Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions.Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.Staphylococcus epidermidis: A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS.Staphylococcus Phages: Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.Exotoxins: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.Methicillin Resistance: Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.Coagulase: Enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human PROTHROMBIN. Coagulases are produced by certain STAPHYLOCOCCUS and YERSINIA PESTIS. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen.Bacterial Toxins: Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta: T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Microbial Sensitivity Tests: Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).Streptococcus pyogenes: A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.Exfoliatins: Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc.Shock, Septic: Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse: The type species of BETARETROVIRUS commonly latent in mice. It causes mammary adenocarcinoma in a genetically susceptible strain of mice when the appropriate hormonal influences operate.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Staphylococcus haemolyticus: A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS found on the skin of humans (and non-human primates), often causing hospital-acquired infections (CROSS INFECTION).Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens: Endogenous superantigens responsible for inducing strong proliferative responses in T-cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (see LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE TEST, MIXED). They are encoded by mouse mammary tumor viruses that have integrated into the germ line as DNA proviruses (MINOR LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATORY LOCI).Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.Staphylococcal Protein A: A protein present in the cell wall of most Staphylococcus aureus strains. The protein selectively binds to the Fc region of human normal and myeloma-derived IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. It elicits antibody activity and may cause hypersensitivity reactions due to histamine release; has also been used as cell surface antigen marker and in the clinical assessment of B lymphocyte function.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Staphylococcal Skin Infections: Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.Staphylococcal Food Poisoning: Poisoning by staphylococcal toxins present in contaminated food.HLA-DR1 Antigen: An HLA-DR antigen associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS that are encoded by DRB1*01 alleles.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Lysostaphin: A 25-kDa peptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans which cleaves a glycine-glcyine bond unique to an inter-peptide cross-bridge of the STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS cell wall. EC 3.4.24.75.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Staphylococcal ToxoidPyrogens: Substances capable of increasing BODY TEMPERATURE and cause FEVER and may be used for FEVER THERAPY. They may be of microbial origin, often POLYSACCHARIDES, and may contaminate distilled water.Staphylococcus lugdunensis: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is responsible for skin and soft-tissue infections among others, and is part of the normal human skin flora.Virulence Factors: Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.Staphylococcus hominis: A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS similar to STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS, but containing different esterases. The subspecies Staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus is highly virulent and novobiocin resistant.Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Pneumonia, Staphylococcal: Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.Leukocidins: Pore forming proteins originally discovered for toxic activity to LEUKOCYTES. They are EXOTOXINS produced by some pathogenic STAPHYLOCOCCUS and STREPTOCOCCUS that destroy leukocytes by lysis of the cytoplasmic granules and are partially responsible for the pathogenicity of the organisms.Drug Resistance, Microbial: The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Drug Resistance, Bacterial: The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Biofilms: Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.Penicillin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.Endocarditis, Bacterial: Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.Acetamides: Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.Mice, Inbred BALB CMupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.Mitogens: Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with LECTINS, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)Vancomycin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of VANCOMYCIN, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.Daptomycin: A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field: Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.Immunoglobulins, Intravenous: Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.Mastitis, Bovine: INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.Bacterial Typing Techniques: Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Community-Acquired Infections: Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.Colony Count, Microbial: Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Streptococcus equi: A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from abscesses in submaxillary glands and mucopurulent discharges of the upper respiratory tract of horses. This organism belongs to Group C streptococci with regards to antigen response and is known to cause strangles. The subspecies S. zooepidemicus is also considered a pathogen of horses.Bacteriological Techniques: Techniques used in studying bacteria.Bacteriophage Typing: A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Clonal Deletion: Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety.Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Dermatitis, Atopic: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Micrococcus: A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.Staphylococcus saprophyticus: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It commonly causes urinary tract infections in humans.HLA-DR Antigens: A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.Antigen-Presenting Cells: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.Penicillins: A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.OsteomyelitisCloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.Hemolysin Proteins: Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Staphylococcal VaccinesProtein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Penicillin-Binding Proteins: Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Mice, Inbred C57BLNafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.HLA-DR3 Antigen: An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*03 alleles.Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.Zinc: A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Soft Tissue Infections: Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)Staphylococcus hyicus: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in swine.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.PeptidoglycanBacteriolysis: Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.HLA-D Antigens: Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial: The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase: Enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent CELL WALL; PEPTIDOGLYCAN.Peptidyl Transferases: Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.Microbial Viability: Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, mostly facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family MYCOPLASMATACEAE. The cells are bounded by a PLASMA MEMBRANE and lack a true CELL WALL. Its organisms are pathogens found on the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of humans, ANIMALS, and BIRDS.Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.Adhesins, Bacterial: Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome: An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Prosthesis-Related Infections: Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Molecular Typing: Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.Mastitis: INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.Equipment Contamination: The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Endogenous Retroviruses: Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.DNA Fingerprinting: A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.Mice, Inbred AKRHLA-DQ Antigens: A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.Fluoroquinolones: A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Retroviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.Blood: The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.Phagocytosis: The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.Staphylococcus intermedius: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is a zoonotic organism and common commensal in dogs, but can cause disease in dogs and other animals. It also can be associated with human disease.Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte: Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Anti-Infective Agents, Local: Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Aminoglycosides: Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)Skin Diseases, Infectious: Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Clone Cells: A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.Milk: The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.Nasal Mucosa: The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Cardiotoxin III
Neurotoksin Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
টক্সিন - উইকিপিডিয়া
RCSB PDB - 1EU4: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SUPERANTIGEN SPE-H (ZINC BOUND) FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Frontiers | Essential Domain-Dependent Roles Within Soluble IgG for in vivo Superantigen Properties of Staphylococcal Protein A...
https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/pug01:1242832
Superantigen | definition of superantigen by Medical dictionary
Superantigens | definition of Superantigens by Medical dictionary
Community Academic Profiles - Faculty & Researchers - Stanford Medicine
Major histocompatibility complex independent clonal T cell anergy by direct interaction of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B...
Micro - Basic Bacteriology (Exotoxins & Endotoxins) Flashcards by Quita Kilgore | Brainscape
RCSB PDB - 1HXY: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN H IN COMPLEX WITH HUMAN MHC CLASS II
Coagulase and Efb of Staphylococcus aureus Have a Common Fibrinogen Binding Motif | mBio
Distinct cytokine profiles of circulating mononuclear cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in vitro during...
Structural basis for inhibition of TLR2 by staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 3 (SSL3) | PNAS
Microbiology in Atopic Eczema - Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, Volume 1, 2, Third Edition - Schnopp - Wiley Online...
Adhesion, invasion and evasion: the many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. - PubMed - NCBI
Complementarity determining region-independent recognition of a superantigen by B-cell antigen receptors of mantle cell...
Neonatal gut colonization… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Superantigen-like interaction of IVIG with antibody Fab fragments cloned by phage display technology
Genome Mining and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Five Coagulase- Negative Staphylococci (CNS) Isolated from Human Colon and...
eap Gene as Novel Target for Specific Identification of Staphylococcus aureus | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
The Effect of Bacterial Toxins on Platelet Function | SpringerLink
U of M researchers find new, more effective treatment for toxic shoc...( Researchers at the University of Minne...)
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - microbewiki
Immunological and Biochemical Characterization of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins I and J (SPE-I and SPE-J) from...
