Biological Warfare
Biological Warfare Agents
Chemical Warfare
Chemical Warfare Agents
Glanders
Bioterrorism
Burkholderia mallei
Plague
Anthrax
Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (1/96)
From October 30 through December 23, 1998, CDC received reports of a series of bioterroristic threats of anthrax exposure. Letters alleged to contain anthrax were sent to health clinics on October 30, 1998, in Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During December 17-23 in California, a letter alleged to contain anthrax was sent to a private business, and three telephone threats of anthrax contamination of ventilation systems were made to private and public buildings. All threats were hoaxes and are under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law enforcement officials. The public health implications of these threats were investigated to assist in developing national public health guidelines for responding to bioterrorism. This report summarizes the findings of these investigations and provides interim guidance for public health authorities on bioterrorism related to anthrax. (+info)Health status of Persian Gulf War veterans: self-reported symptoms, environmental exposures and the effect of stress. (2/96)
BACKGROUND: Most US troops returned home from the Persian Gulf War (PGW) by Spring 1991 and many began reporting increased health symptoms and medical problems soon after. This investigation examines the relationships between several Gulf-service environmental exposures and health symptom reporting, and the role of traumatic psychological stress on the exposure-health symptom relationships. METHODS: Stratified, random samples of two cohorts of PGW veterans, from the New England area (n = 220) and from the New Orleans area (n = 71), were selected from larger cohorts being followed longitudinally since arrival home from the Gulf. A group of PGW-era veterans deployed to Germany (n = 50) served as a comparison group. The study protocol included questionnaires, a neuropsychological test battery, an environmental interview, and psychological diagnostic interviews. This report focuses on self-reported health symptoms and exposures of participants who completed a 52-item health symptom checklist and a checklist of environmental exposures. RESULTS: The prevalence of reported symptoms was greater in both Persian Gulf-deployed cohorts compared to the Germany cohort. Analyses of the body-system symptom scores (BSS), weighted to account for sampling design, and adjusted by age, sex, and education, indicated that Persian Gulf-deployed veterans were more likely to report neurological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiac, dermatological, musculoskeletal, psychological and neuropsychological system symptoms than Germany veterans. Using a priori hypotheses about the toxicant effects of exposure to specific toxicants, the relationships between self-reported exposures and body-system symptom groupings were examined through multiple regression analyses, controlling for war-zone exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported exposures to pesticides, debris from Scuds, chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents, and smoke from tent heaters each were significantly related to increased reporting of specific predicted BSS groupings. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf have higher self-reported prevalence of health symptoms compared to PGW veterans who were deployed only as far as Germany. Several Gulf-service environmental exposures are associated with increased health symptom reporting involving predicted body-systems, after adjusting for war-zone stressor exposures and PTSD. (+info)The efforts of WHO and Pugwash to eliminate chemical and biological weapons--a memoir. (3/96)
The World Health Organization and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (Nobel Peace Prize 1995) have been involved in questions concerning chemical and biological arms since the early 1950s. This memoir reviews a number of milestones in the efforts of these organizations to achieve the elimination of these weapons through international treaties effectively monitored and enforced for adherence to their provisions. It also highlights a number of outstanding personalities who were involved in the efforts to establish and implement the two major treaties now in effect, the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993. (+info)Chemical and biological weapons: new questions, new answers. (4/96)
The words "chemical and biological weapons" (CBW) send a shiver down most spines these days. With the end of the Cold War, the possibility of a massive nuclear confrontation appears remote, so today many popular doomsday scenarios center on the aggressive use of chemical or biological warfare by rogue nations or terrorist groups. As exaggerated as some of the accounts are, with CBW cast as the latest unseen, unstoppable enemy, the threat posed by these weapons is all too real, and growing. (+info)Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water. (5/96)
Nearly all known biological warfare agents are intended for aerosol application. Although less effective as potable water threats, many are potentially capable of inflicting heavy casualties when ingested. Significant loss of mission capability can be anticipated even when complete recovery is possible. Properly maintained field army water purification equipment can counter this threat, but personnel responsible for the operation and maintenance of the equipment may be most at risk of exposure. Municipal water treatment facilities would be measurably less effective. Some replicating (infectious) agents and a few biotoxins are inactivated by chlorine disinfection; for others chlorine is ineffective or of unknown efficacy. This report assesses the state of our knowledge of agents as potable water threats and contemplates the consequences of intentional or collateral contamination of potable water supplies by 18 replicating agents and 9 biotoxins known or likely to be weaponized or otherwise used as threats. (+info)The next target of bioterrorism: your food. (6/96)
