Hyperbilirubinemia
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.
Bile Pigments
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)
Jaundice
Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal
Accumulation of BILIRUBIN, a breakdown product of HEME PROTEINS, in the BLOOD during the first weeks of life. This may lead to NEONATAL JAUNDICE. The excess bilirubin may exist in the unconjugated (indirect) or the conjugated (direct) form. The condition may be self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) or pathological with toxic levels of bilirubin.
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Glucuronosyltransferase
Biliverdine
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Gilbert Disease
Phototherapy
Bile
Serum Albumin
Glucuronates
Liver Function Tests
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors
Cholestasis
Sulfanilic Acids
Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)
Sulfobromophthalein
Liver
Urobilinogen
Spectrophotometry
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Heme Oxygenase-1
Alanine Transaminase
Chloroform
Neonatal Screening
The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid
A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.
Indicators and Reagents
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
Phospholipid hydroperoxide cysteine peroxidase activity of human serum albumin. (1/2289)
Human serum albumin (HSA) reduced the phospholipid hydroperoxide, 1-palmitoyl-2-(13-hydroperoxy-cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoyl)-l-3-phosphatidylcholine (PLPC-OOH) to the corresponding hydroxy-derivative with a high apparent affinity (Km=9. 23+/-0.95 microM). Removal of bound lipid during purification increased this activity. At physiological concentration, HSA reduced the phospholipid hydroperoxide in the absence of a cofactor. However, in the presence of a cofactor (reductant), the rate of the reaction was increased. All of the major aminothiols in plasma could act as reductants, the best being the most abundant, cysteine (Km=600+/-80 microM). For every nanomole of PLPC-OOH reduced by HSA, 1.26 nmol of cystine was formed, indicating a reaction stoichiometry of 1 mol PLPC-OOH to 2 mol cysteine. We used chemical modification to determine which amino acid residues on HSA were responsible for the activity. Oxidation of thiol group(s) by N-ethylmaleimide led to a reduction in the rate of activity, whereas reduction of thiols by either dithiothreitol or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, increased the activity. Both N-ethylmaleimide-modified HSA and dithiothreitol-treated HSA exhibited increased apparent affinities for PLPC-OOH. For a range of preparations of albumin with different modifications, the activity on PLPC-OOH was dependent on the amount of free thiol groups on the albumin (correlation coefficient=0.91). Patients with lowered albumin concentrations after septic shock showed lowered total plasma thiol concentrations and decreased phospholipid hydroperoxide cysteine peroxidase (PHCPx) activities. These results therefore show for the first time that HSA exhibits PHCPx activity, and that the majority of the activity depends on the presence of reduced thiol group(s) on the albumin. (+info)Bilirubin, formed by activation of heme oxygenase-2, protects neurons against oxidative stress injury. (2/2289)
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the conversion of heme to carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin, which is immediately reduced to bilirubin (BR). Two HO active isozymes exist: HO1, an inducible heat shock protein, and HO2, which is constitutive and highly concentrated in neurons. We demonstrate a neuroprotective role for BR formed from HO2. Neurotoxicity elicited by hydrogen peroxide in hippocampal and cortical neuronal cultures is prevented by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) via stimulation of protein kinase C. We observe phosphorylation of HO2 through the protein kinase C pathway with enhancement of HO2 catalytic activity and accumulation of BR in neuronal cultures. The neuroprotective effects of PMA are prevented by the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX and in cultures from mice with deletion of HO2 gene. Moreover, BR, an antioxidant, is neuroprotective at nanomolar concentrations. (+info)Genomic structure of the canalicular multispecific organic anion-transporter gene (MRP2/cMOAT) and mutations in the ATP-binding-cassette region in Dubin-Johnson syndrome. (3/2289)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Previous studies of the defects in the human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter gene (MRP2/cMOAT) in patients with DJS have suggested that the gene defects are responsible for DJS. In this study, we determined the exon/intron structure of the human MRP2/cMOAT gene and further characterized mutations in patients with DJS. The human MRP2/cMOAT gene contains 32 exons, and it has a structure that is highly conserved with that of another ATP-binding-cassette gene, that for a multidrug resistance-associated protein. We then identified three mutations, including two novel ones. All mutations identified to date are in the cytoplasmic domain, which includes the two ATP-binding cassettes and the linker region, or adjacent putative transmembrane domain. Our results confirm that MRP2/cMOAT is the gene responsible for DJS. The finding that mutations are concentrated in the first ATP-binding-cassette domain strongly suggests that a disruption of this region is a critical route to loss of function. (+info)Soccer players under regular training show oxidative stress but an improved plasma antioxidant status. (4/2289)
Physical activity is known to induce oxidative stress in individuals subjected to intense exercise. In this study, we investigated the lipoprotein profile and the plasma antioxidant status in a group of soccer players engaged in a regular training programme. As was expected for aerobic exercise, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL3-C levels were significantly increased in the sportsmen (P<0.05). Total plasma antioxidant capacity was 25% higher in sportsmen than in controls (P<0.005). Accordingly, plasma hydrosoluble antioxidant levels (ascorbic acid and uric acid) were found to be significantly elevated in the soccer players (P<0.005). In addition, these subjects showed high concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in plasma compared with controls (P<0.005). Furthermore, an increase in plasma superoxide dismutase activity was also observed in relation to exercise (P<0.01). The elevation in plasma activities of antioxidant enzymes and the higher levels of free radical scavengers of low molecular mass may compensate the oxidative stress caused by physical activity. High levels of high-density lipoprotein in plasma may offer additional protection by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation and thus liposoluble antioxidant consumption. Therefore, soccer players under regular training show an improved plasma antioxidant status in comparison to sedentary controls. (+info)Functional heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase as indicated by its differential development and inducibility by glucocorticoids. Demonstration of two groups within the enzyme's activity towards twelve substrates. (5/2289)
1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 12 substrates has been assessed in rat liver during the perinatal period. 2. Between days 16 and 20 of gestation, enzyme activities towards the substrates 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzoate, 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 4-methylumbelliferone and 5-hydroxytryptamine (the 'late foetal' group) surge to reach adult values, while activities towards bilirubin, testosterone, beta-oestradiol, morphine, phenolphthalein, and chloramphenicol (the 'neonatal' group) remain negligible or at less than 10% of adult values. 3. By the second postnatal day, enzyme activities towards the neonatal group have attained, or approached adult values. 4. Dexamethasone precociously stimulates in 17-day foetal liver in utero transferase activities in the late foetal, but not the neonatal group. A similar inductive pattern is found for 15-day foetal liver in organ culture. 5. It is suggested that foetal glucocorticoids, whose synthesis markedly increases between days 16 and 20 of gestation, are responsibile for triggering the simultaneous surge of all the hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in the late foetal group. The neonatal group of activities apparently require a different or additional stimulus for their appearance. 6. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other similar groups observed during induction by xenobiotics and enzyme purification is discussed. (+info)Role of bilirubin overproduction in revealing Gilbert's syndrome: is dyserythropoiesis an important factor? (6/2289)
