Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
The largest lymphatic vessel that passes through the chest and drains into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
A pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (MESONEPHROI) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. In higher vertebrates, Wolffian ducts persist in the male forming VAS DEFERENS, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female.
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.
A congenital anatomic malformation of a bile duct, including cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct or the large intrahepatic bile duct. Classification is based on the site and type of dilatation. Type I is most common.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. In the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla.
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
A tubular duct that conveys TEARS from the LACRIMAL GLAND to the nose.
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.
A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Paired ducts in the human male through which semen is ejaculated into the urethra.
The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.
A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Surgery of the smooth muscle sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla to relieve blocked biliary or pancreatic ducts.
Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.
A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.
Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (INTESTINAL REABSORPTION) into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Adenocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct bifurcation. These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing. G. Klatskin's original review of 13 cases was published in 1965. Once thought to be relatively uncommon, tumors of the bifurcation of the bile duct now appear to comprise more than one-half of all bile duct cancers. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1457)
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Fragmentation of CALCULI, notably urinary or biliary, by LASER.
Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). It consists of 2 types: simple Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation (ectasia) alone; and complex Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation with extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL). Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types of Caroli disease.
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
The narrow tube connecting the YOLK SAC with the midgut of the EMBRYO; persistence of all or part of it in post-fetal life produces abnormalities, of which the commonest is MECKEL DIVERTICULUM.
The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.
A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum.
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.
Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.
A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
The act of dilating.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.
Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.
Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.
Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.
A genus of trematode liver flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. It consists of the following species: O. felineus, O. noverca (Amphimerus noverca), and O. viverrini. The intermediate hosts are snails, fish, and AMPHIBIANS.

Lobar decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. (1/1182)

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma can obstruct hepatic ducts and involve the portal veins. Both biliary stasis and decrease in portal venous flow are known to reduce 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin (GSA) accumulation. The specific relationship between these pathological conditions due to hilar cholangiocarcinomas and 99mTc-GSA accumulation has never been clarified. METHODS: Sixteen patients with hilar cholangiocarcinomas who underwent 99mTc-GSA liver scintigraphy were reviewed. The relationship between significant decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation and lobar biliary stasis, or decrease in the portal venous flow, was evaluated. Average counts of region of interest placed in both right and left lobes were compared in the same transaxial SPECT section. Count ratios of right and left lobes were calculated. RESULTS: Significant lobar decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation was observed in 6 of the 16 patients. Ipsilateral portal venous stenosis or obstruction was seen in all these 6 patients, whereas ipsilateral portal venous stenosis or obstruction was seen in only 1 of the other 10 patients. Symmetric bile duct dilatation was seen in 13 patients, and asymmetric bile duct dilatation was seen in 3. Lobar decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation correlated well with decrease in ipsilateral portal venous flow (P < 0.0005). The count ratio was significantly reduced when unilateral portal venous flow decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Using 99mTc-GSA liver scintigraphy, we can predict lobar decrease in ipsilateral portal venous flow and monitor hepatic functional lateralities in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinomas.  (+info)

Clinical value of K-ras codon 12 analysis and endobiliary brush cytology for the diagnosis of malignant extrahepatic bile duct stenosis. (2/1182)

Extrahepatic biliary stenosis can be caused by benign and malignant disorders. In most cases, a tissue diagnosis is needed for optimal management of patients, but the sensitivity of biliary cytology for the diagnosis of a malignancy is relatively low. The additional diagnostic value of K-ras mutational analysis of endobiliary brush cytology was assessed. Endobiliary brush cytology specimens obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography were prospectively collected from 312 consecutive patients with extrahepatic biliary stenosis. The results of conventional light microscopic cytology and K-ras codon 12 mutational analysis were compared and evaluated in view of the final diagnosis made by histological examination of the stenotic lesion and/or patient follow-up. The sensitivities of cytology and mutational analysis to detect malignancy were 36 and 42%, respectively. When both tests were combined, the sensitivity increased to 62%. The specificity of cytology was 98%, and the specificity of the mutational analysis and of both tests combined was 89%. Positive predictive values for cytology, mutational analysis, and both tests combined were 98, 92, and 94%, whereas the corresponding negative predictive values were 34, 34, and 44%, respectively. The sensitivity of K-ras mutational analysis was 63% for pancreatic carcinomas compared to 27% for bile duct, gallbladder, and ampullary carcinomas. K-ras mutational analysis can be considered supplementary to conventional light microscopy of endobiliary brush cytology to diagnose patients with malignant extrahepatic biliary stenosis, particularly in the case of pancreatic cancer. The presence of a K-ras codon 12 mutation in endobiliary brush cytology per se supports a clinical suspicion of malignancy, even when the conventional cytology is negative or equivocal.  (+info)

