The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.
The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action.

Advanced analysis of biotin metabolites in body fluids allows a more accurate measurement of biotin bioavailability and metabolism in humans. (1/3985)

In previous studies, the bioavailability of biotin in humans was estimated from the recovery of biotin in urine; urinary biotin was measured by microbial growth assays or assays of avidin-binding activity. These assays underestimate concentrations of biotin metabolites, which originate from beta-oxidation, sulfur oxidation or a combination. We have developed an HPLC/avidin-binding assay that is specific for biotin and its metabolites. With the use of the HPLC/avidin-binding assay, TLC and derivatization with p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, we have identified and quantitated biotin and metabolites in urine from six healthy adults. Of that total, biotin accounted for 32+/-12%, bisnorbiotin for 52+/-15%, bisnorbiotin methyl ketone for 7.9+/-5.8%, biotin-d,l-sulfoxide for 4.0+/-3.2% and biotin sulfone for 3.6+/-1.9%. After intravenous administration of 18.4 micromol of biotin, the urinary excretion of biotin metabolites increased 21-130 times above baseline values. Because the biliary excretion of biotin is quantitatively minor (1.9+/-0.2% of an intravenous [14C]biotin dose in rats), intravenously administered biotin is not exposed to intestinal microorganisms. Thus we conclude that biotin metabolites in human urine originate from biotin catabolism in human tissues rather than biotin catabolism by intestinal microorganisms. With the use of the HPLC/avidin-binding assay, we estimated the bioavailability of biotin in adults from the urinary excretion of biotin and metabolites after ingestion of 2.1, 8.2 and 81.9 micromol of biotin. These data provide evidence that biotin is nearly completely absorbed.  (+info)

The importance of pyruvate availability to PDC activation and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle. (2/3985)

No studies have singularly investigated the relationship between pyruvate availability, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activation, and anaplerosis in skeletal muscle. This is surprising given the functional importance attributed to these processes in normal and disease states. We investigated the effects of changing pyruvate availability with dichloroacetate (DCA), epinephrine, and pyruvate infusions on PDC activation and accumulation of acetyl groups and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (TCAI) in human muscle. DCA increased resting PDC activity sixfold (P < 0.05) but decreased the muscle TCAI pool (mmol/kg dry muscle) from 1.174 +/- 0.042 to 0.747 +/- 0.055 (P < 0.05). This was probably a result of pyruvate being diverted to acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine after near-maximal activation of PDC by DCA. Conversely, neither epinephrine nor pyruvate activated PDC. However, both increased the TCAI pool (1.128 +/- 0.076 to 1.614 +/- 0.188, P < 0.05 and 1.098 +/- 0.059 to 1.385 +/- 0.114, P < 0.05, respectively) by providing a readily available pool of pyruvate for anaplerosis. These data support the hypothesis that TCAI pool expansion is principally a reflection of increased muscle pyruvate availability and, together with our previous work (J. A. Timmons, S. M. Poucher, D. Constantin-Teodosiu, V. Worrall, I. A. Macdonald, and P. L. Greenhaff. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 879-883, 1996), indicate that TCA cycle expansion may be of little functional significance to TCA cycle flux. It would appear therefore that the primary effect of DCA on oxidative ATP provision is to provide a readily available pool of acetyl groups to the TCA cycle at the onset of exercise rather than increasing TCA cycle flux by expanding the TCAI pool.  (+info)

Busulphan is active against neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts in athymic mice at clinically achievable plasma drug concentrations. (3/3985)

High-dose busulphan-containing chemotherapy regimens have shown high response rates in children with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma and medulloblastoma. However, the anti-tumour activity of busulfan as a single agent remains to be defined, and this was evaluated in athymic mice bearing advanced stage subcutaneous paediatric solid tumour xenografts. Because busulphan is highly insoluble in water, the use of several vehicles for enteral and parenteral administration was first investigated in terms of pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The highest bioavailability was obtained with busulphan in DMSO administered i.p. When busulphan was suspended in carboxymethylcellulose and given orally or i.p., the bioavailability was poor. Then, in the therapeutic experiments, busulphan in DMSO was administered i.p. on days 0 and 4. At the maximum tolerated total dose (50 mg kg(-1)), busulphan induced a significant tumour growth delay, ranging from 12 to 34 days in the three neuroblastomas evaluated and in one out of three medulloblastomas. At a dose level above the maximum tolerated dose, busulphan induced complete and partial tumour regressions. Busulphan was inactive in a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) xenograft. When busulphan pharmacokinetics in mice and humans were considered, the estimated systemic exposure at the therapeutically active dose in mice (113 microg h ml(-1)) was close to the mean total systemic exposure in children receiving high-dose busulphan (102.4 microg h ml(-1)). In conclusion, busulphan displayed a significant anti-tumour activity in neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts at plasma drug concentrations which can be achieved clinically in children receiving high-dose busulphan-containing regimens.  (+info)

