The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
The largest lymphatic vessel that passes through the chest and drains into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
A pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (MESONEPHROI) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. In higher vertebrates, Wolffian ducts persist in the male forming VAS DEFERENS, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female.
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.
A congenital anatomic malformation of a bile duct, including cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct or the large intrahepatic bile duct. Classification is based on the site and type of dilatation. Type I is most common.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
Straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. In the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla.
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A tubular duct that conveys TEARS from the LACRIMAL GLAND to the nose.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.
Paired ducts in the human male through which semen is ejaculated into the urethra.
The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.
Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.
A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.
A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.
Surgery of the smooth muscle sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla to relieve blocked biliary or pancreatic ducts.
Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.
A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (INTESTINAL REABSORPTION) into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Adenocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct bifurcation. These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing. G. Klatskin's original review of 13 cases was published in 1965. Once thought to be relatively uncommon, tumors of the bifurcation of the bile duct now appear to comprise more than one-half of all bile duct cancers. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1457)
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Fragmentation of CALCULI, notably urinary or biliary, by LASER.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). It consists of 2 types: simple Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation (ectasia) alone; and complex Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation with extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL). Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types of Caroli disease.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The narrow tube connecting the YOLK SAC with the midgut of the EMBRYO; persistence of all or part of it in post-fetal life produces abnormalities, of which the commonest is MECKEL DIVERTICULUM.
The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.
The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.
A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
The act of dilating.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
A genus of trematode liver flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. It consists of the following species: O. felineus, O. noverca (Amphimerus noverca), and O. viverrini. The intermediate hosts are snails, fish, and AMPHIBIANS.
Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.
A species of trematode flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. Many authorities consider this genus belonging to Opisthorchis. It is common in China and other Asiatic countries. Snails and fish are the intermediate hosts.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
A spiral tube that is firmly suspended in the bony shell-shaped part of the cochlea. This ENDOLYMPH-filled cochlear duct begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a core of spongy bone (the modiolus) thus dividing the PERILYMPH-filled spiral canal into two channels, the SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI.
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
Endoscopes for examining the interior of the duodenum.
The internal portion of the kidney, consisting of striated conical masses, the renal pyramids, whose bases are adjacent to the cortex and whose apices form prominent papillae projecting into the lumen of the minor calyces.
A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation that is commonly seen in infants. It is usually associated with obstruction of the INTESTINES; of the CYSTIC DUCT; or of the URINARY TRACT.
Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.
A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.
Hemorrhage in or through the BILIARY TRACT due to trauma, inflammation, CHOLELITHIASIS, vascular disease, or neoplasms.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Operation for biliary atresia by anastomosis of the bile ducts into the jejunum or duodenum.
Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.
Abdominal symptoms after removal of the GALLBLADDER. The common postoperative symptoms are often the same as those present before the operation, such as COLIC, bloating, NAUSEA, and VOMITING. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes JAUNDICE. The term is often used, inaccurately, to describe such postoperative symptoms not due to gallbladder removal.
The period during a surgical operation.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.
A species of helminth commonly called the sheep liver fluke. It occurs in the biliary passages, liver, and gallbladder during various stages of development. Snails and aquatic vegetation are the intermediate hosts. Occasionally seen in man, it is most common in sheep and cattle.
Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A pouch or sac developed from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.

Bile duct epithelial cells exposed to alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate produce a factor that causes neutrophil-dependent hepatocellular injury in vitro. (1/1207)

The acute hepatotoxicity induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) in rats is manifested as neutrophil-dependent necrosis of bile duct epithelial cells (BDECs) and hepatic parenchymal cells. This hepatotoxicity mirrors that of drug-induced cholangiolitic hepatitis in humans. Since BDECs are primary targets of ANIT-induced toxicity, we hypothesized that after exposure to ANIT, BDECs produce a factor(s) that causes neutrophil chemotaxis and neutrophil-dependent hepatocellular injury. To test this hypothesis BDECs were isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats and incubated with ANIT (6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 microM) or vehicle for 24 h. The conditioned medium (CM) was collected and placed in the bottom chamber of a two-chambered chemotaxis system, while isolated neutrophils were placed in the top chamber. Chemotaxis was indicated by neutrophil migration through a membrane to the bottom chamber. CM from BDECs exposed to each concentration of ANIT was chemotactic, whereas CM from vehicle-treated BDECs was not. ANIT alone caused a modest degree of chemotaxis at 50 microM. The conditioned media were added to isolated hepatocytes or to hepatocyte-neutrophil cocultures and incubated for 24 h. Hepatocyte toxicity was indicated by alanine aminotransferase release into the culture medium. CM from vehicle-treated BDECs did not cause hepatocyte killing in either hepatocyte-neutrophil cocultures or hepatocyte cultures. In contrast, the addition of CM from ANIT-treated BDECs (CM-BDEC-A) to hepatocyte-neutrophil cocultures resulted in hepatocyte killing. The same CM was not cytotoxic to hepatocyte cultures devoid of neutrophils. The hepatocyte killing could not be explained by residual ANIT in the CM, which was below the limit of detection (< or = 0.5 microM). The addition of antiproteases afforded protection against neutrophil-dependent hepatocellular injury induced by CM-BDEC-A. These results indicate that ANIT causes BDECs to release a factor(s) that attracts neutrophils and stimulates them to injure hepatocytes in vitro.  (+info)

Transfer of the 1-pro-R and the 1-pro-S hydrogen atoms of ethanol in metabolic reductions in vivo. (2/1207)

The transfer of deuterium from [1 R-2H]ethanol and [1 S-2H]-ethanol to reduced metabolites of administered compounds was measured in female rats provided with bile fistulas. Administered cyclohexanone was reduced to cyclohexanol, and in this reduction hydrogen was transferred only from the 1-pro-R position of the ethanol. The deuterium content in the cyclohexanol was about 67% of that in the ethanol. In the reduction of the 17-oxo group in 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, hydrogen was transferred both from the 1-pro-R position and the 1-pro-S position, resulting in degrees of labelling that were about 25% and 2%, respectively, of those in the specific positions of the ethanols. The 1-pro-R and 1-pro-S positions of ethanol contributed about 9% and 5%, respectively, of the 3beta hydrogen in lithocholic acid formed from 3-oxo-5beta-cholanoic acid. The results indicate that alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase do not share a common pool of NAD, and that NADH formed during acetaldehyde oxidation is utilized for reductions in the cytosol to a smaller extent than the NADH formed in the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction. This result supports the concept that aldehyde oxidation is mainly an intramitochondrial process. The relatively extensive utilization of the 1-pro-S hydrogen of ethanol in the reduction of 3-oxo-5beta-cholanoic acid, that is probably NADPH-dependent, indicates that cytosolic NADPH may be produced from malate or isocitrate formed intramitochondrially.  (+info)

Effect of its demethylated metabolite on the pharmacokinetics of unchanged TAK-603, a new antirheumatic agent, in rats. (3/1207)

A factor in the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of ethyl 4-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(1,2, 4-triazol-1-yl-methyl)quinoline-3-carboxylate (TAK-603) in rats was shown to be due to the inhibition of metabolic clearance of unchanged TAK-603 by its major metabolite, M-I, in other words, product inhibition. The effect of M-I on the metabolic clearance of TAK-603 was studied using rats continuously infused i.v. with this metabolite at rates of 5.3 and 16.0 mg/h/kg. The total body clearance of TAK-603 was decreased remarkably in M-I-infused rats, and the decline of total body clearance depended on the steady-state plasma concentrations of M-I. The effect of M-I generated from the dosed parent drug on the plasma concentration-time profile of TAK-603 was investigated using bile-cannulated rats after i.v. injection of 14C-labeled TAK-603 at doses of 1 and 15 mg/kg. Elimination rates of TAK-603 from rat plasma increased in the bile-cannulated rats in which systemic M-I levels were reduced by interrupting its enterohepatic circulation. To express, simultaneously, the relationships between TAK-603 and M-I in plasma concentration-time profiles, a kinetic model based on the product inhibition was developed for the bile-cannulated rats. A good agreement between calculated curves and the observed concentrations of both TAK-603 and M-I was found at 1 and 15 mg/kg, and the calculated curves were drawn using constant parameters for the two dosages. These results show that the product inhibition by M-I is one factor responsible for the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of TAK-603 in rats.  (+info)

Complications of cholecystectomy: risks of the laparoscopic approach and protective effects of operative cholangiography: a population-based study. (4/1207)

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is associated with an increased risk of intraoperative injury involving the bile ducts, bowel, and vascular structures compared with open cholecystectomy (OC). Population-based studies are required to estimate the magnitude of the increased risk, to determine whether this is changing over time, and to identify ways by which this might be reduced. METHODS: Suspected cases of intraoperative injury associated with cholecystectomy in Western Australia in the period 1988 to 1994 were identified from routinely collected hospital statistical records and lists of persons undergoing postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The case records of suspect cases were reviewed to confirm the nature and site of injury. Ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of injury associated with LC compared with OC after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: After the introduction of LC in 1991, the proportion of all cholecystectomy cases with intraoperative injury increased from 0.67% in 1988-90 to 1.33% in 1993-94. Similar relative increases were observed in bile duct injuries, major bile leaks, and other injuries to bowel or vascular structures. Increases in intraoperative injury were observed in both LC and OC. After adjustment for age, gender, hospital type, severity of disease, intraoperative cholangiography, and calendar period, the odds ratio for intraoperative injury in LC compared with OC was 1.79. Operative cholangiography significantly reduced the risk of injury. CONCLUSION: Operative cholangiography has a protective effect for complications of cholecystectomy. Compared with OC, LC carries a nearly twofold higher risk of major bile, vascular, and bowel complications. Further study is required to determine the extent to which potentially preventable factors contribute to this risk.  (+info)

Investigation of bile ducts before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (5/1207)

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been controversy about the investigation of the bile ducts and the management of common bile duct stones. Routine peroperative cholangiography (POC) in all cases has been recommended. We have adopted a policy of not performing routine POC, and the results of 700 cases are reported. METHODS: Since 1990, all patients have undergone preoperative ultrasound scan. We have performed selective preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of a clinical history of jaundice and/or pancreatitis, abnormal liver function tests and ultrasound evidence of dilated bile ducts (N=78, 11.1%). The remaining 622 patients did not have a routine POC, but selective peroperative cholangiogram (POC) was performed only in 42 patients (6%) because of unsuccessful ERCP or mild alteration in the criteria for the presence of bile duct stones. The remaining 580 patients did not undergo POC. Careful dissection of Calot's triangle was performed in all cases to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries. RESULTS: The overall operative complications, postoperative morbidity and mortality was 1.71%, 2.14% and 0.43%, respectively. Bile duct injuries occurred in two patients (0.26%) and both were recognized during the operation and repaired. There was a single incidence of retained stone in this series of 700 cases (0.14%), which required postoperative ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: This policy of selective preoperative ERCP, and not routine peroperative cholangiogram, is cost effective and not associated with significant incidence of retained stones or bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  (+info)

Acute carbon tetrachloride feeding induces damage of large but not small cholangiocytes from BDL rat liver. (6/1207)

Bile duct damage and/or loss is limited to a range of duct sizes in cholangiopathies. We tested the hypothesis that CCl4 damages only large ducts. CCl4 or mineral oil was given to bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats, and 1, 2, and 7 days later small and large cholangiocytes were purified and evaluated for apoptosis, proliferation, and secretion. In situ, we measured apoptosis by morphometric and TUNEL analysis and the number of small and large ducts by morphometry. Two days after CCl4 administration, we found an increased number of small ducts and reduced number of large ducts. In vitro apoptosis was observed only in large cholangiocytes, and this was accompanied by loss of proliferation and secretion in large cholangiocytes and loss of choleretic effect of secretin. Small cholangiocytes de novo express the secretin receptor gene and secretin-induced cAMP response. Consistent with damage of large ducts, we detected cytochrome P-4502E1 (which CCl4 converts to its radicals) only in large cholangiocytes. CCl4 induces selective apoptosis of large ducts associated with loss of large cholangiocyte proliferation and secretion.  (+info)

Aquaporin water channels in gastrointestinal physiology. (7/1207)