Studies on Enterotoxins and Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Various Sources
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A - Phadia - Setting the Standard - Phadia.com
ClinicalEXOTOXINSPathogenInfectionsSAgsAntibodiesCommunity-Acquired Methicillin-ResistBacterial superantigenFamily of pyrogenic toxin superantigensColonizationInfectionImmunoglobulinSpecificityAntigensToxicPyrogenicAFFINITYComplementLymphocytesCell receptorReceptorsBacteriumKnown as superantigensPathogenesisImmune systemMoleculeStaphylococcal superantigens2000PotentAureus bacteremiaStreptococcal superantigensMicrobiologyGenusCatalasePolyclonalSpeciesSSLsMethicillin-resistantNasalCoagulase-negative Stap
Clinical1
- In some geographic regions, it is reported only second to Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of both clinical and subclinical mastitis. (wikipedia.org)
EXOTOXINS2
- Research in my laboratory studies superantigen and cytolysin exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, as immune system modulators, evaluating their roles in serious human illnesses, including pneumonia and infective endocarditis, atopic dermatitis, and diabetes mellitus. (uiowa.edu)
- Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Pathogen12
- Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal and frequent opportunistic pathogen that causes invasive infections that often recur. (frontiersin.org)
- Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen and persistently colonizes about 20% of the human population. (nih.gov)
- Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in the genus that causes endovascular infections, pneumonia, septic arthritis , endocarditis , osteomyelitis, foreign-body infections and sepsis in hospitals and outpatients [ 10 - 13 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- Increasing evidence suggests that the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is very successful in evading the innate immune defenses ( 14 , 15 ). (jimmunol.org)
- This pathway is based on Figure 4 of "A Model of an Integrated Immune System Pathway in Homo sapiens and Its Interaction with Superantigen Producing Expression Regulatory Pathway in Staphylococcus aureus: Comparing Behavior of Pathogen Perturbed and Unperturbed Pathway"(see bibliography). (wikipathways.org)
- Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic yet versatile pathogen that can infect almost all types of tissue in the human body. (ukessays.com)
- BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen capable of causing life-threatening infections. (qmul.ac.uk)
- Staphylococcus aureus is a highly prevalent respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF). It is unclear how this organism establishes chronic infections in CF airways. (uiowa.edu)
- Staphylococcal superantigens are secreted by the pathogen and stimulate a massive MHC class II-T cell receptor-mediated polyclonal T cell activation, which results in the release of large amounts of cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokines and potent T-cell-mediated killing of tumour cells. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Staphylococcus aureus is a human opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of superficial and systemic infections in susceptible patients. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus is a highly successful human pathogen responsible for wide range of infections. (mdx.ac.uk)
- Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen that causes severe community-acquired and nosocomial infections. (ashpublications.org)
Infections20
- IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus infections are a major health problem that affects an estimated 50 million people globally and causes the death of about 20,000 Americans each year. (asm.org)
- Group A streptococci clones associated with invasive infections and pharyngitis in Portugal present differences in emm types, superantigen gene content and antimicrobial resistance. (thefreedictionary.com)
- S. aureus is the most common type of staphylococci to cause infections because of its ability to evade the immune system and many antibiotics. (kenyon.edu)
- The most notorious strain of Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the 1960's and is known as the methicillin resistant strain, commonly known for causing mild to severe skin infections resulting in death if not treated promptly . (kenyon.edu)
- Adhesins that bind to collagen are significant in infections that cause osteomyelitis. (kenyon.edu)
- Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) are known to cause distinct types of infections in humans like endocarditis and urinary tract infections (UTI). (omicsonline.org)
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) are some of the prominent pathogens that cause wide variety of infections in humans as well as animals [ 3 - 7 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- We investigated the importance of enterococcal aggregation substance (AS) and enterococcal binding substance (EBS) in rabbit models of Enterococcus faecalis cardiac infections. (asm.org)
