Biological Warfare
Biological Warfare Agents
Chemical Warfare Agents
Chemical Warfare
Mustard Gas
Glanders
Bioterrorism
Burkholderia mallei
Plague
Sarin
Anthrax
Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases
Soman
Organothiophosphorus Compounds
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Organophosphates
Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. (1/48)
Evaluation of the fate and transport of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills requires the development of specific and sensitive detection assays. The objective of the current study was to develop and validate SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays for the specific detection and quantification of surrogate BW agents in synthetic building debris (SBD) and leachate. Bacillus atrophaeus (vegetative cells and spores) and Serratia marcescens were used as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Yersinia pestis (plague), respectively. The targets for SYBR green Q-PCR assays were the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and recA gene for B. atrophaeus and the gyrB, wzm, and recA genes for S. marcescens. All assays showed high specificity when tested against 5 ng of closely related Bacillus and Serratia nontarget DNA from 21 organisms. Several spore lysis methods that include a combination of one or more of freeze-thaw cycles, chemical lysis, hot detergent treatment, bead beat homogenization, and sonication were evaluated. All methods tested showed similar threshold cycle values. The limit of detection of the developed Q-PCR assays was determined using DNA extracted from a pure bacterial culture and DNA extracted from sterile water, leachate, and SBD samples spiked with increasing quantities of surrogates. The limit of detection for B. atrophaeus genomic DNA using the ITS and B. atrophaeus recA Q-PCR assays was 7.5 fg per PCR. The limits of detection of S. marcescens genomic DNA using the gyrB, wzm, and S. marcescens recA Q-PCR assays were 7.5 fg, 75 fg, and 7.5 fg per PCR, respectively. Quantification of B. atrophaeus vegetative cells and spores was linear (R(2) > 0.98) over a 7-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(1) B. atrophaeus cells or spores. Quantification of S. marcescens (R(2) > 0.98) was linear over a 6-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(2) S. marcescens cells. The developed Q-PCR assays are highly specific and sensitive and can be used for monitoring the fate and transport of the BW surrogates B. atrophaeus and S. marcescens in building debris and leachate. (+info)Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei on Environmental Surfaces. (2/48)
The survival of the biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei on the surfaces of four materials was measured by culture and esterase activity analyses. The culture results demonstrated that this organism persisted for <24 h to <7 days depending on the material, bacterial isolate, and suspension medium. The persistence determined by analysis of esterase activity, as measured with a ScanRDI solid-phase cytometer, was always longer than the persistence determined by culture analysis. (+info)Structure- and substrate-based inhibitor design for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. (3/48)
(+info)Early indicators of exposure to biological threat agents using host gene profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (4/48)
(+info)Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared. (5/48)
(+info)Evasion of complement-mediated lysis and complement C3 deposition are regulated by Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide O antigen. (6/48)
The bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a potential weapon of bioterrorism when aerosolized. Macrophage infection is necessary for disease progression and efficient phagocytosis by human macrophages requires serum opsonization by complement. Microbial complement activation leads to surface deposition of a highly regulated protein complex resulting in opsonization or membrane lysis. The nature of complement component C3 deposition, i.e., C3b (opsonization and lysis) or C3bi (opsonization only) fragment deposition, is central to the outcome of activation. In this study, we examine the mechanisms of Ft resistance to complement-mediated lysis, C3 component deposition on the Ft surface, and complement activation. Upon incubation in fresh nonimmune human serum, Schu S4 (Ft subsp. tularensis), Fn (Ft subsp. novicida), and LVS (Ft subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain) were resistant to complement-mediated lysis, but LVSG and LVSR (LVS strains altered in surface carbohydrate structures) were susceptible. C3 deposition, however, occurred on all strains. Complement-susceptible strains had markedly increased C3 fragment deposition, including the persistent presence of C3b compared with C3bi, which indicates that C3b inactivation results in survival of complement-resistant strains. C1q, an essential component of the classical activation pathway, was necessary for lysis of complement-susceptible strains and optimal C3 deposition on all strains. Finally, use of Francisella LPS mutants confirmed O Ag as a major regulator of complement resistance. These data provide evidence that pathogenic Francisella activate complement, but are resistant to complement-mediated lysis in part due to limited C3 deposition, rapid conversion of surface-bound C3b to C3bi, and the presence of LPS O Ag. (+info)Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism. (7/48)
Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other agents used "to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Only modest microbiologic skills are needed to produce and effectively use biologic weapons. And biological warfare has afflicted campaigns throughout military history, at times playing an important role in determining their outcomes. There is a long list of potential pathogens for use by terrorists, but only a few are easy to prepare and disperse. Of the infectious diseases, the vast majority are zoonoses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's highest-priority bioterrorism agents are in Category A. The only disease that does not affect animals in Category A is smallpox, which was eliminated by a worldwide vaccination program in the late 1970s. Because these diseases can infect animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings. (+info)Animals as early detectors of bioevents: veterinary tools and a framework for animal-human integrated zoonotic disease surveillance. (8/48)
The threat of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases has prompted various public health agencies to recommend enhanced surveillance activities to supplement existing surveillance plans. The majority of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorist agents are zoonotic. Animals are more sensitive to certain biological agents, and their use as clinical sentinels, as a means of early detection, is warranted. This article provides design methods for a local integrated zoonotic surveillance plan and materials developed for veterinarians to assist in the early detection of bioevents. Zoonotic surveillance in the U.S. is currently too limited and compartmentalized for broader public health objectives. To rapidly detect and respond to bioevents, collaboration and cooperation among various agencies at the federal, state, and local levels must be enhanced and maintained. Co-analysis of animal and human diseases may facilitate the response to infectious disease events and limit morbidity and mortality in both animal and human populations. (+info)Glanders is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated soil or animal products, or through insect vectors such as biting flies or ticks. The bacteria enter the body through small wounds or abrasions on the skin or mucous membranes and multiply in the lymph nodes and glands.
Clinical signs of glanders include fever, loss of appetite, depression, enlarged glands, and abscessation of the lymph nodes and other organs. The disease can progress rapidly, with death occurring within a few days to weeks after the onset of symptoms.
Diagnosis of glanders is based on clinical signs, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and the presence of the bacteria in samples from infected animals or contaminated environments. Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care, and isolation of affected animals to prevent further spread of the disease.
Prevention of glanders primarily involves vaccination of equines, strict sanitation and biosecurity measures, and control of insect vectors. Control programs for glanders are important in areas where the disease is common or where there is a high risk of outbreaks due to factors such as poor animal husbandry practices or movement of infected animals.
Glanders has significant economic importance as it can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in equines, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic. In addition, the control of glanders is important for public health as the bacteria can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, although this is rare.
1. Bubonic plague: This is the most common form of the disease and is characterized by the development of swollen and painful lymph nodes (called buboes) in the groin, armpits, or neck.
2. Pneumonic plague: This form of the disease affects the lungs and can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets. It is highly contagious and can be fatal if left untreated.
3. Septicemic plague: This form of the disease occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream directly, without going through the lymph nodes or lungs. It can cause fever, chills, abdominal pain, and bleeding into the skin and organs.
Plague has a long history of being a major public health threat, with pandemics occurring in the Middle Ages and other times throughout history. In modern times, plague is still present in some parts of the world, particularly in rural areas of the western United States and in parts of Africa and Asia.
Treatment of plague typically involves antibiotics, which can be effective if started early in the course of the illness. However, resistance to these antibiotics has been a growing concern in recent years, making it increasingly difficult to treat the disease effectively.
Prevention of plague primarily involves controlling the population of infected fleas and other vectors, as well as avoiding contact with infected animals or people. This can be achieved through measures such as using insecticides, wearing protective clothing and gear, and practicing good hygiene. Vaccines are also available for some forms of the disease, but they are not widely used due to their limited effectiveness and the availability of other treatment options.
