Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.Bile Ducts: The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.Duodenal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.Common Bile Duct: The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.Duodenal Diseases: Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).Bile Canaliculi: Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.Bile Pigments: Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.Bile Duct Diseases: Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.Bile Duct Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic: Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic: Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).Duodenal Obstruction: Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.Bile Reflux: Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.Jejunum: The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.Intestine, Small: The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.Gallbladder: A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.Brunner Glands: The abundant submucosal mucous glands in the DUODENUM. These glands secrete BICARBONATE IONS; GLYCOPROTEINS; and PEPSINOGEN II.Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.Ileum: The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.Cholic Acids: The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.Duodenoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.Cholestasis: Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).Intestinal Mucosa: Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.Intestinal Absorption: Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.Gastrointestinal Motility: The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (INTESTINAL REABSORPTION) into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.Duodenitis: Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.Common Bile Duct Diseases: Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.Biliary Tract: The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.Pancreas: A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.Ampulla of Vater: A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.Common Bile Duct Neoplasms: Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.Gallstones: Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.Pylorus: The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.Pyloric Antrum: The region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the STOMACH (incisura angularis) and the junction of the PYLORUS with the DUODENUM. Pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (G CELLS).Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.Biliary Fistula: Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.Myoelectric Complex, Migrating: A pattern of gastrointestinal muscle contraction and depolarizing myoelectric activity that moves from the stomach to the ILEOCECAL VALVE at regular frequency during the interdigestive period. The complex and its accompanying motor activity periodically cleanse the bowel of interdigestive secretion and debris in preparation for the next meal.Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase: A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body.Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent: A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.Digestive System: A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde: Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Intestinal Secretions: Fluids originating from the epithelial lining of the intestines, adjoining exocrine glands and from organs such as the liver, which empty into the cavity of the intestines.Cholangiography: An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.Cholestasis, Extrahepatic: Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.Sphincter of Oddi: The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.Duodenal Ulcer: A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.Secretin: A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)Biliary Tract Diseases: Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.Cholagogues and Choleretics: Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.Gastrointestinal Transit: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function.Adenoma, Bile Duct: A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.Rumen: The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.Cholestanols: Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.Digestive System Physiological Phenomena: Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.Abomasum: The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures: Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.Cholestasis, Intrahepatic: Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts TRYPSINOGEN into its active form TRYPSIN by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9.Gastrointestinal Contents: The contents included in all or any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Gastric Mucosa: Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.Animal Feed: Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.Colon: The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.Intubation, Gastrointestinal: The insertion of a tube into the stomach, intestines, or other portion of the gastrointestinal tract to allow for the passage of food products, etc.Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Intestinal Fistula: An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).Jaundice, Obstructive: Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.Gastrointestinal Tract: Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).Symporters: Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.Taurine: A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.Gastric Juice: The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)Pancreatitis: INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.S100 Calcium Binding Protein G: A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the ESOPHAGUS; the STOMACH; and the DUODENUM.Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION by the superior mesenteric artery (MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR) which travels in the root of the MESENTERY and crosses over the DUODENUM. The syndrome is characterized by the dilated proximal duodenum and STOMACH, bloating, ABDOMINAL CRAMPS, and VOMITING. Often it is observed in patient with body casts after spinal surgery.Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.Endoscopy: Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.Secretory Rate: The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Hepatic Duct, Common: Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.Stomach, RuminantSwine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Enteroendocrine Cells: Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES.Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.Calbindins: Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.Gastric Outlet Obstruction: The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.Esophagus: The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Somatostatinoma: A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS.Endoscopy, Digestive System: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.Duodenostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the DUODENUM.Colipases: Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.Cholangitis: Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.Choristoma: A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.Drainage: The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.Stomach Diseases: Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.Enterocytes: Absorptive cells in the lining of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA. They are differentiated EPITHELIAL CELLS with apical MICROVILLI facing the intestinal lumen. Enterocytes are more abundant in the SMALL INTESTINE than in the LARGE INTESTINE. Their microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cell by 14- to 40 fold.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Gastrointestinal Hormones: HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic: Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.Duodenum: The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase: An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol.Intestinal Polyps: Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.Intestine, Large: A segment of the LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the CECUM; the COLON; and the RECTUM.Chromatography, Gas: Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Sphincterotomy, Transhepatic: Surgery of the smooth muscle sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla to relieve blocked biliary or pancreatic ducts.Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.Melena: The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.Pancreatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).Cecum: The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.Intestinal Atresia: Congenital obliteration of the lumen of the intestine, with the ILEUM involved in 50% of the cases and the JEJUNUM and DUODENUM following in frequency. It is the most frequent cause of INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION in NEWBORNS. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Digestive System Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.Micelles: Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y: A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase: A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 12-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of sterols in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP8B1gene, converts 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one to 7-alpha-12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and is required in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS from cholesterol.Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.Intestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.Selenium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of selenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Se atoms with atomic weights 70-73, 75, 79, 81, and 83-85 are radioactive selenium isotopes.Cation Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.Steroid Hydroxylases: Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.Cholestanes: Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.Imino AcidsMyenteric Plexus: One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)Gallbladder Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.Intestinal Diseases: Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Intestinal Perforation: Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.Gastrinoma: A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.Jejunal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer in the JEJUNUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).Emetics: Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla.Choledocholithiasis: Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.Celiac Disease: A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Glucuronates: Derivatives of GLUCURONIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the 6-carboxy glucose structure.Carcinoid Tumor: A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)Epithelium: One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.Malabsorption Syndromes: General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.Anastomosis, Surgical: Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.Cholates: Salts and esters of CHOLIC ACID.