One of the many forms that biological warfare may take is the targeting of major food crops. In a poor country where millions of citizens depend on staple crops such as rice, an act of bioterrorism that destroys the crop would create a famine, resulting not only in malnutrition and starvation but also in reduced immune resistance to a range of common illnesses. To reduce the potential of deliberate introductions of crop pathogens as acts of terrorism, researchers must be able to "fingerprint" pathogens at the molecular level and discriminate between naturally occurring and deliberately introduced outbreaks. Several domestic and international surveillance, tracking, and reporting efforts are under way. (+info)Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. (7/96)
The U.S. national civilian vulnerability to the deliberate use of biological and chemical agents has been highlighted by recognition of substantial biological weapons development programs and arsenals in foreign countries, attempts to acquire or possess biological agents by militants, and high-profile terrorist attacks. Evaluation of this vulnerability has focused on the role public health will have detecting and managing the probable covert biological terrorist incident with the realization that the U.S. local, state, and federal infrastructure is already strained as a result of other important public health problems. In partnership with representatives for local and state health departments, other federal agencies, and medical and public health professional associations, CDC has developed a strategic plan to address the deliberate dissemination of biological or chemical agents. The plan contains recommendations to reduce U.S. vulnerability to biological and chemical terrorism--preparedness planning, detection and surveillance, laboratory analysis, emergency response, and communication systems. Training and research are integral components for achieving these recommendations. Success of the plan hinges on strengthening the relationships between medical and public health professionals and on building new partnerships with emergency management, the military, and law enforcement professionals. (+info)Stopping poliovirus vaccination after eradication: issues and challenges. (8/96)
Since 1988 reported polio cases worldwide have declined by about 85% and the number of known or suspected polioendemic countries has decreased from over 120 to less than 50. With eradication of poliomyelitis approaching, issues potentially affecting when and how vaccination against poliovirus can be stopped become extremely important. Because of the potential risks and benefits inherent in such a decision, the best available science, a risk-benefit analysis, contingency plans, a stock pile of poliovirus vaccines, and the endorsement by the global policy-making committees will all be needed before vaccination can be discontinued. The scientific basis for stopping polio immunization has been reviewed by WHO. This Round Table article summarizes the current state of knowledge, provides an update on the processes and timelines for certification, containment, and stopping vaccination, and highlights some of the unanswered scientific questions that will be addressed by further research. These include whether transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains could be sustained so that poliomyelitis could re-emerge in a future unvaccinated population and whether prolonged excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus from individuals with immune deficiencies could be a mechanism through which this could occur. (+info)Glanders is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated soil or animal products, or through insect vectors such as biting flies or ticks. The bacteria enter the body through small wounds or abrasions on the skin or mucous membranes and multiply in the lymph nodes and glands.
Clinical signs of glanders include fever, loss of appetite, depression, enlarged glands, and abscessation of the lymph nodes and other organs. The disease can progress rapidly, with death occurring within a few days to weeks after the onset of symptoms.
Diagnosis of glanders is based on clinical signs, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and the presence of the bacteria in samples from infected animals or contaminated environments. Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care, and isolation of affected animals to prevent further spread of the disease.
Prevention of glanders primarily involves vaccination of equines, strict sanitation and biosecurity measures, and control of insect vectors. Control programs for glanders are important in areas where the disease is common or where there is a high risk of outbreaks due to factors such as poor animal husbandry practices or movement of infected animals.
Glanders has significant economic importance as it can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in equines, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic. In addition, the control of glanders is important for public health as the bacteria can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, although this is rare.
1. Bubonic plague: This is the most common form of the disease and is characterized by the development of swollen and painful lymph nodes (called buboes) in the groin, armpits, or neck.
2. Pneumonic plague: This form of the disease affects the lungs and can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets. It is highly contagious and can be fatal if left untreated.
3. Septicemic plague: This form of the disease occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream directly, without going through the lymph nodes or lungs. It can cause fever, chills, abdominal pain, and bleeding into the skin and organs.
Plague has a long history of being a major public health threat, with pandemics occurring in the Middle Ages and other times throughout history. In modern times, plague is still present in some parts of the world, particularly in rural areas of the western United States and in parts of Africa and Asia.
Treatment of plague typically involves antibiotics, which can be effective if started early in the course of the illness. However, resistance to these antibiotics has been a growing concern in recent years, making it increasingly difficult to treat the disease effectively.
Prevention of plague primarily involves controlling the population of infected fleas and other vectors, as well as avoiding contact with infected animals or people. This can be achieved through measures such as using insecticides, wearing protective clothing and gear, and practicing good hygiene. Vaccines are also available for some forms of the disease, but they are not widely used due to their limited effectiveness and the availability of other treatment options.