Gilbert's syndrome was diagnosed in 37 patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia without overt haemolysis or structural liver abnormality, who had a marked reduction in hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (B-GTA) (as compared with that of 23 normal subjects). No significant correlation existed in these patients between serum bilirubin level and the values of B-GTA, thus suggesting that factors other than a low B-GTA must influence the degree of hyperbilirubinaemia in Gilbert's syndrome. Studies of 51Cr erythrocyte survival and 59Fe kinetics in 10 unselected patients demonstrated slight haemolysis in eight, whereas mild ineffective erythropoiesis was suggested in all from a low 24-hour incorporation of radioactive iron into circulating red cells. This overproduction of bilirubin resulting from mild haemolysis and perhaps dyserythropoiesis might reflect only an extreme degree of the normal situation. It certainly contributes to the hyperbilirubinaemia of Gilbert's syndrome and may play a major role in the manifestation of this condition. (+info)Unconjugated bilirubin exhibits spontaneous diffusion through model lipid bilayers and native hepatocyte membranes. (7/2289)
The liver is responsible for the clearance and metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin, the hydrophobic end-product of heme catabolism. Although several putative bilirubin transporters have been described, it has been alternatively proposed that bilirubin enters the hepatocyte by passive diffusion through the plasma membrane. In order to elucidate the mechanism of bilirubin uptake, we measured the rate of bilirubin transmembrane diffusion (flip-flop) using stopped-flow fluorescence techniques. Unconjugated bilirubin rapidly diffuses through model phosphatidylcholine vesicles, with a first-order rate constant of 5.3 s-1 (t(1)/(2) = 130 ms). The flip-flop rate is independent of membrane cholesterol content, phospholipid acyl saturation, and lipid packing, consistent with thermodynamic analyses demonstrating minimal steric constraint to bilirubin transmembrane diffusion. The coincident decrease in pH of the entrapped vesicle volume supports a mechanism whereby the bilirubin molecule crosses the lipid bilayer as the uncharged diacid. Transport of bilirubin by native rat hepatocyte membranes exhibits kinetics comparable with that in model vesicles, suggesting that unconjugated bilirubin crosses cellular membranes by passive diffusion through the hydrophobic lipid core. In contrast, there is no demonstrable flip-flop of bilirubin diglucuronide or bilirubin ditaurate in phospholipid vesicles, yet these compounds rapidly traverse isolated rat hepatocyte membranes, confirming the presence of a facilitated uptake system(s) for hydrophilic bilirubin conjugates. (+info)Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I. (8/2289)
OBJECTIVE: To determine if auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) has the long-term potential to correct the underlying abnormality in Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1 (CNS1) without the need for total liver replacement. BACKGROUND: Orthotopic liver transplantation has been used successfully to replace the defective enzyme in CNS1. Experimental studies have shown that only 1% to 2% of the normal hepatocyte mass is needed for bilirubin conjugation. If APOLT corrects the underlying metabolic abnormality, it has the advantage of preserving the native liver, which would serve as a "safety net" should the graft fail, and there is the potential for gene therapy in the future with possible withdrawal of immunosuppression. METHODS: Seven APOLT procedures were performed in six recipients with CNS1. Median age at transplantation was 10.5 years. Six transplants were performed as a left auxiliary liver transplant, and one was performed as a right auxiliary liver transplant. Median serum bilirubin level at transplantation was 320 micromol/L. All patients required 12 to 16 hours of phototherapy daily before the transplant to maintain serum bilirubin levels between 250 and 350 micromol/L. RESULTS: Median serum bilirubin level was 50 micromol/L at day 5 after the transplant and 23 micromol/L at a median follow-up of 32 months. In four children, early severe acute rejection developed, requiring conversion to tacrolimus; one underwent a second transplant for chronic rejection and graft atrophy but died from lymphoproliferative disease 6 months after the second transplant. CONCLUSIONS: This report shows that APOLT is technically feasible and provides adequate hepatocyte mass to correct the underlying metabolic abnormality in CNS1. (+info) Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed during the normal breakdown of red blood cells in the body. In healthy individuals, bilirubin is processed and eliminated through the liver and bile, but in cases of hyperbilirubinemia, the level of bilirubin in the blood becomes elevated due to a disruption in this process.
There are several possible causes of hyperbilirubinemia, including:
1. Hemolytic anemia: This is a condition where red blood cells are broken down faster than they can be replaced, leading to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.
2. Liver dysfunction: The liver plays a crucial role in processing and eliminating bilirubin from the body. If the liver is not functioning properly, bilirubin levels can become elevated.
3. Sepsis: This is a systemic infection that can cause inflammation throughout the body, including the liver, which can disrupt the normal processing of bilirubin.
4. Neonatal jaundice: This is a condition that affects newborn babies and is caused by an immature liver that is unable to process bilirubin quickly enough.
Symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia can include yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), dark urine, pale or clay-colored stools, and fatigue. In severe cases, hyperbilirubinemia can lead to kernicterus, a condition that can cause brain damage and hearing loss.
Diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia is typically made through blood tests that measure the level of bilirubin in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include blood transfusions, liver function tests, and phototherapy (exposure to light) to help break down bilirubin. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition.
Jaundice is a condition that causes yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes due to an excess of bilirubin, a yellow pigment in the blood. It is a common condition in newborn babies, particularly those born before 38 weeks gestation or with a birth weight less than 2500 grams.
Neonatal jaundice can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Immaturity of the liver and biliary system, which can lead to an inability to process bilirubin properly
* Infection or sepsis
* Breastfeeding difficulties or poor milk intake
* Blood type incompatibility between the baby and mother
* Genetic disorders such as Crigler-Najjar syndrome
* Other medical conditions such as hypothyroidism or anemia
Symptoms of neonatal jaundice may include:
* Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
* Dark-colored urine
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Lack of appetite or poor feeding
* Lethargy or irritability
Treatment for neonatal jaundice may include:
* Phototherapy, which involves exposure to blue light to help break down bilirubin in the blood
* Exchange transfusion, which involves replacing some of the baby's blood with fresh blood to lower bilirubin levels
* Medication to stimulate bowel movements and increase the elimination of bilirubin
* Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration
In some cases, neonatal jaundice may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as a liver or gallbladder disorder. It is important for parents to seek medical attention if they notice any signs of jaundice in their newborn baby, particularly if the baby is feeding poorly or appears lethargic or irritable.
Kernicterus refers to a condition where there is an accumulation of bilirubin in the brain, which can lead to damage and death of brain cells. It is caused by a failure of the liver to metabolize and excrete bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells.
Kernicterus can occur in newborns, especially those with jaundice, and it can also occur in adults with severe liver dysfunction or hemolytic anemia. The condition is often associated with symptoms such as seizures, muscle stiffness, and loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis of kernicterus typically involves a physical examination, blood tests to measure bilirubin levels, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans to evaluate liver function and brain damage. Treatment may involve phototherapy to reduce bilirubin levels, medications to increase liver function, and in severe cases, exchange transfusion to replace the bilirubin-containing blood with fresh blood.