Bernhard Moritz Carl Ludwig Riedel
Secretin-cholecystokinin test
சொளிங்கர்-எலிசன் கூட்டறிகுறி - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
Jaundice - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ଆସେଣ୍ଡିଙ୍ଗ କୋଲାଞ୍ଜାଇଟିସ - ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂය
Epidermal growth factor
வயிற்றுப் புண் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
ICD-10 అధ్యాయము 11: జీర్ణవ్యవస్థకు చెందిన వ్యాధులు - వికీపీడియా
Esophageal motility disorder
ಜಠರ/ಜಠರೀಯ ಹುಣ್ಣು/ವ್ರಣ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
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GallbladderLiverDigestiveAcidsEsophagusAbsorptionAcidDigestionBilirubinDuctIleumPortion of the duodenumHepaticSecretionFatsSmallPancreatic enzymesStomach into the duodenumEnterohepatic circulationOesophagusPyloric sphincterHead of the pBlockageCommonFlow of bileGallstonesChymeDigestive juicesColonCholecystokininBiliary systemPepticFecesProteinsAcidicIntestinalGreenish-yellow fluidHormonesOrgans
Gallbladder3
- Bile travels through the hepatic duct and is stored in the gallbladder, if a person has a gallbladder. (dssurgery.com)
- When the gallbladder is removed, the bile produced by the liver, continuously travels to the small bowel. (dssurgery.com)
- Approximately 20-30 minutes after eating the gallbladder will secrete bile into the first part of the small intestines called the Duodenum through the Common Bile Duct. (dssurgery.com)
Liver1
- Bile is a digestive fluid continually produced by the liver up to a liter a day. (dssurgery.com)
Digestive1
- An irritant that can be acid, bile, food and digestive enzymes coming back up the esophagus can cause irritation and swelling of the cells lining the esophagus. (dssurgery.com)
Acids1
- Bile acts as an emulsifying agent to breakdown fatty acids into small particles, micelles, so they can be absorbed. (dssurgery.com)
Esophagus2
- Bile reflux happens when bile and contents from the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, backs up into the stomach and possibly the esophagus causing gastritis or esophagitis. (dssurgery.com)
- Bile Reflux or Duodenogastroesophageal Reflux is caused by the contents of the Duodenum entering the stomach and the esophagus causing symptoms and damage to the stomach and esophagus. (dssurgery.com)
Absorption1
- Bile is important in dietary fat and fat soluble vitamin absorption. (dssurgery.com)
Acid4
- Bile Reflux or Duodenogastroesophageal Reflux (DGER) can be difficult to differentiate from acid reflux. (dssurgery.com)
- It is important to note that Acid Reflux and Bile Reflux are two different conditions. (dssurgery.com)
- You can not distinguish between Acid Reflux and Bile Reflux by symptoms alone. (dssurgery.com)
- It is also possible to have a combination of Acid and Bile reflux. (dssurgery.com)
Digestion1
- Bile has a specific function in fat digestion. (dssurgery.com)
Bilirubin1
- Bile is also the means for the body to dispose of the byproduct of blood breakdown, bilirubin. (dssurgery.com)
Duct84
- A cross section of the superior duodenum, showing the myenteric nerve plexus (*), large clusters of Brunner glands (vertical centre), and a secretory duct (D) extending horizontally from a Brunner gland. (britannica.com)
- Can the Common Bile Duct Drain Into the Fourth Part of the Duodenum? (jamanetwork.com)
- It can also block the bile duct causing jaundice , which can make you feel and be sick. (pancreaticcancer.org.uk)
- If you have a blocked duodenum or bile duct, a hollow tube called a stent may be put in to open up the blockage and relieve the sickness. (pancreaticcancer.org.uk)
- The usefulness of endoscopic transpapillary procedure in post-cholecystectomy bile duct stricture and post-cholecystectomy bile leakage. (medscape.com)
- Relations:[citation needed] Anterior Gallbladder Quadrate lobe of liver Posterior Bile duct Gastroduodenal artery Portal vein Inferior vena cava Head of pancreas Superior Neck of gallbladder Hepatoduodenal ligament (lesser omentum) Inferior Neck of pancreas Greater omentum Head of pancreas The second part, or descending part, of the duodenum begins at the superior duodenal flexure. (wikipedia.org)
- The pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the descending duodenum, through the major duodenal papilla. (wikipedia.org)
- The second part of the duodenum also contains the minor duodenal papilla, the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct. (wikipedia.org)
- Proximal to the 2nd part of the duodenum (approximately at the major duodenal papilla - where the bile duct enters) the arterial supply is from the gastroduodenal artery and its branch the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. (wikipedia.org)
- The portal triad (bile duct, hepatic artery proper, and portal vein) is conducted through this ligament. (google.com)
- Openings have been cut in the bile ducts, gall bladder and main pancreatic duct. (stanford.edu)
