C1q, an essential component of the classical activation pathway, was necessary for lysis of complement-susceptible strains and optimal C3 deposition on all strains. Finally, use of Francisella LPS mutants confirmed O Ag as a major regulator of complement resistance. These data provide evidence that pathogenic Francisella activate complement, but are resistant to complement-mediated lysis in part due to limited C3 deposition, rapid conversion of surface-bound C3b to C3bi, and the presence of LPS O Ag. (+info)Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism. (7/48)
Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other agents used "to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Only modest microbiologic skills are needed to produce and effectively use biologic weapons. And biological warfare has afflicted campaigns throughout military history, at times playing an important role in determining their outcomes. There is a long list of potential pathogens for use by terrorists, but only a few are easy to prepare and disperse. Of the infectious diseases, the vast majority are zoonoses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's highest-priority bioterrorism agents are in Category A. The only disease that does not affect animals in Category A is smallpox, which was eliminated by a worldwide vaccination program in the late 1970s. Because these diseases can infect animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings. (+info)Animals as early detectors of bioevents: veterinary tools and a framework for animal-human integrated zoonotic disease surveillance. (8/48)
The threat of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases has prompted various public health agencies to recommend enhanced surveillance activities to supplement existing surveillance plans. The majority of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorist agents are zoonotic. Animals are more sensitive to certain biological agents, and their use as clinical sentinels, as a means of early detection, is warranted. This article provides design methods for a local integrated zoonotic surveillance plan and materials developed for veterinarians to assist in the early detection of bioevents. Zoonotic surveillance in the U.S. is currently too limited and compartmentalized for broader public health objectives. To rapidly detect and respond to bioevents, collaboration and cooperation among various agencies at the federal, state, and local levels must be enhanced and maintained. Co-analysis of animal and human diseases may facilitate the response to infectious disease events and limit morbidity and mortality in both animal and human populations. (+info) Glanders is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, primarily affecting horses and other equines. The disease gets its name from the glands of the affected animals, which become enlarged and painful. Glanders is also known as farcy or malleus.
Glanders is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated soil or animal products, or through insect vectors such as biting flies or ticks. The bacteria enter the body through small wounds or abrasions on the skin or mucous membranes and multiply in the lymph nodes and glands.
Clinical signs of glanders include fever, loss of appetite, depression, enlarged glands, and abscessation of the lymph nodes and other organs. The disease can progress rapidly, with death occurring within a few days to weeks after the onset of symptoms.
Diagnosis of glanders is based on clinical signs, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and the presence of the bacteria in samples from infected animals or contaminated environments. Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care, and isolation of affected animals to prevent further spread of the disease.
Prevention of glanders primarily involves vaccination of equines, strict sanitation and biosecurity measures, and control of insect vectors. Control programs for glanders are important in areas where the disease is common or where there is a high risk of outbreaks due to factors such as poor animal husbandry practices or movement of infected animals.
Glanders has significant economic importance as it can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in equines, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic. In addition, the control of glanders is important for public health as the bacteria can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, although this is rare.
Plague is a serious and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected fleas, but it can also be spread by direct contact with infected animals or people. There are three main forms of plague:
1. Bubonic plague: This is the most common form of the disease and is characterized by the development of swollen and painful lymph nodes (called buboes) in the groin, armpits, or neck.
2. Pneumonic plague: This form of the disease affects the lungs and can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets. It is highly contagious and can be fatal if left untreated.
3. Septicemic plague: This form of the disease occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream directly, without going through the lymph nodes or lungs. It can cause fever, chills, abdominal pain, and bleeding into the skin and organs.
Plague has a long history of being a major public health threat, with pandemics occurring in the Middle Ages and other times throughout history. In modern times, plague is still present in some parts of the world, particularly in rural areas of the western United States and in parts of Africa and Asia.
Treatment of plague typically involves antibiotics, which can be effective if started early in the course of the illness. However, resistance to these antibiotics has been a growing concern in recent years, making it increasingly difficult to treat the disease effectively.
Prevention of plague primarily involves controlling the population of infected fleas and other vectors, as well as avoiding contact with infected animals or people. This can be achieved through measures such as using insecticides, wearing protective clothing and gear, and practicing good hygiene. Vaccines are also available for some forms of the disease, but they are not widely used due to their limited effectiveness and the availability of other treatment options.
Overall, plague is a serious and potentially deadly disease that requires prompt medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. While treatment options exist, prevention is key to avoiding infection and controlling the spread of the disease.
Anthrax is a serious and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It primarily affects livestock and wild animals, but it can also infect humans who come into contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The bacteria can enter the body through cuts in the skin, inhalation of spores, or ingestion of contaminated food.
There are three main forms of anthrax:
1. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax: This is the most common form of the disease and causes skin lesions that can progress to severe inflammation and scarring.
2. Inhalational (lung) anthrax: This is the most deadly form of the disease and causes serious respiratory problems, including fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
3. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax: This form of the disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Anthrax can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the timing of treatment.
Prevention of anthrax primarily involves vaccination of animals and control of animal products to prevent the spread of the bacteria. In addition, public health measures such as surveillance and quarantine can help prevent the spread of the disease to humans.
The medical management of anthrax involves a combination of antibiotics, supportive care, and wound management. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications and death.
Persian Gulf Syndrome (PGS) refers to a group of symptoms and health problems that were reported by some military personnel who served during the 1990-1991 Gulf War, particularly those stationed on warships in the Persian Gulf. The syndrome is characterized by a combination of symptoms including fatigue, headaches, memory loss, muscle and joint pain, and gastrointestinal problems.
The cause of PGS is not well understood and has been the subject of much debate and research. Some theories suggest that it may be related to exposure to chemical weapons, pesticides, or other toxic substances used during the war. Others have suggested that it may be due to stress-related factors, such as deployment in a combat zone and the psychological effects of war.
There is no single definition of PGS, but rather a range of symptoms and conditions that have been observed among Gulf War veterans. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has recognized PGS as a condition that can be service-connected, meaning that it may be eligible for disability compensation for veterans who are affected by the syndrome.