Villous adenoma of the bile ducts: a case report and a review of the reported cases in Korea. (3/1182)

Villous adenomas are benign epithelial lesions with malignant potential which can occur at any site in the gastrointestinal tract. They are usually encountered in the rectum and colon, less frequently in the small bowel and very rarely in the biliary trees. Nine cases of bile duct villous adenomas have been reported in the literature. However, 4 cases of bile duct villous adenomas have been reported in the Korean literature. Recently, we experienced a case of villous adenoma in the common hepatic duct in a 77-year-old man presenting with obstructive jaundice in which preoperative histologic diagnosis of villous adenoma played a critical role in managing this patient. Herein, we present a case report of bile duct villous adenoma and a review of the reported cases in Korea to help define and manage this rare disease entity in the bile ducts. In addition, confusing nomenclature of bile duct adenomas is discussed.  (+info)

Lymph node metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (4/1182)

BACKGROUND: Lymph node metastasis is a significant prognostic factor in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. This study was aimed at investigating lymph node metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and to examine whether the extent of metastasis affects outcomes after surgery. METHODS: From 1980 through 1996, 70 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma underwent hepatectomy, with a 50% curative resection rate. Lymph node dissection was performed in 51 patients, and the presence of lymph node metastasis was examined microscopically. The metastatic nodes were divided into groups N1, N2 or N3 using the classification proposed by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients had lymph node metastasis. Metastasis was to N1 nodes in 10 patients, to N2 nodes in nine patients and to N3 nodes in four patients. Nineteen patients had metastatic nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament, which was the most common metastatic site regardless of tumor location. The five-year survival rate in patients with lymph node metastasis (0%) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) than that in patients without lymph node metastasis (51 %); however, five-year survival rates did not differ between patients with metastases to N1, N2 and N3 nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament may be sentinel nodes for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and outcomes after surgery for patients with lymph node metastasis are poor regardless of the sites of nodal metastasis.  (+info)

Promoting effects of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone on rat glandular stomach carcinogenesis initiated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. (5/1182)

The modifying effects of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a mutagenic by-product in chlorinated water, on the development of glandular stomach cancers were investigated in Wistar rats. A total of 120 males, 6 weeks of age, were divided into six groups. After initiation with 100 ppm N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) solution and 5% NaCl diet for 8 weeks, 30 rats each in groups 1-3 were given MX in the drinking water at concentrations of 30, 10, or 0 ppm for the following 57 weeks. Ten animals each in groups 4-6 were administered the MX without prior carcinogen exposure. There were no statistical significant differences in final body weights between the groups. The incidences and multiplicities of adenocarcinomas in the glandular stomachs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the initiated 30 ppm MX group than those in the MNNG/NaCl group. The incidences of atypical hyperplasias in the glandular stomachs were also significantly increased (P < 0.05 or 0.01) by the MX treatments. With their multiplicity, the effects were clearly dose dependent. Interestingly, the 30 ppm MX alone itself induced atypical hyperplasias in the pylorus, although the incidences and severity were low. Moreover, MX showed a tendency to enhance the development of intrahepatic cholangiocellular tumors and thyroid follicular cell tumors in the MNNG-treated animals. The results of the present study thus indicate that MX exerts promoting effects when given during the postinitiation phase of two-stage glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats.  (+info)

Problems and perspective in epidemiological study of occupational health hazards in the rubber industry. (6/1182)