Bioavailability and toxicity after oral administration of m-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). (4/3985)

meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) radiolabelled with iodine-131 is used for diagnosis and treatment of neuroadrenergic neoplasms such as phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In addition, non-radiolabelled MIBG, administered i.v., is used in several clinical studies. These include palliation of the carcinoid syndrome, in which MIBG proved to be effective in 60% of the patients. Oral MIBG administration might be convenient to maintain palliation and possibly improve the percentage of responders. We have, therefore, investigated the feasibility of oral administration of MIBG in an animal model. Orally administered MIBG demonstrated a bioavailability of 59%, with a maximal tolerated dose of 60 mg kg(-1). The first and only toxicity encountered was a decrease in renal function, measured by a reduced clearance of [51Cr]EDTA and accompanied by histological tubular damage. Repeated MIBG administration of 40 mg kg(-1) for 5 sequential days or of 20 mg kg(-1) for two courses of 5 sequential days with a 2-day interval did not affect renal clearance and was not accompanied by histological abnormalities in kidney, stomach, intestines, liver, heart, lungs, thymus, salivary glands and testes. Because of a sufficient bioavailability in absence of gastrointestinal toxicity, MIBG is considered suitable for further clinical investigation of repeated oral administration in patients.  (+info)

A phase I study of the lipophilic thymidylate synthase inhibitor Thymitaq (nolatrexed dihydrochloride) given by 10-day oral administration. (5/3985)

2-Amino-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxo-5-(4-pyridylthio)-quinazoline dihydrochloride (nolatrexed dihydrochloride, Thymitaq, AG337), a specific inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, was developed using protein structure-based drug design. Intravenously administered nolatrexed is active clinically. As oral bioavailability is high (70-100%), nolatrexed was administered orally, 6 hourly for 10 days, at 3-week intervals, and dose escalated from 80 to 572 mg m(-2) day(-1) in 23 patients. Common toxicity criteria (CTC) grade 3 toxicities included nausea, vomiting, stomatitis and liver function test (LFT) abnormalities. Thrombocytopenia (grade 1 or 2) occurred at doses > or = 318 mg m(-2) day(-1) and neutropenia (grade 2) at 429 and 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). An erythematous maculopapular rash occurred at dosages > or = 318 mg m(-2) day(-1) (7 out of 19 patients). LFT abnormalities occurred in two out of six patients (grade 3 or 4 bilirubin and grade 3 alanine transaminase) at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). Nolatrexed plasma concentrations 1 h after dosing were 6-16 microg ml(-1), and trough 3-8 microg ml(-1), at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). Inhibition of thymidylate synthase was demonstrated by elevation of plasma deoxyuridine. Six-hourly oral nolatrexed for 10 days was associated with antiproliferative effects, but nausea and vomiting was dose limiting at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). Nine patients were treated at 429 mg m(-2) day(-1); three out of nine experienced grade 3 nausea, but 17 out of 22 treatment courses were completed (with the co-administration of prophylactic antiemetics) and this dose level could be considered for phase II testing.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in rabbits and mice. (6/3985)

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhGCSF) in rabbits and mice. METHODS: 125I-rhGCSF was prepared by iodogen method and determined by size exclusive HPLC (SEHPLC). RESULTS: Concentration-time curves after i.v. 125I-rhGCSF in rabbits were best fitted with 2-compartment open model. The alpha and terminal elimination T1/2 were 0.25-0.33 and 3.2-4.6 h, respectively. AUC increased with doses, and Cls and K10 were similar. Tpeak was 0.59 +/- 0.25 h after s.c., and elimination T1/2 was similar to that after i.v. The bioavailability after sc was 1.0. In mice the highest level was found in renal system, the next was bile-enteric system. Levels in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen were approximately equal to or slightly lower than that in plasma, while the levels in brain, fat, and muscles were the lowest. About 68%-86% were recovered in urine and feces. CONCLUSION: Pharamcokinetics of 125I-rhGCSF in rabbits and mice provided a useful index for clinical trial.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics of bendazac lysine in 10 Chinese young men. (7/3985)

AIM: To compare the pharmacokinetics of domestic and imported tablets of bendazao lysine (BL). METHODS: A single oral dose of 500 mg BL of this 2 kinds of tablets was given to 10 Chinese volunteers of Han nationality in a randomized crossover study. Plasma levels were determined with HPLC-UV method. Data were analyzed automatically by using a CAPP program on microcomputer. RESULTS: The plasma concentration-time curve was fitted to 2-compartment open model, and the major pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported BL tablets were shown respectively as following: Cmax 66 +/- 16 and 65 +/- 8 mg.L-1; Tmax 0.98 +/- 0.22 and 0.98 +/- 0.21 h; T1/2 beta 6.2 +/- 1.8 and 6.2 +/- 1.7 h; AUC 335 +/- 47 and 337 +/- 58 mg.h.L-1. There was no significant difference between domestic and imported tablets. The bioavailability of the domestic vs that of the imported tablet was 99 +/- 12%. The unchanged BL in urine were about 5.4% and 5.6% respectively of the dosage in 24 h after a single oral dose. CONCLUSION: The two kinds of tablets had the same biological effects.  (+info)

A study of the relative bioavailability of cysteamine hydrochloride, cysteamine bitartrate and phosphocysteamine in healthy adult male volunteers. (8/3985)