PGS is also known as 'Gulf War Illness' or 'Gulf War Syndrome.' It is important to note that not all military personnel who served in the Gulf War have developed PGS, and the syndrome is not unique to the Gulf War. Similar symptoms have been reported by veterans of other conflicts, as well as by civilians who were exposed to environmental toxins or stressors.
Biological warfare
... , also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses ... warfare is a subtype of biological warfare. Offensive biological warfare is prohibited under customary international ... The former US biological warfare program categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either Lethal Agents (Bacillus ... Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or ...
History of biological warfare
"Biological warfare agents: History and modern-day relevance". Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness. Elsevier: 1-11. doi: ... Bacterial biological warfare agents". Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness. Academic Press: 13-31. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12 ... "Biological Warfare", EMedicineHealth Carus, W. Seth (September 2016). "Biological Warfare in the 17th Century". Emerging ... "TX Anticrop Agent & Project 112". 2011-07-09. Retrieved July 19, 2012. "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, ...
Ricin
In spite of ricin's extreme toxicity and utility as an agent of chemical/biological warfare, production of the toxin is ... Rand Corporation (Report). Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. Vol. 5. United States Dept. of Defense, Office of the ... ISBN 978-0-12-374484-5.[page needed] Romano Jr JA, Salem M, Lukey BJ (2007). Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, ... Gupta R (2009). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Boston: Academic Press. ...
Arsenic compounds
Ellison, Hank D. (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. Girard, James ( ... Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I, including vesicants such as lewisite and vomiting agents ... ISBN 978-0-7637-5939-1. Somani, Satu M. (2001). Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... it is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent. (The pentachloride is stable only below −50 °C, at which temperature it ...
Flaccid paralysis
Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Chapter 5: Nerve Agents" (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 144ff. ... Some chemical warfare nerve agents such as VX can also cause complete flaccid paralysis. In some situations, prominently in ... AFP is also associated with a number of other pathogenic agents including enteroviruses other than polio, echoviruses, West ... Curare acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent that induces flaccid paralysis. This poison binds to the acetylcholine (ACh) ...
Carbamate
Ellison, D (2008). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. OCLC ... 2015). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Academic Press. pp. 338-339 ... and some such as T-1123 and EA-3990 were investigated for potential military use as nerve agents. However, since all compounds ... was once produced commercially in the United States as a chemotherapy agent and for other medicinal purposes. It was found to ...
Phenyldichloroarsine
Ellison HD (2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0849314346. Fitzgerald GM, ... Phenyldichloroarsine is an obsolete chemical warfare agent and is classified as a vesicant or a vomiting/incapacitating agent. ... is an organic arsenical vesicant and vomiting agent developed by Germany and France for use as a chemical warfare agent during ... Phenyldichloroarsine is an arsenical vesicant which can be mixed with mustard agents for use in chemical warfare. PD was ...
Arsenic
Ellison, Hank D. (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. Girard, James ( ... Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I, including vesicants such as lewisite and vomiting agents ... ISBN 978-0-7637-5939-1. Somani, Satu M. (2001). Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... During the Vietnam War, the United States used Agent Blue, a mixture of sodium cacodylate and its acid form, as one of the ...
Native Americans in the United States
D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Fenn, Elizabeth A (March 2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffrey Amherst". Journal of ... In June 1975, two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reservation were wounded in a firefight, and ... This is related historically to the greater impact of disease and warfare on the Virginia Indian populations, as well as their ...
VR (nerve agent)
"Factsheets on Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents". "Chemical Weapons - Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces". "VR". American ... 33, Agent "November") is a "V-series" unitary nerve agent closely related (it is an isomer) to the better-known VX nerve agent ... Black R.M., Harrison J.M. The chemistry of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. Chapter 10 of The chemistry of ... 1996) Black, R. M.; Harrison, J. M. (2009). "The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents". PATai's Chemistry of ...
O-Mustard
Ellison DH (2008). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. (Second ed.). CRC Press. pp. 157-159. ISBN 9780849314346 ... Hoenig SL (2006). Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387346267. v t e (CS1 Russian- ... Blister agents, Chloroethyl compounds, All stub articles, Chemistry stubs). ...
Nerve agent
FM 3-8 Chemical Reference handbook; US Army; 1967 Ellison DH (2008). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed ... All of the V-agents are persistent agents, meaning that these agents do not degrade or wash away easily and can therefore ... "Chemical and Biological Agents". New Environment Inc. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018. " ... Some incidents cited in A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare are as follows: Four ...
Henry Bouquet
D. Hank Ellison (24 August 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. In retrospect, it is ... Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): ... who suggested a form of biological warfare in the use of blankets infected with smallpox which were to be distributed to Native ...
Point State Park
D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. In retrospect, it is ... Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): ... As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-micro- biological" attempts at BW illustrate the difficulty of differentiating ...
James S. Ketchum
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Government Printing ... ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the ... ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the ... Ketchum, James S.; Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Incapacitating Agents" (PDF). In Borden Institute (ed.). ...
VX (nerve agent)
Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Chapter 5: Nerve Agents" (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 142ff. ... CIA (May 2, 2007). "Intelligence Update: Chemical Warfare Agent Issues Chemical Warfare Issues During the Persian Gulf War". ... Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 123. Given favorable weather conditions, the use of persistent agents ... In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of ...
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN ... EA-3990 EA-4056 T-1123 VX (nerve agent) Gupta, Ramesh C., ed. (2009). Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents (1st ed ... Since the agent molecule is positively charged, it does not cross the blood brain barrier very well. Octamethylene-bis(5- ... "Isoquinilinium chemical agents". Google Patents. (Chemicals without a PubChem CID, Articles without InChI source, Chemical ...
C01-A039
C01-A035 Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. ISBN ... C01-A039 is a Novichok agent. It is the ethyl phosphorofluoridate ester of phosgene oxime. ... Novichok agents, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Phosphorofluoridates, Oxime esters, Organochlorides, Ethyl esters, All stub ...