An epidemiological analysis of the problems in the study of companies engaged in the manufacture of rubber products in different countries and in different time periods is given. Selected findings on cancer of gallbladder and biliary system, cancer of the lung, and tumors of the central nervous system among rubber workers are presented.  (+info)

Detection of Helicobacter DNA in bile from bile duct diseases. (7/1182)

Several species of Helicobacter colonize the hepatobiliary tract of animals and cause hepatobiliary diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate Helicobacter found in the biliary tract diseases of humans. Thirty-two bile samples (15 from bile duct cancer, 6 from pancreatic head cancer, and 11 from intrahepatic duct stone) were obtained by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Polymerase chain reaction analysis using Helicobacter specific urease A gene and 16S rRNA primers, bile pH measurement, and Helicobacter culture were performed. Helicobacter DNA was detected in 37.5%, and 31.3% by PCR with ureA gene, and 16S rRNA, respectively. The bile pH was not related to the presence of Helicobacter. The cultures were not successful. In conclusion, Helicobacter can be detected in the bile of patients with bile duct diseases. The possibility of pathogenesis of biliary tract diseases in humans by these organisms will be further investigated.  (+info)

Expression of p73, a novel protein related to the p53 tumour suppressor p53, and apoptosis in cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver. (8/1182)

p73, the first homologue of the tumour suppressor protein p53, was recently discovered on chromosome 1p36 and has been shown to induce apoptosis in a p53-like manner. The present study was performed with the aim of investigating the expression of p53, its new homologue p73 and the occurrence of apoptosis in cholangiocellular carcinoma. Protein levels of p73 were examined in 41 patients with curatively (R0-) resected cholangiocellular carcinomas with an antiserum, raised against a peptide in the N-terminal domain of p73. The incidence of mutations in the p53 gene was analysed by direct sequencing and also immunohistochemically. Apoptotic cell death was assessed using in-situ end-labelling (ISEL) technique in combination with morphological criteria. The results obtained were correlated with patient survival. Immunostaining of p73 protein was detected in 17/41 carcinomas examined (41%). The immunoreactivity was confined to the cell nucleus. In 15/41 patients (37%), mutations of the p53 gene were observed. Eleven out of these 15 patients stained also positive for p73. In contrast, out of 26 patients without any detectable p53 mutation, only six exhibited p73 immunostaining. We failed to observe a correlation between p73 expression or p53 and apoptosis within a given tumour. Survival analysis including the parameters stage and grade of disease, p73 and p53, and also apoptosis, showed that tumour stage and grade as well as p53 and p73 were significantly related to prognosis. In Cox regression survival analysis, however, only extent of primary tumour and lymph node status had an independent prognostic impact. Our results with a high prevalence of p73 within tumours harbouring mutated p53 gene suggest that p73 could compensate for p53 function. We failed to establish p73 or p53 as independent prognostic factors in cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver.  (+info)

Bile duct neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Bile Duct Neoplasms:

There are several types of bile duct neoplasms, including:

1. Bile duct adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the bile ducts.
2. Bile duct carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows in the bile ducts and can spread to other parts of the body.
3. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare type of bile duct cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Gallbladder cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of bile duct neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors, including:

1. Age: Bile duct neoplasms are more common in people over the age of 50.
2. Gender: Women are more likely to develop bile duct neoplasms than men.
3. Family history: People with a family history of bile duct cancer or other liver diseases may be at increased risk.
4. Previous exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium, has been linked to an increased risk of developing bile duct neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bile duct neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain or discomfort
6. Weight loss
7. Itching all over the body
8. Dark urine
9. Pale stools

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose bile duct neoplasms:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the liver and bile ducts.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound: This test involves inserting an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe) into the bile ducts through the mouth or stomach to obtain images and samples of the bile ducts.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed during an endoscopic ultrasound or during surgery to remove the tumor. The sample is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of bile duct neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences. The following are some common treatment options for bile duct neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be performed to remove the tumor or a portion of the bile duct. This may involve a Whipple procedure (a surgical procedure to remove the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a portion of the bile duct), a bile duct resection, or a liver transplant.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery or to relieve symptoms such as pain or blockage of the bile duct.
4. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the liver.
5. Ablation therapy: Ablation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells by freezing or heating them with a probe inserted through an endoscope.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat certain types of bile duct cancer, such as cholangiocarcinoma, by targeting specific molecules that promote the growth and spread of the cancer cells.
7. Clinical trials: Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments for bile duct neoplasms. These may be an option for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have advanced cancer.