- SEA and SEB are also implicated in infections, and may act as so-called superantigens, modulating and/or amplifying allergic inflammation (1, 5, 6). (phadia.com)
- BSP binding was more often found in the control group with skin infections. (diva-portal.org)
- What strain of staphylococcus causes skin infections, food poisoning, and osteomyelitis? (memorize.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections in humans and animals, as well as the cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
- K. M. Rigby and F. R. DeLeo, "Neutrophils in innate host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infections," Seminars in Immunopathology , vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 237-259, 2012. (hindawi.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus infections. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Staphylococci cause abscesses, boils, and other infections of the skin, such as impetigo impetigo , contagious skin infection affecting mainly infants and children. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci are not highly virulent but are an important cause of infections in certain high-risk groups. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Although Staphylococcus infections were once readily treatable with antibiotics, some strains have acquired genes making them resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of millions of infections per year in the United States. (uiowa.edu)
- The book also focuses on the identification of CoNS, virulence factors responsible for the symptoms and severity of infections caused by Staphylococcus spp. (novapublishers.com)
- SUMMARY To date, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of nosocomial infections and the species is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. (uni-greifswald.de)
SAgs9
- At the molecular level, bacterial SAgs bind to major histocompatability class II (MHC-II) molecules and disrupt the normal interaction between MHC-II and T-cell receptors (TCRs). (rcsb.org)
- MHC-II binding for both SPE-H and SMEZ-2 is mediated by the zinc ion at their C-terminal face, whereas the generic N-terminal domain MHC-II binding site found on many SAgs appears not to be present. (rcsb.org)
- This allelic variation, coupled with the varied binding modes of SAgs to MHC-II and TCR, highlights the pressure on SAgs to avoid host immune defences. (rcsb.org)
- We assessed isolates phenotypically and used genotyping assays to determine the presence or absence of 18 superantigens (SAgs). (uiowa.edu)
- Superantigens (SAgs), unlike conventional antigens, do not need to be processed by antigen-presenting cells (APC) before being presented to T cells. (creative-diagnostics.com)
- Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of secreted virulence factors that have been extensively studied for their role in systemic diseases such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS), pneumonia, and food poisoning. (uiowa.edu)
- The term superantigen is derived from the ability of SAgs to interact with the immune system, resulting in a nearly 3000-fold increase in activation when compared to standard antigens. (uiowa.edu)
- SAgs have a defined structure that is composed of 2 domains, a carboxy-terminal beta-grasp domain and amino-terminal oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide binding (OB) fold. (uiowa.edu)
- Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) served as indicator antigens for our studies. (uni-greifswald.de)
Antibodies4
- Staphylococcus aureus may modify airway disease by inducing local formation of polyclonal IgE antibodies (abs), the role of which is unknown. (ugent.be)
- Prevalence and role of serum IgE antibodies to the Staphylococcus aureus-derived superantigens SEA and SEB in children with atopic dermatitis. (phadia.com)
- Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies are disclosed that specifically bind to a Norovirus. (patents.com)
- Interaction between a T cell receptor (TCR) and various ligands, i.e., anti-TCR antibodies, superantigens, peptides, or altered peptide ligands in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules can trigger different T helper cell (Th) effector functions. (psu.edu)
Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resist1
- The most common place to contract Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is typically in a hospital, but community outbreaks during the past decade have been widely observed, leading scientists to distinguish between Hospital-acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (CA-MRSA) . (kenyon.edu)
Bacterial superantigen2
- Both structures conform to the generic bacterial superantigen folding pattern, comprising an OB-fold N-terminal domain and a beta-grasp C-terminal domain. (rcsb.org)