Fluid transport is a major function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with more than 9 litres of fluid being absorbed or secreted across epithelia in human salivary gland, stomach, the hepatobiliary tract, pancreas, small intestine and colon. This review evaluates the evidence that aquaporin-type water channels are involved in GI fluid transport. The aquaporins are a family of small ( approximately 30 kDa) integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. At least seven aquaporins are expressed in various tissues in the GI tract: AQP1 in intrahepatic cholangiocytes, AQP4 in gastric parietal cells, AQP3 and AQP4 in colonic surface epithelium, AQP5 in salivary gland, AQP7 in small intestine, AQP8 in liver, pancreas and colon, and AQP9 in liver. There are functional data suggesting that some GI cell types expressing aquaporins have high or regulated water permeability; however, there has been no direct evidence for a role of aquaporins in GI physiology. Recently, transgenic mice have been generated with selective deletions of various aquaporins. Preliminary evaluation of GI function suggests a role for AQP1 in dietary fat processing and AQP4 in colonic fluid absorption. Further study of aquaporin function in the GI tract should provide new insights into normal GI physiology and disease mechanisms, and may yield novel therapies to regulate fluid movement in GI diseases.  (+info)

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and fluorouracil pharmacokinetics with liver damage induced by bile duct ligation in rats. (8/1207)

Hepatic metabolism is the main determinant in the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Its disposition might be affected with liver dysfunction. In the present study, the influence of liver damage induced by bile duct ligation on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), a rate-limiting enzyme in 5-FU catabolism, CYP2B, and 5-FU pharmacokinetics were compared in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 3 weeks of the ligation in two different groups of animals for in vitro and pharmacokinetic experiments, significant increases in serum bilirubin level and spleen weight were found in both groups. No significant differences were noted in bilirubin level or spleen weight of the bile duct ligation group between the two experiment groups. In the in vitro experiment, DPD activity and protein levels determined by Western blot analysis in the bile duct ligation group were slightly but significantly greater than those of a sham-operated group, whereas CYP2B activity and protein level were significantly reduced. These findings were supported by mRNA levels of CYP2B and DPD. When 40 mg/kg 5-FU was administered i.v. in the pharmacokinetic experiment, no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were found between the bile duct ligation and sham-operated groups. These results suggested that DPD activity and protein level were maintained and that 5-FU pharmacokinetics was not altered in the presence of liver damage accompanied by a significant reduction in CYP2B activity and protein level, supporting previous clinical studies showing that mild to moderate liver dysfunction does not affect 5-FU disposition.  (+info)

Examples of bile duct diseases include:

1. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): An inflammatory condition that damages the bile ducts, leading to scarring and narrowing of the ducts.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the bile ducts.
3. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
4. Bile duct injuries: Damage to the bile ducts during surgery or other medical procedures.
5. Biliary atresia: A congenital condition where the bile ducts are blocked or absent, leading to jaundice and other symptoms in infants.

Treatment for bile duct diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, and in some cases, liver transplantation.

Bile duct neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Bile Duct Neoplasms:

There are several types of bile duct neoplasms, including:

1. Bile duct adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the bile ducts.
2. Bile duct carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows in the bile ducts and can spread to other parts of the body.
3. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare type of bile duct cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Gallbladder cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of bile duct neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors, including:

1. Age: Bile duct neoplasms are more common in people over the age of 50.
2. Gender: Women are more likely to develop bile duct neoplasms than men.
3. Family history: People with a family history of bile duct cancer or other liver diseases may be at increased risk.
4. Previous exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium, has been linked to an increased risk of developing bile duct neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bile duct neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain or discomfort
6. Weight loss
7. Itching all over the body
8. Dark urine
9. Pale stools

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose bile duct neoplasms:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the liver and bile ducts.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound: This test involves inserting an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe) into the bile ducts through the mouth or stomach to obtain images and samples of the bile ducts.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed during an endoscopic ultrasound or during surgery to remove the tumor. The sample is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of bile duct neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences. The following are some common treatment options for bile duct neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be performed to remove the tumor or a portion of the bile duct. This may involve a Whipple procedure (a surgical procedure to remove the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a portion of the bile duct), a bile duct resection, or a liver transplant.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery or to relieve symptoms such as pain or blockage of the bile duct.
4. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the liver.
5. Ablation therapy: Ablation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells by freezing or heating them with a probe inserted through an endoscope.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat certain types of bile duct cancer, such as cholangiocarcinoma, by targeting specific molecules that promote the growth and spread of the cancer cells.
7. Clinical trials: Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments for bile duct neoplasms. These may be an option for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have advanced cancer.

Examples:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Bile duct cancer: A type of cancer that affects the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Stricture: A narrowing of the bile duct that can cause obstruction and block the flow of bile.
5. Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can form in the bile ducts and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and jaundice.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances found in bile. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Abdominal pain (often in the upper right abdomen)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Tea-colored urine
* Pale or clay-colored stools

Gallstones can be classified into several types based on their composition, size, and location. The most common types are:

* Cholesterol gallstones: These are the most common type of gallstone and are usually yellow or green in color. They are made of cholesterol and other substances found in bile.
* Pigment gallstones: These stones are made of bilirubin, a yellow pigment found in bile. They are often smaller than cholesterol gallstones and may be more difficult to detect.
* Mixed gallstones: These stones are a combination of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.

Gallstones can cause a variety of complications, including:

* Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
* Infection of the bile ducts (choledochalitis)
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Blockage of the common bile duct, which can cause jaundice and infection.

Treatment for gallstones usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder, although in some cases, medications may be used to dissolve small stones. In severe cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to treat complications such as inflammation or infection.

Prevalence: Adenomas account for approximately 10% to 20% of all primary liver tumors.

Risk Factors: Risk factors for developing adenoma include age (>60 years old), cirrhosis, and a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma or polycystic liver disease.

Pathology: Adenomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. They can grow large enough to obstruct bile flow and cause abdominal pain, jaundice, and pruritus.

Diagnosis: Adenomas are diagnosed via imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Endoscopic ultrasound may also be used to evaluate the tumor and assess for invasive features.

Treatment: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for adenomas. In some cases, liver transplantation may be considered if the tumor is large or multiple and surgical resection is not feasible. Ablation therapies such as radiofrequency ablation or chemoembolization may also be used to control symptoms and slow tumor growth.

Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with adenoma is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 90%. However, the risk of malignant transformation (cancer) is present, particularly in cases where there are multiple adenomas or invasive features.

In conclusion, adenoma of the bile ducts is a benign tumor that can occur within the liver. While the prognosis is generally good, early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications and minimize the risk of malignant transformation.

The term "extrahepatic" refers to the fact that the obstruction occurs outside of the liver, as opposed to intrahepatic cholestasis, which occurs within the liver. Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including gallstones, pancreatitis, and cancer.

Treatment for extrahepatic cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction. In some cases, this may involve surgery to remove the blockage or other procedures such as stent placement or biliary bypass surgery. Medications such as bile salts and ursodeoxycholic acid may also be used to help improve liver function and reduce symptoms.

In summary, extrahepatic cholestasis is a type of bile duct obstruction that occurs outside of the liver, leading to bile buildup in the bloodstream and potentially causing a range of symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 40 years old. Women are more likely to develop cholelithiasis than men, especially during pregnancy or after childbirth.

The symptoms of cholelithiasis can vary depending on the size and location of the gallstones. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have:

* Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Shaking or chills
* Loss of appetite
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

If left untreated, cholelithiasis can lead to complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholangitis), infection of the bile ducts (biliary sepsis), or blockage of the common bile duct. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of cholelithiasis is usually made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for signs of inflammation and liver function. Treatment options for cholelithiasis include:

* Watchful waiting: If the gallstones are small and not causing any symptoms, doctors may recommend monitoring the condition without immediate treatment.
* Medications: Oral medications such as bile salts or ursodiol can dissolve small gallstones and relieve symptoms.
* Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder through small incisions.
* Open cholecystectomy: An open surgery to remove the gallbladder, usually performed when the gallstones are large or there are other complications.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of cholelithiasis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Types of Cholangitis:
There are two types of cholangitis:

1. Acute cholangitis: This type of cholangitis occurs suddenly and is usually caused by a blockage in the bile ducts, such as a gallstone or a tumor.
2. Chronic cholangitis: This type of cholangitis develops gradually over time and can be caused by recurring inflammation or scarring of the bile ducts.

Causes and Risk Factors:
The most common cause of cholangitis is a blockage in the bile ducts, which allows bacteria to grow and multiply, leading to infection. Other causes include:

* Gallstones
* Tumors
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Trauma to the abdomen
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* HIV/AIDS
* Cancer

Symptoms:
The symptoms of cholangitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis:
Cholangitis is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests to determine the presence of infection. A liver biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:
The treatment of cholangitis depends on the cause and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Antibiotics to treat bacterial or fungal infections
* Supportive care, such as fluids and nutrition, to manage symptoms
* Surgical drainage of the bile ducts to relieve blockages
* Endoscopic therapy, such as stent placement or laser lithotripsy, to remove gallstones or other obstructions
* Liver transplantation in severe cases

Prognosis:
The prognosis for cholangitis depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause. If treated promptly and effectively, the prognosis is generally good. However, if left untreated or if there are complications, the prognosis can be poor.

Prevention:
Preventing cholangitis involves managing any underlying conditions that may increase the risk of infection, such as gallstones or liver disease. Other preventive measures include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause cholangitis
* Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or liver disease

Complications:
Cholangitis can lead to several complications, including:

* Bile duct damage, which can lead to bile leaking into the abdomen and causing an infection called peritonitis
* Spread of the infection to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or lungs
* Sepsis, a severe and life-threatening reaction to the infection
* Organ failure, particularly liver and kidney failure
* Death

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of cholangitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The term choledocholithiasis is derived from the Greek words "chole" meaning bile, "dochos" meaning duct, and "-iasis" meaning condition or disease. It is used to describe a specific type of gallstone that forms within the common bile duct, rather than in the gallbladder or liver.

Choledocholithiasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis), and blockages within the ducts. Treatment options for choledocholithiasis include endoscopic therapy, surgery, and medications to dissolve the gallstones.

In summary, choledocholithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, which can cause a range of symptoms and may require medical intervention to treat.

There are several types of biliary tract diseases, including:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and blockages.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Biliary cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver and bile ducts that can lead to liver failure.
4. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas that can cause abdominal pain and digestive problems.
5. Cancer of the biliary tract: Cancer that affects the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts.

Biliary tract diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, obesity, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests and liver function tests.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve medications to dissolve gallstones or treat infections. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the gallbladder or repair damaged bile ducts.

Prevention is key in avoiding biliary tract diseases, and this includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, managing risk factors such as obesity and alcohol consumption, and getting regular medical check-ups. Early detection and treatment of biliary tract diseases can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

The most common types of biliary fistulas are:

1. Bile duct-enteric fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the small intestine.
2. Bile duct-skin fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the skin, which can lead to a bile leak and infection.
3. Bile duct-liver fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the liver, which can cause bleeding and infection.

Symptoms of biliary fistula may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss

Diagnosis of biliary fistula is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, and MRI. Treatment options for biliary fistula include:

1. Endoscopic therapy: This may involve the use of an endoscope to repair or close off the fistula.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged bile ducts.
3. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile ducts to help keep them open and allow for proper drainage.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of biliary fistula, as it can lead to serious complications such as infection or bleeding.

The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to the development of the disease. These include:

1. Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis)
2. Infection with certain viruses, such as hepatitis B and C
3. Genetic conditions, such as inherited syndromes that affect the liver and bile ducts
4. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide
5. Obesity and metabolic disorders

The symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
2. Itching all over the body
3. Fatigue
4. Loss of appetite
5. Abdominal pain and swelling
6. Weight loss
7. Nausea and vomiting

If cholangiocarcinoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:

1. Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans
2. Blood tests to check for certain liver enzymes and bilirubin levels
3. Endoscopic ultrasound to examine the bile ducts
4. Biopsy to collect a sample of tissue from the suspected tumor

Treatment for cholangiocarcinoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the tumor and a portion of the bile ducts. In more advanced cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to relieve symptoms.