AIMS: Cysteamine, the only drug available for the treatment of cystinosis in paediatric patients, is available as the hydrochloride, the bitartrate and as sodium phosphocysteamine salts. It has been suggested that cysteamine bitartrate and phosphocysteamine are better tolerated and may have a better bioavailability than cysteamine hydrochloride. This has, however, never been demonstrated. METHODS: We compared the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of these three formulations of cysteamine in 18 healthy adult male volunteers in a double-blind, latin-square, three-period, single oral dose cross-over relative bioavailability study. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found between relative bioavailabilities, AUC (0, infinity) (geometric mean and s.d. in micromol l(-1) h: 169+/-51, 158+/-46, 173+/-49 with cysteamine hydrochloride, phosphocysteamine and cysteamine bitartrate respectively), Cmax (geometric mean and s.d. in micromol l(-1); 66+/-25.5, 59+/-12, 63+/-20) and tmax (median and range in h: 0.88 (0.25-2), 1.25 (0.25-2), 0.88 (0.25-2)) with each of the three forms of cysteamine tested. Bioequivalence statistics (90% confidence intervals) showed non equivalence of Cmax of cysteamine base as the only non equivalence of pharmacokinetics between the three formulations: 90% CI for Cmax relative ratios to cysteamine hydrochloride were [75.6-105.81 for phosphocysteamine and [74.2-124.2] for cysteamine bitartrate. The only significant adverse event was vomiting whose frequency was inversely correlated with body weight (Spearman's r=-0.76, P<0.001). The nature of the salt tested did not influence vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: While none of the three forms of cysteamine tested has a clear advantage over the others in terms of pharmacokinetics and tolerance profile, this should now however be addressed in patients treated for cystinosis during repeat administrations.  (+info)