Overall, plague is a serious and potentially deadly disease that requires prompt medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. While treatment options exist, prevention is key to avoiding infection and controlling the spread of the disease.
There are three main forms of anthrax:
1. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax: This is the most common form of the disease and causes skin lesions that can progress to severe inflammation and scarring.
2. Inhalational (lung) anthrax: This is the most deadly form of the disease and causes serious respiratory problems, including fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
3. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax: This form of the disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Anthrax can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the timing of treatment.
Prevention of anthrax primarily involves vaccination of animals and control of animal products to prevent the spread of the bacteria. In addition, public health measures such as surveillance and quarantine can help prevent the spread of the disease to humans.
The medical management of anthrax involves a combination of antibiotics, supportive care, and wound management. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications and death.
Biological warfare
History of biological warfare
Dorset Biological Warfare Experiments
Biological warfare in popular culture
United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
Yellow rain
Ed Regis (author)
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance
Counterstrike (drum and bass group)
Epidemic Intelligence Service
Horses in World War I
Materials MASINT
Coxiella burnetii
Dark Harvest Commando
Geophysical MASINT
United Nations Special Commission
Urban legend
Biological Weapons Convention
Tamas Bartfai
United Nations Security Council Resolution 715
Sartaj Aziz
Tong Zeng
Abu Ghraib
History of Odisha
Radiation burn
Rinderpest
Siege of Fort Pitt
Mosha (story)
Pontiac's War
List of American and British defectors in the Korean War
Nonviolent video game
Mobile Mail-Screening Station
Terminal ballistics
September 1968
SOFAR channel
Russell D. Moore
Organization of the Imperial Japanese Army
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
BWL
Earth in science fiction
Arma 3
Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
Silvia Quintela
Giraffe radar
Deseret Test Center
Hugh Colin MacKay
List of Americans of English descent
Paleolithic
Brahmaputra-class frigate
NATO Joint Military Symbology
Upper Egypt
La Fayette-class frigate
Jonathan B. Tucker
Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations
Pieter van Woensel (doctor)
1948 in aviation
Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle
Slavery
Comfort women
Notice to Readers: Satellite Broadcast on Biological Warfare and Terrorism
Biological and Chemical Warfare Q and A
CBRNE - Biological Warfare Mass Casualty Management: Overview, Pre-event Procedures, Event Discovery
Browsing WHA23 by Subject "Biological Warfare"
India Must Be Prepared For Biological Warfare Parrikar - BW Businessworld
Biological warfare against crops - PubMed
Detecting Biological Warfare Agents - Volume 11, Number 10-October 2005 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Browse Books: History / Military / Biological & Chemical Warfare | Broadway Books
No evidence monkeypox is an agent of biological warfare - Full Fact
Omega-News: Nobel winner supported biological warfare as form of population control
biological warfare | Creative Writing Forums - Writing Help, Writing Workshops, & Writing Community
Subjects: Biological Warfare - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Biological Warfare: A Global Threat - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine
Technical Notes. NLM Technical Bulletin. Jan-Feb 2002
Melioidosis - Wikipedia
Biological Warfare - Page 2
Preventing chemical and biological warfare
biological warfare experimentation
Predicting Biological Warfare Agent Detector Performance
2012 Passions: The End: Biological Warfare Group
The Anthrax Diaries: An Anthropology of Biological Warfare
Results of search for 'su:{Biological warfare}'
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WHO HQ Library catalog
Describing long-term impacts of chemical and biological warfare | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World...
Biological Warfare and Rabies - Dr Romesh Senewiratne-Alagaratnam's Blog
biological warfare | What in the world is going on?