Overall, plague is a serious and potentially deadly disease that requires prompt medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. While treatment options exist, prevention is key to avoiding infection and controlling the spread of the disease.
There are three main forms of anthrax:
1. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax: This is the most common form of the disease and causes skin lesions that can progress to severe inflammation and scarring.
2. Inhalational (lung) anthrax: This is the most deadly form of the disease and causes serious respiratory problems, including fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
3. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax: This form of the disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Anthrax can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the timing of treatment.
Prevention of anthrax primarily involves vaccination of animals and control of animal products to prevent the spread of the bacteria. In addition, public health measures such as surveillance and quarantine can help prevent the spread of the disease to humans.
The medical management of anthrax involves a combination of antibiotics, supportive care, and wound management. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications and death.
The cause of PGS is not well understood and has been the subject of much debate and research. Some theories suggest that it may be related to exposure to chemical weapons, pesticides, or other toxic substances used during the war. Others have suggested that it may be due to stress-related factors, such as deployment in a combat zone and the psychological effects of war.
There is no single definition of PGS, but rather a range of symptoms and conditions that have been observed among Gulf War veterans. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has recognized PGS as a condition that can be service-connected, meaning that it may be eligible for disability compensation for veterans who are affected by the syndrome.
PGS is also known as 'Gulf War Illness' or 'Gulf War Syndrome.' It is important to note that not all military personnel who served in the Gulf War have developed PGS, and the syndrome is not unique to the Gulf War. Similar symptoms have been reported by veterans of other conflicts, as well as by civilians who were exposed to environmental toxins or stressors.
Biological warfare
History of biological warfare
Ricin
Arsenic compounds
Flaccid paralysis
Carbamate
Phenyldichloroarsine
Arsenic
Native Americans in the United States
VR (nerve agent)
O-Mustard
Nerve agent
Henry Bouquet
Point State Park
James S. Ketchum
VX (nerve agent)
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
C01-A039
C01-A035
CNS (chemical weapon)
203rd Military Intelligence Battalion
Methylphosphonyl difluoride
United States chemical weapons program
EA-4352
Chemical weapons in World War I
Horizontal Environmental Genetic Alteration Agents
Robert G. Darling
EA-3990
Civilian casualty ratio
EA-2192
Nonviolent video game
Mobile Mail-Screening Station
Terminal ballistics
September 1968
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
Arma 3
Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
Deseret Test Center
Pieter van Woensel (doctor)
Comfort women
Rihab Taha
Sodium hypochlorite
Wounded in action
Cyanogen chloride
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
Iraqi biological weapons program
Belize
Enzyme inhibitor
Biofouling
Cuba-United States relations
The Night They Took Miss Beautiful
Paenibacillus vortex
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity
African swine fever virus
Vaccine hesitancy
Maelstrom: The Battle for Earth Begins
Red Skull
History of Beijing
Fidel Castro
Browsing WHA24 by Subject "Biological Warfare Agents"
Detecting Biological Warfare Agents - Volume 11, Number 10-October 2005 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents: Historical Aspects of Biological Warfare Agents, Delivery, Dissemination, and Detection of...
Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents - PubMed
No evidence monkeypox is an agent of biological warfare - Full Fact
Predicting Biological Warfare Agent Detector Performance
Subjects: Biological Warfare Agents - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
What We Study
Dupilumab Benefits Shown in Phase 3 Prurigo Nodularis Trials
What We Study
Immunosuppression: Practice Essentials, History, Drugs
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Literature Cited | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR
Genre: Photographic prints - Joshua Lederberg - Profiles in Science Search Results
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
CDC | Case Definition: Adamsite Poisoning
stories-main | What Really Happened
Books - Envirotech Online
Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. Centers for Disease Control...