- Cancer cells can spread from the bile duct to other parts of the body. (cancer.ca)
- Bile duct cancer can sometimes spread to the bones, brain or lungs, but that is uncommon. (cancer.ca)
- Abdominal US revealed mild ascites and dilated common bile duct to 1 cm. (hindawi.com)
- Ultrasound image of porcine duodenum and bile duct. (imperial.ac.uk)
- 3D MR image of porcine duodenum and bile duct, reconstructed from axial slices. (imperial.ac.uk)
- When fatty foods are consumed, the gallbladder is triggered to release bile into the small intestine via the common bile duct. (mydr.com.au)
- If a bile duct becomes obstructed (blocked), a person will develop jaundice. (mydr.com.au)
- Bile is a complex biochemical mixture, made continuously by the liver - 500-1000 ml/day passing down into the duodenum via the bile duct . (encyclopedia.com)
- for duodenum only, invasion of pancreas or bile duct). (cancer.gov)
- I don't have a bile duct. (bostonglobe.com)
- It also removes the duodenum , the pylorus (lower part of the stomach), the gallbladder and part of the common bile duct. (cancer.ca)
- The surgeon then removes the tumour, tissue around the tumour, parts of the pancreas,the duodenum, the pylorus (lower part of the stomach), the gallbladder, part of the common bile duct and nearby lymph nodes. (cancer.ca)
- The rest of the common bile duct and pancreas are also attached to the jejunum so that bile and pancreatic juices can flow into it. (cancer.ca)
- Anastomotic leak is when bile, stomach acid or pancreatic juices leak from where the healthy ends of the stomach, duodenum or bile duct were joined to the jejunum. (cancer.ca)
- Surgery to relieve symptoms if the cancer is blocking the bile duct or the bowel. (macmillan.org.uk)
- The surgeon attaches the remaining parts of the stomach, the remaining bile duct and the tail of the pancreas to the small bowel. (macmillan.org.uk)
- The Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) is an operation to remove the head of the pancreas, the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), the gallbladder and the bile duct. (mayoclinic.org)
- The Whipple procedure is used to treat tumors and other disorders of the pancreas, intestine and bile duct. (mayoclinic.org)
- A Whipple procedure may be a treatment option for people whose pancreas, duodenum or bile duct is affected by cancer or other disorder. (mayoclinic.org)
- The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65). (wikipedia.org)
- A diverticulum commonly located near the entrance of the common bile or pancreatic duct. (thefreedictionary.com)
- This duct runs the length of the pancreas and connects to the duodenum. (uhhospitals.org)
- These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form. (uhhospitals.org)
- The bile is collected by a system of ducts that flow from the liver through the right and left hepatic ducts and drain into the common hepatic duct. (aapc.com)
- The common hepatic duct joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct (CBD). (aapc.com)
- The pancreatic duct, also known as the duct of Wirsung, then joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater and allows secretion of the pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum. (aapc.com)
- Updated instructions direct that when a stent is placed in both the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct, 43268 may be reported twice, with modifier 59 Distinct procedural service appended to the second code. (aapc.com)
- CPT® Assistant specifies that when a stent is placed in the common bile duct extending into the right hepatic duct, and another stent is placed in the common bile duct extending into the left hepatic duct, it is again permissible to report 43268 twice with modifier 59 appended. (aapc.com)
- It is a bulblike point where the bile duct and pancreatic duct unite. (infobarrel.com)
- The bile ducts serves by delivering the produced bile from the liver and the pancreatic duct carry the synthesized pancreatic juice from the pancreas. (infobarrel.com)
- Risks which are specific to gall bladder removal include excessive bleeding, leakage of the bile into the abdomen causing severe inflammation, loss or blockage of gallstones, damage to the bile duct or blood vessels, gas embolus (when a gas bubble from the carbon dioxide accidentally makes its way into the bloodstream), very occasionally injury to other organs in the abdomen, and more commonly wound infection and problems with wound healing. (indiahospitaltour.com)
- 4. Bile duct enters duodenum 5. (indiahospitaltour.com)
- Finally, several different instruments are inserted (point C) to clip the gallbladder artery and bile duct, and to safely dissect and remove the gallbladder and stones. (indiahospitaltour.com)
- Frozen sections are frequently undertaken to assess the pancreatic neck and/or proximal bile duct margins. (edu.au)