Kernicterus is a serious condition that can result in long-term cognitive and motor impairments, and it can be fatal if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent brain damage and improve outcomes for patients with kernicterus.
Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by an excess of bilirubin, a yellow-orange pigment, in the blood. Jaundice can be a sign of liver disease or obstruction of the bile ducts.
Jaundice is typically diagnosed through physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood tests to measure bilirubin levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to reduce bilirubin production or increase its excretion, or surgery to remove blockages in the bile ducts.
Here are some of the synonyms for Jaundice:
1. Yellow fever
2. Yellow jaundice
3. Hepatitis
4. Gallstones
5. Cholestasis
6. Obstruction of the bile ducts
7. Biliary tract disease
8. Hemochromatosis
9. Sickle cell anemia
10. Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Here are some of the antonyms for Jaundice:
1. Pinkness
2. Normal skin color
3. Healthy liver function
4. Bilirubin levels within normal range
5. No signs of liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts.
Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. In healthy newborns, bilirubin levels typically rise after birth and then decrease over the first few days of life as the liver begins to process the bilirubin and excrete it into the intestines. However, in some cases, bilirubin levels can become elevated and lead to a condition called hyperbilirubinemia.
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a type of hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in newborns. It is one of the most common medical conditions faced by newborns, affecting approximately 60% of full-term infants and up to 100% of premature infants.
There are several causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, including:
* Breastfeeding: Bilirubin levels can become elevated if the baby is not getting enough milk or if there is a problem with milk production.
* Prematurity: Premature babies have immature livers that are not able to process bilirubin as efficiently as those of full-term babies.
* Jaundice: Jaundice is a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow due to elevated bilirubin levels. Neonatal jaundice is common and usually resolves on its own within a week or two, but it can sometimes lead to hyperbilirubinemia.
* Blood type: Some babies may have a higher risk of developing hyperbilirubinemia if their blood type is different from their mother's.
* Rh factor: If a baby has a different Rh factor than their mother, it can increase the risk of hyperbilirubinemia.
Symptoms of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can include:
* Jaundice (yellow skin and whites of the eyes)
* Lethargy or sleepiness
* Poor feeding
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Abnormal liver function tests
Treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia usually involves phototherapy, which uses blue light to break down bilirubin in the skin and reduce levels in the blood. In severe cases, an exchange transfusion may be necessary, where blood is exchanged with donor blood to remove excess bilirubin.
It is important to monitor bilirubin levels closely in newborns, especially those at higher risk of developing hyperbilirubinemia, and to provide prompt treatment if levels become too high. This can help prevent complications such as kernicterus, which can cause long-term brain damage or even death.
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary: A condition characterized by an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood, which can lead to jaundice and potentially serious health problems if left untreated. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. Treatment options may include phototherapy or exchange transfusion.
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome:
Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver and causes it to be unable to break down bilirubin, a yellow pigment found in the blood. This results in a buildup of bilirubin in the blood and can lead to jaundice, which is characterized by a yellowish tint to the skin and whites of the eyes.
There are two types of Crigler-Najjar syndrome: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, which is necessary for the breakdown of bilirubin. Type 2 is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Both types can be inherited from one's parents or can be acquired through mutations that occur spontaneously.
Symptoms of Crigler-Najjar syndrome include jaundice, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, dark urine, itching all over the body, and a higher risk of liver disease. Treatment for Crigler-Najjar syndrome typically involves managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include phototherapy to help break down bilirubin, medications to reduce jaundice, and careful monitoring of the liver function. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Overall, Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare and potentially serious genetic disorder that affects the liver's ability to break down bilirubin. With proper management and care, individuals with this condition can lead relatively normal lives.
Gilbert disease, also known as constitutional hemochromatosis, is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb and process iron. It is caused by a mutation in the HFE gene, which codes for a protein involved in iron transport and storage. The disease is named after Dr. George Gilbert, who first described it in 1960.
The primary symptom of Gilbert disease is jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), which can be triggered by alcohol consumption or certain medications. Other symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and joint pain. If left untreated, the condition can lead to more serious complications such as liver damage, heart problems, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.
Treatment for Gilbert disease typically involves avoiding alcohol and taking vitamin supplements to reduce iron levels in the body. In severe cases, medications such as deferoxamine may be prescribed to remove excess iron from the body. Regular monitoring of iron levels and liver function is also important to prevent complications.
Gilbert disease is relatively rare, affecting about one in 100 people of Northern European ancestry. However, it is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, as its symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions such as anemia or liver disease. A blood test can confirm the presence of the HFE gene mutation and diagnose Gilbert disease.
Overall, while Gilbert disease can cause significant discomfort and health risks if left untreated, it is a manageable condition with proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments.
Cholestasis refers to a condition where bile flow from the liver is impaired, leading to a buildup of bile salts in the bloodstream. This can cause a range of symptoms including jaundice, itching, and fatigue. Cholestasis can be caused by a variety of factors, such as liver disease, gallstones, or certain medications.
There are several types of cholestasis, including:
1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.
Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.
Liver disease refers to any disorder or condition that affects the liver, which is a vital organ located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion, metabolism, and detoxification of the body. The liver is responsible for filtering blood, producing bile to aid in digestion, storing glucose for energy, and removing waste products from the bloodstream.
There are many different types of liver diseases, including:
1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.
Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.
Bilirubin
"Bilirubin: The Test , Bilirubin Test: Total bilirubin; TBIL; Neonatal bilirubin; Direct bilirubin; Conjugated bilirubin; ... δ bilirubin = total bilirubin - (unconjugated bilirubin + conjugated bilirubin) The half-life of delta bilirubin is equivalent ... Direct bilirubin = Conjugated bilirubin + delta bilirubin In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the ... Total bilirubin = direct bilirubin + indirect bilirubin Elevation of both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin is more ...
Bilirubin glucuronide
... is a water-soluble reaction intermediate over the process of conjugation of indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin ... In this case, total serum bilirubin increases while the ratio of direct bilirubin to indirect bilirubin remains 96 to 4 as up ... not bilirubin. If it is the liver that cannot effectively transfer the indirect bilirubin into bilirubin glucuronide and ... insoluble bilirubin. This form of bilirubin also is referred to as indirect-reacting or unconjugated bilirubin. Dubin-Johnson ...
Bilirubin diglucuronide
Bilirubin di-glucuronide is a conjugated form of bilirubin formed in bilirubin metabolism. The hydrophilic character of ... Bilirubin mono-glucuronide Chowdhury, J. R.; Chowdhury, N. R.; Wu, G.; Shouval, R.; Arias, I. M. (1981). "Bilirubin mono- and ... 2007-08-29). "Modulation of sinusoidal and canalicular elimination of bilirubin-glucuronides by rifampicin and other ... bilirubin diglucuronide enables it to be water-soluble. It is pumped across the hepatic canalicular membrane into the bile by ...