"Nonproprietary Naming of Biological Products; Draft Guidance for Industry; Availability". U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( ... A version of the four-letter suffix has been proposed to the WHO as the biological qualifier (BQ). It is not part of the ... "Biological Qualifier". WHO. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. "WHO Report on the Expert Consultation on Improving ... Even though the biosimilars market is rising, the price drop for biological drugs at risk of patent expiration will not be as ...
For one, it helps us redefine what a biological individual is. We suggest that a human individual is now best described as a ... "Generic Adderall XR Availability". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020. Spencer ... "Generic Adderall Availability". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020. " ... Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability ...
... methods of assessing food availability; and observation techniques to study the social, feeding, and ranging behavior of ... The Ometepe Biological Field School, located on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua, is one of two field school operated by the Maderas ... rainforest conservancy (the other being La Suerte Biological Field School). It houses courses in primatology, ecology, botany, ...
... methods of assessing food availability; and observation techniques to study the social, feeding, and ranging behavior of ... La Suerte Biological Field School, located in Northeastern Costa Rica, is one of two field schools operated by the Maderas ... Students examine the biological and ecological processes that have developed and maintain the biodiversity of the tropical ... rainforest conservancy (the other being the Ometepe Biological Field School in Nicaragua). The site is situated in a tropical ...
Boulos, Ziad; Terman, Michael (1980-06-01). "Food availability and daily biological rhythms". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ... Journal of Biological Rhythms. 33 (5): 458-474. doi:10.1177/0748730418789043. ISSN 0748-7304. PMC 6693510. PMID 30033846. ... Journal of Biological Rhythms. 33 (5): 458-474. doi:10.1177/0748730418789043. PMC 6693510. PMID 30033846. Mieda, Michihiro; ...
Timely availability of new knowledge and technology. Collaboration in education, research and economic activities worldwide ... The Institute of Biological Engineering or IBE is a non-profit professional organization which encourages inquiry and interest ... The IBE was established in 1995 to encourage inquiry and interest in biological engineering in the broadest and most liberal ... IBE promotes the view that biological engineering is a science-based, application-independent discipline that is aligned with ...
Travis JM, Dytham C (April 1999). "Habitat persistence, habitat availability and the evolution of dispersal". Proceedings of ... Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site ... Therefore, biological dispersal is critical to the stability of ecosystems. Few species are ever evenly or randomly distributed ... Biological dispersal may be contrasted with geodispersal, which is the mixing of previously isolated populations (or whole ...
... , like other biological stains may be certified by the Biological Stain Commission signifying that a particular ... Lillie RD (1974). "The hematoxylin shortage and the availability of synthetic substitutes". Am J Med Technol. 40 (11): 455-61. ... Lillie, Ralph Dougall (1977). H. J. Conn's Biological stains (9th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 692p. Mitchell, A. ( ... Schulte EK (1991). "Standardization of biological dyes and stains: pitfalls and possibilities". Histochemistry. 95 (4): 319-28 ...
Robert C. Ramger (February 1966). "The Availability of Helminth Parasites in Biological Supply Houses". The American Biology ...
The systemic availability of oral glutathione (GSH) is negligible; so it must be biosynthesized from its constituent amino ... Because of its high reactivity, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine has numerous biological functions. Due to the ability of ...
There is no availability of genetic testing or biological markers. The patients presented with a history of febrile illness ...
Resource availability is essential for the unimpeded growth of a population. Ideally, when resources in the habitat are ... Biological exponential growth is the unrestricted growth of a population of organisms, occurring when resources in its habitat ...
Estany-Tigerström, David; Bas, Josep Maria; Pons, Pere (2010). "Does Argentine ant invasion affect prey availability for ... Biological Conservation. 71: 61-67. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00021-H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-12. Palomino ... foliage-gleaning birds?". Biological Invasions. 12 (4): 827-839. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9504-6. S2CID 40826707. Rothschild, ...
The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end ... Soybean) metabolome responses to potassium availability". Phytochemistry. 205: 113472. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113472. ... The concept that individuals might have a "metabolic profile" that could be reflected in the makeup of their biological fluids ... Metabolomics is one means to determine a biological endpoint, or metabolic fingerprint, which reflects the balance of all these ...
Federal Register Notice of Availability recovery plan.) PDF. (Page revised December 19, 2007). Endangered Species - Tumbling ... Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103(l): 197-204. PDF. Wooley C. M. (September 22, 2003). "Approved Recovery ...
The availability of furosemide is highly variable, ranging from 10% to 90%. The biological half-life of furosemide is limited ...
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 58, 521-561. Keddy, P. A., Campbell, D., McFalls T., Shaffer, G., ... Physical alterations include changes in water temperature, water flow and light availability. Chemical alterations include ... Biological alterations include over-harvesting of commercial species and the introduction of exotic species. Human populations ... A stress on an aquatic ecosystem can be a result of physical, chemical or biological alterations to the environment. ...
One hundred years of Biology Biological Bulletin Volume 168 Number 3 Symposium Supplement to the Biological Bulletin [4] Free ... Dohrn argued that availability of all the major published sources was essential. He gave his own books and scientific journals ... The Naples Station's biological reference collection is still unrivalled in Europe today.[citation needed] The first librarian ... SZN was divided into five parts: Biological Oceanography, Benthic Ecology (at the Villa Dohrn in Ischia), Biochemistry, Cell ...
Recovery times also depend on disturbance regime, site, and availability of propagules. Biological soil crusts cover about 12% ... Due to the intense UV radiation present in areas where biological soil crusts occur, biological soil crusts appear darker than ... The morphology of biological soil crust surfaces can range from smooth and a few millimeters in thickness to pinnacles up to 15 ... Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found ...
"Generic Colcrys Availability". drugs.com. "Colchicine". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 7 ... "Colchicine and its various physicochemical and biological aspects". Medicinal Chemical Research. 22 (2): 531. doi:10.1007/ ... tubulin As availability of tubulin is essential to mitosis, colchicine may inhibit mitosis Inhibits activation and migration of ...
His research during this time focused on biological and chemical assays on vitamins, proteins, and other nutrient; ... pharmaceutical vitamin fortification, stabilization, and availability; toxicology and safety evaluation of food additives, ...
"Habitat selection of the Eurasian woodcock in winter in relation to earthworms availability". Biological Conservation. 122 (3 ... Biological Conservation. 122 (1): 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.002. "BTO/Game Conservancy Trust Breeding Woodcock Survey ...
Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous ... In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. ... Although biological interactions, more or less individually, were studied earlier, Edward Haskell (1949) gave an integrative ... Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1524): 1755-1779. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0222. PMC 2685422. PMID 19451126. Kéfi, Sonia; ...
Schaefer, M. R.; Golden, S. S. (1989-05-05). "Light availability influences the ratio of two forms of D1 in cyanobacterial ... present Aschoff and Honma Prize for Biological Rhythm Research, 2018 Kondo T, Strayer CA, Kulkarni RD, Taylor W, Ishiura M, ... Biological Sciences. 357 (1426): 1369-1420. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1134. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1693055. PMID 12437876. ... thylakoids". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (13): 7412-7417. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83249-5. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID ...
The prevalence of iron is apparently due to the large availability of Fe(II) in the initial evolution of living organisms, ... 2002). Metal ions in biological systems: molybdenum and tungsten: their roles in biological processes. Vol. 39. Taylor & ... The redox transformation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), or vice versa, is vital to a number of biological and element cycling processes ... Metal ion binding to such O-donors was required to build the biological polymers, since the bond is generally weak, it can ...
When there is less food available, feeding adjusts to rates that correlate with food availability. In a study of A. tonsa in ... Miller, Charles (2004). Biological Oceaonography. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 162, 176. ISBN 0-632-05536-7. Durbin, Ann (December 15 ... not related to light availability, but persistent regardless of whether the copepods were subjected to light or dark. This ... 1990). "Diel feeding behavior in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa in relation to food availability". Marine Ecology Progress ...
Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to life. The next alkaline earth metal after radium is ... Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms ... where it bioaccumulates with a significant biological half life. While the bones themselves have higher radiation tolerance ...
The first known biological control of privet is the privet lace bug (Leptoypha hospita), which has been deployed in New Zealand ... on Decomposition and Nutrient Availability in Riparian Forests. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4:437-447. Bradley, B.A ... Biological Invasions. 14:139-150 Zhang, Y., Hanula, J., Horn, S., Braman, S.K., Sun, J. (2011). Biology of ''Leptoypha hospita ... Biological species invasion is considered a main component of global ecosystem change due to changes in biogeochemical cycles ...
"Rapid Changes in CB1 Receptor Availability in Cannabis Dependent Males after Abstinence from Cannabis". Biological Psychiatry: ... The central thesis is, that harm reduction is not only a social concept, but also a biological one. More specifically, ... In addition to this, antagonists of mammalian CB receptors was seen to block both of the biological activities previously ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5298-305. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306642200. PMID 14634025. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A ...
... orchestrators of TGF-beta availability". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (9): 7409-12. doi:10.1074/jbc.R400029200. ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (49): 38363-70. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004861200. PMID 10995749. Arsura M, Wu M, Sonenshein ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (18): 10618-24. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.18.10618. PMID 7737999. Annes JP, Munger JS, ... Biological Psychiatry. 68 (10): 930-41. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012. PMID 20692646. S2CID 6544784. Senatorov VV, ...
The third step of endotoxin biosynthesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (26): 19866-74. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19) ... "Acyl chain specificity of the acyltransferases LpxA and LpxD and substrate availability contribute to lipid A fatty acid ...
Walters, Donna K. H. (13 October 1992). "Scientists Honored for 'Biological' Pest Control Work : Agricultural: Two Americans ... or availability of food in the world. Conceived by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and established in 1986 through ...
Journal on New Biological Reports. 1 (2): 42-46. ISSN 2319-1104. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Easa, P.S.; Basha, C.C. (1995). "A ... dwarf pufferfish favour insect larvae but will rely on crustaceans and annelids as alternate feed when the availability of ...
Unlike the atmosphere, moreover, soil gas composition is less stagnant due to the various chemical and biological processes ... Both processes hydrate the soil and increase nutrient availability leading to an increase in microbial activity. This results ...
Biological Reviews 64(4), pp. 435-515. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00683.x González, Jorge M.; Vinson, S. Bradleigh (2007 ... They also increase the availability of certain essential amino acids in the muscle, as well as regulate the transcription of a ... Humphries, M. M.; Thomas, D.W.; Kramer, D.L. (2003). "The role of energy availability in mammalian hibernation: A cost-benefit ... They can experience decreased metabolic rates associated with colder environments or low oxygen availability (hypoxia) and ...
... is otherwise not known to have a biological role in any other organisms. Neodymium metal dust is combustible and ... The uncertainty of pricing and availability have caused companies (particularly Japanese ones) to create permanent magnets and ...
Mary Peet, NCSU Alfalfa living mulch advances biological control of soybean aphid Why I Chose White Clover as a Living Mulch ... and Enhancing soil nutrient availability for the main crop. Lehmann et al. (2000) measured the above ground biomass ...
The health care system was found to have "major gaps in the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of medical ... of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not seem to fit the typical biological ...
Limited availability and lack of an oral formulation for systemic use make it a very little-known drug. Apalutamide (Erleada): ... synthesis and biological profile of high-affinity ligands for the androgen receptor". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48 (1): ... Now little-used due to high incidence of elevated liver enzymes and hepatotoxicity and the availability of safer agents. ... Currently on-patent with no generic availability and hence is very expensive. Darolutamide (Nubeqa): Marketed for the treatment ...
A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability. ... "Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High-Consequence Biological Threats" (PDF). Nuclear Threat Initiative. ...
Resulting information can be used to build biological models, design experiments, or get up to speed in an area of research. ... BD Cell Pathways "Ingenuity Systems Announces Immediate Availability Of The Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base" (Press release ... All QIAGEN Silicon Valley use the Ingenuity Knowledge Base, which contains biological and chemical interactions and functional ... to analyze complex biological systems. QIAGEN Silicon Valley's first product, IPA, was introduced in 2003, and is used to help ...