- Incision into the common bile duct through an adjacent portion of the duodenum. (dictionary.com)
- Abdominal ultrasound revealed a slightly dilated common bile duct (CBD) and magnetic resonance showed an irregular filling failure in distal CBD and gallstones. (hindawi.com)
- However, this is the first case report of a toothpick inside the bile duct. (hindawi.com)
- Workup proceeded with an abdominal ultrasound that showed a slightly dilated common bile duct (CBD) and lab results revealed normal bilirubin, amylase, and transaminases. (hindawi.com)
- MRI: coronal section shows gallstones and the pointed filling failure in the distal common bile duct. (hindawi.com)
- The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas which aids in digestion. (wikipedia.org)
- The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. (wikipedia.org)
- An accessory pancreatic duct can be functional or non-functional and may open separately into the second part of the duodenum which is dorsal and usually (in 70%) drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla. (wikipedia.org)
- In the other 30% it drains into the main pancreatic duct, which drains into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla. (wikipedia.org)
- The main pancreatic duct and the accessory duct both eventually - either directly or indirectly - connect to the second part ('D2', the vertical segment) of the duodenum. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common cause for obstruction is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, a condition called choledocholithiasis. (wikipedia.org)
- Bile backing up into the pancreatic duct may initiate pancreatitis. (wikipedia.org)
- My son has an enlarged spleen, All of his bile duct is dilated, red blood cell count is up. (healthtap.com)
- This is transferred to various organs such as the liver, bile duct, gall bladder, and duodenum via the bloodstream. (newsmax.com)
- When produced in an excess amount, it affects red blood cell count, liver, bile duct, gallbladder, and duodenum via the conjugation of blood and the yellow chemical bilirubin. (newsmax.com)
- This compound is extracted in the liver, and then passes to the minor bile duct and then enters the common large bile duct, further reaching the gallbladder lying below the liver. (newsmax.com)
- There are many diseases affecting the liver, gallbladder, bile duct, etc. that cause jaundice. (newsmax.com)
- Pancreatic cancer and cancer of the gallbladder are two forms of cancers affecting the common bile duct. (newsmax.com)
- Here, the blood flow is restricted and there is a blocking of the common bile duct. (newsmax.com)
- These important disease conditions affecting the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct cause the symptoms of jaundice. (newsmax.com)
- Bile duct excretes bile (to increase surface area of fat) here. (biology-online.org)
- The common bile duct carries bile from the liver to the duodenum, and enters the duodenum a few centimeters beyond the stomach. (medlineplus.gov)
- It happens because the tumor in the ampulla of Vater blocks the bile duct. (rochester.edu)
- About 15 percent of people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer will be candidates for a Whipple procedure (a surgery for cancers in the head of the pancreas) in which parts of the pancreas, gall bladder, bile duct, and small bowel are removed. (cancercare.org)
- In rare instances, patients may require a total pancreatectomy (removal of the entire pancreas, part of the stomach and small intestine, the bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes). (cancercare.org)
- Bile duct or duodenal stent insertion is a procedure performed by a gastroenterologist to open a blocked bile duct by inserting a small metal or plastic tube (stent). (cancercare.org)
- It is in this area where there is a drain which leads to the bile duct. (actforlibraries.org)
- A gallstone which jams into the bile duct can ulcerate into the duodenum, causing a significant obstruction in your gastrointestinal system. (actforlibraries.org)
- The common bile duct then joins the pancreatic duct, and enters through the hepatopancreatic ampulla at the major duodenal papilla. (bionity.com)
- Biliary colic is when a gallstone blocks either the common bile duct or the duct leading into it from the gallbladder. (bionity.com)
- These can cause abdominal pain, usually in relation with a meal, as the gallbladder contracts and gallstones pass through the bile duct . (bionity.com)
- When gallstones obstruct the common bile duct ( choledocholithiasis ), the patient develops jaundice and liver cell damage. (bionity.com)