C01-A035
C01-A039 Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. ISBN ... C01-A035 is a Novichok agent. It is the methyl phosphorofluoridate ester of phosgene oxime. ... Novichok agents, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Phosphorofluoridates, Oxime esters, Organochlorides, Methyl esters, All stub ...
CNS (chemical weapon)
Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN ... Lachrymatory agents, Chemical warfare agent mixtures, All stub articles, Chemistry stubs, Weapon stubs). ... Hoenig, Steven L. (2007), Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7 v t e v t e (Chemicals that ... CNS is a mixture of chloroacetophenone, chloropicrin and chloroform that is used as a chemical warfare agent. CNS has the ...
203rd Military Intelligence Battalion
No biological warfare agents or munitions were ultimately detected. For much of the war, the contingent of the unit based in ... Vesser, Dale A. (March 1, 2000). "Biological Warfare Investigation Close Out Report Endnote 23". Special Assistant for Gulf War ... The detachment consisted of a headquarters section, seven three-man biological detection teams and five chemical/biological ... Act as the HQDA executive agent for foreign materiel used for training purposes. Conduct TECHINT training for DoD and reserve ...
Methylphosphonyl difluoride
Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9780849314346. "Physical properties of standard ... U. S. Army (12 Dec 1990). Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, ... It is absorbed through skin and causes burns and mild nerve agent symptoms. It reacts with water, producing HF fumes and ... agents, candidate agents, and related compounds at several temperatures" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26 ...
United States chemical weapons program
D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN ... Thousands of American soldiers were exposed to chemical warfare agents during Cold War testing programs (see Edgewood Arsenal ... Chemical Weapons United States "Closing U.S. Chemical Warfare Agent Disposal Facilities". Centers for Disease Control and ... In June 1990, Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System began destruction of chemical agents stored on Johnston Atoll in ...
EA-4352
"ChemIDplus". Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9780849314346. v t e (Articles with ... EA-4352 is an organophosphate nerve agent of the G-series. It is the isopropyl analog of tabun. " ... G-series nerve agents, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Isopropyl esters, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
Chemical weapons in World War I
ISBN 0-2533-4612-6. D. Hank Ellison (2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. ... 4386-87 D. Hank Ellison (2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN 978 ... Chemical warfare agents that contained bromine, nitroaromatic, and chlorine were dismantled and destroyed. The destruction and ... The US reportedly had about 135,000 tons of chemical warfare agents during WW II; Germany had 70,000 tons, Britain 40,000 and ...
Horizontal Environmental Genetic Alteration Agents
Biological warfare threats enabled by molecular biology. In The New Terror: Facing the Threat of Biological and Chemical Weapon ... Horizontal Environmental Genetic Alteration Agents (HEGAAs) are any artificially developed agents that are engineered to edit ... No known infectious agent naturally has the capacity to gene edit eukaryotes in a manner that can be flexibly targeted to ... Agents such as pathogens, symbionts or synthetic protein assemblages that can be acquired through horizontal transmission in ...
Robert G. Darling
CDC category agents". Noah DL, Huebner, KD, Darling RG, Waeckerle JF,. "The history and threat of biological warfare and ... "Nuclear, biological and chemical medical defense training as a model for planners". Darling RG, Catlett CL, Huebner KD, et al ... biological, radiological and nuclear defense (CBRNE) training and readiness programs. On November 6, 1998, Darling facilitated ...
EA-3990
Yield is 63%. 3152 CT EA-3966 EA-4056 T-1123 Hank ED (2008). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca ... Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 338-339. ISBN ... Despite this, EA-3990 is claimed to be about three times more toxic than VX (another nerve agent). For VX, the median lethal ... Patent assigned to US army for EA-3990 among other similar nerve agents was filed in December 7, 1967. EA-3990 lethality in ...
Civilian casualty ratio
D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 567-570. ... Casualty recording Collateral damage Asymmetric warfare Fourth generation warfare Loss exchange ratio Just war Distinction (law ... ISBN 978-1-5924-0315-8. Neiberg, Michael S. (2002): Warfare in World History, pp. 68-70, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-22954-8. ... a percentage which he states is unprecedented in modern warfare. Journalist and commentator Evelyn Gordon writes in Commentary ...
EA-2192
Nerve agent VX (nerve agent) Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton ... Hoenig, Steven L. (2007), Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7 Munro, NB; Talmage, SS; ... and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products". Environmental Health Perspectives. 107 (12): 933-74. doi:10.1289/ ... EA-2192 is an extremely toxic degradation product of the VX nerve agent. It is a white solid that is very soluble and stable in ...
Nonviolent video game
Zombies: Garden Warfare - A recent FPS, rated E10+ by the ESRB, where instead of "kill" there is "vanquish". Chex Quest 2 - The ... De Angeli, A.; Brahnam, S. (2006). "Sex stereotypes and conversational agents". Proc. of Gender and Interaction. Real and ... biological and mental-health factors." This conclusion supports Surgeon General Satcher's 2001 study (supra). Despite this ... One rare example of an RPG that was designed as a non-violent video game is Spiritual Warfare, a game with enemies featuring a ...
Mobile Mail-Screening Station
This includes: the GID-3 ambient air monitoring system for the detection of industrial toxins and chemical warfare agents, the ... biological, radiological and nuclear weapons through the mail, specifically to certain special events. Mobile Mail-Screening ... "chemical biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive" threats. During domestic deployments, Mobile Mail-Screening Stations ...
Terminal ballistics
More rarely, others are used to release chemical or biological agents, either on impact or when over the target area; designing ... rifles are issued the Mk 262 Mod 0 cartridge developed jointly by Black Hills Ammunition and Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center ... Frangible rounds are also used by armed security agents on aircraft. The concern is not depressurization (a bullet hole will ... placed in a thin copper shell and held in place by an epoxy or similar binding agent. On impact, the epoxy shatters and the ...
September 1968
Sources differ as to whether the capsule's collection of biological specimens (bacteria, seeds, plants, flies, worms and ... Stephen L. Weigert, Traditional Religion and Guerrilla Warfare in Modern Africa (Springer, 1995) pp63-64 David Gardner ... assassinated by a government agent Democratic Party presidential nominee Hubert H. Humphrey proposed a series of three ...