Genre: Photographic prints - Joshua Lederberg - Profiles in Science Search Results
Toxics | Free Full-Text | The Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Conflict
Publication Detail
Warfare and Terrorism Agents (used in acts of war or terror) | Chemical Classifications | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR
French France Defence Industry company UK
CounterACT Publications 2016 | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Chinese spy balloon spotted flying over US | Websleuths
Anthrasil (anthrax immune globulin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Graduate Faculty | Pharmacy
The RAAD Detects Biological Agents With Accuracy - Circuit Cellar
Toxicity3
- Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, including low toxicity and high specific activity. (cdc.gov)
- Somani SM, Husain K. Low-level nerve agent toxicity under normal and stressful conditions. (cdc.gov)
- Nerve agent or organophosphate toxicity might result from multiple routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Defense7
- To test biological defense systems in the field, the test and evaluation community releases relatively harmless substances known as simulants. (gmu.edu)
- This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
- Defense strategies against biological weapons include such measures as enhanced epidemiologic surveillance, vaccination, and use of antimicrobial agents, with the important caveat that the final line of defense is the immune system of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
- This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
- The Defense Department has elected to administer the drugs because of its determination that the drugs will improve the survival rate of troops that may encounter chemical and biological weapons,' Harris said. (upi.com)
- As such, the need of biophotonics systems for the detection of such biochemical agents will boost the demand of the biophotonics market in the defense sector. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- But that role shifted in 1969, the government says, to focus solely on defense against the threat of biological weapons. (veteranstoday.com)
Countermeasures1
- The development of techniques that could be useful in fields other than biological warfare agents countermeasures such as medical diagnostics, industrial microbiology, and environmental applications have become a very important subject of research. (hindawi.com)
Simulant2
- It is highly desirable that the biological warfare system under test performs identically with the simulant as it does with real biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
- and to develop a model based on logistic regression to relate detector simulant performance to detector performance with biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
Nerve11
- A review of nerve agent exposure for the critical care physician. (cdc.gov)
- Long-term neuropathological and behavioral impairments after exposure to nerve agents. (nih.gov)
- Novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes enhance survival and attenuate seizure-like behavior of rats receiving lethal levels of nerve agent surrogates. (nih.gov)
- Comparison of inhibition kinetics of several organophosphates, including some nerve agent surrogates, using human erythrocyte and rat and mouse brain acetylcholinesterase. (nih.gov)
- A case in which nerve agents in urine are detected, as determined by CDC or a LRN laboratory that has this capacity. (cdc.gov)
- However, a confirmation test for nerve agents in environmental samples is not readily available. (cdc.gov)
- A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for nerve agent or organophosphate pesticide exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
- Nerve agents. (cdc.gov)
- Chemical warfare: nerve agent poisoning. (cdc.gov)
- The unapproved drugs include formulas designed to counteract the effects of nerve agents and a vaccine to prevent bacterial poisoning during biological warfare. (upi.com)
- The intelligence community assesses with "high confidence" that officers of Russia's Federal Security Service used a nerve agent to poison Russian opposition leader Aleksey Navalny on August 20, 2020. (whitehouse.gov)
Threats2
- Preparedness and response to chemical and biological threats: the role of exposure science. (nih.gov)
- it is expected that in the coming years, threats from such chemicals and biological warfare will increase significantly. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Anthrax4
- During World War I, the Germans developed anthrax, glanders, cholera, and a wheat fungus for use as biological weapons. (medscape.com)
- The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
- Anthrax was considered the most important agent. (veteranstoday.com)
- For anthrax to be an effective agent in biological warfare, it must be aerosolized into very small particles. (gov.hk)
Threat of biological2
- The potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. (cdc.gov)