- Cutting edge: trimolecular interaction of TCR with MHC class II and bacterial superantigen shows a similar affinity to MHC:peptide ligands. (duke.edu)
Family of pyrogenic toxin superantigens1
- SEs belong to the broad family of pyrogenic toxin superantigens. (creative-diagnostics.com)
Colonization5
- In examining the levels of staph colonization on the skin of four patients with diabetes, the researchers estimate that exposure to the bacterial superantigens for people who are heavily colonized by staph is proportional to the doses of superantigen that caused the rabbits to develop diabetes symptoms in the team's experiments. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The colonization of lesional and non-lesional atopic eczema skin with Staphylococcus aureus represents an important trigger for the severity and exacerbation frequency of skin symptoms. (wiley.com)
- Results Staphylococcus aureus colonization per se was unrelated to subsequent eczema development. (gu.se)
- Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization at three body sites (vagina, nares, and anus) and serum antibody to toxic shock syndrome toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus among a small group of healthy, menstruating women evaluated previously in a larger study. (biomedcentral.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus colonization: modulation of host immune response and impact on human vaccine design. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Infection7
- Staphylococcus aureus is estimated to cause over half a million cases of invasive infection, with more than 10,000 deaths annually in the United States, in some years exceeding those attributed to influenza, viral hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS together ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Virulence factors of S. aureus from:Pathogenesis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. (kenyon.edu)
- TSS resulting from infection with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus typically manifests in otherwise healthy individuals via signs and symptoms including high fever, accompanied by low blood pressure, malaise and confusion, which can rapidly progress to stupor, coma, and multiple organ failure. (wikipedia.org)
- What strain of staphylococcus causes infection of prosthetic heart valves? (memorize.com)
- Staphylococci are associated with colonisation and/or infection of man. (blogspot.com)
- Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious, life threatening disease resulting from an infection of a susceptible host by Staphylococci-or Streptococci-expressing superantigens in vivo. (euroformhealthcare.biz)
- A substantial amount of data has shown that a bacterial load greater than 104 per gram of tissue is necessary to cause wound infection (49) while Elek (50) demonstrated that an average of 7.5 x 106 staphylococci is required to produce a pustule in normal human skin. (euroformhealthcare.biz)
Immunoglobulin2
- We therefore asked, why circulating immunoglobulin do not block the superantigen properties of SpA? (frontiersin.org)
- The invention relates to an isolated immunoglobulin heavy chain polypeptide and an isolated immunoglobulin light chain polypeptide that bind to a programmed. (patents.com)
Specificity2
- It produces a number of virulence factors (VFs) and, surprisingly, many of these VFs bind Fg with high affinity and specificity. (asm.org)
- SAg-binding sites lie outside the peptide-binding groove and therefore do not depend on T-cell antigenic specificity but rather on the Vβ and/or Vα region of the TCR. (creative-diagnostics.com)
Antigens5
- These properties enable superantigens to interact with conserved variable region framework subdomains of the antigen receptors of lymphocytes rather than the complementarity determining region involved in the binding of conventional antigens. (rupress.org)
- The amino acid differences between these subtypes mean that each differs slightly in the specific antigens it is able to bind. (coursehero.com)
- TSST-1 is considered a superantigen (SAg), a class of very potent immune stimulators that interact with the immune system in a way that is different from conventional antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
- Unlike conventional antigens they are not processed internally by antigen presenting cells (APC), and are thus not displayed as peptide antigen in the peptide-binding groove of the MHC class II molecule. (euroformhealthcare.biz)
- Recently described superantigens in contrast to conventional antigens are particles that follow a different processing and presentation route not binding to a specific region of T lymphocyte receptors. (bvsalud.org)
Toxic4
- The three-dimensional structure of a Staphylococcus aureus superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), complexed with a human class II major histocompatibility molecule (DR1), was determined by x-ray crystallography. (sciencemag.org)