It's important for patients with cholangiocarcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and to monitor their condition regularly. With prompt and appropriate treatment, some patients with cholangiocarcinoma may experience long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Learn More:

Bile Reflux | Symptoms, Causes, Treatments | American ...
https://www.gi.org/topics/bile-reflux/

The exact cause of choledochal cysts is not well understood, but they are believed to result from developmental abnormalities during fetal life. In some cases, there may be associated genetic mutations or other congenital anomalies. The diagnosis of a choledochal cyst is typically made using imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and the cyst may be removed surgically if it causes symptoms or if it becomes infected.

There are several types of choledochal cysts, including:

1. Type I: This is the most common type, where the cyst is located near the liver and has a distinctive "dome-shaped" appearance.
2. Type II: This type is located near the pancreas and has a more irregular shape.
3. Type III: This type is located near the gallbladder and has a small opening into the bile duct.
4. Type IV: This type is located further down the bile duct and has no opening into the duct.

Choledochal cysts are relatively rare, occurring in approximately 1 in 250,000 to 1 in 500,000 live births. They can be associated with other congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney disease, Turner syndrome, and Down syndrome. The surgical removal of a choledochal cyst is typically curative, but long-term follow-up is often necessary to monitor for potential complications such as bile duct stricture or cancer.

The condition is often caused by gallstones or other blockages that prevent the normal flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine. Over time, the scarring can lead to the formation of cirrhosis, which is characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue.

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis, biliary may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

The diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, biliary is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and blood tests.

Treatment for liver cirrhosis, biliary depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove gallstones or repair damaged bile ducts. Medications such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver cirrhosis, biliary is generally poor, as the condition can lead to complications such as liver failure, infection, and cancer. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

The exact cause of Biliary Atresia is unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. Symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), poor feeding, and a large liver size. If left untreated, Biliary Atresia can lead to long-term complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.

Treatment for Biliary Atresia usually involves a surgical procedure called the Kasai procedure, where the damaged bile ducts are removed and replaced with a section of the small intestine. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease is advanced or if there are complications such as liver cirrhosis.

Overall, Biliary Atresia is a rare and complex condition that requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes for affected individuals.

There are several causes of pancreatitis, including:

1. Gallstones: These can block the pancreatic duct, causing inflammation.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use can damage the pancreas and lead to inflammation.
3. High triglycerides: Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood can cause pancreatitis.
4. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can infect the pancreas and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to pancreatitis due to inherited genetic mutations.
6. Pancreatic trauma: Physical injury to the pancreas can cause inflammation.
7. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, can cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

Symptoms of pancreatitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea or bloating
5. Weight loss
6. Loss of appetite

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and address any complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids may be used to manage abdominal pain.
2. Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids may be given to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Antibiotics: If the pancreatitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
4. Nutritional support: Patients with pancreatitis may require nutritional support to ensure they are getting enough calories and nutrients.
5. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: In some cases, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy may be necessary to help the body digest food.
6. Surgery: In severe cases of pancreatitis, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent abdominal pain or other symptoms of pancreatitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The exact cause of sclerosing cholangitis is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune condition, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy bile duct cells, leading to inflammation and scarring.

Symptoms of sclerosing cholangitis can include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching all over the body
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss

If sclerosing cholangitis is not treated, it can lead to complications such as:

* Bile duct cancer
* Intestinal obstruction
* Sepsis (a potentially life-threatening infection of the bloodstream)

Treatment for sclerosing cholangitis typically involves a combination of medications and surgery. Medications used to treat the condition include:

* Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which helps to dissolve bile stones and reduce inflammation
* Antibiotics, which help to prevent or treat infections
* Immunosuppressive drugs, which help to suppress the immune system and prevent further damage to the bile ducts

Surgery may be necessary to remove damaged or blocked bile ducts. In some cases, a liver transplant may be required if the condition is severe and there is significant liver damage.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Jaundice is typically diagnosed through physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood tests to measure bilirubin levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to reduce bilirubin production or increase its excretion, or surgery to remove blockages in the bile ducts.

Here are some of the synonyms for Jaundice:

1. Yellow fever
2. Yellow jaundice
3. Hepatitis
4. Gallstones
5. Cholestasis
6. Obstruction of the bile ducts
7. Biliary tract disease
8. Hemochromatosis
9. Sickle cell anemia
10. Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Here are some of the antonyms for Jaundice:

1. Pinkness
2. Normal skin color
3. Healthy liver function
4. Bilirubin levels within normal range
5. No signs of liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the biliary tract, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are several types of biliary tract neoplasms, including:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts. It can occur in the liver or outside the liver.
2. Gallbladder cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder and is relatively rare.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which means it originates in the liver rather than spreading from another part of the body.
4. Bile duct cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Biliary tract neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weight loss, fatigue, and itching. These symptoms can be non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis of biliary tract neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for biliary tract neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic. Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed suddenly, usually due to a blockage in the bile ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammation of the gallbladder that can lead to scarring and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

The causes of cholecystitis include:

1. Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. These stones can block the bile ducts and cause inflammation.
2. Infection: Bacterial infection can spread to the gallbladder from other parts of the body, causing cholecystitis.
3. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can spread to the gallbladder and cause cholecystitis.
4. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder: If the gallbladder does not empty properly, bile can become stagnant and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to developing cholecystitis due to genetic factors.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Loss of appetite
5. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
6. Tea-colored urine
7. Pale or clay-colored stools

If you suspect that you or someone else may have cholecystitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider can diagnose cholecystitis based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment for cholecystitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any infection, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be necessary.

There are many different causes of pathological dilatation, including:

1. Infection: Infections like tuberculosis or abscesses can cause inflammation and swelling in affected tissues, leading to dilatation.
2. Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease can cause dilatation of blood vessels and organs.
3. Heart disease: Conditions like heart failure or coronary artery disease can lead to dilatation of the heart chambers or vessels.
4. Liver or spleen disease: Dilatation of the liver or spleen can occur due to conditions like cirrhosis or splenomegaly.
5. Neoplasms: Tumors can cause dilatation of affected structures, such as blood vessels or organs.

Pathological dilatation can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the condition. These may include:

1. Swelling or distension of the affected structure
2. Pain or discomfort in the affected area
3. Difficulty breathing or swallowing (in the case of dilatation in the throat or airways)
4. Fatigue or weakness
5. Pale or clammy skin
6. Rapid heart rate or palpitations
7. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Diagnosis of pathological dilatation typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause and relieve symptoms.

Symptoms of lithiasis may include pain in the affected area, nausea and vomiting, fever, and changes in urination patterns. Treatment for lithiasis depends on the location and size of the stone, and may involve medications to help break down the stone or surgery to remove it.

Prevention strategies for lithiasis include staying hydrated to maintain adequate fluid intake, limiting dietary oxalate intake in cases of calcium oxalate stones, and avoiding foods high in animal protein and salt in cases of uric acid stones. In some cases, medications such as allopurinol or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent stone formation.

In summary, lithiasis is the formation of stones or calculi within the body, typically in the urinary tract or biliary system, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Treatment and prevention strategies vary depending on the location and type of stone, but may include medications to break down the stone or surgery to remove it.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

1. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs): These are side effects caused by medications, such as allergic reactions, liver damage, or other systemic problems. ADRs can be a significant cause of iatrogenic disease and can result from taking the wrong medication, taking too much medication, or taking medication for too long.
2. Infections acquired during medical procedures: Patients who undergo invasive medical procedures, such as surgeries or insertion of catheters, are at risk of developing infections. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that enter the body through the surgical site or the catheter.
3. Surgical complications: Complications from surgery can range from minor issues, such as bruising and swelling, to more serious problems, such as infection, organ damage, or nerve injury. These complications can be caused by errors during the procedure, poor post-operative care, or other factors.
4. Medication overuse or underuse: Medications that are prescribed inappropriately or in excess can cause iatrogenic disease. For example, taking too much medication can lead to adverse drug reactions, while taking too little medication may not effectively treat the underlying condition.
5. Medical imaging complications: Medical imaging procedures, such as X-rays and CT scans, can sometimes cause iatrogenic disease. For example, excessive radiation exposure from these procedures can increase the risk of cancer.
6. Psychiatric iatrogenesis: This refers to harm caused by psychiatric treatment, such as medication side effects or inappropriate use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
7. Overdiagnosis: Overdiagnosis occurs when a condition is diagnosed that would not have caused symptoms or required treatment during the person's lifetime. This can lead to unnecessary testing, treatment, and other iatrogenic harms.
8. Unnecessary surgery: Surgical procedures that are not necessary can cause harm and increase healthcare costs.
9. Inappropriate referrals: Referring patients for unnecessary tests or procedures can lead to iatrogenic disease and increased healthcare costs.
10. Healthcare provider burnout: Burnout among healthcare providers can lead to errors, adverse events, and other forms of iatrogenic disease.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of iatrogenic disease, and there may be other factors that contribute to this phenomenon as well. Additionally, while many of the factors listed above are unintentional, some may be due to negligence or other forms of misconduct. In all cases, it is important for healthcare providers to take steps to prevent iatrogenic disease and promote high-quality, patient-centered care.

The term "experimental" refers to the fact that this type of cirrhosis is typically induced in animals through the use of certain chemicals, toxins, or viruses, rather than occurring naturally in humans. The goal of studying experimental liver cirrhosis is to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to develop new treatments for this condition.

Some examples of how experimental liver cirrhosis may be induced include:

* Administering certain chemicals or toxins, such as carbon tetrachloride or thioacetamide, to animals in order to damage the liver and trigger the formation of nodules and fibrosis.
* Infecting animals with viruses that can cause liver damage and inflammation, such as hepatitis B or C virus.
* Using genetic models to study the role of specific genes in the development of liver cirrhosis.

Experimental liver cirrhosis is often studied in laboratory animals, such as mice, rats, and pigs, using a range of techniques including histology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. The studies may focus on various aspects of the disease, such as the mechanisms of inflammation and fibrosis, the role of specific cell types or signaling pathways, and the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Here are some additional details about each of the gallbladder diseases mentioned in the definition:

* Gallstone disease: This is the most common gallbladder disease and occurs when small stones form in the gallbladder. The stones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances. They can cause pain, inflammation, and infection if left untreated.
* Cholecystitis: This is inflammation of the gallbladder that can occur when gallstones block the ducts and cause bile to build up. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, fever, and chills. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to more serious complications such as gangrene or perforation of the gallbladder.
* Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. These stones can cause blockages and lead to inflammation, infection, and damage to the liver and pancreas.
* Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas that can occur when the pancreatic ducts become blocked by gallstones or other substances. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. If left untreated, pancreatitis can lead to serious complications such as infection, organ failure, and death.
* Gallbladder cancer: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss. If left untreated, gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body and lead to death.

Overall, these gallbladder diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can be fatal if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Some examples of pathologic constrictions include:

1. Stenosis: A narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or other tubular structure, often caused by the buildup of plaque or scar tissue.
2. Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can make breathing difficult.
3. Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing.
4. Gastric ring constriction: A narrowing of the stomach caused by a band of tissue that forms in the upper part of the stomach.
5. Anal fissure: A tear in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and difficulty passing stools.

Pathologic constrictions can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, injury, or genetic disorders. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopies, and may require surgical treatment to relieve symptoms and improve function.

The symptoms of Klatskin's tumor can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and diabetes. The tumor is often diagnosed by imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for Klatskin's tumor typically involves surgery to remove the affected portion of the pancreas, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this type of cancer is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 5%.

Klatskin's tumor is named after the American surgeon and pancreatic cancer researcher, Leo Klatskin. It is also sometimes referred to as Klatskin's neuroendocrine carcinoma or islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas.

Calculi are typically classified into three types based on their composition:

1. Calcium oxalate calculi: These are the most common type of calculus and are often found in the kidneys and urinary tract. They are more likely to occur in people with a history of kidney stones or other conditions that affect calcium metabolism.
2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi: These calculi are less common and typically form in the kidneys or bladder. They are often associated with chronic kidney disease or other underlying medical conditions.
3. Uric acid calculi: These calculi are rare and often form in the joints, but can also occur in the urinary tract. They are more common in people with gout or other conditions that affect uric acid metabolism.