- The potential threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism is inversely proportional to the number of immune persons in the targeted population. (cdc.gov)
Monkeypox8
- Monkeypox is biological warfare being unleashed onto the public by the WHO, IMF and Bill Gates. (fullfact.org)
- Monkeypox has been included in textbooks about potential biological warfare weapons. (fullfact.org)
- The person in the video points to pages about monkeypox in two books about biological warfare agents. (fullfact.org)
- We have found no evidence of monkeypox being used as a biological warfare agent previously. (fullfact.org)
- He points to an entry on monkeypox, which describes the disease, but does not appear to say it is being used as a biological warfare agent. (fullfact.org)
- He also told Politifact there was "really no connection to reality" that monkeypox is being used as biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
- For the purposes of that scheme, we've rated this claim as false because there's no evidence that the current monkeypox outbreak is biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
- Several DNA viruses belonging to this group are known to produce human disease from the life-threatening variola virus (VARV) (the causative agent of smallpox), monkeypox virus (MPXV), cowpox virus (CPXV), and vaccinia virus (VACV). (nih.gov)
Attacks2
- They also developed a plague biological weapon by breeding fleas fed on plague-infected rats, and releasing millions of fleas in aerial attacks on Chinese cities. (medscape.com)
- And, it is to develop plans for using nuclear weapons to retaliate against chemical or biological attacks, as well as "surprising military developments" of an unspecified nature. (latimes.com)
Detector3
- The data set consisted of 2,717 Joint Biological Point Detector System (JBPDS) challenges. (gmu.edu)
- The best predictor of biological warfare agent detector performance is field trials with killed ALOs. (gmu.edu)
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory develops the Rapid Agent Aerosol Detector (RAAD), which detects biological agents with extreme accuracy. (circuitcellar.com)
Weapon4
- Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
- For example, smallpox virus would not be considered a useful biological weapon against a population universally immunized with vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
- During the era in which people under 45 years old are not protected against VACV, the potential use of orthopoxviruses as a biological weapon raises global concern considering the rapid spreading of the current MPX outbreak in vulnerable populations. (nih.gov)
- Early warning of suspicious biological aerosols can have a remedial response to the release of a dangerous biological weapon. (circuitcellar.com)
Microbiology1
- In recent years, concern has increased regarding use of biologic materials as agents of terrorism, but these same agents are often necessary tools in clinical and research microbiology laboratories. (nih.gov)
Chemicals2
- Exposure science provides guidance and refined tools for characterizing, assessing, and reducing risks from catastrophic events, such as the release of hazardous airborne chemicals or biological agents. (nih.gov)
- Warfare or terrorism agents are a class that includes chemicals, biological substances, radioactive materials, nuclear materials, or explosives. (cdc.gov)
Exposure2
Textbook2
- The man in the video opens a textbook called "Biological Warfare Pathogen Perspectives" which is described as covering "aspects such as the molecular biology of the pathogen, differential diagnoses, treatment options and decontamination measures for thirty-five weaponized (or potentially weaponized) biological warfare agents. (fullfact.org)
- Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial1
- Biological samples as virus [ 8 ], pollen [ 9 ], essential components of bacterial cell wall, and bacterial endospores have been studied by SERS effect using Ag or Au metallic colloids to optimize procedures for detection, identification, and classification. (hindawi.com)
Bioterrorism1
- The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from hoaxes and actual use of agents by individuals or groups against others, to state-sponsored terrorism that employs biological warfare (BW) agents and delivery systems that can produce mass casualties. (medscape.com)
Organism3
- Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)
- A new class of simulants known as Agent-Like Organism (ALO) has been developed. (gmu.edu)
- Surrogate: an organism or material that serves as a substitute for biological warfare agent. (nationalacademies.org)
Airborne1
- The researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory believed that the world at large was vulnerable to airborne biological agents. (circuitcellar.com)
Nuclear3
- and nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) risks to NATO. (nato.int)
- They seek a host of new weapons and support systems, including conventional military and cyber warfare capabilities integrated with nuclear warfare. (latimes.com)