Bilirubin oxidase
The systematic name of this enzyme class is bilirubin:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called bilirubin oxidase M-1. ... In enzymology, a bilirubin oxidase, BOD or BOx, (EC 1.3.3.5) is an enzyme encoded by a gene in various organisms that catalyzes ... Two structures of bilirubin oxidase from the ascomycete Myrothecium verrucaria have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank ( ... July 2010). "X-ray analysis of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria at 2.3 A resolution using a twinned crystal". Acta ...
Bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase
... bilirubin-glucuronoside, and two products, bilirubin and bilirubin-bisglucuronoside. This enzyme belongs to the family of ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is bilirubin-glucuronoside:bilirubin-glucuronoside D-glucuronosyltransferase. Other ... bilirubin + bilirubin-bisglucuronoside Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, ... In enzymology, a bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.95) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ...
Irving London
"Bilirubin". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2021-05-28. "Community Awards". Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology. ... London and colleagues demonstrated that hemoglobin is the endogenous source of bilirubin, an important event in the fields of ...
Heme oxygenase
The resulting bilirubin contains the suffix IXα to identify the composition of its structure by indicating its parent molecule ... "Bilirubin". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2021-10-19. Heme+Oxygenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... Watson C (1977). "Historical Review of Bilirubin Chemistry". In Berk P (ed.). Chemistry and Physiology of Bile Pigments. p. 5 ... Biliverdin IXα undergoes biotransformation via biliverdin reductase to form bilirubin IXα. Bilins play important roles across ...
Biliblanket
... a condition known as acute bilirubin encephalopathy. If acute bilirubin encephalopathy is not addressed promptly, Kernicterus ... Bilirubin is an orange yellow bile pigment that is produced as a byproduct of hemoglobin as red blood cells break down ( ... Once the bilirubin levels are normal, the baby's skin will return to its normal color. One common side effect that is ... As bilirubin levels return to normal and phototherapy is no longer needed, the frequency of bowel movements and the color of ...
Stercobilin
... some bilirubin glucuronide is converted back to bilirubin via bacterial enzymes in the terminal ileum. This bilirubin is ... which rapidly reduces to free bilirubin. Bilirubin binds tightly to plasma proteins (especially albumin) in the blood stream ... Bile pigment Bilirubin Biliverdin Heme Urobilin Boron W, Boulpaep E. Medical Physiology: A cellular and molecular approach, ... ISBN 1-4160-2328-3 Kay IT, Weimer M, Watson CJ (1963). "The formation in vitro of stercobilin from bilirubin" Journal of ...
Hemosiderin
Kalakonda, Aditya; John, Savio (2018-10-27). "Physiology, Bilirubin". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 29261920. Retrieved 2019-05-04. ...
Athetosis
Jaundice is caused by hyperbilirubinemia, or abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is usually bound to ... However, in neonatal jaundice, the concentration of bilirubin overwhelms that of albumin and some of the bilirubin remains ... Normally bilirubin would not be able to diffuse across the blood-brain barrier, but in infants, the barrier is immature and has ... Bilirubin is toxic as it prevents the phosphorylation of many proteins, including synapsin I which binds vesicles in the ...
Cabozantinib
... high bilirubin levels; distorted sense of taste, headache, and dizziness; high blood pressure; distorted sense of hearing, ...
Beta thalassemia
... and serum bilirubin. The expected pattern on hemoglobin electrophoresis in people with beta-thalassemia is an increased level ...
Hemolysis
The release of heme leads to the production of bilirubin and depletion of plasma proteins, such as albumin, haptoglobin, and ... "Bilirubin and hemolytic anemia". eClinpath. Retrieved 2019-05-08. "Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA)". UNC Kidney Center. ... and release unconjugated bilirubin into the blood plasma circulation. Typically, the spleen destroys mildly abnormal red blood ... "Total bilirubin in athletes, determination of reference range". Biology of Sport. 34 (1): 45-48. doi:10.5114/biolsport. ...
Hemopexin
"Bilirubin and hemolytic anemia". eClinpath. Retrieved 2019-05-08. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Orthosatic ... Morgan WT, Muller-Eberhard U, Lamola AA (January 1978). "Interaction of rabbit hemopexin with bilirubin". Biochimica et ...
Hepatotoxicity
Kind, P.R.N., Kings, E.J. (1976). Determination of serum bilirubin. Journal Clinical Pathology 7, 322-330. Brand-Williams, W.; ... Malloy, H.T., Evelyn, K.A. (1937). The determination of bilirubin with the photometric colorimeter. Journal of Biological ... Biochemical markers (e.g. alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin) are often used to indicate liver damage. ... total bilirubin level more than twice ULN when associated with increased ALT or ALP. Liver damage is further characterized into ...
Biliverdin
... and bilirubin have been shown to be potent scavengers of hydroperoxyl radicals. They have also been shown to inhibit ... In bruises, its breakdown into bilirubin leads to a yellowish color. Biliverdin has been found in excess in the blood of humans ... Bilirubin Heme Stercobilin Tetrapyrrole Urobilin Boron W, Boulpaep E. Medical Physiology: a cellular and molecular approach, ... Some studies have found that people with higher concentration levels of bilirubin and biliverdin in their bodies have a lower ...
Intravascular hemolysis
"Bilirubin and hemolytic anemia". eClinpath. Retrieved 2019-05-08. Schaer, D. J.; Buehler, P. W.; Alayash, A. I.; Belcher, J. D ...
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Bilirubin is almost universally elevated. Alkaline phosphatase is often elevated in pregnancy due to production from the ...
Hemoglobin
The other major final product of heme degradation is bilirubin. Increased levels of this chemical are detected in the blood if ... Intestines metabolise bilirubin into urobilinogen. Urobilinogen leaves the body in faeces, in a pigment called stercobilin. ... When the porphyrin ring is broken up, the fragments are normally secreted as a yellow pigment called bilirubin, which is ... In hemolysis (accelerated breakdown of red blood cells), associated jaundice is caused by the hemoglobin metabolite bilirubin, ...
Human digestive system
Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or ... This is why it is sometimes known as the 'graveyard of red blood cells'. A product of this digestion is the pigment bilirubin, ... If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder doesn't empty properly the systems can fail. ... This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile ...
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
75 IU/mL Bilirubin level > 0.01 mg/dL ALP > 2 IU/L Peritoneal washing Rosen 2009, p. 22 Rosen 2009, p. 422-4 Tintinalli JE, ...
UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1
Mutations in this gene cause serious problems for bilirubin metabolism; each syndrome can be caused by one or many mutations, ... Phenobarbital treatment does not help to lower bilirubin level, because it only increases the amount of mutated UGT1A1 enzyme, ... Kadakol A, Ghosh SS, Sappal BS, Sharma G, Chowdhury JR, Chowdhury NR (2000). "Genetic lesions of bilirubin uridine- ... In this case phenobarbital treatment helps to lower bilirubin lever by more than 30%. Hyperbilirubinemia, familial transient ...