- Patients with malignant bile duct stenosis have poor prognosis and most of the patients are not good candidate for surgery at the time of diagnosis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Heat will be applied to the bile duct in order to open the blockage and prevent the re-growth of tissue into the stent. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The investigators are looking to see how safe and feasible RFA (Radiofrequency ablation) catheter is in patient with malignant bile duct stenosis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- As part of medical care subjects will be undergoing an endoscopic procedure (ERCP) in order to evaluate and stent a bile duct blockage. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- During the ECRP and just prior to the stent placement subjects will undergo the placement of a radiofrequency ablation catheter into the bile duct blockage. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Effectiveness: Change From Baseline in Bile Duct Diameter. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The periampullary cancer origin (pancreas, ampulla, distal bile duct or duodenum) was registered prospectively and reevaluated retrospectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Ileum9
- From the duodenum, the mixture is passed into the next section of the small intestine, called the jejunum, and then on to the ileum. (mydr.com.au)
- The bile salts are absorbed as whole molecules at the far end of the small intestine (the terminal ileum) and pass up the portal vein to the liver, whence they are re-secreted into bile. (encyclopedia.com)
- Some 20% of malignant lesions of the small intestine are carcinoid tumors, which occur more frequently in the ileum than in the duodenum or jejunum and may be multiple. (cancer.gov)
- b For T3 tumors, the nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue is, for the jejunum and ileum, part of the mesentery and, for the duodenum in areas where serosa is lacking, part of the interface with the pancreas. (cancer.gov)
- The small intestine can be subdivided into three subdivisions namely the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. (infobarrel.com)
- It is about 2.5 meters long and connects the duodenum to the ileum. (infobarrel.com)
- Ingesta is passed from the stomach to the small intestine, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum [32- (brightkite.com)
- The 3 sections appear in this order: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. (biology-online.org)
- It is divided into 3 sections: the duodenum (after the stomach), jejunum and ileum. (emaxhealth.com)
Portion of the duodenum2
- In the wall of the upper portion of the duodenum are the so-called Brun-ner's glands, which, in structure and in the composition of the juice they secrete, are closely related to the glands of the pyloric portion of the stomach. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Interior of the descending portion of the duodenum, showing bile papilla. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatic1
- About 0.5 g of bile acids is lost in the faeces per day, which means that an average bile acid molecule survives in the entero-hepatic circulation for about 3 days, making 18-30 cycles. (encyclopedia.com)
Secretion3
- Exogenous infusion of cholecystokinin produced much more stable bile secretion than did endogenous release of cholecystokinin by intraduodenal infusion of essential amino acids. (utmb.edu)
- Bile secretion and the enterohepatic circulation. (medlineplus.gov)
- The duodenum is where bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion occur. (brightkite.com)
Fats6
- Fats are emulsified by the bile produced by the liver producing fat globules. (answers.com)
- Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble substances, such as the vitamins A, D, E, and K. Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver. (wikipedia.org)
- In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. (wikipedia.org)
- The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. (uhhospitals.org)
- Oils and fats, however, do not mix with the acid and if they need to be broken down some bile may need to be released into the stomach via the pylorus. (google.com)
- The bile, produced in the liver , emulsifies fats and neutralizes acids in partly digested food. (bionity.com)
Small4
- Food remains in the stomach for a few hours before it is passed into the upper part of the small initestine - the duodenum . (wikibooks.org)
- The cancer can block the duodenum (the first part of the small intestines). (pancreaticcancer.org.uk)
- The pyloric sphincter controls this exit of partially-digested food from the stomach into the duodenum, so that only small amounts are passed through at a time. (mydr.com.au)
- Regardless of this debate, the duodenum is a small tube approximately 10 inches long and not more than an inch or two in diameter. (actforlibraries.org)
Pancreatic enzymes1
- Pancreatic enzymes and bile finish off the chemical breakdown of the acidic stomach contents. (mydr.com.au)
Stomach into the duodenum2