- 1994. Structural basis of superantigen action inferred from crystal structure of toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1. (asmscience.org)
- When Staphylococcus aureus is introduced to our bodies it can cause food poisoning , endocarditis , pneumonia , and toxic shock syndrome . (kenyon.edu)
- Toxic shock syndrome toxin is a superantigen and causes toxic shock syndrome by stimulating many helper T cells to release large amounts of lymphokines, especially IL-2. (mhmedical.com)
Pyrogenic1
- The crystal structure of SSL7 was determined and compared to that of SSL5 and that of a classical superantigen, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin. (org.sa)
AFFINITY6
- In these motifs, the residues required for Fg binding are largely conserved, and they therefore constitute variants of a common Fg binding motif which binds to Fg with high affinity. (asm.org)
- BCR encoded by clan III/S107 V H genes convey high affinity binding activity for SpA (for review see 1). (rupress.org)
- T15 lymphocytes, which reside within the B-1 pool, display high affinity SpA-binding activity and are depleted after in vivo exposure ( 6 ). (rupress.org)
- But, as published in the May 21, 2007 issue of Nature Medicine, scientists have engineered a new high-affinity molecule known as V-beta which blocks SEB's ability to bind to T-cells. (bio-medicine.org)
- The SEA/E-120 moiety is engineered to reduce MHC class II binding affinity so as to reduce killing of bystander MHC class II positive cells. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Using surface plasmon resonance measurements, we find that binding between the individual components of the complex (TCR-class II, TCR-SEA, SEA-class II) is very weak, but that the stability of the trimolecular complex is considerably enhanced, reaching an affinity similar to that found for TCR interactions with MHC:peptide ligand. (duke.edu)
Complement1
- The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus counteracts the host immune defense by excretion of the 85 residue staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN). (jimmunol.org)
Lymphocytes4
- Yet the concept of a superantigen for B lymphocytes poses a seeming paradox. (frontiersin.org)
- SEB binds to T-lymphocytes in the body causing the release of cytokines, resulting in the dramatic blood pressure drop seen in TSS. (bio-medicine.org)
- Clonal activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes depends on binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule complexes by their oe/3 receptors, eventually resulting in sufficient aggregation to initiate second messenger generation. (psu.edu)
- These particles bind to a large number of T lymphocytes, generating a disproportionate and non-specific immune response. (bvsalud.org)
Cell receptor5
- This difference suggests that the T cell receptor (TCR) would bind to TSST-1:DR1 very differently than to DR1:peptide or SEB:DR1. (sciencemag.org)
- The chapter talks about binding to the t-cell receptor, formation of the trimeric complex for signal transduction, and other structural features and idiosyncrasies. (asmscience.org)
- 1999. Role of the T cell receptor α-chain in stabilising TCR-Superantigen-MHC class II complexes. (asmscience.org)
- Superantigens bind to APCs on the outside of MHC class II molecule and to T cells via the external face of the T-cell receptor (TCR) Vp element (see Fig. 1). (euroformhealthcare.biz)
- Recent data using MHC/peptide tetramers and dimers suggests that the T cell coreceptors, CD4 and CD8, although important for T cell activation, do not play a direct role in facilitating T cell receptor (TCR) binding to multivalent MHC/peptide ligands. (psu.edu)
Receptors2
- In both TSS (caused by S. aureus) and TSLS (caused by S. pyogenes), disease progression stems from a superantigen toxin that allows the nonspecific binding of MHC II with T-cell receptors, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, SSL5 increased binding of chemokines to cells independent of chemokine receptors through their common glycosaminoglycan-binding site. (ashpublications.org)
Bacterium4
- Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, nonmotile, cocci bacterium that colonizes in yellow clusters . (kenyon.edu)
- Clinical evidence shows that an infectious agent, the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus , is a risk factor for disease relapse, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of WG. (biomedcentral.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes . (creative-diagnostics.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive coccal bacterium. (cdriadvlkn.org)
Known as superantigens1
- My studies focus on the role of a family of S. aureus exoproteins known as superantigens and their role in IE. (uiowa.edu)
Pathogenesis2
- Role of Staphylococcus aureus hemolytic toxin-alpha in pathogenesis of infectious endocarditis: studies in vitro. (springer.com)