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
A spokesman for Ahrar al-Sharqiya meanwhile announced that she was killed for being "an agent for U.S. intelligence". A ... Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, a former commander of the UK's chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear regiment, said of ... Drone warfare, Invasions by Turkey, Invasions of Syria, Kurdish-Turkish conflict (2015-present), Military operations of the ...
Arma 3
They link up with the northern cell of the FIA, led by former government agent Kostas Stavrou, and perform guerilla operations ... Arma hoaxes typically consist of shaky low-resolution footage of anti-aircraft warfare in nighttime settings, with land or ... a malaria super-strain used as a biological weapon. Santiago gathers evidence for Miller, whose plan to assault the lab ... The DLC, focusing on armored warfare, introduced three new armored vehicles, primarily intended to be competent at competing ...
Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
Among the biological agents, the Rhodesians selected for use included Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera) and possibly ... Glenn Cross, "Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975-1980," Solihull, UK: Helion & Company, 2017 Jim Parker ... "Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme". Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament ... Rhodesia was one of the few countries known to have used chemical and biological agents. Rhodesian CBW use took place toward ...
Deseret Test Center
Progress toward standardizing new biological warfare agents was limited from 1961 to 1962 by the lack of adequate extra- ... Many tests occurred on U.S. soil and released live biological agents, chemical agents or their simulants. In total, according ... and plant reaction to biological, chemical, toxicological, entomological, and radiological warfare agents in various ... Biological warfare facilities, Buildings and structures in Salt Lake City, Chemical warfare facilities, Military installations ...
Pieter van Woensel (doctor)
To deter the superior Russians, the Turks, thus Van Woensel, were allowed to threaten biological warfare, in the form of ... In 1797, he travelled again to Russia as a secret agent, seeing the coronation of Paul I of Russia on 5 April. In his almanac, ...
Comfort women
Based on false characterizations and payments-by Japanese or by local recruitment agents-which could help relieve family debts ... Furthermore, the South East Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC) Psychological Warfare Interrogation Bulletin No. ... of the interviewed former Korean comfort women produced biological children and 20% adopted children after World War II. In ... Wartime sexual violence Forced prostitution Crimes against humanity Sexual slavery Psychological Warfare Team Attached to U.S. ...
Rihab Taha
Taha told the BBC her country never planned to use the biological agents it produced in the 1980s and early 1990s. "We never ... Dr Taha admitted producing germ warfare agents but said they had been destroyed. Rihab Rashida Taha ranks among the most ... The dossier alleged that Taha had played a leading role in the manufacture of anthrax and other biological agents. It was this ... Iraq's top-secret biological-warfare facility at the time. During several visits to Iraq by United Nations Special Commission ( ...
Sodium hypochlorite
At the various nerve agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 50% sodium ... or related compounds and biological materials such as urine) produces chloramines. These gaseous products can cause acute lung ... Faith, Thomas (2014). Behind the gas mask : the U.S. chemical warfare service in war and peace. Champaign, IL: University of ... 50% sodium hypochlorite is also used to neutralize any accidental releases of the nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser ...
Wounded in action
... all effects of biological and chemical warfare, the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation or any other destructive weapon ... A battle casualty other than killed in action who has incurred an injury due to an external agent or cause. The term ... or agent. A battle casualty who later dies of wounds or other injuries received in action, after having reached a medical ...
Cyanogen chloride
History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective, Aberdeen, MD, USA: Army Chemical and Biological Defense ... Also known as CK, cyanogen chloride is a highly toxic blood agent, and was once proposed for use in chemical warfare. It causes ... By 1945, the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare Service developed chemical warfare rockets intended for the new M9 and M9A1 Bazookas ... As it was capable of penetrating the protective filter barriers in some gas masks, it was seen as an effective agent against ...
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
Biological warfare, Health disasters in Russia, Soviet biological weapons program, Soviet cover-ups, Yekaterinburg). ... On 2 April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) were accidentally released from a Soviet ... The biological warfare (BW) facility in Sverdlovsk was built during the period 1947 to 1949 and was a spin-off of the Soviet ... ISBN 978-0-674-06526-0. Rimmington, Anthony (15 October 2018). Stalin's Secret Weapon: The Origins of Soviet Biological Warfare ...
Iraqi biological weapons program
Strains of dual-use biological material from France also helped advance Iraq's biological warfare program. From the United ... Here, the sources say, experiments with biological and chemical agents were carried out first on dogs and cats, then on Iranian ... Iraqi biological weapons program, Biological warfare, Weapons of Iraq, Military of Iraq, Iran-Iraq War crimes, Prisoner of war ... "Iraq's Biological Warfare Program: The Past as Future?", Chapter 8 in: Lederberg, Joshua (editor), Biological Weapons: Limiting ...
Belize
This yielded a valuable fixing agent for clothing dyes, and was one of the first ways to achieve a fast black before the advent ... The violence in Belize City (especially the southern part of the city) is largely due to gang warfare. In 2015, there were 40 ... As a part of the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor that stretches from southern Mexico to Panama, Belize's ... The British Army Garrison in Belize is used primarily for jungle warfare training, with access to over 13,000 square kilometres ...
Enzyme inhibitor
... and are used as nerve agents in chemical warfare. Enzyme inhibition is a common feature of metabolic pathway control in cells. ... Le Calvez PB, Scott CJ, Migaud ME (December 2009). "Multisubstrate adduct inhibitors: drug design and biological tools". ... Zhang L, He J, Bai L, Ruan S, Yang T, Luo Y (July 2021). "Ribosome-targeting antibacterial agents: Advances, challenges, and ... Dalhoff A (February 2021). "Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore ...
Biofouling
... or biological fouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or small animals where it is not wanted ... As an alternative to organotin toxins, there has been renewed interest in copper as the active agent in ablative or self ... Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Div., NSWCCD-TR-2000/04, archived from the original (pdf) on 8 April 2013, retrieved 21 ... Formerly, the so-called tributyltin (TBT) compounds were used as biocides (and thus anti-fouling agents). TBTs are toxic to ...