Xanthochromia
Bilirubin absorbs light at wavelengths between 450 and 460 nm. Spectrophotometry can also detect the presence of oxyhemoglobin ... May 2008). "Revised National Guidelines for Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid for Bilirubin in Suspected Subarachnoid Haemorrhage ... Florkowski, Christopher; Ungerer, Jacobus; Southby, Sandi; George, Peter (17 December 2004). "CSF Bilirubin Measurement for ... and therefore no bilirubin is present. After the cerebrospinal fluid is obtained, a variety of its parameters can be checked, ...
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hemolysis leads to elevated bilirubin levels. After delivery, bilirubin is no longer cleared (via the placenta) from the ... High at birth or rapidly rising bilirubin Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin Induced Neurological Dysfunction Cerebral ... This converts unconjugated bilirubin to an conjugated form that is easier for the infant to clear. IVIG - IVIG has been used to ... Bilirubin should be tested from cord blood. Ferritin - because most infants affected by HDN have iron overload, a ferritin must ...
Shiraia bambusicola
Ma J.S.; Yan F.; Wang C.Q.; An J.Y. (1989). "Hypocrellin-A sensitized photooxidation of bilirubin". Photochemistry and ...
Lumirubin
ZZ, ZE, EE and EZ are the four structural isomers of bilirubin. ZZ is the stable, more insoluble form. Other forms are ... Lumirubin is a structural isomer of bilirubin, which is formed during phototherapy used to treat neonatal jaundice. This polar ... "The Effects of Bilirubin and Lumirubin on Metabolic and Oxidative Stress Markers". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: 567001. doi: ... and its effects are considered less toxic than those of bilirubin. Lumirubin is excreted into bile or urine. ...
Neonatal jaundice
Total bilirubin more than 331.5 μmol/L (19.5 mg/dL) (hyperbilirubinemia). Direct bilirubin more than 34 μmol/L (2.0 mg/dL). The ... Further inhibition of bilirubin conjugation leads to increased levels of bilirubin in the blood. However, these results have ... ISBN 8180562107, 9788180562105 McDonagh, A. F. (2007). "Movement of Bilirubin and Bilirubin Conjugates Across the Placenta". ... with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 255 μmol/L (15 mg/dL). Phase two - bilirubin levels decline to about 34 μmol/L (2 mg ...
Strelitzia nicolai
... is among the few plants which have been verified to contain the pigment bilirubin, which is usually found in ... "Animal Pigment Bilirubin Discovered in Plants". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (8): 2830. doi:10.1021/ja809065g ...
Bile
... bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin ... The two main pigments of bile are bilirubin, which is yellow, and its oxidised form biliverdin, which is green. When mixed, ... The blockage of bile might cause a buildup of bilirubin in the bloodstream which can result in jaundice. There are several ... The composition of hepatic bile is (97-98)% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and ...
Bilirubin encephalopathy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Bilirubin encephalopathy is a rare neurological condition that occurs in some newborns with severe jaundice. ... Bilirubin encephalopathy (BE) is caused by very high levels of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created as the ... If the level of bilirubin is very high or a baby is very ill, the substance will move out of the blood and collect in the brain ... A blood test will show a high bilirubin level (greater than 20 to 25 mg/dL). However, there is not a direct link between ...
increased circulating bilirubin level - Ontology Browser - Rat Genome Database
decreased circulating bilirubin level increased circulating bilirubin level increased concentration in the blood of the bile ... increased circulating bilirubin level (MP:0005344). Annotations: Rat: (10) Mouse: (196) Human: (0) Chinchilla: (0) Bonobo: (0) ... pigment bilirubin, normally found in the liver and in red blood cells ...
Diagnostic value of homocysteine, C-reactive protein and bilirubin for coronary artery disease
We conclude that serum bilirubin levels cannot identify people at risk of CAD and t-Hcy and hs-CRP may be stronger markers ... The sensitivities and specificities [based on ROC curves] of bilirubin, hs-CRP and t-Hcy were 70.9%, 50% and 76.8% ... Diagnostic value of homocysteine, C-reactive protein and bilirubin for coronary artery disease. ... We evaluated 3 new markers for coronary artery disease [CAD] [bilirubin, total homocysteine [t-Hcy] and high-sensitivity C ...
Bilirubin - Indirect/Unconjugated, Porcine | LeeBio.com
Unconjugated Bilirubin for research and diagnostic manufacturing - Inquire for details! ... Bilirubin (also known as unconjugated or indirect bilirubin) is formed when red blood cells die and their hemoglobin is broken ... Bilirubin Reacts quickly when dyes (diazo reagent) are added to specimens to produce azobilirubin "Direct bilirubin". ... the accumulating bilirubin in the body causes jaundice. When bilirubin is detected in the urine, it may signal underlying liver ...
Association of serum bilirubin and clinical outcomes in COPD
The ERS-education website provides centralised access to all educational material produced by the European Respiratory Society. It is the worlds largest CME collection for lung diseases and treatment offering high quality e-learning and teaching resources for respiratory specialists. This distance learning portal contains up-to-date study material for the state-of-the-art in Pulmonology.
Is 13 a high bilirubin level? - BookRiff
What do high bilirubin levels mean for newborns?. Symptoms of high bilirubin levels in newborns are skin and/or scleral ... Why is bilirubin increased in newborns?. Newborns produce more bilirubin than adults do because of greater production and ... What is a good bilirubin level for a baby?. Normal bilirubin levels are usually under 5mg/dL, but most newborns have it above ... Normal results for direct bilirubin are generally 0.3 mg/dL.. Is 17 a high bilirubin levels in newborns?. Jaundice is ...
Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. | Int J Mol Sci;24(14)2023 Jul 14. | MEDLINE
Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. Jayanti, Sri; Dalla Verde, Camilla; Tiribelli, Claudio; Gazzin, Silvia. ... Among the endogenous defenses, bilirubin, a heme metabolite, has been shown to possess important anti-inflammatory activity and ... and bilirubin as an anti-inflammatory in order to understand what is known, the gaps that need filling, and the hypotheses of ...
NHANES 2009-2010:
Standard Biochemistry Profile Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
LBXSTB - Total bilirubin (mg/dL). Variable Name: LBXSTB. SAS Label: Total bilirubin (mg/dL). English Text: Total bilirubin (mg/ ... Total bilirubin (umol/L). English Text: Total bilirubin (umol/L). Target: Both males and females 12 YEARS - 150 YEARS. Code or ... Total Bilirubin The DxC800 uses a timed-endpoint Diazo method (Jendrassik-Grof) to measure the concentration of total bilirubin ... In the reaction, bilirubin reacts with diazo reagent in the presence of caffeine, benzoate, and acetate as accelerators to form ...