Hammer Films
Origins2
- The disease in the story is not Ebola, the avian flu, or any known disease, but a lab-created disease that had its origins in biological warfare experimentation. (wordpress.com)
- Declassified US Navy Film on Chemical and Biological Warfare: The Origins of Chemtrails? (truthaxis.com)
Agents15
- Other articles in the CBRNE section (see CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents and CBRNE - Evaluation of a Biological Warfare Victim ) discuss the specific clinical management issues involved with treatment of patients exposed to potential bioterrorism pathogens and toxins. (medscape.com)
- Successful treatment of patients exposed to many of the biological agents is exquisitely time dependent. (medscape.com)
- The person in the video points to pages about monkeypox in two books about biological warfare agents. (fullfact.org)
- The man in the video opens a textbook called "Biological Warfare Pathogen Perspectives" which is described as covering "aspects such as the molecular biology of the pathogen, differential diagnoses, treatment options and decontamination measures for thirty-five weaponized (or potentially weaponized) biological warfare agents. (fullfact.org)
- The second book he opens is the "Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents" by D. Hank Ellison. (fullfact.org)
- As a result of the special military operation on the territory of Ukraine, facts of work with the specified pathogens, which are potential agents of biological weapons, have been revealed. (gold-silver.us)
- Biological warfare agents (BWAs) are inherently dangerous. (gmu.edu)
- The use of chemical and biological agents as weapons of mass destruction dates to the use of chlorine gas by German forces in World War I and the release of biological agents by Japan during World War II. (meritalk.com)
- The Navy is preparing to accomplish these objections by both biological and chemical agents. (truthaxis.com)
- Prevention and treatment of injury from chemical warfare agents. (cdc.gov)
- In: Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems. (cdc.gov)
- There are multiple components to emergency preparedness and the response to chemical and biological threat agents. (nih.gov)
- Exposure science provides guidance and refined tools for characterizing, assessing, and reducing risks from catastrophic events, such as the release of hazardous airborne chemicals or biological agents. (nih.gov)
- Warfare or terrorism agents are a class that includes chemicals, biological substances, radioactive materials, nuclear materials, or explosives. (cdc.gov)
- For information on other warfare and terrorism agents, please view the the CDC Chemical Agents page . (cdc.gov)
Threat4
- Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar today said India must be well-prepared to deal with chemical and biological warfare in the wake of changing threat perception and security concerns. (businessworld.in)
- The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), faced with a growing and diverse threat of chemical and biological attacks, is ramping up efforts to use technology to detect and, when possible, prevent attacks. (meritalk.com)
- Under a contract valued at up to $170 million (a one-year base with four one-year options) Leidos will support DTRA's Cooperative Biological Engagement Program (CBEP) and Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program through a worldwide Scientific and Technical Engagement Partnership (STEP) program, according to the company. (meritalk.com)
- And, as pointed out in the CBEP plan, although chemical and biological capabilities have for decades remained the province of military forces, terrorist organizations now also potentially pose a threat , making the need for new technology to act as a counter even more critical. (meritalk.com)
Textbook1
- Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
Weapon1
- used to create a biological warfare weapon. (thetruthdenied.com)
20172
- I also did not know anything about biological warfare, though a year later my cousins in Colombo told me about what were called "cold weapons" and that these had proliferated during the 'Cold War'.I discussed his rabies research and experiments with my father over the phone in 2001 and again in 2011 and 2017. (romeshsenewiratne-alagaratnam.com)
- The DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program's 2017 Annual Report to Congress , obtained by the Federation of American Scientists via the Freedom of Information Act, mentions work with the Army Robotics Program Manager to integrate chemical and biological sensors into TALON IV ground robots. (meritalk.com)
Weapons13
- Referring to reports of use of chemical weapons in recent terror attacks in Afghanistan, he said India should have an effective system in place to prevent potential consequences against use of chemical or biological weapons. (businessworld.in)
- The history of biological weapons use: what we know and what we don't. (cdc.gov)
- Monkeypox has been included in textbooks about potential biological warfare weapons. (fullfact.org)
- I have an idea for a short story, but need help coming up with a legitimate reason that the US Government would use harmful biological weapons. (writingforums.org)
- there is no reason to claim that research related to the development of biological weapons is taking place in Ukraine. (gold-silver.us)
- the Americans did not find biological weapons when they first started working with Ukraine, and they still haven't. (gold-silver.us)
- In addition, Ukraine lacks the infrastructure to develop and produce biological weapons. (gold-silver.us)
- I would like to recall that the term 'biological weapons' includes biological formulations that contain pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins, as well as the means of delivery and use of said formulations. (gold-silver.us)
- Its preliminary analysis suggests that Ukraine is essentially a testing ground for the development of biological weapons components and the testing of new samples of pharmaceuticals. (gold-silver.us)
- Final document of the Second Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. (who.int)
- Biological and toxin weapons today / edited by Erhard Geissler. (who.int)
- Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention by confidence-building measures / edited by Erhard Geissler. (who.int)
- Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons : report of a WHO group of consultants. (who.int)
Defense2