In addition, availability of cures and recent advances in medicine have led to only three diseases being considered neglected ... Critics of AIDS policies promoting safe sexual behaviors believe that these policies miss the biological mechanisms and social ... Expanded availability of local environments enabling exercise is associated with an increase in physical activity and a ... increase susceptibility to HIV infections by interfering with the immune system and through other biological mechanisms. ...
The pursuit of unfettered scientific inquiry, and the availability of new findings to masses of people by electronic means, ... to conceal chemical and biological deposits, and to search the black market for material that would breach the sanctions. The ...
To solve the problem of limited embryonic stem cell availability, Turek and his colleagues invented a process by which the ... Belknap Prize in the Biological Sciences, and co-authored several scientific publications from work in the laboratory of Dr. ... the toxic effect of medications such as the antioxidant selenium and the anti-inflammatory drug class called biological ...
Plant breeding can improve zinc uptake capacity of plants under soil conditions with low chemical availability of zinc. ... Biological Psychiatry. 74 (12): 872-8. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.008. PMID 23806573. S2CID 381132. Nuttall JR, Oteiza PI ( ...
Although proteomics and cytomics allow for the early detection of disease, much of the time those detect biological markers ... such as the availability of prevention or treatment as a child that would prevent future disease. The goal of predictive ...
... chemical or biological fallouts. The Brahmaputra class is armed with sixteen 3M-24E (Kh-35 Uran or NATO: SS-N-25 Switchblade) ... delays in equipment availability and integration problems with the Trishul SAM. This caused severe delays to the commissioning ...
"Blood safety and availability". www.who.int. Retrieved 28 April 2022. Hajj Hussein I, Chams N, Chams S, El Sayegh S, Badran R, ... Two other manufacturers supply domestic markets: Wuhan Institute of Biological Products in China and Sanofi Pasteur in the ...
Chojnacki, T; Dallner, G (1 April 1988). "The biological role of dolichol". The Biochemical Journal. 251 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1042/ ... and as such their creation and availability are affected by mevalonate inhibition. First, a cis (or Z) -prenyltransferase ( ...
The local availability of the plants grown for medicinal purposes, together with the increasing abundance and decreasing price ... Pucher GW, Wakeman AJ, Vickery HB (1938). "The Organic Acids of Rhubarb (Rheum Hybridum)". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 126 ...
... due to increased availability of nutrients, oxygen, growth factors etc.). Radiation or chemotherapy following the debulking ... and shows that mathematical modeling of DNA microarray data can be used to correctly predict previously unknown biological ...
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that the first alternative to a biological mother not being able to breast feed is ... Some concerns that surround human milk bank include: Cost Availability Lack of health care provider interest Concern about the ...
Sustainability of the technology Degree and competitive availability of other technologies Inherent risk Strategic need The ... use and sell products incorporating biological materials, including genes, proteins and peptide fragments, expression systems, ...
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (4): 317-578. doi:10.2988/0006-324X-125.4.317. ISSN 0006-324X. S2CID ... in a particular dwelling or environment may verify its suitability for livelihood in terms of resource availability and daily ...
Availability of IT systems became more important. Regulatory agencies became involved; availability objectives of 2, 3, 4 or 5 ... Human-caused threats that include intentional acts such as active assailant attacks, chemical or biological attacks, cyber ... Sungard Availability Services was one of the earliest such centers, located in Sri Lanka (1978). During the 1980s and 90s, ... high availability systems which keep both the data and system replicated off-site, enabling continuous access to systems and ...
These polymers or particles have a negligible or null systemic biological availability and they are designed to form stable ... and Biological Evaluation". Biomacromolecules. 6 (6): 2946-2953. doi:10.1021/bm050036p. ISSN 1525-7797. PMID 16283713. Qian, ...
DeMarse TB, Wagenaar DA, Blau AW, Potter SM (2001). "The Neurally Controlled Animat: Biological Brains Acting with Simulated ... Because of their wide availability, neuronal networks are typically cultured from dissociated rat neurons. Studies commonly ... The Centre for Excellence in Biological Art, at the University of Western Australia. Another example can be seen in the ...
The biological half-life of allylestrenol has been reported to be "several hours" or, presumably in its active form, reportedly ... It has been marketed widely throughout the world in the past, but today its availability and usage are relatively limited. It ... Saha A, Roy K, Kakali DE (2000). "Effects of Allylestrenol on Blood Lipids in Relation to its Biological Activity". Indian ... However, although it has been widely marketed in the past, the availability of allylestrenol is relatively limited today. It ...
"Availability of Opioid Analgesics in the World and Asia, With a special focus on: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand" (PDF). ... Noroxycodone, noroxymorphone, and oxymorphone also have longer biological half-lives than oxycodone. However, despite the ... This is the main biological target of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide β-endorphin. Oxycodone has low affinity for the δ- ...
Geological sciences 56 Paleontology 57 Biological sciences in general 58 Botany 59 Zoology Class 6 occupies the largest ... Documents according to level of presentation and availability (0.07) Supplementary matter issued with a document (0.08) ... "Pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of the physical culture and sport" (ISSN 2070-4798). UDC code 621.715: ... Pedagogico-psychological and Medico-biological Problems of the Physical Culture and Sport (in Russian). ISSN 2070-4798. ...
You searched for: Journal name Biological invasions Remove constraint Journal name: Biological invasions Subject United States ... Biological invasions 2014 v.16 no.6 pp. 1241-1256. ISSN:. 1387-3547. Subject:. attitudes and opinions; biological control; cost ... Text Availability Citation in PubAg Remove constraint Text Availability: Citation in PubAg Start Over ...
Organismal development is precisely regulated by a sequence of gene functions even in the presence of biological noise. However ... Data availability. Data presented in this manuscript are tabulated in this published article and its Supplemental Information ... JAK/STAT guarantees robust neural stem cell differentiation by shutting off biological noise. *Yoshitaro Tanaka1 na1 nAff5, ... Moreover, if we use simple biological models such as the fruit fly, we can adapt the parameters of the mathematical models to ...
They substantially impact human health (applications in medicine and pharmacy) due to the proven biological effects (catalytic ... stability in the biological environment, and low toxicity. ... 1 mM leads to a rapid metal reduction due to the availability ... The biological activity of NPs depends on their size and shape. As shown in Table 2, the size of the NPs varies depending on ... This is a slower method [27,28,35]. Previous studies have shown that different biological pathways can be used to make ...
Text; Format: print Publication details: Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1983Availability: Items available for ... Text; Format: print Publication details: Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1982Availability: Items available for ...
availability; *ease of production and dissemination; and *potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health impact. ... BOX 2. Preparing public health agencies for biological attacks. Steps in Preparing for Biological Attacks *Enhance ... Biological and Chemical Terrorism:Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning ... BOX 3. Critical biological agents. Category A The U.S. public health system and primary health-care providers must be prepared ...