Bilirubin Blood Tests - Health Information
What is a bilirubin blood test? A bilirubin blood test measures the levels of bilirubin in your blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish ... Why do I need a bilirubin blood test? Your health care provider may order a bilirubin blood test: *If you have symptoms such as ... Is there anything else I need to know about a bilirubin blood test? A bilirubin blood test is only one measure of your liver ... If your liver is healthy, it will remove most of the bilirubin from your body. If your liver is damaged, bilirubin can leak out ...
bilirubin Archives - The DiPietro Law Firm
Importance of magnetic resonance imaging in bilirubin encephalopathy
The newborn was readmitted to hospital with jaundice on the eighth day of life, indirect bilirubin being 30.1 mg/dl. This level ... In order to highlight the value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of bilirubin encephalopathy, the clinical case ... MORAES, Mario et al. Importance of magnetic resonance imaging in bilirubin encephalopathy. Arch. Pediatr. Urug. [online]. 2015 ... which contributed to the diagnose of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. ...
What is Bilirubin Encephalopathy a.k.a. Kernicterus?
If jaundice is untreated your child may develop bilirubin encephalopathy, aka kernicterus, which is dangerous and requires ... Bilirubin - Bilirubin is a natural substance in the body that is found in bile. Bilirubin forms as a result of the breakdown of ... When bilirubin levels get very high or the babys immune system is compromised due to illness, bilirubin may migrate outside ... Bilirubin encephalopathy (BE), also known as kernicterus or acute bilirubin encephalopathy, is a neurological condition that ...
high bilirubin associated with lower incidence of diabetic retinopathy
researchers found an inverse relationship between bilirubin and diabetic retinopathy ... of diabetic retinopathy among those with elevated bilirubin levels. The theory is that bilirubin has protective anti-oxidative ... properties, as some studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between bilirubin and cardiovascular disease. ...
Rat Total Bilirubin ELISA kit - Shanghai BlueGene Biotech CO., LTD.
Detrimental Effect of Atazanavir Plasma Concentrations on Total Serum Bilirubin Levels in the Presence of UGT1A1 Polymorphisms ...
Urine Bilirubin: Normal Range, Test Results, and Clinical Significance - A Comprehensive Guide
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver, and elevated levels of urine bilirubin ... Urine bilirubin is a medical test that measures the level of bilirubin in a urine sample. ... Positive Urine Bilirubin is seen in:. Elevated levels of urine bilirubin, or a positive urine bilirubin test, can be seen in ... Urine bilirubin is a medical test that measures the level of bilirubin in a urine sample. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment ...
Trichloroethylene Toxicity: Evaluation and Diagnosis | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR
Table - Cluster of Falciparum Malaria Cases in UK Airport - Volume 14, Number 8-August 2008 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
human blood
Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women<...
Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women. In: BMC Endocrine Disorders. ... Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2013 ... In this cross-sectional study, we examined the associations of behavioral and clinical factors with serum total bilirubin in ... In this cross-sectional study, we examined the associations of behavioral and clinical factors with serum total bilirubin in ...
October 1987 - Volume 9 - Issue 5 : Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
Follow-up of Liver Test Abnormalities Detected During SARS-CoV2
Urinalysis: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels
Urinary bilirubin may be present in low amounts in the urine. Bilirubin excreted into the intestine is metabolized by bacteria ... Bilirubin should not be present in the urine. In obstructive hepatobiliary conditions and in certain liver diseases, such as ... hepatitis, conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin is excreted in the urine. Often, this may occur prior to the development of ...
CDC | Toxic Syndrome Description: Arsine or Stibine Poisoning
Visual assessment of jaundice in term and late preterm infants
Clinicians should not use extent of cephalocaudal jaundice progression to estimate bilirubin levels during the birth ... Results: Nurses assessment of jaundice extent was only moderately correlated with bilirubin concentration and was similar in ... Objective: To determine the accuracy of predischarge visual assessment of jaundice for estimating bilirubin concentration and ... Conclusions: Clinicians should not use extent of cephalocaudal jaundice progression to estimate bilirubin levels during the ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: A multi-component spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of total bilirubin, oxyhemoglobin,...
A multi-component spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of total bilirubin, oxyhemoglobin, and methemalbumin ... A multi-component spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of total bilirubin, oxyhemoglobin, and methemalbumin ... method was developed experimentally and theoreticallyto determine the accurate serum concentrations of the total bilirubin (TB ...
An Investigational Immunotherapy Study of Nivolumab in Combination With Rucaparib, Docetaxel, or Enzalutamide in Metastatic...
Concurrent (within 1 day) ALT or AST , 3 x ULN and total bilirubin , 1.5 x ULN ... Concurrent (within 30 days) ALT or AST , 3 x ULN and total bilirubin , 1.5 x ULN ... Concurrent (within 1 day) ALT or AST , 3 x ULN and total bilirubin , 2 x ULN ... Concurrent (within 30 days) ALT or AST , 3 x ULN and total bilirubin , 2 x ULN ...
Septic Shock: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Hyperbilirubinemia: Plasma total bilirubin ,4 mg/dL or 70 µmol/L. Hyperbilirubinemia: Plasma total bilirubin ,2 mg/dL or 34.2 ... Hyperbilirubinemia: Plasma total bilirubin ,4 mg/dL or 70 µmol/L. Hyperbilirubinemia: Plasma total bilirubin ,2 mg/dL or 34.2 ... Renal and hepatic function tests (eg, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine ...