Cuba-United States relations
Also in 2001, five Cuban agents were convicted on 26 counts of espionage, conspiracy to commit murder, and other illegal ... Chomsky, Noam; Vltchek, Andre (2013). On Western Terrorism: From Hiroshima to Drone Warfare. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1849649377. ... accused Cuba of maintaining a biological weapons program. Many in the United States, including ex-president Carter, expressed ...
The Night They Took Miss Beautiful
... and a secret agent carrying a vial of a secret and highly fatal biological warfare toxin that if opened can cause a pandemic. ... Mike is shocked that the government agents not only have no intention of paying the ransom, but will instead get a fix on their ... The two agents are accompanied by several soldiers wearing American combat uniforms without insignia carrying automatic weapons ... What the two terrorists do not know is that a deadly contagious nerve agent is aboard. Awaiting the kidnapped passengers is ...
Paenibacillus vortex
... agents as needed during chemical warfare with other microorganisms. Defined this way, the Social-IQ score provides a measure of ... Alon U: An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological circuits. London, UK: CRC Press; 2006. Galperin MY ...
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity
Depending on the type of agent, neutralization destroyed the chemical agent by mixing it with hot water or hot water and sodium ... For chemical warfare materiel that was not part of the stockpile, the Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Project (NSCMP) was ... The Army combined elements from the former United States Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command and the former Program ... Neutralization was selected as an alternative to incineration for bulk agent storage sites, where chemical agent was stored in ...
African swine fever virus
"A Short History of Biological Warfare and Weapons". The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological ... It is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF). The virus causes a hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in ... Zilinskas, R. A. (1999). "Cuban Allegations of Biological Warfare by the United States: Assessing the Evidence". Critical ...
Vaccine hesitancy
The concentration of thiomersal used in vaccines as an antimicrobial agent ranges from 0.001% (1 part in 100,000) to 0.01% (1 ... Adverse effects ascribed to vaccines typically have an unknown origin, an increasing incidence, some biological plausibility, ... A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York: Appleton. Bazin H (September 2001). "The ethics of ... Unknowingly, American soldiers acted as agents of disease transmission, fostering bacteria in their haphazardly made camps. ...
Maelstrom: The Battle for Earth Begins
Mutagen acts as the equivalent to the water resource, and also behaves as a healing agent in any water into which it is pumped ... The Hai-Genti are all biological, and as such have no vehicles or transport systems. Bases consist of only three buildings, an ... The Remnants are a guerilla-warfare based group led by James Buchanan, consisting of army recruits and war veterans from across ... Most of humankind has taken refuge beneath the surface, taking shelter from a long-standing war between the guerilla-warfare ...
Red Skull
Bruce Wayne, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1 - Batman and Captain America. Marvel Comics. Fantastic Four: Big Town #1-4. Marvel Comics ... He releases a biological weapon in New York and frames the Avengers for it, sending Code Red to apprehend them. Winter Soldier ... was particularly interested in procuring technological weapons that could be used for the purposes of subversion and warfare. ... He transforms a number of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents into his red skull-faced slaves. The Red Skull teams with the Hate-Monger (a ...
History of Beijing
Biological warfare was banned by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. On August 15, 1945, immediately following the Japanese Emperor's ... Yuan's agents assassinated Nationalist leader Song Jiaoren in Shanghai. In response, Sun Yat-sen launched a Second Revolution ... In 1938, the Japanese military secretly created North China Unit 1855, a biological warfare unit based in Beijing, which ... Centuries of warfare severely depopulated northern China. During the Eastern Wei (534-550), Youzhou, Anzhou (modern Miyun) and ...
Fidel Castro
In late 1981, Castro publicly accused the U.S. of biological warfare against Cuba by orchestrating a dengue fever epidemic. ... Requiring funding, Castro toured the U.S. in search of wealthy sympathizers, there being monitored by Batista's agents, who ... In the Sierra Maestra mountains, Castro was joined by Frank Sturgis who offered to train Castro's troops in guerrilla warfare. ... Despite their numerical and technological superiority, the army had no experience with guerrilla warfare, and Castro halted ...
Browsing WHA24 by Subject "Biological Warfare Agents"
Detecting Biological Warfare Agents - Volume 11, Number 10-October 2005 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
... of DNA microarrays and microarray-based detection of biological warfare agents and other infectious biological agents. ... Detecting Biological Warfare Agents. Volume 11, Number 10-October 2005. Article Views: 540. Data is collected weekly and does ... Detecting Biological Warfare Agents. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;11(10):1629-1632. doi:10.3201/eid1110.050269.. ... Song, L., Ahn, S., & Walt, D. R. (2005). Detecting Biological Warfare Agents. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(10), 1629-1632. ...
CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents: Historical Aspects of Biological Warfare Agents, Delivery, Dissemination, and Detection of...
Biological weapons are characterized by low visibility, high potency, substantial accessibility, and relatively easy delivery. ... Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an ... encoded search term (CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents) and CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents What to Read Next on Medscape ... Delivery, Dissemination, and Detection of Biological Warfare Agents. Biological agents are relatively easy to acquire, ...
Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents - PubMed
Unlike chemical agents, which typically lead to severe disease syndromes within minutes at the site o … ... as tools of warfare or terrorism has led to measures to deter their use or, failing that, to deal with the consequences. ... Concern regarding the use of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins) ... Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents D R Franz 1 , P B Jahrling, D J McClain, D ...
No evidence monkeypox is an agent of biological warfare - Full Fact
We have found no evidence of monkeypox being used as a biological warfare agent previously. There have been some reports that ... The person in the video points to pages about monkeypox in two books about biological warfare agents. But the infection is ... Neither say the virus is being used as a biological warfare agent. ... No evidence monkeypox is an agent of biological warfare. 30 May 2022 ...