Effluent Data Availability. *We are identifying and characterizing the release points at LANL. ... Environmental Data Availability. *We are searching the documents for historical environmental measurements. ... Biological research. *Waste treatment and disposal. *Special studies. Slide 6 of 10 ...
Biological Availability * Cognition / drug effects * Cross-Over Studies * Double-Blind Method * Drug Therapy, Combination ...
Al-Hamdani, Z. K., & Nielsen, M. M. (2017). The Limfjord stone reef project: Geological and biological investigations in ... title = "The Limfjord stone reef project: Geological and biological investigations in L{\o}gst{\o}r Bredning for stone reef ... Al-Hamdani, ZK & Nielsen, MM 2017, The Limfjord stone reef project: Geological and biological investigations in Løgstør ... The Limfjord stone reef project: Geological and biological investigations in Løgstør Bredning for stone reef restoration. / Al- ...
General biological activity. *Microbial diversity. *Active carbon content. *Organic nitrogen availability. Chief among these ... These indicators are generally used to quantify the physical, biological, and chemical properties of the soil. A summary of ...
biological therapy. *epidemiology. *spondylitis, ankylosing. *tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Data availability statement. ... Data availability statement. Due to privacy and ethical concerns any raw data can not be shared. Aggregated data can be shared ... Biological DMARD efficacy in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on articular, enthesitis, ... A head-to-head comparison of the efficacy and safety of ixekizumab and adalimumab in biological-naïve patients with active ...
Biological availability of pollutants to marine organisms /. 1978. 32. Bomex Bulletin, No. 10.. 1971. ... Analog Modeling to Determine the Fresh Water Availability on the Outer Banks of North Carolina.. 1972. ... Assessing Potential Effects of Incinerating Hazardous Wastes at Sea: Development and Field-Testing of the Marine Biological ... Development and Field-Testing of the Marine Incineration Biological Assessment Sampler.. 1988. ...
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Biological survey and monitoring. *Atmospheric and oceanographic monitoring. Data Availability. The data sets obtained through ... with several groups of scientists collecting various types of data e.g biological, geological, atmospheric, among others. ...
Biological Availability. Traber MG, Leonard SW, Bobe G, Fu X, Saltzman E, Grusak MA, Booth SL. 2015. α-Tocopherol disappearance ...
Biological Availability [‎1]‎. Biomedical Technology [‎1]‎. Blindness [‎3]‎. Blood [‎2]‎. Blood Banks [‎2]‎. ...
Limited data availability from the highest ST1 disease burden countries using a 3+0 schedule constrains generalizability and ... The consequences of climate change on exposed biological subjects, as well as on vulnerable societies, are a concern for the ... However, PCR availability is restricted in most countries. Rapid diagnostic tests are considered acceptable alternatives, but ... Climate change modifies the availability and distribution of plant- and fungal-derived allergens and increases the frequency of ...
... of their in vivo biological availability; and of potential nanostructural synergisms for the expression of surface-associated ... biological disposition and expression of toxicity. In vitro toxicology studies can be designed to retain particle surface ...
The availability of antimicrobial therapy does not diminish the advantages of antibody-based therapies. Currently no drugs are ... Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Eitzen E, Fine AD, Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health ... Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and ... Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Jahrling PB, Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public ...
The IC50 values of CSO-SA showed that CSO-SA was a safe biological carrier with little biological toxicity which confirmed that ... Availability of Data and Materials. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. ... The results showed that CSO-SA was a safe biological carrier. Compared with that of free EMO, CSO-SA/EMO significantly enhanced ... Although EMO has extensive biological activity, its anthraquinone structure is poorly soluble in water. Because therapeutic ...
Biological effects. ... Availability: Not available through the CFS (click for more ...
... "biological pump." The productivity of this pump is determined by two things: light, and the availability of nitrogen. McCarthy ... Two Scientists Studying the Biological Ocean-Climate Nexus Receive Tyler Prize. Words by RP Siegel. ... Their goal is "to understand how biological systems function and evolve.". When asked what hed learned that he wanted everyone ... James J. McCarthy, the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard, have both focused their attention on ...
Biological weapons are characterized by low visibility, high potency, substantial accessibility, and relatively easy delivery. ... Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an ... ready availability of castor beans and the ease with which toxin can be produced give it significant potential as a biological ... Historical Aspects of Biological Warfare Agents. Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be ...
Banoub, Joseph (2011). Detection of Biological Agents for the Prevention of Bioterrorism. Detection of Biological Agents for ... Due to their high energy density and the availability of sulfur, there is ongoing research in creating rechargeable lithium- ... Biological role[edit]. Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells. It is the eighth most abundant element in the ... Series B, Biological Sciences. 298 (1093): 473-497. Bibcode:1982RSPTB.298..473K. doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0093. ISSN 0962-8436. ...
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NRS 454.690 Availability of investigational drug, biological product or device; prohibition on preventing access to ... NRS 454.690 Availability of investigational drug, biological product or device; prohibition on preventing access to ... b) Investigational drug, biological product or device means a drug, biological product or device that:. (1) Has successfully ... b) Investigational drug or biological product means a drug or biological product that:. (1) Has successfully completed Phase 1 ...
Habitat Conditions and/or Availability Habitat Protection GIS mapping/monitoring Physical parameters Chemical parameters ... Biological parameters Threats to Populations Population Health # of Volunteers:. 200+. Hours/Volunteer/Year:. 5 ...
Physical and Biological Sciences Division honors three prominent alumni. The Division of Physical and Biological Sciences is ... Study reveals influence of krill availability on humpback whale pregnancies. Data from Antarctica show more humpback whales get ... McKenna Smith: Pursuing biological sciences. McKenna Smith was awarded the Keeley Coastal Scholars Award in 2022. Learn more ... Study reveals key molecular interaction that sets the timing of our biological clocks. New findings point toward a promising ...
Multi-layered product constructions were available for optimum bio-availability and stability.,br,,br,North America Dominates ... Dissolution may be triggered for a specific biological fluid, pH, or other condition. ... Dissolution may be triggered for a specific biological fluid, pH, or other condition. Multi-layered product constructions were ... available for optimum bio-availability and stability.. North America Dominates the Market. In the North American region, the ...
  • Organismal development is precisely regulated by a sequence of gene functions even in the presence of biological noise. (nature.com)