Calculi can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location, including:

* Pain in the abdomen, flank, or back
* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Frequent urination or difficulty urinating
* Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
* Fever or chills
* Nausea and vomiting

If calculi are small and do not cause any symptoms, they may not require treatment. However, if they grow large enough to block the flow of urine or cause pain, treatment may be necessary. Treatment options for calculi include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as alpha-blockers and potassium citrate can help to dissolve calculi and reduce symptoms.
2. Shock wave lithotripsy: This is a non-invasive procedure that uses high-energy shock waves to break up calculi into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily.
3. Endoscopic surgery: A small, flexible tube with a camera and specialized tools can be inserted through the ureter or bladder to remove calculi.
4. Open surgery: In some cases, open surgery may be necessary to remove large or complex calculi.

Prevention is key in avoiding calculi. Here are some tips for preventing calculi:

1. Drink plenty of water: Adequate hydration helps to dilute uric acid and other substances in the urine, reducing the risk of calculi formation.
2. Limit alcohol intake: Alcohol can increase levels of uric acid in the blood, which can contribute to calculi formation.
3. Maintain a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is low in purines and high in fruits and vegetables can help to reduce the risk of calculi.
4. Manage underlying conditions: Conditions such as gout, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney disease can increase the risk of calculi. Managing these conditions with medication and lifestyle changes can help to reduce the risk of calculi.
5. Avoid certain medications: Certain medications, such as some antibiotics and diuretics, can increase the risk of calculi formation.
6. Monitor urine output: If you have a medical condition that affects your urinary tract, such as a blockage or an obstruction, it is important to monitor your urine output to ensure that your kidneys are functioning properly.
7. Avoid prolonged bed rest: Prolonged bed rest can increase the risk of calculi formation by slowing down urine flow and allowing minerals to accumulate in the urinary tract.
8. Stay active: Regular exercise can help to improve circulation and maintain a healthy weight, which can reduce the risk of calculi formation.
9. Avoid smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of calculi formation by reducing blood flow to the kidneys and increasing the amount of oxalate in the urine.
10. Consider medications: In some cases, medications such as allopurinol or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent calculi formation. These medications can help to reduce the levels of uric acid or calcium oxalate in the urine.
It is important to note that not all kidney stones are the same, and the underlying cause may vary depending on the type of stone. For example, if you have a history of gout, you may be more likely to develop uric acid stones. In this case, medications such as allopurinol or probenecid may be prescribed to help reduce the levels of uric acid in your blood and prevent calculi formation.


Exocrine disorders affect the pancreas' ability to produce digestive enzymes, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The most common exocrine disorder is chronic pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to permanent damage and scarring. Other exocrine disorders include acute pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer.

Endocrine disorders affect the pancreas' ability to produce hormones, leading to symptoms such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and Cushing's syndrome. The most common endocrine disorder is diabetes mellitus, which is caused by a deficiency of insulin production or insulin resistance. Other endocrine disorders include hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors.

Pancreatic diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options for pancreatic diseases vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes in patients with pancreatic diseases.

Some of the most common types of pancreatic diseases include:

1. Diabetes mellitus: a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels.
2. Chronic pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to permanent damage and scarring.
3. Acute pancreatitis: sudden and severe inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption.
4. Pancreatic cancer: a malignancy that can arise in the pancreas and spread to other parts of the body.
5. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): tumors that arise in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms.
6. Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors: rare tumors that produce excessive amounts of pancreatic polypeptide, leading to hypoglycemia and other symptoms.
7. Glucagonoma: a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of glucagon, leading to high blood sugar levels and other symptoms.
8. Insulinoma: a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of insulin, leading to low blood sugar levels and other symptoms.
9. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1: an inherited disorder characterized by multiple endocrine tumors, including those in the pancreas.
10. Familial pancreatico-ductal adenocarcinoma (FPDA): an inherited disorder characterized by a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

These are just some of the possible causes of pancreatic disease, and there may be others not listed here. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Human infection by Clonorchis sinensis is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia where the parasite is most prevalent. The disease is often found in areas where sanitation and hygiene are poor, and where fish consumption is a major part of the diet. In endemic areas, clonorchiasis can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among individuals who consume raw or undercooked fish on a regular basis.

Preventive measures against clonorchiasis include proper cooking of fish, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and avoiding contact with contaminated water. In areas where the parasite is common, public health campaigns may be implemented to raise awareness about the risks of eating raw or undercooked fish and to promote proper cooking methods. In addition, efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of infection.

In conclusion, Clonorchiasis is a serious disease caused by the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, which is found in freshwater fish. Proper cooking of fish, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and avoiding contact with contaminated water are important preventive measures against clonorchiasis. Public health campaigns and efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene can also help reduce the risk of infection and manage symptoms of the disease.

Sources:

1. World Health Organization. (2019). Clonorchiasis. Retrieved from

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Parasites - Clonorchis sinensis. Retrieved from

3. Naja, H. J., & Ragi, M. A. (2016). Clonorchiasis: An overview of the disease and its current treatment options. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 8(4), 349-357.

4. Xu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Clonorchiasis: A review of the current situation in China. Parasites & Vectors, 9(1), 385.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

The disease is caused by mutations in the DNA of genes that are involved in the development and maintenance of the liver and bile ducts. It is usually diagnosed in children or young adults, and treatment options may include surgery to remove cysts, antibiotics to treat infections, and medication to manage symptoms such as pain and itching.

The disease is named after the Italian physician, Angelo Caroli, who first described it in 1892. It is also known as Caroli's disease or congenital hepatic fibrosis.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, with each cell forming a small papilla (bump) on the surface of the tumor. APC is often slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages.

APC is generally considered to be less aggressive than other types of cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. However, it can still spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for APC may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

It's worth noting that APC is sometimes referred to as "papillary adenocarcinoma" or simply "papillary cancer." However, these terms are often used interchangeably with "adenocarcinoma, papillary" in medical literature and clinical practice.

There are many different types of cysts that can occur in the body, including:

1. Sebaceous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or torso. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
2. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They are common in women of childbearing age and can cause pelvic pain, bloating, and other symptoms.
3. Kidney cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form in the kidneys. They are usually benign but can cause problems if they become large or infected.
4. Dermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin or organs. They are filled with skin cells, hair follicles, and other tissue and can become inflamed or infected.
5. Pilar cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the scalp. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
6. Epidermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form just under the skin. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
7. Mucous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the fingers or toes. They are filled with a clear, sticky fluid and can become inflamed or infected.
8. Baker's cyst: This is a fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee. It can cause swelling and pain in the knee and is more common in women than men.
9. Tarlov cysts: These are small, fluid-filled cysts that form in the spine. They can cause back pain and other symptoms, such as sciatica.
10. ganglion cysts: These are noncancerous lumps that form on the joints or tendons. They are filled with a thick, clear fluid and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other types of cysts that are not included here. If you suspect that you have a cyst, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of LDO may include:

* Redness and swelling of the eyelid
* Discharge from the eye
* Pain in the eye or eyelid
* Blurred vision
* Eye movements that are abnormal

If left untreated, LDO can lead to complications such as:

* Infection of the lacrimal duct
* Abscess formation
* Inflammation of the eyelid
* Dry eye

Treatment for LDO usually involves antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications to clear the blockage and reduce swelling. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the obstruction.

Prevention is key in avoiding LDO, and this can be done by:

* Keeping the eyes and eyelids clean
* Avoiding rubbing or touching the eyes
* Using protective eyewear when needed
* Getting regular eye exams to detect any issues early on.

The sphincter of Oddi is a ring-like muscle that controls the opening and closing of the common bile duct into the small intestine. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction refers to problems with the functioning of this muscle, which can lead to a range of symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

There are several possible causes of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, including:

1. Gallstones: Gallstones can block the common bile duct and cause inflammation and scarring of the sphincter, leading to dysfunction.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Conditions such as pancreatitis and cholangitis can cause inflammation and damage to the sphincter muscle.
3. Cancer: Bile duct cancer or pancreatic cancer can infiltrate and damage the sphincter muscle, leading to dysfunction.
4. Injury: Trauma to the abdomen or surgical damage to the bile ducts can cause dysfunction of the sphincter.
5. Neurological disorders: Certain neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and peripheral neuropathy can affect the nerves that control the sphincter muscle, leading to dysfunction.

The symptoms of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the dysfunction. They may include:

* Abdominal pain, often in the right upper quadrant or middle of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform a series of tests to diagnose the underlying cause of the dysfunction and develop an appropriate treatment plan. These tests may include:

1. Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth and into the bile ducts to visualize the sphincter and surrounding tissues.
2. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to evaluate the structure of the bile ducts and liver.
3. Blood tests: To check for signs of liver damage or pancreas inflammation.
4. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera and a special tool is inserted through the mouth and into the bile ducts to diagnose and treat problems.
5. Sphincterotomy: A procedure in which the surgeon makes a small incision in the sphincter muscle to relieve pressure and allow normal flow of bile.
6. Stent placement: A small tube is placed inside the bile duct to keep it open and improve flow.
7. Biliary bypass surgery: A procedure in which the surgeon reroutes the bile flow around the blocked bile duct.
8. Liver transplantation: In severe cases of bile duct injuries, a liver transplant may be necessary.

It is important to note that the treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause of the dysfunction and the severity of the condition. A healthcare professional will be able to determine the best course of treatment based on individual circumstances.

Inflammation of the gallbladder that develops rapidly and usually as a result of obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone or rarely by tumors, parasites, or external pressure. Symptoms include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and Murphy's sign (tenderness over the gallbladder). Treatment is with antibiotics, analgesics, and supportive care; surgical intervention may be required in severe cases or if there are complications. See: biliary colic; cholelithiasis; cholangitis.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.




Some common examples of duodenal diseases include:

1. Peptic ulcers: These are open sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum and can be caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
2. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the lining of the duodenum. It can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This is a chronic condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, including the duodenum. Symptoms of IBD include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Duodenal webs or rings: These are congenital abnormalities that can cause blockages or narrowing in the duodenum.
5. Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas, which can spread to the duodenum and cause damage to the lining of the duodenum.
6. Gastrointestinal hormone deficiency: This is a condition where the body does not produce enough gastrointestinal hormones, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
7. Duodenal polyps: These are growths that develop in the lining of the duodenum and can be benign or cancerous.
8. Duodenal obstruction: This is a blockage that develops in the duodenum and can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, adhesions, and inflammation.

Duodenal diseases can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Endoscopy: This is a procedure where a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the duodenum to visualize the inside of the duodenum and collect tissue samples.
2. Biopsy: This is a procedure where a small sample of tissue is removed from the duodenum and examined under a microscope for signs of disease.
3. CT scan or MRI: These are imaging tests that use X-rays or magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the duodenum and surrounding tissues.
4. Blood tests: These can be used to check for signs of infection, inflammation, or other conditions affecting the duodenum.
5. Stool tests: These can be used to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the duodenum.

Treatment for duodenal diseases will depend on the specific condition and its cause, but may include:

1. Medications: Such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and acid-suppressing medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation.
2. Lifestyle changes: Such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and managing stress.
3. Endoscopy: To remove any blockages or abnormal growths in the duodenum.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or remove affected tissue.
5. Nutritional support: To ensure that the patient is getting enough nutrients and electrolytes.

It's important to note that a proper diagnosis from a medical professional is essential for effective treatment of duodenal diseases.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

There are several types of cholecystolithiasis:

* Pigmented stones (made from bilirubin)
* Cholesterol stones (made from cholesterol and other substances in the bile)
* Mixed stones (a combination of pigmented and cholesterol stones)

Symptoms:

* Abdominal pain (especially after meals)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Causes:

* Genetics
* Obesity
* Rapid weight loss
* High cholesterol levels
* Low HDL (good) cholesterol levels
* High triglycerides
* Diabetes

Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans. Treatment options include medication to dissolve small stones, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder through small incisions).

Prevention includes maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms of fascioliasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Diarrhea
3. Vomiting
4. Fatigue
5. Weight loss
6. Anemia
7. Elevated liver enzymes
8. Inflammation of the liver, bile ducts, or pancreas

If left untreated, fascioliasis can lead to serious complications such as:

1. Cholangiohepatitis (inflammation of the bile ducts and liver)
2. Hepatic cysts or cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
3. Biliary obstruction or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

Diagnosis of fascioliasis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as:

1. Blood tests to detect antibodies against the parasite
2. Detection of the parasite in stool or bile samples
3. Imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans to visualize the liver and bile ducts

Treatment of fascioliasis usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as triclabendazole or nitazoxanide, to eliminate the parasite from the body. Supportive care may also be provided to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention of fascioliasis primarily involves measures to avoid ingesting contaminated food or water, such as:

1. Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly pork or lamb
2. Properly cooking and storing food
3. Avoiding consumption of untreated water
4. Using proper sanitation and hygiene practices
5. Avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water

In areas where fascioliasis is common, it is important to be aware of the risk and take appropriate precautions to prevent infection. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with fascioliasis.