- The NPR says they "could be employed against targets able to withstand nonnuclear attack," or in retaliation for the use of nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, or "in the event of surprising military developments. (latimes.com)
Plague2
- This was the Japanese germ warfare program that unleashed bubonic plague, not only on China but the Western United States as well, and murdered thousands during "tests. (veteranstoday.com)
- In this seminar, Dr. Zilinskas will review the history of the Soviet BW program, then describe how a nationwide system of Anti-plague Institutes was also employed to guard against biological attack and to obtain virulent agents for evaluation as weapons. (nih.gov)
Characteristics1
- This course will attempt to briefly summarize the characteristics, treatment, and prophylaxis of potential bioterror agents. (netce.com)
Laboratory4
- The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or a 100% certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. (cdc.gov)
- Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. (nih.gov)
- Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1999 [Appendix F]). In that report, physical security concerns were addressed, and efforts were focused on preventing unauthorized entry to laboratory areas and preventing unauthorized removal of dangerous biologic agents from the laboratory. (nih.gov)
- To meet this concern the Lincoln Laboratory researchers have developed a highly sensitive and accurate trigger for the United States military's early warning system for biological warfare agents. (circuitcellar.com)
Chemical agents2
- This was the first multilateral agreement that extended prohibition of chemical agents to biological agents. (medscape.com)
- For information on other warfare and terrorism agents, please view the the CDC Chemical Agents page . (cdc.gov)
PROGRAM2
- Unit 731 became the basis for the Pentagon's biological research program that continues today, using laboratories located in remote areas where government control is weak and planned "leaks," in reality limited scale tests of pathogens, could be "contained," if not medically, certainly through disinformation. (veteranstoday.com)
- The massive Soviet biological weapons program continues to pose a threat to global security through the potential transfer of unsecured pathogens or technical expertise from states of the FSU to hostile nations or terrorist groups. (nih.gov)
Research facility2
- During World War II, the Japanese operated a secret biological warfare research facility in Manchuria and carried out human experiments on Chinese prisoners. (medscape.com)
- Then called Detrick Airfield, the science and research facility housed four biological agent production plants. (veteranstoday.com)
Select Agents2
- The guidelines contained in this report are intended for laboratories working with select agents under biosafety-level 2, 3, or 4 conditions as described in Sections II and III of BMBL. (nih.gov)
- These recommendations include conducting facility risk assessments and developing comprehensive security plans to minimize the probability of misuse of select agents. (nih.gov)
Potential weapons1
- Thus, biological agents are potential weapons only against populations with a substantial proportion of susceptible persons. (cdc.gov)
Release1
- United States of America public law forbids the release of biological warfare agent into the environment. (gmu.edu)
Important1
- In the section below the evidence that humoral immunity is active against important biological agents is reviewed. (cdc.gov)
Laboratories1
- The military programs that fund over 300 laboratories that research biological weapons exist based on assumptions that unnamed other nations, may well begin similar programs and that the United States should not be left with a "missile gap" type scenario as existed during the late 1950s and early 1960s. (veteranstoday.com)
Production1
- Today, the United States is announcing sanctions on seven senior members of the Russian government, an expansion of sanctions under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act, new export restrictions on items that could be used for biological agent and chemical production, and visa restrictions. (whitehouse.gov)
Article1
- Last week, the peer-reviewed Journal of Information Warfare published my article about New York's voter roll algorithms. (whatreallyhappened.com)
Public1
- A case in which a potentially exposed person is being evaluated by health-care workers or public health officials for poisoning by a particular chemical agent, but no specific credible threat exists. (cdc.gov)
Control1
- Riot control agents. (cdc.gov)
Government1
- I have an idea for a short story, but need help coming up with a legitimate reason that the US Government would use harmful biological weapons. (writingforums.org)
Date1
- Attempts to use biological weapons date back to antiquity. (medscape.com)
World Wa1
- Fort Detrick, Md., was created in the middle of World War II and became the center of America's biological warfare efforts. (veteranstoday.com)