  • Before 1999, CDC performed all tests to detect and confirm the presence of biological threat agents such as anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • This project is one of the BAS core projects, with several groups of scientists collecting various types of data e.g biological, geological, atmospheric, among others. (bodc.ac.uk)
  • This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
  • They also developed a plague biological weapon by breeding fleas fed on plague-infected rats, and releasing millions of fleas in aerial attacks on Chinese cities. (medscape.com)
  • The only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
  • Insoluble particles can adsorb components of that pulmonary hypophase surfactant, resulting in fundamental changes in the particles' biological disposition and expression of toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • It begins with general points concerning toxicological data availability and hazard identification, then moves on to risk assessment and occupational exposure limits, and finally looks briefly at three specific toxicological issues, asthma, chronic toxic encephalopathy, and ``low toxicity'' dust effects on the lung, where the science is far from resolved. (cdc.gov)
  • In partnership with representatives for local and state health departments, other federal agencies, and medical and public health professional associations, CDC has developed a strategic plan to address the deliberate dissemination of biological or chemical agents. (cdc.gov)
  • An act of biological or chemical terrorism might range from dissemination of aerosolized anthrax spores to food product contamination, and predicting when and how such an attack might occur is not possible. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, smallpox virus would not be considered a useful biological weapon against a population universally immunized with vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
  • Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is foreseen as a guide in the management of all resources, so that the economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be met, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and systems. (govisitcostarica.com)
  • The U.S. national civilian vulnerability to the deliberate use of biological and chemical agents has been highlighted by recognition of substantial biological weapons development programs and arsenals in foreign countries, attempts to acquire or possess biological agents by militants, and high-profile terrorist attacks. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism is inversely proportional to the number of immune persons in the targeted population. (cdc.gov)
  • As with emerging infectious diseases, early detection and control of biological or chemical attacks depends on a strong and flexible public health system at the local, state, and federal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • The two, Dr. Paul Falkowski , Distinguished Professor at Rutgers and Director of the Rutgers Energy Institute, and Dr. James J. McCarthy , the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard, have both focused their attention on the ocean biological systems and their relationship to the environment. (triplepundit.com)
  • Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
  • Preventing disease after exposure to a biological agent is partially a function of the immunity of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
  • Drugs can provide protection when administered after exposure to certain agents, but none are available against many potential agents of biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
  • Defense strategies against biological weapons include such measures as enhanced epidemiologic surveillance, vaccination, and use of antimicrobial agents, with the important caveat that the final line of defense is the immune system of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, biological agents are potential weapons only against populations with a substantial proportion of susceptible persons. (cdc.gov)
  • In the section below the evidence that humoral immunity is active against important biological agents is reviewed. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from hoaxes and actual use of agents by individuals or groups against others, to state-sponsored terrorism that employs biological warfare (BW) agents and delivery systems that can produce mass casualties. (medscape.com)
  • The use of biological agents is not a new concept, and history is replete with examples of biological weapons use. (medscape.com)
  • The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
  • This was the first multilateral agreement that extended prohibition of chemical agents to biological agents. (medscape.com)
  • Today, more than 150 laboratories across the nation belong to CDC's Laboratory Response Network and can test for biological agents, saving both time and money. (cdc.gov)
  • Attempts to use biological weapons date back to antiquity. (medscape.com)
  • The plan contains recommendations to reduce U.S. vulnerability to biological and chemical terrorism --- preparedness planning, detection and surveillance, laboratory analysis, emergency response, and communication systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Falkowski founded the Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, the only one of its kind, a cross-disciplinary program that bridges physical and biological sciences and focuses on measuring changes in the environment. (triplepundit.com)
  • Biological weapons are often characterized by low visibility, high potency, substantial accessibility, and relatively easy delivery. (medscape.com)
  • lack of qualified personnel and import restrictions for key supplies and equipment, which combined have reduced the availability and accessibility of health services. (who.int)
  • Introduction: In sub - Saharan Africa, oral health services are greatly hampered by low availability and poor accessibility to health care and these are various interrelated factors responsible. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mathematical modeling is a useful tool for estimating the effects of stochastic noises and fluctuations in biological systems. (nature.com)
  • Their goal is "to understand how biological systems function and evolve. (triplepundit.com)
  • Assessing Potential Effects of Incinerating Hazardous Wastes at Sea: Development and Field-Testing of the Marine Biological Assessment Sampler. (epa.gov)
  • Part 2: Biological effects. (gc.ca)
  • Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)
  • During World War I, the Germans developed anthrax, glanders, cholera, and a wheat fungus for use as biological weapons. (medscape.com)
  • 1974. In: Biological handbooks: Biology data book. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the first neo tropical sites for biological studies, La Selva is the perfect place not only for scientists, but also for professional breeders and naturalists. (govisitcostarica.com)
  • Although EMO has extensive biological activity, its anthraquinone structure is poorly soluble in water. (springer.com)
  • These criteria include recommendations for preventing dermal contact, sampling and analytical methods, medical monitoring, biological monitoring, engineering controls and work practices, and protective clothing and equipment. (cdc.gov)
  • Please sign in to view account pricing and product availability. (fishersci.ca)
  • Additionally, CDC's Strategic National Stockpile now ensures the availability of key medical supplies and all states have plans to receive, distribute, and dispense these assets. (cdc.gov)
  • Dissolution may be triggered for a specific biological fluid, pH, or other condition. (reportlinker.com)
  • During World War II, the Japanese operated a secret biological warfare research facility in Manchuria and carried out human experiments on Chinese prisoners. (medscape.com)
  • Analog Modeling to Determine the Fresh Water Availability on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. (epa.gov)