- This can stop food passing out of the stomach into the duodenum, causing sickness and vomiting. (pancreaticcancer.org.uk)
- Whether it is the ability to coordinate the chewing of the food without injuring our tongue and lips or the propulsion of the food from the stomach into the duodenum while releasing the appropriate enzymes, our digestive system allows us to manage the process without much thought and often while performing other tasks. (medicinenet.com)
Enterohepatic circulation1
- Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System. (nih.gov)
Oesophagus1
- A peptic ulcer is a hole in the lining of the stomach, duodenum or oesophagus. (vic.gov.au)
Pyloric sphincter3
- Once food is semi-digested it is known as chyme and is passed through the pyloric sphincter , a ring of smooth muscle at the lower part of the stomach, by muscular contractions into the duodenum. (mydr.com.au)
- From the stomach, the liquid chyme flows out through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum and intestines. (google.com)
- Certain local factors within the stomach and duodenum promote the pumping of chyme through the pyloric sphincter and decreases the tone of the sphincter muscles, thereby widening the opening. (healthhype.com)
Head of the p1
- The duodenum is immovable and its path curves at the head of the pancreas. (infobarrel.com)
Blockage1
- Cholestasis is the blockage in the supply of bile into the digestive tract. (bionity.com)
Common1
- Ulcer is the most common disease of the duodenum. (thefreedictionary.com)
Flow of bile1
- the surgery reroutes the flow of bile around the tumor. (cancercare.org)
Gallstones1
- Up to 25% of all people have gallstones ( cholelithiasis ), composed of lecithin and bile acids . (bionity.com)
Chyme6
- The chyme is gradually pushed down the duodenum by peristaltic waves which flow down the length of the digestive tract. (mydr.com.au)
- In the duodenum, the chyme, the pancreatic juice and bile from the liver are mixed. (mydr.com.au)
- The acidic chyme from the stomach is neutralised by the alkaline environment of the duodenum. (mydr.com.au)
- The acidic, gruel-like food mass (chyme) passing from the stomach continues to be digested in the duodenum under the influence of enzymes of the alkaline pancreatic and intestinal juices. (thefreedictionary.com)
- While this may seem like a simple process, it is carefully coordinated so as not to overwhelm the duodenum with large amounts of partially digested food mixed with the acidic gastric secretions, which is collectively known as chyme. (healthhype.com)
- Even though it is contracted, the sphincter is not totally closed and there is gap which allows fluids like water or chyme to move through into the duodenum but prevents the movement of larger food particles. (healthhype.com)
Digestive juices2
- The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach. (wikipedia.org)
- In the duodenum, food is mixed with bile and digestive juices secreted by the pancreas. (reference.com)
Colon1
- A primary retroperitoneal structure (i.e. kidneys, inferior vena cava, aorta, proximal rectum, ureters, and suprarenal glands) develops and remains retroperitoneal, whereas secondary retroperitoneal structures (i.e. the 2nd and 3rd parts of the duodenum, the ascending and descending colon, and most of the pancreas) begin development intraperitoneal, but eventually are drawn retroperitoneal. (google.com)
Cholecystokinin1
- Beneath the connective tissue is a wall of smooth muscle ( muscularis externa ) that contracts in response to cholecystokinin , a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum . (bionity.com)
Biliary system1
- The biliary system creates, moves, stores, and releases bile into the duodenum . (medlineplus.gov)
Peptic1
- Any ulceration through the duodenum, which is a form of peptic ulcer disease, can damage many of the organs around the duodenum. (actforlibraries.org)
Feces2
- BILE gives the color to your feces. (answers.com)
- If the bile carries excess bilirubin, the feces turn brown and cause symptoms of jaundice. (newsmax.com)
Proteins1
- Bile digests fat, it also contains waste eliminated by the liver as it breaks down drugs, hormones and proteins. (advertiser.ie)
Acidic1
- It may still be acidic though may be partially neutralised by the bile it encounters in the duodenum. (google.com)
Intestinal1
- Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and released in the intestinal lumen upon food intake. (frontiersin.org)
Greenish-yellow fluid1
- Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid that is made in the liver. (mydr.com.au)
Hormones2
- In addition, new data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of influencing metabolic processes via receptors such as FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). (nih.gov)
- These hormones cause the valve between the stomach and the duodenum to open after a person eats. (actforlibraries.org)