Predicting Biological Warfare Agent Detector Performance
... the biological warfare system under test performs identically with the simulant as it does with real biological warfare agent. ... Biological warfare agents (BWAs) are inherently dangerous. United States of America public law forbids the release of ... An ALO is phylogenetically closely related to its corresponding biological warfare agent. A vaccine strain is an example of ALO ... The best predictor of biological warfare agent detector performance is field trials with killed ALOs. A possible method to ...
Subjects: Biological Warfare Agents - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Biological Warfare. Biological Warfare Agents. Chemical Warfare. Chemical Warfare Agents. Civil Defense. United States 2. High- ... Start Over You searched for: Subjects Biological Warfare Agents ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Biological Warfare Agents ... Biological Warfare Agents. Chemical Warfare Agents. Government Regulation. Laboratories. Bacterial Toxins. Interinstitutional ... High-containment laboratories: coordinated efforts needed to further strengthen oversight of select agents : testimony before ...
What We Study
Dupilumab Benefits Shown in Phase 3 Prurigo Nodularis Trials
What We Study
Immunosuppression: Practice Essentials, History, Drugs
CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents * CBRNE - Evaluation of a Biological Warfare Victim * Skin Grafts and Biologic Skin ... Biologic agents. Biologic agents are polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and are frequently used in transplantation for ... both agents are very similar, and both are used for induction. These agents bind to the IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD25 antigen) on ... is a lymphocyte-depleting agent currently being evaluated as an induction agent in solid organ transplantation. Alemtuzumab has ...
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Literature Cited | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR
Nerve Agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Falls Church, ... Toxicodynamics of nerve agents. In: Somani SM, ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. San Diego (California): Academic Press, Inc.; 1992: ... Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Falls Church, Virginia: Office of The Surgeon General, United States Army; ... Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001:83-120. ...
Genre: Photographic prints - Joshua Lederberg - Profiles in Science Search Results
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
CDC | Case Definition: Adamsite Poisoning
Riot control agents. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological ... warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General at TMM Publications, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; ... Nerve agentsplus icon *Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and ... Riot control agents/tear gasplus icon *Facts About Riot Control Agents ...
stories-main | What Really Happened
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE PROGRAM. Sec. 1520 - Use of human subjects for testing of chemical or biological agents by ... 50 U.S.C. 1520 - Use of human subjects for testing of chemical or biological agents by Department of Defense ... Last week, the peer-reviewed Journal of Information Warfare published my article about New Yorks voter roll algorithms. The ...
Books - Envirotech Online
Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. Centers for Disease Control...
... but these same agents are often necessary tools in clinical and research microbiology laboratories. Traditional biosafety ... concern has increased regarding use of biologic materials as agents of terrorism, ... Biological Warfare Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... In recent years, concern has increased regarding use of biologic materials as agents of terrorism, but these same agents are ...
Genre: Photographic prints - Joshua Lederberg - Profiles in Science Search Results
Destruction of Biological Warfare Agents at Pine Bluff Arsenals, Arkansas Date: [1969] Genre: Photographic prints 86. Joshua ... White House Roundtable on Biological Warfare Preparation Date: 10 April 1998 Genre: Photographic prints 12. Stanford University ... Signing Ceremony Biological Weapons Convention Date: 1969 Genre: Photographic prints 88. Joshua Lederberg with Abe Ribicoff and ...
Toxics | Free Full-Text | The Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Conflict
Black, R.M.; Noort, D. Biological markers of exposure to chemical warfare agents. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and ... Sidell, F.R.; Newmark, J.; McDonough, J.H. Nerve agents. In Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare ... No traces or signatures of chemical warfare agents were detected in them. Based solely on interviews, the UN Mission concluded ... while images of the clinical signs of victims were not enough to indicate a chemical warfare agent toxidrome [8]. In some cases ...
Publication Detail
MeSH Terms: Biological Warfare Agents*; Chemical Warfare Agents/toxicity*; Civil Defense/methods*; Civil Defense/trends; ... Abstract: There are multiple components to emergency preparedness and the response to chemical and biological threat agents. ... such as the release of hazardous airborne chemicals or biological agents. Important challenges to be met include deployment of ... Title: Preparedness and response to chemical and biological threats: the role of exposure science. ...
Warfare and Terrorism Agents (used in acts of war or terror) | Chemical Classifications | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR
Warfare or terrorism agents are a class that includes chemicals, biological substances, radioactive materials, nuclear ... Blister Agents: Lewisite (L), Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL). *Blister Agents: Sulfur Mustard Agent H/HD, Sulfur Mustard Agent ... For information on other warfare and terrorism agents, please view the the CDC Chemical Agents page. ... Warfare and Terrorism Agents (used in acts of war or terror). ... These agents can be used in war against enemies or to frighten ...
French France Defence Industry company UK
Proengin chemical biological detection systems equipment anthrax sarin warfare agent army military ... The Company Proengin is French developer and manufacturer of biological and chemical warfare agents detection systems based on ... Proengin is the only company using this technology to manufacture field usable chemical and biological detectors. a ... NBC-Sys NRBC protection systems Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear threats detection systems individual protection NBC- ...
CounterACT Publications 2016 | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Li C, Srivastava RK, Athar M. Biological and environmental hazards associated with exposure to chemical warfare agents: ... Antioxidants as potential medical countermeasures for chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. Biochem Pharmacol ... Vesicating Agents. Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Emerging targets for treating sulfur mustard-induced injuries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jun; ... Neurotoxic Agents. Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, Apland JP, Prager EM, Pidoplichko VI, Miller SL, Braga MF. Long-term ...
Chinese spy balloon spotted flying over US | Websleuths
Anthrasil (anthrax immune globulin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Graduate Faculty | Pharmacy
Biological and chemical warfare agent mitigation; BSL-2, BSL-3 and select agent research; Homeland security; High-throughput ... Structural basis for promutagenic and anticancer activity of DNA-modifying agents, DNA damage by tobacco carcinogens and lung ... Development of novel non-viral vector transfection agents for use in human gene therapy, strategies for eliminating ... cancer, DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-linking agents as carcinogens and drugs,DNA oxidation by endogenous reactive oxygen ...