The symptoms of opisthorchiasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the location of the parasites within the liver and bile ducts. Some common symptoms include:

* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching all over the body
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

If left untreated, opisthorchiasis can lead to complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts).

The diagnosis of opisthorchiasis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect antibodies against the parasite and/or eggs in the stool. Imaging studies such as ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) scans may be used to visualize the parasites within the liver and bile ducts.

Treatment of opisthorchiasis usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as praziquantel or albendazole, to kill the parasites. Surgery may be required in cases where the parasites have caused significant damage to the liver or bile ducts.

Prevention of opisthorchiasis involves avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, as well as avoiding contact with contaminated water. In areas where the infection is common, it is also important to practice good hygiene and to thoroughly cook all food before consumption.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

A persistent inflammation of the pancreas that can last for months or even years, leading to chronic pain, digestive problems, and other complications.

Pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed, which can be caused by various factors such as gallstones, alcohol consumption, certain medications, and genetics. Chronic pancreatitis is a type of pancreatitis that persists over time, leading to ongoing symptoms and complications.

The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis can vary but may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. The condition can also lead to complications such as infection, bleeding, and narrowing or blockage of the pancreatic ducts.

Chronic pancreatitis is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for chronic pancreatitis may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, lifestyle changes such as avoiding alcohol and fatty foods, and in some cases, surgery to remove the damaged pancreatic tissue.

The prognosis for chronic pancreatitis varies depending on the underlying cause of the condition and the severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the condition can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes, while in others, surgery may be necessary to remove the damaged pancreatic tissue.

Preventing chronic pancreatitis is not always possible, but avoiding risk factors such as alcohol consumption and certain medications can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can also improve outcomes for individuals with chronic pancreatitis.

Symptoms of duodenal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options for duodenal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Duodenal Neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all gastrointestinal cancers. However, they can be aggressive and difficult to treat if not detected early. The prognosis for duodenal neoplasms is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20-30%.

The term "adenomyoma" is derived from the Greek words "adene," meaning gland, and "omyoma," meaning tumor. This refers to the fact that these tumors are made up of glandular tissue, which is responsible for the production of mucus and other fluids in the body.

Adenomyomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in their early stages. However, they can eventually become large enough to cause abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other problems. If left untreated, adenomyomas can become cancerous over time, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have one.

Treatment options for adenomyoma include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), endometrial ablation (destruction of the uterine lining), and medications to shrink the tumor. In some cases, a minimally invasive procedure called a laparoscopy may be used to remove the tumor.

In summary, adenomyoma is a type of benign tumor that develops in the muscular layer of the uterus and can cause abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have an adenomyoma to prevent it from becoming cancerous over time.

Villous adenomas are characterized by a villous surface, which is covered with finger-like projections called villi. These villi have a large surface area, allowing for increased absorption of nutrients and secretion of hormones and other substances.

Villous adenomas are typically less than 1 cm in size and are often found incidentally during diagnostic procedures such as colonoscopy or barium enema. They are usually asymptomatic, but may cause bleeding or obstruction if they become large enough.

The risk of malignant transformation for villous adenomas is low, ranging from 0-15%. However, the presence of multiple villous adenomas, a larger size, and certain histological features such as dysplasia or an irregular border may increase the risk of malignancy.

Treatment of villous adenomas usually involves polypectomy, which is the removal of the polyp using endoscopy or surgery. Follow-up colonoscopies are often recommended to monitor for any recurrences or new polyps. In some cases, patients with multiple or large villous adenomas may be considered for prophylactic colectomy, which is the preventive removal of the colon to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

In summary, villous adenomas are precancerous growths in the colon that have a low risk of malignant transformation but can cause bleeding or obstruction if left untreated. They are typically found incidentally during diagnostic procedures and are treated with polypectomy or prophylactic colectomy.

There are several types of hepatitis, including:

1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.

Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.

Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.

In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Causes of Colic:

1. Gas and bloating: Gas and bloating are common causes of colic. This can occur when gas builds up in the digestive tract or when the body has difficulty processing certain types of food.
2. Constipation: Constipation can cause colic, as hard stool can put pressure on the intestines and lead to pain.
3. Diarrhea: Diarrhea can also cause colic, as loose stool can irritate the intestines and lead to pain.
4. Eating certain foods: Some foods, such as dairy or gluten, can be difficult for the body to digest and may cause colic.
5. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as IBS, GERD, or IBD, can cause colic.

Symptoms of Colic:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort: This is the most common symptom of colic and can be described as crampy, gnawing, or sharp.
2. Gas and bloating: Patients with colic may experience gas and bloating, which can lead to discomfort and abdominal distension.
3. Diarrhea or constipation: Depending on the underlying cause of colic, patients may experience diarrhea or constipation.
4. Nausea and vomiting: Some patients with colic may experience nausea and vomiting.
5. Abdominal tenderness: The abdomen may be tender to the touch, especially in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

Treatment for Colic:

1. Dietary changes: Patients with colic may benefit from making dietary changes such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and increasing fiber intake.
2. Probiotics: Probiotics can help to regulate the gut microbiome and reduce symptoms of colic.
3. Antispasmodics: Antispasmodics, such as dicyclomine, can help to reduce abdominal pain and cramping associated with colic.
4. Simethicone: Simethicone is an antigas medication that can help to reduce bloating and discomfort associated with colic.
5. Antidepressants: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of colic in some patients.
6. Psychological support: Colic can be stressful and emotionally challenging for both patients and their caregivers. Psychological support and counseling may be beneficial in managing the emotional impact of colic.

It is important to note that while these treatments may help to reduce symptoms of colic, there is no cure for this condition. In most cases, colic will resolve on its own within a few months. However, if you suspect that your baby has colic, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider to rule out any other underlying medical conditions and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Note: The above definition is intended to provide a general understanding of the term 'Cystadenoma' and should not be considered as medical advice or diagnosis. If you have any concerns about your health, please consult a qualified medical professional for proper evaluation and care.

1. Gallstones: Gallstones can block the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine, causing bile to back up into the bloodstream and leading to hemobilia.
2. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) can cause bleeding in the bile ducts, leading to hemobilia.
3. Cancer: Bile duct cancer or other types of cancer that have spread to the bile ducts can cause hemobilia.
4. Trauma: Injury to the bile ducts, such as from a car accident or fall, can cause bleeding and lead to hemobilia.
5. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) can cause bleeding in the bile ducts and lead to hemobilia.

Hemobilia is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention, especially if it is caused by a serious underlying condition such as gallstones or cancer. Treatment options for hemobilia will depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery, medication, or endoscopy.

There are several types of PCS, including:

1. Bouveret's syndrome: This is a severe form of PCS that occurs within the first few days after cholecystectomy, characterized by intense abdominal pain, fever, and distension of the small intestine.
2. Mirizzi's syndrome: This type of PCS develops when the cystic duct remnant is obstructed, causing bile to accumulate in the gallbladder bed and leak into surrounding tissues, leading to inflammation and infection.
3. Acute pancreatitis: This condition occurs when the pancreatic duct becomes blocked or obstructed, causing pancreatic enzymes to build up and cause inflammation in the pancreas and surrounding tissues.
4. Chronic pancreatitis: This is a long-term form of PCS that can develop after cholecystectomy, characterized by persistent inflammation and damage to the pancreas, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
5. Biliary-pancreatic dyskinesia: This is a chronic form of PCS that occurs when the sphincter of Oddi, which regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine, becomes dysfunctional, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption.

The symptoms of PCS can be severe and debilitating, affecting quality of life and requiring ongoing medical management. Treatment options for PCS include medications to manage symptoms, endoscopic therapy to clear obstructions, and in some cases, further surgical intervention.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe abdominal pain, as early diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. A healthcare professional will perform a thorough physical examination and order imaging tests such as CT scans or endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of PCS. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to manage pain, inflammation, and infection, as well as lifestyle modifications to ensure proper digestion and nutrition.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a hamartoma on his skin, which was causing a painful lump on his arm.
2. The doctor recommended removing the hamartoma from the patient's pancreas to alleviate her symptoms of abdominal pain and nausea.
3. After undergoing surgery to remove the hamartoma, the patient experienced significant improvement in their quality of life.

Examples of 'Diverticulum' in sentence:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a diverticulum in her colon, which was causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
2. The doctor recommended that the patient avoid fatty foods and drink plenty of fluids to help manage her diverticulum.
3. The diverticulum was successfully treated with antibiotics, but the patient had to make some lifestyle changes to prevent future complications.

The primary features of Alagille syndrome include:

1. Liver problems: The liver is enlarged and may have nodules or cysts. This can lead to liver failure and the need for transplantation.
2. Heart defects: About 75% of individuals with Alagille syndrome have heart defects, such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD).
3. Intestinal involvement: The intestines may be narrowed or blocked, leading to abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation.
4. Kidney problems: Alagille syndrome can cause kidney disease, including cysts and inflammation.
5. Feeding and growth difficulties: Children with Alagille syndrome may have difficulty gaining weight and growing at a normal rate due to malabsorption of nutrients.
6. Distinctive facial features: Individuals with Alagille syndrome may have distinctive facial features, such as a small head, narrow eyes, and a prominent forehead.
7. Skeletal abnormalities: Some individuals with Alagille syndrome may have skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature or clubfoot.
8. Neurological problems: Alagille syndrome can cause neurological symptoms, such as seizures, developmental delay, and learning disabilities.

There is no cure for Alagille syndrome, but treatment is focused on managing the individual symptoms. Liver transplantation may be necessary in some cases. With proper management, many individuals with Alagille syndrome can lead active and fulfilling lives.

The digestive system neoplasms are a group of abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the organs and tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and their impact on the body can range from minimal to life-threatening.

Types:

There are several types of digestive system neoplasms, including:

1. Colorectal cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the colon or rectum.
2. Gastric cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the stomach.
3. Pancreatic cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the pancreas.
4. Small intestine cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the small intestine.
5. Esophageal cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the esophagus.
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): A malignant tumor that develops in the liver.
7. Anal canal cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the anus.
8. Gallbladder cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder.

Causes and risk factors:

The exact cause of digestive system neoplasms is not always known, but certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing these conditions. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing digestive system neoplasms increases with age.
2. Family history: Having a family history of these conditions can increase the risk.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
4. Diets high in fat and low in fiber: A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
5. Smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of developing several types of digestive system neoplasms, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.
6. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing several types of digestive system neoplasms, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.
8. Infection with certain viruses: Some viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C, can increase the risk of developing certain types of digestive system neoplasms.

Symptoms and diagnosis:

The symptoms of digestive system neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blood in the stool or vomit
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Weight loss
4. Fatigue
5. Loss of appetite
6. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

If a patient experiences any of these symptoms, they should see a healthcare provider for further evaluation. A diagnosis of digestive system neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options:

The treatment of digestive system neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for many types of digestive system neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery, or as a palliative therapy to relieve symptoms.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Examples of targeted therapies used to treat digestive system neoplasms include bevacizumab, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and aflibercept, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2).
5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. Examples of immunotherapies used to treat digestive system neoplasms include pembrolizumab, which targets programmed death-1 (PD-1) and nivolumab, which targets PD-1 and CTLA-4.
6. Stenting or embolization: These procedures involve placing a small tube or particles into the blood vessels to block the flow of blood to the tumor, which can cause it to shrink or stop growing.
7. Palliative care: Palliative care is a type of treatment that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for people with advanced cancer. It may include medications, radiation therapy, or other interventions to manage pain, bleeding, or other complications.
8. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are effective and safe. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.

It's important to note that the specific treatment plan for digestive system neoplasms will depend on the type, location, size, and stage of the cancer, as well as other individual factors such as the patient's age, overall health, and preferences. Patients should discuss their treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for their specific situation.

Cystadenocarcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, but it is most common in the ovary and breast. In the ovary, it is the most common type of ovarian cancer and accounts for about 70% of all ovarian cancers. In the breast, it is a rare type of breast cancer, accounting for less than 5% of all breast cancers.

The symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
* Pelvic pain or discomfort
* Abdominal swelling or bloating
* Painful urination
* Weakness and fatigue

Cystadenocarcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.

The prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, cystadenocarcinoma can be an aggressive cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is lower for advanced stages of the disease.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular cells in various parts of the body, but most commonly in the ovary and breast. It can cause a range of symptoms and is diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

In animals, hepatitis can be caused by a variety of agents, including:

1. Viral hepatitis: Caused by viruses such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats and canine infectious hepatitis (CIH) in dogs.
2. Bacterial hepatitis: Caused by bacteria such as Leptospira spp., which can be transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil.
3. Parasitic hepatitis: Caused by parasites such as liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) and tapeworms (Taenia spp.).
4. Toxic hepatitis: Caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or environmental toxins.
5. Genetic hepatitis: Caused by inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia in dogs and cats.

The clinical signs of animal hepatitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the disease, but may include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests and liver biopsy), and imaging studies.

Treatment of animal hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgery or liver transplantation. In severe cases, animal hepatitis can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for a successful outcome.

Note: Portal hypertension is a common complication of liver disease, especially cirrhosis. It is characterized by elevated pressure within the portal vein system, which can lead to splanchnic vasodilation, increased blood flow, and edema in the splanchnic organ.

Symptoms: Symptoms of portal hypertension may include ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen), encephalopathy (mental confusion or disorientation), gastrointestinal bleeding, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of portal hypertension is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include liver function tests, blood counts, and coagulation studies. Imaging studies may include ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Treatment: Treatment of portal hypertension depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control symptoms, such as beta blockers to reduce portal pressure, antibiotics to treat infection, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain. In severe cases, surgery or shunt procedures may be necessary.

Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with portal hypertension is generally poor, as it is often associated with advanced liver disease. The 5-year survival rate for patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension is approximately 50%.