JaundiceEncephalopathyTreatment for elevated bilirubinKernicterusElevated bilirubin levelsAlkaline phosphataseNewbornsLiverHemePigmentNewbornBileConcentrationHyperbilirubinemiaBloodstreamIndirectConcentrationsClinicalYellowishNeurotoxicUrineInfantsDopamineBloodBrainDeterminationLevelTotalProtectiveAlcoholImportanceNormal
Jaundice22
- Bilirubin encephalopathy is a rare neurological condition that occurs in some newborns with severe jaundice . (medlineplus.gov)
- High levels of bilirubin in the body can cause the skin to look yellow (jaundice). (medlineplus.gov)
- Infants with the first signs of jaundice have bilirubin level measured within 24 hours. (medlineplus.gov)
- In diseases where too much hemoglobin is broken down or the removal of bilirubin does not function properly, the accumulating bilirubin in the body causes jaundice. (leebio.com)
- When bilirubin is detected in the urine, it may signal underlying liver disease that can result in jaundice (excessive bilirubin stains the fatty tissues in the skin, causing a yellow appearance). (leebio.com)
- Jaundice is considered pathologic if it presents within the first 24 hours after birth, the total serum bilirubin level rises by more than 5 mg per dL (86 mol per L) per day or is higher than 17 mg per dL (290 mol per L), or an infant has signs and symptoms suggestive of serious illness. (bookriff.com)
- Normal bilirubin levels are usually under 5mg/dL, but most newborns have it above 5mg/dL and have some kind of jaundice at birth. (bookriff.com)
- When too much bilirubin gets into the bloodstream, it can cause jaundice, a condition that causes your skin and eyes to turn yellow. (trellus.app)
- Signs of jaundice, along with a bilirubin blood test, can help your health care provider find out if you have liver disease. (trellus.app)
- Many healthy babies get jaundice because their livers aren't mature enough to get rid of enough bilirubin. (trellus.app)
- The newborn was readmitted to hospital with jaundice on the eighth day of life, indirect bilirubin being 30.1 mg/dl. (scielo.edu.uy)
- Bilirubin encephalopathy (BE), also known as kernicterus or acute bilirubin encephalopathy , is a neurological condition that occurs when an infant has severe jaundice. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- Jaundice - Jaundice is a condition that most often occurs during the first weeks of life, and is characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- However, severe cases of jaundice with excessively elevated bilirubin levels can lead to dangerous complications, including neurological conditions like BE. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- Jaundice is a condition where the skin and eyes turn yellow due to the accumulation of bilirubin. (labtestsguide.com)
- A urine bilirubin test can help determine the cause of jaundice. (labtestsguide.com)
- If a person is experiencing symptoms of liver disease such as jaundice, fatigue, or abdominal pain, a urine bilirubin test may be ordered to help diagnose the condition. (labtestsguide.com)
- To determine the accuracy of predischarge visual assessment of jaundice for estimating bilirubin concentration and predicting risk of significant neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. (nih.gov)
- 1) Correlation between jaundice grade and bilirubin concentration. (nih.gov)
- 2) Predictive accuracy of jaundice grade for identifying infants who developed significant hyperbilirubinaemia, defined as a bilirubin level that at any time after birth exceeded or was within 1 mg/dl (17 micromol/l) of the American Academy of Pediatrics-recommended hour-specific phototherapy treatment threshold. (nih.gov)
- Clinicians should not use extent of cephalocaudal jaundice progression to estimate bilirubin levels during the birth hospitalisation, especially in late preterm infants. (nih.gov)
- A new multi-component spectrophotometric method was developed experimentally and theoreticallyto determine the accurate serum concentrations of the total bilirubin (TB), oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), andmethemalbumin (Mha) in healthy human adults and neonates with hemolytic jaundice. (who.int)
Encephalopathy4
- Bilirubin encephalopathy (BE) is caused by very high levels of bilirubin. (medlineplus.gov)
- In order to highlight the value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of bilirubin encephalopathy, the clinical case of a 37 week of gestational age newborn is presented. (scielo.edu.uy)
- which contributed to the diagnose of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. (scielo.edu.uy)
- What is Bilirubin Encephalopathy a.k.a. (birthinjuryguide.org)
Treatment for elevated bilirubin2
- The treatment for elevated bilirubin in adults depends on the underlying problems. (bookriff.com)
- Light Therapy - Light therapy is the most common form of treatment for elevated bilirubin. (birthinjuryguide.org)
Kernicterus4
- The term "kernicterus" refers to the yellow staining caused by bilirubin. (medlineplus.gov)
- Kernicterus is also the medical term for the yellow staining that occurs in the brain due to excessive bilirubin. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- 2 Regardless of hyperbilirubinemia etiology, early diagnosis and treatment of this phenomenon is vital in preventing kernicterus and cerebral damage caused by bilirubin deposition. (ac.ir)
- Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain leads to the onset of irreversible brain damage, termed kernicterus. (upgx.eu)
Elevated bilirubin levels2
- IVIg is a blood protein that reduces these antibodies and helps normalize elevated bilirubin levels. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- Ophthalmology: A study of over 3,000 patients with diabetes or impaired glucose metablism noted a significantly lower prevalence- approximately half- of diabetic retinopathy among those with elevated bilirubin levels. (eyedocnews.com)
Alkaline phosphatase1
- Serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations were significantly elevated in falciparum malaria patients compared to their non-malaria counterparts which is an indication of defective liver function. (who.int)
Newborns6
- Is 17 a high bilirubin levels in newborns? (bookriff.com)
- What do high bilirubin levels mean for newborns? (bookriff.com)
- Why is bilirubin increased in newborns? (bookriff.com)
- Newborns produce more bilirubin than adults do because of greater production and faster breakdown of red blood cells in the first few days of life. (bookriff.com)
- Hyperbilirubinemia in newborns is caused by a delay in efficient clearance of bilirubin from the blood. (bookriff.com)
- Screening for hyperbilirubinemia, either by measuring total serum bilirubin (TSB) or transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) is a perquisite in jaundiced newborns. (ac.ir)
Liver22
- Normally, the liver filters bilirubin from the bloodstream and releases it into the intestinal tract. (bookriff.com)
- Bilirubin is found in bile, a fluid in your liver that helps you digest food. (trellus.app)
- If your liver is healthy, it will remove most of the bilirubin from your body. (trellus.app)
- If your liver is damaged, bilirubin can leak out of your liver and into your blood. (trellus.app)
- A bilirubin blood test is used to check the health of your liver. (trellus.app)
- Normal results can vary, but high bilirubin levels can mean your liver isn't working right. (trellus.app)
- A bilirubin blood test is only one measure of your liver health. (trellus.app)
- Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver, and elevated levels of urine bilirubin may indicate a problem with liver function or obstruction of the bile ducts. (labtestsguide.com)
- Urine bilirubin is a waste product that is produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. (labtestsguide.com)
- Measuring urine bilirubin levels is an important diagnostic tool for detecting liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, and other medical conditions. (labtestsguide.com)
- Measuring urine bilirubin levels is important for assessing liver function and diagnosing liver diseases. (labtestsguide.com)
- Elevated levels of urine bilirubin may indicate hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bile duct obstruction, while low levels may indicate normal liver function. (labtestsguide.com)
- Early detection and treatment of liver diseases is crucial for preventing complications and improving outcomes, so urine bilirubin testing is an important diagnostic tool for healthcare professionals. (labtestsguide.com)
- The liver then releases the conjugated bilirubin into the bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and eventually released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats. (labtestsguide.com)
- In healthy individuals, the liver efficiently metabolizes bilirubin and maintains a balance between its production and elimination, resulting in normal levels of bilirubin in the blood and urine. (labtestsguide.com)
- However, liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis can impair the liver's ability to metabolize bilirubin, leading to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood and urine. (labtestsguide.com)
- The test can help assess the liver's ability to metabolize bilirubin, which is important for overall liver function. (labtestsguide.com)