The RAAD Detects Biological Agents With Accuracy - Circuit Cellar
MIT Lincoln Laboratory develops the Rapid Agent Aerosol Detector (RAAD), which detects biological agents with extreme accuracy. ... The RAAD uses a multistep process to determine the presence of biological warfare agents. The first step is to pull aerosols ... MIT Lincoln Laboratory develops the Rapid Agent Aerosol Detector (RAAD), which detects biological agents with extreme accuracy ... The RAAD Detects Biological Agents With Accuracy by Online Staff time to read: 2 min ...
ToxicityDefenseCountermeasuresSimulantNerveThreatsAnthraxThreat of biologicalMonkeypoxAttacksDetectorWeaponMicrobiologyChemicalsExposureTextbookBacterialBioterrorismOrganismAirborneNuclearPlagueCharacteristicsLaboratoryChemical agentsPROGRAMResearch facilitySelect AgentsPotential weaponsReleaseImportantLaboratoriesProductionArticlePublicControlGovernmentDateWorld Wa
Toxicity3
- Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, including low toxicity and high specific activity. (cdc.gov)
- Somani SM, Husain K. Low-level nerve agent toxicity under normal and stressful conditions. (cdc.gov)
- Nerve agent or organophosphate toxicity might result from multiple routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Defense7
- To test biological defense systems in the field, the test and evaluation community releases relatively harmless substances known as simulants. (gmu.edu)
- This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
- Defense strategies against biological weapons include such measures as enhanced epidemiologic surveillance, vaccination, and use of antimicrobial agents, with the important caveat that the final line of defense is the immune system of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
- This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
- The Defense Department has elected to administer the drugs because of its determination that the drugs will improve the survival rate of troops that may encounter chemical and biological weapons,' Harris said. (upi.com)
- As such, the need of biophotonics systems for the detection of such biochemical agents will boost the demand of the biophotonics market in the defense sector. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- But that role shifted in 1969, the government says, to focus solely on defense against the threat of biological weapons. (veteranstoday.com)
Countermeasures1
- The development of techniques that could be useful in fields other than biological warfare agents countermeasures such as medical diagnostics, industrial microbiology, and environmental applications have become a very important subject of research. (hindawi.com)
Simulant2
- It is highly desirable that the biological warfare system under test performs identically with the simulant as it does with real biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
- and to develop a model based on logistic regression to relate detector simulant performance to detector performance with biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
Nerve11
- A review of nerve agent exposure for the critical care physician. (cdc.gov)
- Long-term neuropathological and behavioral impairments after exposure to nerve agents. (nih.gov)
- Novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes enhance survival and attenuate seizure-like behavior of rats receiving lethal levels of nerve agent surrogates. (nih.gov)
- Comparison of inhibition kinetics of several organophosphates, including some nerve agent surrogates, using human erythrocyte and rat and mouse brain acetylcholinesterase. (nih.gov)
- A case in which nerve agents in urine are detected, as determined by CDC or a LRN laboratory that has this capacity. (cdc.gov)
- However, a confirmation test for nerve agents in environmental samples is not readily available. (cdc.gov)
- A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for nerve agent or organophosphate pesticide exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
- Nerve agents. (cdc.gov)
- Chemical warfare: nerve agent poisoning. (cdc.gov)
- The unapproved drugs include formulas designed to counteract the effects of nerve agents and a vaccine to prevent bacterial poisoning during biological warfare. (upi.com)
- The intelligence community assesses with "high confidence" that officers of Russia's Federal Security Service used a nerve agent to poison Russian opposition leader Aleksey Navalny on August 20, 2020. (whitehouse.gov)
Threats2
- Preparedness and response to chemical and biological threats: the role of exposure science. (nih.gov)
- it is expected that in the coming years, threats from such chemicals and biological warfare will increase significantly. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Anthrax4
- During World War I, the Germans developed anthrax, glanders, cholera, and a wheat fungus for use as biological weapons. (medscape.com)
- The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
- Anthrax was considered the most important agent. (veteranstoday.com)
- For anthrax to be an effective agent in biological warfare, it must be aerosolized into very small particles. (gov.hk)
Threat of biological2
- The potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. (cdc.gov)
- The potential threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism is inversely proportional to the number of immune persons in the targeted population. (cdc.gov)
Monkeypox8
- Monkeypox is biological warfare being unleashed onto the public by the WHO, IMF and Bill Gates. (fullfact.org)
- Monkeypox has been included in textbooks about potential biological warfare weapons. (fullfact.org)
- The person in the video points to pages about monkeypox in two books about biological warfare agents. (fullfact.org)
- We have found no evidence of monkeypox being used as a biological warfare agent previously. (fullfact.org)
- He points to an entry on monkeypox, which describes the disease, but does not appear to say it is being used as a biological warfare agent. (fullfact.org)
- He also told Politifact there was "really no connection to reality" that monkeypox is being used as biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
- For the purposes of that scheme, we've rated this claim as false because there's no evidence that the current monkeypox outbreak is biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
- Several DNA viruses belonging to this group are known to produce human disease from the life-threatening variola virus (VARV) (the causative agent of smallpox), monkeypox virus (MPXV), cowpox virus (CPXV), and vaccinia virus (VACV). (nih.gov)
Attacks2
- They also developed a plague biological weapon by breeding fleas fed on plague-infected rats, and releasing millions of fleas in aerial attacks on Chinese cities. (medscape.com)
- And, it is to develop plans for using nuclear weapons to retaliate against chemical or biological attacks, as well as "surprising military developments" of an unspecified nature. (latimes.com)
Detector3
- The data set consisted of 2,717 Joint Biological Point Detector System (JBPDS) challenges. (gmu.edu)
- The best predictor of biological warfare agent detector performance is field trials with killed ALOs. (gmu.edu)
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory develops the Rapid Agent Aerosol Detector (RAAD), which detects biological agents with extreme accuracy. (circuitcellar.com)
Weapon4
- Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
- For example, smallpox virus would not be considered a useful biological weapon against a population universally immunized with vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