The interlobular bile ducts (or interlobular ductules) carry bile in the liver between the Canals of Hering and the interlobar ... STRAZZABOSCO, MARIO; FABRIS, LUCA (2008-06-01). "Functional Anatomy of Normal Bile Ducts". Anatomical Record. 291 (6): 653-660 ... bile ducts. They are part of the interlobular portal triad and can be easily localized by looking for the much larger portal ... The cells of the ducts are described as cuboidal epithelium with increasing amounts of connective tissue around it. ...
Interlobular bile ducts (between the interlobar ducts and the lobules) - simple columnar epithelium. Intralobular bile ducts ( ... Intrahepatic bile ducts compose the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. They can be divided into: Lobar ... Interlobar ducts (between the main hepatic ducts and the interlobular ducts) - pseudostratified columnar epithelium. ... ducts (right and left hepatic ducts) - stratified columnar epithelium. ...
... interlobular bile ducts → intrahepatic bile ducts → left and right hepatic ducts merge to form → common hepatic duct exits ... A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates. Bile is ... The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated ... It joins the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct which then opens into the ...
Micrograph of a bile duct hamartoma. Trichrome stain. Intermediate magnification Micrograph of a bile duct hamartoma. Trichrome ... Histopathology of a bile duct hamartoma, high magnification, H&E stain. It shows typical features of bile duct hamartoma: von ... A bile duct hamartoma or biliary hamartoma, is a benign tumour-like malformation of the liver. They are classically associated ... At CT scans, bile duct hamartomas appear as small, well-defined hypo- or isoattenuating masses with little or no enhancement ...
Originating from the hepatic parenchyma the accessory bile duct may enter a large bile duct or the gallbladder at any location ... the term duct of Luschka is used to refer to an accessory bile duct. They are small ducts that distinctly enter the gallbladder ... An accessory bile duct is a conduit that transports bile and is considered to be supernumerary or auxiliary to the biliary tree ... Often diagnosed by HIDA scan, a bile leak from an accessory bile duct post-op can be treated with a temporary biliary stent[ ...
This conduction of bile is the main function of the common bile duct. The hormone cholecystokinin, when stimulated by a fatty ... The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated as CBD, is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a ... It is formed by the confluence of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct and terminates by uniting with pancreatic duct, ... On abdominal ultrasonography, the common bile duct is most readily seen in the porta hepatis (where the CBD lies anterior to ...
... , also known as intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm, is a rare type of liver ...
... is a loose collection of diseases which leads to the injury to hepatic bile ducts and eventual ... Intrahepatic bile duct atresia (Alagille syndrome) (ALGS2 MIM:610205 and ALGS1 MIM:118450) Extrahepatic bile duct atresia ... Rossini, M. S.; Lorand-Metze, I; Oliveira, G. B.; Souza, C. A. (2000). "Vanishing bile duct syndrome in Hodgkin's disease: Case ... Uptodate:Hepatic ductopenia and vanishing bile duct syndrome (Articles needing additional medical references from March 2022, ...
The common bile duct and pancreatic duct appear to be unobstructed. Treatment is removal of the gallstone from the bile duct ... Common bile duct stone, also known as choledocholithiasis, is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD) (thus ... If the cholangiogram shows a stone in the bile duct, the surgeon may attempt to treat the problem by flushing the stone into ... While stones can frequently pass through the common bile duct into the duodenum, some stones may be too large to pass through ...
"Normal Bile Ducts". Meddean.luc.edu. Retrieved 10 July 2018. "Developmental Biology". Cincinnatichildrens.org. Retrieved 10 ... cellular extension of the embryonic foregut endoderm that gives rise to the parenchyma of the liver and the bile duct. It ...
Berci, G.; Cuschieri, A. (1996). Bile Ducts and Bile Duct Stones. Philadelphia: Saunders. "Professor Sir Alfred Cuschieri". IBC ... Cuschieri, A.; Berci, G. (1984). Common Bile Duct Exploration. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. Berci, G.; Cuschieri, A. (1986). ...
... , also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. Symptoms of ... American Cancer Society Detailed Guide to Bile Duct Cancer. Patient information on extrahepatic bile duct tumors, from the ... Tumors occurring in the bile ducts within the liver are referred to as intrahepatic, those occurring in the ducts outside the ... Chronic inflammation and obstruction of the bile ducts, and the resulting impaired bile flow, are thought to play a role in ...
Ellis, Harold (2010). "The gall bladder and bile ducts". Surgery (Oxford). 28 (5): 218-221. doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2010.02.007. ...
Treatment of choice is bile duct excision. Reason for surgery is significant risk of malignancy and symptomatic relief of ... with minimal dilatation of Bile duct (6-10mm) in children and associated biliary and/ or pancreatic symptoms. ...
... common bile duct stones, or inflammation of the common bile duct. More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from ... alternate or additional diagnoses should be considered such as gallstone blocking the common bile duct (common bile duct stone ... Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. In Longo D.L., Fauci A.S., Kasper D.L., Hauser S.L., Jameson J, Loscalzo J (Eds), ... Blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone causes a buildup of bile in the gallbladder and increased pressure within the ...
Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. In Longo D.L., Fauci A.S., Kasper D.L., Hauser S.L., Jameson J, Loscalzo J (Eds), ...
The bile duct if involved also needs to be removed. However, with gallbladder cancer's extremely poor prognosis, most patients ... The cancer commonly spreads to the liver, bile duct, stomach, and duodenum. A better understanding of the biology of biliary ... Carriaga, M. T.; Henson, D. E. (1995-01-01). "Liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and pancreas". Cancer. 75 (1 Suppl ... Congenital abnormalities of the bile duct such as choledochal cyst Early diagnosis is not generally possible. People at high ...
... The portal vein and its tributaries. The gall-bladder and bile ducts laid open. Common hepatic duct ... It joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common hepatic duct is the first part of ... It then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The duct is usually 6-8 cm long. The ... which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left ...
Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Sasaki M, Harada K (August 2000). "Destruction of bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis". ...
It results from a slow, progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver, causing bile and other toxins to build up ... It results from a slow, progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver, with the intralobular ducts and the ... small duct PSC, adult idiopathic ductopenia. Stage 1 - portal stage: Normal-sized triads, portal inflammation, subtle bile duct ... In the new system of Nakanuma, the stage of disease is based on fibrosis, bile duct loss, and features of cholestasis, i.e. ...
Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. The most frequent forms are metastatic malignant neoplasm of liver) ... bile duct) spasm of sphincter of Oddi biliary cyst biliary atresia ICD-10 codes K70-K77: Liver Diseases [1] (Diseases of liver ... of liver malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic bile duct ...
"Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders". Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ( ... However, the gold standard is considered to be direct microscopy of aspirated gallbladder bile. This method is much more ... Biliary sludge refers to a viscous mixture of small particles derived from bile. These sediments consist of cholesterol ...
Ultrasonography always detects dilatation of the bile ducts, but more rarely the tumor itself.Magnetic resonance ... Tannapfel A, Wittekind C (2004). "[Gallbladder and bile duct carcinoma. Biology and pathology]". Internist (Berlin) (in German ... occurring at the confluence of the right and left hepatic bile ducts. The disease was named after Gerald Klatskin, who in 1965 ... are related to the reflux of pancreatic secretions into the bile duct. Chronic biliary tract parasitic infection, seen commonly ...
Cancer of the bile ducts caused by opisthorchiasis occurs in the ages 25-44 years in Thailand. A few cases have appeared in ... "Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2021. Head, ... a cancer of the bile ducts. Medical care and loss of wages caused by Opisthorchis viverrini in Laos and in Thailand costs about ... evidence strongly implicates Opisthorchis viverrini infections in the etiology of a malignant cancer of the bile ducts ( ...
Anastomotic stricture can lead to cholangitis, or inflammation of the bile duct. Narrowing of the bile duct leads to a buildup ... Performing an anastomosis alters the structural composition of bile ducts, which can result in bile stricture obstruction. It ... Oh L. "Common bile duct , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2020-04-22. Scott-Conner CE, ... An incision should be made in the hepatoduodenal ligament for the surgeon to visualise the common bile duct. An incision of ...
Graham Wood, 45, Australian jazz pianist, bile duct cancer. Chester Bennington, 41, American singer and songwriter (Linkin Park ...
... bile duct cancer. Adam Litovitz, 36, Canadian musician and composer (Year of the Carnivore, Octavio Is Dead!). Steve Maaranen, ...
It damages the bile ducts and then the liver. The worst case is liver necrosis. This causes - as a secondary effect - ...
The free metacercariae penetrate the intestinal mucosa and enter the bile ducts. Migration into the bile ducts takes 1-2 days. ... In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile. It was discovered by British physician James ... bile duct obstruction, and even liver cirrhosis, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic carcinoma. As a major causative agent of bile ... Dwelling in the bile ducts, C. sinensis induces an inflammatory reaction, epithelial hyperplasia, and sometimes even ...
He died on 20 October 2016 at the age of 53 after battling bile duct cancer. Seiji Hirao at Japon Rugby "'Mr. Rugby' Hirao ... "Hirao's death caused by bile duct cancer, family says". The Japan Times Online. 25 October 2016. Seiji Hirao International ...
Bile from the liver aids in digesting fats in the duodenum combined with enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine. Horses ... They have two ducts each, which open externally.[citation needed] The stallion's reproductive system is responsible for his ... Additionally, the nasolacrimal duct and sinuses are connected to the nasal passage. The horse's respiratory system not only ... in common with mammals such as camels, do not have a gall bladder, meaning bile flows constantly. Most food is digested and ...
These sarcomas often involve lymphoid tissues, but in a number of cases the tumor has been found in the liver, bile duct, ...
Redford died from cancer of the bile ducts on October 16, 2020, at his home in Fairfax, California. He was 58 years old. ...
... bile duct, liver, and stomach cancers. His research focuses on the development of new targeted therapies. President, Society of ...
"Mixed" toxicity, affecting both the bile ducts and hepatocytes, is not uncommon. Hepatocellular injury is clinically marked by ... Compounds that preferentially affect bile ducts are referred to as "cholestatic", one example being chlorpromazine. Those that ...
... obstructed bile duct, impaired liver function, and pancreatic disease The primary side effects of the drug are gastrointestinal ...
... and bile duct proliferation/hyperplasia. Aspergillus flavus is a fungus of the family Trichocomaceae with a worldwide ...
In case of hyperbilirubinemia due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts blockage, e.g. gallstone, the name is given as ... and be excreted into bile canaliculi by way of C-MOAT and MRP2 as normal human bile along with a little amount of unconjugated ... Note that biliary duct blockage can also lead to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia but the pathophysiology is that backflow of ... That means up to 96%-99% of bilirubin in the bile are conjugated. Normally, there is just a little conjugated bilirubin escapes ...
Kirk announced in June 2019 that he had been diagnosed with bile duct cancer earlier that year, but said in an update in ...
Other primary sites that have been reported include colon, rectum, stomach, gallbladder, bile ducts, small intestine, urinary ...
... which secretes bile in order to aid digestion of fats. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts are commonly diet-related, ... and may include the formation of gallstones that impact in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis) or in the common bile duct ( ... When the pancreas is unable to secrete digestive enzymes, such as with a pancreatic cancer occluding the pancreatic duct, ... Inflammation of the biliary duct is called cholangitis, which may be associated with autoimmune disease, such as primary ...
Strader died on October 1, 2017, at the age of 62 at his Glens Falls home, after his battle with bile duct cancer. The Hockey ... In June 2016, Strader was diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma, a fairly rare and aggressive form of cancer of the bile duct. ...
... complications from bile duct cancer. Chris Williams, 36, American basketball player (Virginia Cavaliers, Sydney Kings), blood ...
... association with high serum bile acids, advanced pathology, and bile duct abnormalities". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 42 ( ... and secreting bile. The hepatocytes that perform these tasks can be killed or impaired by disease, resulting in hepatic ... "Removal of bile acids by two different extracorporeal liver support systems in acute-on-chronic liver failure". ASAIO Journal. ...
These include stomach disease, liver disease, pancreatic disease, gallbladder and bile duct disease; intestinal diseases ... and these communicate with the rest of the system via various ducts. The spleen, and organs of the urinary system including the ...
High alkaline phosphatase levels can occur if the bile ducts are obstructed. Also, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases ... bile duct, kidney, bone, intestinal mucosa and placenta. In the serum, two types of alkaline phosphatase isozymes predominate: ...
The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial ... The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct ... Bile backing up into the pancreatic duct may initiate pancreatitis. The pancreatic duct is generally regarded as abnormally ... Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct, also called the Duct of ...
The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor ... Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids (black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the ...
... which is the juncture of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, and is now referred to as the ampulla of Vater. In 1719 ...
The common bile duct is also temporarily closed during this procedure. This can be achieved using: a large atraumatic hemostat ...
The bile canaliculi empty into a series of progressively larger bile ductules and ducts, which eventually become common hepatic ... Bile canaliculus (plural:bile canaliculi; also called bile capillaries) is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by ... duct. The bile canaliculi empty directly into the Canals of Hering. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no ... Microvilli are present in the canaliculi.[citation needed] Bile+Canaliculi at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ...
... including bile plugs and bile infarcts), duct hypoplasia, hepatocellular injury, and Zone 3 fibrosis. Giant cell change and ... The free or "unchaperoned" bile acids in bile of patients with MDR3 deficiency cause a cholangitis. Biochemically, this is of ... the gene that codes for the bile salt export pump, or BSEP. Retention of bile salts within hepatocytes, which are the only cell ... Biochemical markers include a normal GGT for PFIC-1 and -2, with a markedly elevated GGT for PFIC-3. Serum bile acid levels are ...
Genson died April 15, 2020, at 78 from bile duct cancer. Genson was affected by dystonia, a neuromuscular disorder that makes ...
... involving bile duct injury), or vanishing bile duct syndrome (loss of intrahepatic bile ducts).: 17 Bland cholestasis occurs ... Bile canaliculi dynamics refers to the contractile motion of bile canaliculi (ducts) required for bile flow. Cholestasis can ... which in turn joins the cystic duct from the gall bladder, to give the common bile duct. This duct then enters the duodenum at ... If bile stones are present in the common bile duct, an endoscopic sphincterotomy can be conducted either with or without ...
Frink died of cancer of the bile duct in 2013 at the age of 61. "A Potter's Song" on the Maria Schneider Orchestra's album The ...
A drug excreted in the bile duct can occasionally be reabsorbed by the intestines (in the enterohepatic circuit), which can ... Bile excretion of drugs mainly takes place where their molecular weight is greater than 300 and they contain both polar and ... Bile excretion is different from kidney excretion as it always involves energy expenditure in active transport across the ... epithelium of the bile duct against a concentration gradient. This transport system can also be saturated if the plasma ...
John Powley, 84, British politician, MP (1983-1987). James Redford, 58, American filmmaker and activist, bile duct cancer. Ana ...
Bile duct disease articles from across Nature Portfolio. Definition. Bile duct disease is disease that affects any of the ducts ... In vivo detection of bile duct pre-cancer with endoscopic light scattering spectroscopy Diagnosis of bile duct cancer often ... Colitis ameliorates cholestatic liver disease via suppression of bile acid synthesis The association between primary sclerosing ... spectroscopies in a minimally invasive endoscopic technique for directly assessing the malignant potential of the bile duct ...
32,908 new liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer cases and 25,760 deaths were reported in the U.S. ... Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer, United States-2006-2015. USCS data brief, no 5. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease ... From 2006 to 2015, the incidence rate for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer increased by 32%, and the mortality rate ... In 2015, 32,908 new liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer cases and 25,760 deaths were reported in the United States. ...
Learn about bile duct cancer and gallbladder cancer ... The bile ducts are thin tube-like vessels that carry bile from ... Bile duct cancer is also called cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of cancers that begin in the bile ducts, ... Cholangiocarcinomas, or bile duct cancers, are rare and affect about 8,000 Americans every year. Bile duct cancers are ... Extrahepatic bile duct cancer is a rare disease in which cancer cells form in the ducts that are outside the liver. Cancer can ...
... and cancer can result in bile duct problems. Discover the types, causes, symptoms, and treatment of bile duct diseases. ... your gallbladder pushes the bile into tubes called bile ducts. They carry the bile to your small intestine. The bile helps ... Different diseases can block the bile ducts and cause a problem with the flow of bile:. *Gallstones, which can increase ... Bile Duct Exploration (Cleveland Clinic Foundation) * Biliary obstruction - series -- Normal anatomy (Medical Encyclopedia) ...
Liver flukes live inside bile ducts, not tissues. White Shark 6 years ago 6,546 * I had flukes identified through stool, and I ... Re: Liver flukes live inside bile ducts, not tissues.. tribendimidine. Please tell me how can I buy thus drug?. ...
Impact of Hyperbilirubinemia Caused by Bile-Duct Cannulation. Koji Kato, Yoshitaka Hasegawa, Katsuya Iwata, Takuya Ichikawa, ... Impact of Hyperbilirubinemia Caused by Bile-Duct Cannulation. Koji Kato, Yoshitaka Hasegawa, Katsuya Iwata, Takuya Ichikawa, ... Recommendation to Exclude Bile-Duct-Cannulated Rats with Hyperbilirubinemia for Proper Conduct of Biliary Drug Excretion ... Recommendation to Exclude Bile-Duct-Cannulated Rats with Hyperbilirubinemia for Proper Conduct of Biliary Drug Excretion ...
In our analyses, we will examine both mouse models of bile duct inflammation and human PSC. This will allow us to identify ... from treatment in the animal models can serve as a guide for developing future treatment for human inflammatory bile duct ... is a severe and chronic bile duct disorder without medical treatment. Therefore, there is a critical need for new targets for ... and specifically address the process of immune-mediated bile duct destruction in the chronic inflammatory bile duct disease ...
Ulcerative colitis is a clear risk factor for bile duct tumors. Patients with ulcerative colitis have an incidence of bile duct ... Bile Duct Cancer. anatomy #1 Bismuth class. anatomy #2. anatomy #3. anatomy #4a ,#4b #4c. more anatomy. more. Johns Hopkins ... with bile duct tumors. No association of bile duct cancer with calculi, infection, or chronic obstruction has been found. ... nodular types occur more frequently in the distal bile duct, whereas the sclerosing type is found in the proximal bile duct. ...