- Elevated levels of urine bilirubin may indicate liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. (labtestsguide.com)
- A urine bilirubin test may be included as part of a routine liver function screening for individuals with a history of liver disease or those who are at higher risk of developing liver disease. (labtestsguide.com)
- For individuals who have been diagnosed with liver disease, a urine bilirubin test may be ordered periodically to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. (labtestsguide.com)
- Usually your liver processes bilirubin and then you excrete the leftovers in your feces. (cdc.gov)
- if bilirubin is building up in your body so much that you start to turn yellow, it's a good sign that your liver isn't working properly. (cdc.gov)
Heme2
- Among the endogenous defenses, bilirubin , a heme metabolite, has been shown to possess important anti-inflammatory activity and, most importantly, to prevent DOPAn demise in an ex vivo model of PD by acting on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). (bvsalud.org)
- Neurotoxic bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism in mammals. (upgx.eu)
Pigment2
- Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created as the body gets rid of old red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. (labtestsguide.com)
Newborn1
- High bilirubin levels in a newborn means that the neonate is not processing red cell breakdown effectively or an underlying cause is responsible. (bookriff.com)
Bile2
- Bilirubin - Bilirubin is a natural substance in the body that is found in bile. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- Elevated levels of urine bilirubin may also indicate obstruction of the bile ducts, which can occur due to various reasons such as gallstones, tumors or inflammation. (labtestsguide.com)
Concentration1
- Serum bilirubin concentration was determined by Hospitals in Freetown Sierra Leone between the dimethyl sulphoxide principle described by January and April 2009 were examined. (who.int)
Hyperbilirubinemia2
- Although direct (conjugated) bilirubin represent the minimum threat for the neurological system, direct hyperbilirubinemia may proclaim either a serious hepatic condition or a systemic disease and lead to permanent brain damage. (ac.ir)
- Systemic regulation of bilirubin homeostasis: Potential benefits of hyperbilirubinemia. (upgx.eu)
Bloodstream1
- When bilirubin levels get very high or the baby's immune system is compromised due to illness, bilirubin may migrate outside the bloodstream and collect inside brain tissue. (birthinjuryguide.org)
Indirect3
- Lee Biosolutions is the leading supplier of Porcine Indirect, Unconjugated Bilirubin for use in research and diagnostic manufacturing. (leebio.com)
- Bilirubin (also known as unconjugated or indirect bilirubin) is formed when red blood cells die and their hemoglobin is broken down within the macrophages to haem and globins. (leebio.com)
- 1 Although bilirubin may promote a physiologic antioxidant role, elevated levels of indirect (non-conjugated) bilirubin can be potentially neurotoxic. (ac.ir)
Concentrations2
- Smoking is known to be associated with lower concentrations of serum bilirubin, but other behavioral correlates of serum bilirubin have not been well studied. (elsevier.com)
- Coffee consumption was associated with lower bilirubin concentrations in both sexes. (elsevier.com)
Clinical4
- In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore the normal range for urine bilirubin, what the test results mean, and the clinical significance of abnormal levels. (labtestsguide.com)
- Understanding urine bilirubin and its clinical significance can help healthcare providers make an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan. (labtestsguide.com)
- In this cross-sectional study, we examined the associations of behavioral and clinical factors with serum total bilirubin in Japanese men and women. (elsevier.com)
- Serum HDL cholesterol was a measurable clinical correlate of bilirubin in women. (elsevier.com)
Yellowish2
- Bilirubin is a yellowish substance made during the body's normal process of breaking down red blood cells. (trellus.app)
- The yellowish tint is due to bilirubin not breaking down properly during breakdown of red blood cells. (birthinjuryguide.org)
Neurotoxic1
- While bilirubin is neurotoxic and cytotoxic, this compound is also a potent antioxidant. (upgx.eu)
Urine4
- Light therapy works by changing bilirubin molecules so they can be extracted through urine and stool. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- Urine bilirubin is a medical test that measures the level of bilirubin in a urine sample. (labtestsguide.com)
- We'll also discuss the factors that can affect urine bilirubin levels, the techniques and methods of testing, and the differences between urine bilirubin and urobilinogen. (labtestsguide.com)
- It is important to note that the urine bilirubin test is not a stand-alone diagnostic tool and should be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and a thorough medical evaluation by a healthcare professional. (labtestsguide.com)
Infants1
- But in some cases, high bilirubin levels can lead to brain damage, so infants are often tested as a precaution. (trellus.app)
Dopamine1
- This review summarizes the evidence linking DOPAn, inflammation (when possible, specifically TNFα), and bilirubin as an anti-inflammatory in order to understand what is known, the gaps that need filling, and the hypotheses of anti-inflammatory strategies to preserve dopamine homeostasis with bilirubin included. (bvsalud.org)
Blood11
- If the level of bilirubin is very high or a baby is very ill, the substance will move out of the blood and collect in the brain tissue if it is not bound to albumin (protein) in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- A blood test will show a high bilirubin level (greater than 20 to 25 mg/dL). (medlineplus.gov)
- What is a bilirubin blood test? (trellus.app)
- A bilirubin blood test measures the levels of bilirubin in your blood. (trellus.app)
- Why do I need a bilirubin blood test? (trellus.app)
- You don't need any special preparations for a bilirubin blood test. (trellus.app)
- Is there anything else I need to know about a bilirubin blood test? (trellus.app)
- Bilirubin forms as a result of the breakdown of red blood cells. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- Bilirubin levels vary, so it is important to talk to your doctor about what is normal for your child, and what tests can be done to assess levels of bilirubin in the blood. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- High levels of bilirubin may cause the skin to look yellow in color due to the body attempting to rid itself of red blood cells. (birthinjuryguide.org)
- With consideration to time of the day of blood sampling and fasting hours, the associations with smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, coffee, tea, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol with serum bilirubin were evaluated by analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression analysis. (elsevier.com)
Brain1
- Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. (bvsalud.org)
Determination1
- Determination of bilirubin through skin (i.e. (ac.ir)
Level5
- However, there is not a direct link between bilirubin level and degree of injury. (medlineplus.gov)
- Is 13 a high bilirubin level? (bookriff.com)
- Is 18 a high bilirubin level? (bookriff.com)
- What is a good bilirubin level for a baby? (bookriff.com)
- In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of total serum bilirubin (TSB) with sternum transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) level obtained by KJ-8000 Transcutaneous bilirubin meter (KEJIAN medical apparatus). (ac.ir)
Total5
- Typically, you'll get results for direct and total bilirubin. (bookriff.com)
- Normal results for a total bilirubin test are 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for adults and usually 1 mg/dL for those under 18. (bookriff.com)
- This test may also be referred to as total serum bilirubin or TSB. (trellus.app)
- The Rat Total Bilirubin ELISA kit can be used to identify samples from the rat species. (elisakit.cc)
- Total Bilirubin can also be called BR, TBIL. (elisakit.cc)
Protective2
- The theory is that bilirubin has protective anti-oxidative properties, as some studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between bilirubin and cardiovascular disease. (eyedocnews.com)
- Background: A considerable interest has been drawn to potential protective effects of bilirubin against oxidative stress-related diseases. (elsevier.com)
Alcohol2
- Results: While smoking was negatively associated with serum bilirubin, alcohol consumption was positively associated with serum bilirubin in both men and women. (elsevier.com)
- Conclusion: Smoking, alcohol use and coffee consumption were important behavioral correlates of serum bilirubin in Japanese men and women. (elsevier.com)
Importance1
- This review article advances the understanding of the physiological importance of the paradoxical compound bilirubin. (upgx.eu)
Normal2
- Normal results for direct bilirubin are generally 0.3 mg/dL. (bookriff.com)
- Higher than normal bilirubin levels can also be caused by medications, certain foods, or strenuous exercise. (trellus.app)