- To test biological defense systems in the field, the test and evaluation community releases relatively harmless substances known as simulants. (gmu.edu)
- As the CBEP points out in its strategic plan , defense against biological and chemical threats has become a cross-agency and international effort. (meritalk.com)
Ukraine4
- The Russian Defence Ministry continues to study materials on the implementation of military biological programs of the United States and its NATO allies on the territory of Ukraine. (gold-silver.us)
- We have previously provided a scheme for US coordination of biological laboratories and research institutes in Ukraine. (gold-silver.us)
- It should be noted that the ideologues of US military-biological activities in Ukraine are the leaders of the Democratic Party. (gold-silver.us)
- United Nations, Mar 11 (Prensa Latina) Russia denounced today before the UN Security Council that the United States carries out biological military activities in different parts of Ukraine and warned of the danger that this represents for human health. (plenglish.com)
Military3
- The broadcast describing the military and public health response is intended for military, medical, and public health professionals, who will learn how to recognize a biological attack, investigate the event, treat casualties, prevent the spread of the agent, and manage the proper medical response. (cdc.gov)
- Advancing these technologies may save warfighters' lives and ensure their ability to conduct successful military operations in a chemical or biological environment," the agency said. (meritalk.com)
- The Biological Warfare Edition is military green and wears a toxic pink, beige, and lime uniform, and is limited to only 300 pieces worldwide. (trampt.com)
Russia1
- There have been some reports that Russia had previously looked at using the virus in this way, but there's no evidence that the current outbreak was caused by biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
Laboratories1
- Terrorist activities, thefts from biological laboratories, or information received from police agencies may impart forewarning if provided in a timely, discrete manner to appropriate offices of the local healthcare network. (medscape.com)
Evidence5
- In an article that reviews evidence of a plot to use plague to break the siege of Candia during the Venetian-Ottoman War of the 17th century, Dr. Thalassinou and her colleagues ( 1 ) identify an incident previously unknown to historians of biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
- However, the authors' effort to broaden the context for biological weaponry is undermined by a reference to an often repeated allegation for which no credible evidence exists: namely, that during a siege occurring in the Swedish-Russian War of 1710, the Russians catapulted bodies of plague victims into the Swedish-held city of Reval. (cdc.gov)
- There is no evidence the current outbreak was caused by biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
- We have found no evidence of monkeypox being used as a biological warfare agent previously. (fullfact.org)
- For the purposes of that scheme, we've rated this claim as false because there's no evidence that the current monkeypox outbreak is biological warfare. (fullfact.org)
Institutions1
- As part of its work, Leidos said it will partner with industry, research institutions, and other organizations to reduce biological threats. (meritalk.com)
Agent9
- With or without advanced warning, the actual time and location of the release of a biological agent most likely will be covert. (medscape.com)
- But the infection is included in these textbooks because of its potential for being used as a warfare agent. (fullfact.org)
- He points to an entry on monkeypox, which describes the disease, but does not appear to say it is being used as a biological warfare agent. (fullfact.org)
- Neither say the virus is being used as a biological warfare agent. (fullfact.org)
- United States of America public law forbids the release of biological warfare agent into the environment. (gmu.edu)
- It is highly desirable that the biological warfare system under test performs identically with the simulant as it does with real biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
- An ALO is phylogenetically closely related to its corresponding biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
- and to develop a model based on logistic regression to relate detector simulant performance to detector performance with biological warfare agent. (gmu.edu)
- The best predictor of biological warfare agent detector performance is field trials with killed ALOs. (gmu.edu)
Video1
- It does not mean that any occurence of it is really biological warfare by the World Health Organisation, International Monetary Fund, Bill Gates or "our governments" as the video claims. (fullfact.org)
Plan1
- Thalassinou E , Tsiamis C , Poulakou-Rebelakou E , Hatzakis A . Biological warfare plan in the 17th century-the siege of Candia, 1648-1669. (cdc.gov)
Time1
- Flying straight out of South Africa comes Kronk's Yankee Pig Dog: Biological Warfare Edition, here just in time to keep the skies safe and his butt hole in all the action. (trampt.com)
Program1
- The agency also is working with Leidos on an international program involving non-governmental organizations that underscores the breadth of efforts to counter chemical and biological threats. (meritalk.com)
Reduce1
- Biological and Chemical warfare have two principle objectives: To reduce the enemy's production of food by destroying his crops and food producing farm animals, and to incapacitate the enemy's armed forces and that portion of his human population that directly supports them. (truthaxis.com)
Event1
- We should be prepared for any kind of warfare," he said during an event organised by the DRDO. (businessworld.in)
Department1
- DTRA's Chemical and Biological Technologies Department recently held a demonstration called Perceptive Dragon that combined sensors with an algorithm-driven information architecture to inform decision making in response to attacks (including conventional kinetic attacks). (meritalk.com)
Challenges1
- The data set consisted of 2,717 Joint Biological Point Detector System (JBPDS) challenges. (gmu.edu)
Data1
- 1974. In: Biological handbooks: Biology data book. (cdc.gov)
Services1
- A new Web site on Biological Warfare, developed by the Division of Specialized Information Services at NLM, is now available. (nih.gov)