- During the era in which people under 45 years old are not protected against VACV, the potential use of orthopoxviruses as a biological weapon raises global concern considering the rapid spreading of the current MPX outbreak in vulnerable populations. (nih.gov)
- Early warning of suspicious biological aerosols can have a remedial response to the release of a dangerous biological weapon. (circuitcellar.com)
Microbiology1
- In recent years, concern has increased regarding use of biologic materials as agents of terrorism, but these same agents are often necessary tools in clinical and research microbiology laboratories. (nih.gov)
Chemicals2
- Exposure science provides guidance and refined tools for characterizing, assessing, and reducing risks from catastrophic events, such as the release of hazardous airborne chemicals or biological agents. (nih.gov)
- Warfare or terrorism agents are a class that includes chemicals, biological substances, radioactive materials, nuclear materials, or explosives. (cdc.gov)
Exposure2
Textbook2
- The man in the video opens a textbook called "Biological Warfare Pathogen Perspectives" which is described as covering "aspects such as the molecular biology of the pathogen, differential diagnoses, treatment options and decontamination measures for thirty-five weaponized (or potentially weaponized) biological warfare agents. (fullfact.org)
- Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial1
- Biological samples as virus [ 8 ], pollen [ 9 ], essential components of bacterial cell wall, and bacterial endospores have been studied by SERS effect using Ag or Au metallic colloids to optimize procedures for detection, identification, and classification. (hindawi.com)
Bioterrorism1
- The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from hoaxes and actual use of agents by individuals or groups against others, to state-sponsored terrorism that employs biological warfare (BW) agents and delivery systems that can produce mass casualties. (medscape.com)
Organism3
- Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)
- A new class of simulants known as Agent-Like Organism (ALO) has been developed. (gmu.edu)
- Surrogate: an organism or material that serves as a substitute for biological warfare agent. (nationalacademies.org)
Airborne1
- The researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory believed that the world at large was vulnerable to airborne biological agents. (circuitcellar.com)
Nuclear3
- and nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) risks to NATO. (nato.int)
- They seek a host of new weapons and support systems, including conventional military and cyber warfare capabilities integrated with nuclear warfare. (latimes.com)
- The NPR says they "could be employed against targets able to withstand nonnuclear attack," or in retaliation for the use of nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, or "in the event of surprising military developments. (latimes.com)
Plague2
- This was the Japanese germ warfare program that unleashed bubonic plague, not only on China but the Western United States as well, and murdered thousands during "tests. (veteranstoday.com)
- In this seminar, Dr. Zilinskas will review the history of the Soviet BW program, then describe how a nationwide system of Anti-plague Institutes was also employed to guard against biological attack and to obtain virulent agents for evaluation as weapons. (nih.gov)
Characteristics1
- This course will attempt to briefly summarize the characteristics, treatment, and prophylaxis of potential bioterror agents. (netce.com)
Laboratory4
- The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or a 100% certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. (cdc.gov)
- Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. (nih.gov)
- Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1999 [Appendix F]). In that report, physical security concerns were addressed, and efforts were focused on preventing unauthorized entry to laboratory areas and preventing unauthorized removal of dangerous biologic agents from the laboratory. (nih.gov)
- To meet this concern the Lincoln Laboratory researchers have developed a highly sensitive and accurate trigger for the United States military's early warning system for biological warfare agents. (circuitcellar.com)
Chemical agents2
- This was the first multilateral agreement that extended prohibition of chemical agents to biological agents. (medscape.com)
- For information on other warfare and terrorism agents, please view the the CDC Chemical Agents page . (cdc.gov)
PROGRAM2
- Unit 731 became the basis for the Pentagon's biological research program that continues today, using laboratories located in remote areas where government control is weak and planned "leaks," in reality limited scale tests of pathogens, could be "contained," if not medically, certainly through disinformation. (veteranstoday.com)
- The massive Soviet biological weapons program continues to pose a threat to global security through the potential transfer of unsecured pathogens or technical expertise from states of the FSU to hostile nations or terrorist groups. (nih.gov)
Research facility2
- During World War II, the Japanese operated a secret biological warfare research facility in Manchuria and carried out human experiments on Chinese prisoners. (medscape.com)
- Then called Detrick Airfield, the science and research facility housed four biological agent production plants. (veteranstoday.com)
Select Agents2
- The guidelines contained in this report are intended for laboratories working with select agents under biosafety-level 2, 3, or 4 conditions as described in Sections II and III of BMBL. (nih.gov)
- These recommendations include conducting facility risk assessments and developing comprehensive security plans to minimize the probability of misuse of select agents. (nih.gov)
Potential weapons1
- Thus, biological agents are potential weapons only against populations with a substantial proportion of susceptible persons. (cdc.gov)
Release1
- United States of America public law forbids the release of biological warfare agent into the environment. (gmu.edu)
Important1
- In the section below the evidence that humoral immunity is active against important biological agents is reviewed. (cdc.gov)
Laboratories1
- The military programs that fund over 300 laboratories that research biological weapons exist based on assumptions that unnamed other nations, may well begin similar programs and that the United States should not be left with a "missile gap" type scenario as existed during the late 1950s and early 1960s. (veteranstoday.com)
Production1
- Today, the United States is announcing sanctions on seven senior members of the Russian government, an expansion of sanctions under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act, new export restrictions on items that could be used for biological agent and chemical production, and visa restrictions. (whitehouse.gov)
Article1
- Last week, the peer-reviewed Journal of Information Warfare published my article about New York's voter roll algorithms. (whatreallyhappened.com)
Public1
- A case in which a potentially exposed person is being evaluated by health-care workers or public health officials for poisoning by a particular chemical agent, but no specific credible threat exists. (cdc.gov)
Control1
- Riot control agents. (cdc.gov)
Government1
- I have an idea for a short story, but need help coming up with a legitimate reason that the US Government would use harmful biological weapons. (writingforums.org)
Date1
- Attempts to use biological weapons date back to antiquity. (medscape.com)
World Wa1
- Fort Detrick, Md., was created in the middle of World War II and became the center of America's biological warfare efforts. (veteranstoday.com)