- Role of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase and clumping factor in pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Immune system2
- Atopic skin is preferentially prone to bind Staphylococcus aureus and this binding is followed by a perepetual stimulation of the atopic immune system, mainly by staphylococcal superantigens, that leads to enhanced T-cell homing as well as increased IgE-synthesis. (wiley.com)
- Like classical superantigens, therefore, SSLs may distract the host's immune system, but they may do so via entirely different molecular mechanisms. (org.sa)
Molecule4
- By contrast, superantigens do not require processing by antigen-presenting cells but instead interact directly with the invariant region[citation needed] of the class II MHC molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- The CP and LP convertases are formed when a C4b molecule covalently binds to the cell surface and is recognized by C2. (jimmunol.org)
- The loss of two key histidine and glutamic acid residues prevented the binding of cofactors zinc and a single water molecule leading to drastic attenuation of native toxicity (unpublished data). (cdc.gov)
- Active site mutations were created at h223>a and h227>a positions, which renders the catalytic domain unable to coordinate the zinc atom needed for catalytic activity, and position e224>a, a mutation which renders the active site unable to bind the water molecule needed for hydrolysis. (cdc.gov)
Staphylococcal superantigens1
- Staphylococcal Superantigens Stimulate Epithelial Cells through CD40 To Produce Chemokines. (uiowa.edu)
20001
- 2000. Superantigen antagonist protects against lethal shock and defines a new domain for T-cell activation. (asmscience.org)
Potent1
- While ligelizumab shows superior inhibition of IgE binding to Fc?RI, basophil activation, IgE production by B cells and passive systemic anaphylaxis in an in vivo mouse model, ligelizumab is less potent in inhibiting IgE:CD23 interactions than omalizumab. (stanford.edu)
Aureus bacteremia1
- Characterization of the humoral immune response during staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and global gene expression by staphylococcus aureus in human blood. (ejcrim.com)
Streptococcal superantigens1
- We have determined high-resolution crystal structures of two newly identified streptococcal superantigens, SPE-H and SMEZ-2. (rcsb.org)
Microbiology1
- α -defensins partially protect human neutrophils against Panton-Valentine leukocidin produced by Staphylococcus aureus," Letters in Applied Microbiology , vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 158-164, 2015. (hindawi.com)
Genus2
- The Genus Staphylococcus is very well characterized consisting of fifty one species and twenty seven sub-species (www.bacterio.net/ staphylococcus.html) . (omicsonline.org)
- The book covers updated topics on the genus Staphylococcus , including the latest discoveries. (novapublishers.com)
Catalase1
- unlike staphylococcus, all streptococci lack the enzyme catalase. (edu.iq)
Polyclonal1
- We postulate that superantigen-induced polyclonal IgE in airway disease contributes to chronic inflammation by continuously activating mast cells. (ugent.be)
Species2
- Whereas all 597 S. aureus isolates were eap positive, this gene was not detectable in 216 non- S. aureus staphylococcal isolates comprising 47 different species and subspecies of coagulase-negative staphylococci and non- S. aureus coagulase-positive or coagulase-variable staphylococci. (asm.org)
- Since most other species of staphylococci do not produce coagulase, it is useful to divide staphylococci into coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative species. (thefreedictionary.com)
SSLs1
Methicillin-resistant2
- Comparison of mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus. (ejcrim.com)
- The other case of an apparently new evolution of an antibiotic is the emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (euroformhealthcare.biz)
Nasal3
- What staphylococcus exotoxin grows on gauze or paper products (e.g. nasal packing, tampons)? (memorize.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) is correlated with the development of persistent severe inflammatory disease of the upper airway including chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. (biomedcentral.com)
- In search of a specific pathogenic bacterial agent we have shown that chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is approximately three times higher in WG patients than in healthy individuals [ 11 ], which may, at least in part, be due to hospitalization and/or immunosuppressive treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Coagulase-negative Stap1
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci can colonize the surface of catheters and produce an extracellular polysaccharide that leads to the formation of biofilms which potentiate their pathogenicity. (novapublishers.com)