Examples of bile duct diseases include:

1. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): An inflammatory condition that damages the bile ducts, leading to scarring and narrowing of the ducts.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the bile ducts.
3. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
4. Bile duct injuries: Damage to the bile ducts during surgery or other medical procedures.
5. Biliary atresia: A congenital condition where the bile ducts are blocked or absent, leading to jaundice and other symptoms in infants.

Treatment for bile duct diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, and in some cases, liver transplantation.

Examples:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Bile duct cancer: A type of cancer that affects the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Stricture: A narrowing of the bile duct that can cause obstruction and block the flow of bile.
5. Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can form in the bile ducts and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and jaundice.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances found in bile. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Abdominal pain (often in the upper right abdomen)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Tea-colored urine
* Pale or clay-colored stools

Gallstones can be classified into several types based on their composition, size, and location. The most common types are:

* Cholesterol gallstones: These are the most common type of gallstone and are usually yellow or green in color. They are made of cholesterol and other substances found in bile.
* Pigment gallstones: These stones are made of bilirubin, a yellow pigment found in bile. They are often smaller than cholesterol gallstones and may be more difficult to detect.
* Mixed gallstones: These stones are a combination of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.

Gallstones can cause a variety of complications, including:

* Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
* Infection of the bile ducts (choledochalitis)
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Blockage of the common bile duct, which can cause jaundice and infection.

Treatment for gallstones usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder, although in some cases, medications may be used to dissolve small stones. In severe cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to treat complications such as inflammation or infection.

Prevalence: Adenomas account for approximately 10% to 20% of all primary liver tumors.

Risk Factors: Risk factors for developing adenoma include age (>60 years old), cirrhosis, and a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma or polycystic liver disease.

Pathology: Adenomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. They can grow large enough to obstruct bile flow and cause abdominal pain, jaundice, and pruritus.

Diagnosis: Adenomas are diagnosed via imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Endoscopic ultrasound may also be used to evaluate the tumor and assess for invasive features.

Treatment: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for adenomas. In some cases, liver transplantation may be considered if the tumor is large or multiple and surgical resection is not feasible. Ablation therapies such as radiofrequency ablation or chemoembolization may also be used to control symptoms and slow tumor growth.

Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with adenoma is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 90%. However, the risk of malignant transformation (cancer) is present, particularly in cases where there are multiple adenomas or invasive features.

In conclusion, adenoma of the bile ducts is a benign tumor that can occur within the liver. While the prognosis is generally good, early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications and minimize the risk of malignant transformation.

The term "extrahepatic" refers to the fact that the obstruction occurs outside of the liver, as opposed to intrahepatic cholestasis, which occurs within the liver. Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including gallstones, pancreatitis, and cancer.

Treatment for extrahepatic cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction. In some cases, this may involve surgery to remove the blockage or other procedures such as stent placement or biliary bypass surgery. Medications such as bile salts and ursodeoxycholic acid may also be used to help improve liver function and reduce symptoms.

In summary, extrahepatic cholestasis is a type of bile duct obstruction that occurs outside of the liver, leading to bile buildup in the bloodstream and potentially causing a range of symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 40 years old. Women are more likely to develop cholelithiasis than men, especially during pregnancy or after childbirth.