If your healthcare provider thinks you might have bile duct cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. ...
Notify me when Mayo Clinic Laparoscopic Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration Symposium 2023 registration opens. ...
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Category Archives: BILE DUCT VASCULAR MALFORMATION IN THE LIVER. Carcinoma of head of Pancreas. ... Posts about BILE DUCT written by kriznan ...
Primary cilia loss in bile duct cells; the interplay with the autophagy machinery. *Gradilone, Sergio (PI) ... Primary cilia loss in bile duct cells; the interplay with the autophagy machinery ...
HomeSurgical InstrumentsGall, Liver, Kidney, Bladder, UrologyCommon Bile Duct Dilators BAKES Common Bile Duct Dilators. ... BAKES Common Bile Duct Dilators Ak-2186-01 , Ak-2186-02 , Ak-2186-03 , Ak-2186-04 , Ak-2186-05 , Ak-2186-06 , Ak-2186-07 , Ak- ... Be the first to review "BAKES Common Bile Duct Dilators" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. Required ...
Endoscopic trans-papillary radiographs of pancreatic and bile ducts. Gastrointest Endosc. 1972 Nov; 19(2):60-2. ...
Bile Duct Cancer. Below we have collected specific references to bile duct cancer from the DEEOIC Procedure Manual to ... Bile duct cancer. Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancerous (malignant) growth in one of the ducts that carries bile from the liver to ... A cholangiocarcinoma may start anywhere along the bile ducts. These tumors block off the bile ducts. ... Cancerous tumors of the bile ducts are usually slow-growing and do not spread (metastasize) quickly. However, many of these ...
... as a result of FGFR clinical trials for bile duct cancer (also known as cholangiocarcinoma), the FDA approved pemigatinib... ... What is Bile Duct Cancer?. Bile duct cancer is a rare disease in which cancer cells form in the bile ducts. It occurs in the ... Bile duct cancer is a cancer that forms in the narrow tubes (bile ducts) that carry bile, which is a fluid made by the liver to ... Treatment of Bile Duct Cancer. Different types of treatments are available for patients with bile duct cancer. Some treatments ...
Bile Duct Injuries. $95.00. Select options. Sort by popularity. Sort by latest. Sort by price: low to high. Sort by price: high ...
Th FDA wants to meet with the manufacturers of bile duct stents regarding their "off label" use for surgical applications. The ... Th FDA wants to meet with the manufacturers of bile duct stents regarding their "off label" use for surgical applications. The ...
Antibody Treatment Proves Effective for Bile Duct Cancers An antibody treatment helped shrink tumors in some patients with bile ...
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Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, number of deaths, by sex, Categories: Cancer mortality ... Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts Deaths(#), Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. ... Indicator full name: Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, number of deaths, by sex ... Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, number of deaths, female (Line chart) ...
Patients with difficult bile duct stones (defined as one or more of largest stone diameter ≥â 15â mm, failed prior attempt at ... POCS-guided lithotripsy is highly effective for clearance of difficult bile duct stones in a single procedure and successfully ... Large prospective multinational data on POCS-guided lithotripsy for clearing difficult bile duct stones in a single session of ... Cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stone clearance in a single session of ERCP: results from a large ...
Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation is a due to indicating the presence of IHCC. Moreover it is still often difficult to find ... N2 - Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation is a due to indicating the presence of IHCC. Moreover it is still often difficult to ... AB - Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation is a due to indicating the presence of IHCC. Moreover it is still often difficult to ... abstract = "Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation is a due to indicating the presence of IHCC. Moreover it is still often difficult ...
Histological typing of tumours of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts / J. Albores-Saavedra, D. E. Henson, and L. H. ... Details for: Histological typing of tumours of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts / ...
QY Research Medical published a comprehensive research on Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug Market, which provides a ... Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug Market Size, Share, Trends and Forecast 2022-2030. Leave a Comment / Market / By Tomi ... Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug Breakdown Data by Type. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors. Programmed Cell ... Global Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market provides, wherever applicable and relevant, technical data of products, and ...
Liver & Bile Duct, 2016-2020. All Races (includes Hispanic), Both Sexes, All Ages. Sorted by Rate. Explanation of Column ...
Endoscopic retrograde stenting is superior to surgical or percutaneous approaches to address bile duct obstruction because of a ... With endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), contrast dye is injected into the biliary ducts and pancreatic duct ... with tumors in this location seldom causing bile duct obstruction, most patients present at a later stage with unresectable ... Rarely, acute pain develops when an episode of acute pancreatitis results in tumor occlusion of the main pancreatic duct [84]. ...
  • When you eat, your gallbladder pushes the bile into tubes called bile ducts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Join with the AACR to find better ways to prevent and treat gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer. (aacr.org)
  • Gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer are relatively rare forms of cancer. (aacr.org)
  • The bile ducts are thin tube-like vessels that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. (aacr.org)
  • Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of cancers that begin in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that connect liver and gallbladder to small intestine. (aacr.org)
  • Symptoms of both gallbladder and bile duct cancer include yellowing of the skin and/or the whites of the eyes (jaundice), abdominal pain, and fever. (aacr.org)
  • There's good news about treatment for cancers of the biliary tract, which includes the gallbladder and bile duct. (aacr.org)
  • Please see our page on gallbladder and bile duct cancer, which includes detailed information on treatment of this form of cancer. (aacr.org)
  • nearly two-thirds of these arise in the gallbladder, while the remainder (cholangiocarcinoma) originate from the bile ducts and periampullary region.Gallbladder carcinoma is diagnosed approximately 5,000 times a year in the United States, making it the most common biliary tract tumor and the fifth most common GI tract cancer. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Bile ducts connect the liver to the gallbladder and the small intestine. (massivebio.com)
  • It passes through the cystic duct, which connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, and flows into the small intestine. (massivebio.com)
  • and 10) cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic ducts. (cdc.gov)
  • liver, the gallbladder and/or related ducts. (who.int)
  • The patient underwent abdominal ultrasonography and a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and thorax, which revealed peritoneal effusion, pancreatic oedema, dilated gallbladder with a bile duct measuring 1.1 cm with no lithiasis, left pleural effusion and basal atelectasis. (who.int)
  • The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage. (bvsalud.org)
  • They carry the bile to your small intestine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancerous (malignant) growth in one of the ducts that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. (stephensstephens.com)
  • Bile duct cancer is also called cholangiocarcinoma. (aacr.org)
  • A cholangiocarcinoma may start anywhere along the bile ducts. (stephensstephens.com)
  • Recently, as a result of FGFR clinical trials for bile duct cancer (also known as cholangiocarcinoma), the FDA approved pemigatinib, a targeted therapy used to treat bile duct cancer. (massivebio.com)
  • It occurs in the bile ducts inside (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) or outside (extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) the liver. (massivebio.com)
  • Diagnosis of bile duct cancer often occur in advanced stages, leading to poor survival. (nature.com)
  • In 2015, 32,908 new liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer cases and 25,760 deaths were reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Extrahepatic bile duct cancer is a rare disease in which cancer cells form in the ducts that are outside the liver. (aacr.org)
  • Cancer can also develop in the bile ducts inside the liver . (aacr.org)
  • Patients with ulcerative colitis have an incidence of bile duct cancer that is 9-21 times higher than that of the general population. (aboutcancer.com)
  • No association of bile duct cancer with calculi, infection, or chronic obstruction has been found. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Below we have collected specific references to bile duct cancer from the DEEOIC Procedure Manual to illustrate how this illness is viewed under the EEOICPA. (stephensstephens.com)
  • Bile duct cancer is a cancer that forms in the narrow tubes (bile ducts) that carry bile, which is a fluid made by the liver to break down fats during digestion. (massivebio.com)
  • Bile duct cancer makes up for about 2% of all cancers, while its incidence within the community is about 1-2 per 100,000. (massivebio.com)
  • In the United States alone, bile duct cancer affects less than 5,000 people per year, making it the 5th most common gastrointestinal cancer. (massivebio.com)
  • Different types of treatments are available for patients with bile duct cancer. (massivebio.com)
  • Bile duct cancer is usually found after it has spread and can rarely be removed by surgery. (massivebio.com)
  • QY Research Medical published a comprehensive research on Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug Market, which provides a business strategies, research & development activities, concise outline of the market valuation, valuable insights pertaining to market share, size, supply chain analysis, competitive landscape and regional proliferation of this industry. (prbulletin.com)
  • A new research report titled "Global Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market" successfully exhibits the complete scenario of the global and an individual analysis of the various regional segments. (prbulletin.com)
  • Global Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market provides, wherever applicable and relevant, technical data of products, and sheds useful light on expected commercial production dates and current R&D status. (prbulletin.com)
  • The report scope of Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market covers the in-depth analysis, along with an overview of market dynamics such as driver, restraints that are expected to impact the market growth. (prbulletin.com)
  • A unique research methodology has been utilized to conduct a comprehensive research on the growth of the global Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market and arrive at conclusions on the future growth prospects of the market. (prbulletin.com)
  • Access to an extensive internal repository and external proprietary databases allows this report to address specific details and questions about the global Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market with accuracy. (prbulletin.com)
  • If you are aiming to enter the global Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug market, this report is a comprehensive guide that provides crystal clear insights into this niche market. (prbulletin.com)
  • All the major application areas for Pancreatic and Bile Duct Cancer Drug are covered in this report and information is given on the important regions of the world where this market is likely to boom during the forecast period of 2021-2030 so that you can plan your strategies to enter this market accordingly. (prbulletin.com)
  • 7. Primary cancer of the Bile ducts. (cdc.gov)
  • Approximately 4,500 cases of bile duct tumors occur each year in the United States. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Gender Bile duct tumors are found in an equal number of men and women. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Ulcerative colitis is a clear risk factor for bile duct tumors. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Other risk factors Primary sclerosing cholangitis, congenital anomalies of the pancreaticobiliary tree, and parasitic infections are also associated with bile duct tumors. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Adenocarcinoma Morphologically, more than 90% of bile duct tumors are adenocarcinomas. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Route of spread Most bile duct tumors grow slowly, spreading frequently by local extension and rarely by the hematogenous route. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Cancerous tumors of the bile ducts are usually slow-growing and do not spread (metastasize) quickly. (stephensstephens.com)
  • These tumors block off the bile ducts. (stephensstephens.com)
  • An antibody treatment helped shrink tumors in some patients with bile duct cancers. (medindia.net)
  • Endoscopic trans-papillary radiographs of pancreatic and bile ducts. (musc.edu)
  • Bile duct disease is disease that affects any of the ducts of the biliary tract, which are involved in collection and transportation of bile. (nature.com)
  • Cholangiocarcinomas, or bile duct cancers, are rare and affect about 8,000 Americans every year. (aacr.org)
  • Bile duct cancers are associated with poor outcomes for patients both at early and advanced stages of the disease. (aacr.org)
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a severe and chronic bile duct disorder without medical treatment. (forskningsradet.no)
  • To overcome these constraints, we will use complementary molecular, cellular, spatial, and temporal methodologies to study liver pathology in 4-dimensions and specifically address the process of immune-mediated bile duct destruction in the chronic inflammatory bile duct disease primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). (forskningsradet.no)
  • This should be performed immediately prior to resection to reduce the risk of cholangitis and maintain the duct at its maximally dilated size. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Risk factors include primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic ulcerative colitis, and cysts in the bile duct. (massivebio.com)
  • Here, the authors combine light scattering and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies in a minimally invasive endoscopic technique for directly assessing the malignant potential of the bile duct lining, and demonstrate 97% detection accuracy. (nature.com)
  • Large prospective multinational data on POCS-guided lithotripsy for clearing difficult bile duct stones in a single session of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) are missing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a dilated bile duct with a patent ampulla with no lithiasis. (who.int)
  • It collects and stores bile - a fluid made by the liver to aid with digestion of fats. (aacr.org)
  • Median survival is 12-20 months for patients with disease limited to the bile ducts and 8 months when the disease has spread. (aboutcancer.com)
  • Patients with difficult bile duct stones (defined as one or more of largest stone diameter ≥â 15â mm, failed prior attempt at stone clearance, impacted, multiple, hepatic duct location , or located above a stricture ) were enrolled at 17 centers in 10 countries. (bvsalud.org)
  • In our analyses, we will examine both mouse models of bile duct inflammation and human PSC. (forskningsradet.no)
  • By applying cutting-edge single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, tissue clarification and 3D immunohistochemistry histology alongside organoid co-cultures and murine experimental models, we aim to pinpoint the key interactions that govern the health and destruction of liver bile ducts from pre-inflammation to end-stage PSC (i.e. (forskningsradet.no)
  • In the bowel nematodes can perforate the intestinal wall, be ejected from the mouth or anus and penetrate the biliary ducts or the airways. (who.int)
  • Th FDA wants to meet with the manufacturers of bile duct stents regarding their "off label" use for surgical applications. (legalexaminer.com)
  • In the case of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and stenosis, which makes it hard to identify IHCC, surgical resection is crucial to make a definite diagnosis and prescribe the most effective course of treatment. (elsevier.com)
  • Taken together the knowledge gained from the interacting cells in the human diseased tissue and the experience from treatment in the animal models can serve as a guide for developing future treatment for human inflammatory bile duct disorders such as PSC. (forskningsradet.no)
  • POCS-guided lithotripsy is highly effective for clearance of difficult bile duct stones in a single procedure and successfully salvages most prior treatment failures . (bvsalud.org)
  • Three macroscopic appearances have been identified: The papillary and nodular types occur more frequently in the distal bile duct, whereas the sclerosing type is found in the proximal bile duct. (aboutcancer.com)
  • The diagnosis is usually made by abdominal ultrasonography, revealing biliary duct dilation and the presence of the parasite, a hyperechoic linear structure with a hypoechogenic line inside, which is sometimes motile [3-5]. (who.int)
  • Poor sanitation is usually the most important risk factor for infection, and women are more affected because progesterone plays a role in inducing Oddi's sphincter relaxation, allowing the nematode to access the biliary duct [3]. (who.int)
  • Preoperative imaging studies of these three cases showed the dilatation and stenosis of the intrahepatic bile duct without any apparent mass. (elsevier.com)
  • Cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stone clearance in a single session of ERCP: results from a large multinational registry demonstrate high success rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tuberculosis of the bile duct: a rare cause of biliary stricture. (medscape.com)
  • The gallbladder is part of a network of structures known collectively as the biliary tree, which drains bile from the liver into the duodenum to facilitate digestion. (cdc.gov)
  • The biliary tree also includes the cystic duct, the right and left hepatic ducts, and the common hepatic and common bile ducts, as well as a series of microscopic biliary vessels. (cdc.gov)
  • Tubes that carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage and to the duodenum (the first part of your small intestine) for use in digestion. (nih.gov)
  • Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Endoscopic therapy of anastomotic bile duct strictures occurring after liver transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Cholestatic liver disease with ductopenia (vanishing bile duct syndrome) after administration of clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. (nih.gov)
  • Secreted by the liver, bile is composed largely of bile salts, bile pigments and small amounts of organic materials such as cholesterol, lecithin, fatty acid and mucin. (cdc.gov)
  • Bile salts are produced by the liver and are essential for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine. (cdc.gov)
  • Vecchio R, Ferrara M, Pucci L, Meli G, Latteri S. [Treatment of iatrogenic lesions of the common bile duct] [Italian]. (medscape.com)
  • Deviere J, Cremer M, Baize M, Love J, Sugai B, Vandermeeren A. Management of common bile duct stricture caused by chronic pancreatitis with metal mesh self expandable stents. (medscape.com)
  • Common bile duct stricture as a late complication of upper abdominal radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • Pozsar J, Sahin P, Laszlo F, Topa L. Endoscopic treatment of sphincterotomy-associated distal common bile duct strictures by using sequential insertion of multiple plastic stents. (medscape.com)
  • The extravasation of contrast seen on the initial cholangiography was interpreted as a bile leak rather than as a cyst communicating with the right hepatic duct. (medscape.com)
  • MUC4 is a novel prognostic factor of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Many of the patients with extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (EHBDC) show a poor outcome. (nih.gov)
  • Acute vanishing bile duct syndrome after ibuprofen therapy in a child. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Primary cancer of the Bile ducts. (cdc.gov)
  • The nausea could no longer be contained and a nasogastric intubation (NG) tube had to be inserted to remove pressure and bile from my stomach. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure 1 Bile duct cysts in a female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rat from a chronic study. (nih.gov)