The symptoms of cholelithiasis can vary depending on the size and location of the gallstones. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have:

* Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Shaking or chills
* Loss of appetite
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

If left untreated, cholelithiasis can lead to complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholangitis), infection of the bile ducts (biliary sepsis), or blockage of the common bile duct. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of cholelithiasis is usually made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for signs of inflammation and liver function. Treatment options for cholelithiasis include:

* Watchful waiting: If the gallstones are small and not causing any symptoms, doctors may recommend monitoring the condition without immediate treatment.
* Medications: Oral medications such as bile salts or ursodiol can dissolve small gallstones and relieve symptoms.
* Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder through small incisions.
* Open cholecystectomy: An open surgery to remove the gallbladder, usually performed when the gallstones are large or there are other complications.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of cholelithiasis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Types of Cholangitis:
There are two types of cholangitis:

1. Acute cholangitis: This type of cholangitis occurs suddenly and is usually caused by a blockage in the bile ducts, such as a gallstone or a tumor.
2. Chronic cholangitis: This type of cholangitis develops gradually over time and can be caused by recurring inflammation or scarring of the bile ducts.

Causes and Risk Factors:
The most common cause of cholangitis is a blockage in the bile ducts, which allows bacteria to grow and multiply, leading to infection. Other causes include:

* Gallstones
* Tumors
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Trauma to the abdomen
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* HIV/AIDS
* Cancer

Symptoms:
The symptoms of cholangitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis:
Cholangitis is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests to determine the presence of infection. A liver biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:
The treatment of cholangitis depends on the cause and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Antibiotics to treat bacterial or fungal infections
* Supportive care, such as fluids and nutrition, to manage symptoms
* Surgical drainage of the bile ducts to relieve blockages
* Endoscopic therapy, such as stent placement or laser lithotripsy, to remove gallstones or other obstructions
* Liver transplantation in severe cases

Prognosis:
The prognosis for cholangitis depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause. If treated promptly and effectively, the prognosis is generally good. However, if left untreated or if there are complications, the prognosis can be poor.

Prevention:
Preventing cholangitis involves managing any underlying conditions that may increase the risk of infection, such as gallstones or liver disease. Other preventive measures include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause cholangitis
* Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or liver disease

Complications:
Cholangitis can lead to several complications, including:

* Bile duct damage, which can lead to bile leaking into the abdomen and causing an infection called peritonitis
* Spread of the infection to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or lungs
* Sepsis, a severe and life-threatening reaction to the infection
* Organ failure, particularly liver and kidney failure
* Death

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of cholangitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The term choledocholithiasis is derived from the Greek words "chole" meaning bile, "dochos" meaning duct, and "-iasis" meaning condition or disease. It is used to describe a specific type of gallstone that forms within the common bile duct, rather than in the gallbladder or liver.

Choledocholithiasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis), and blockages within the ducts. Treatment options for choledocholithiasis include endoscopic therapy, surgery, and medications to dissolve the gallstones.

In summary, choledocholithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, which can cause a range of symptoms and may require medical intervention to treat.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.




There are several types of biliary tract diseases, including:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and blockages.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Biliary cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver and bile ducts that can lead to liver failure.
4. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas that can cause abdominal pain and digestive problems.
5. Cancer of the biliary tract: Cancer that affects the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts.

Biliary tract diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, obesity, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests and liver function tests.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve medications to dissolve gallstones or treat infections. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the gallbladder or repair damaged bile ducts.

Prevention is key in avoiding biliary tract diseases, and this includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, managing risk factors such as obesity and alcohol consumption, and getting regular medical check-ups. Early detection and treatment of biliary tract diseases can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to the development of the disease. These include:

1. Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis)
2. Infection with certain viruses, such as hepatitis B and C
3. Genetic conditions, such as inherited syndromes that affect the liver and bile ducts
4. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide
5. Obesity and metabolic disorders

The symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
2. Itching all over the body
3. Fatigue
4. Loss of appetite
5. Abdominal pain and swelling
6. Weight loss
7. Nausea and vomiting

If cholangiocarcinoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:

1. Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans
2. Blood tests to check for certain liver enzymes and bilirubin levels
3. Endoscopic ultrasound to examine the bile ducts
4. Biopsy to collect a sample of tissue from the suspected tumor

Treatment for cholangiocarcinoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the tumor and a portion of the bile ducts. In more advanced cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to relieve symptoms.

It's important for patients with cholangiocarcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and to monitor their condition regularly. With prompt and appropriate treatment, some patients with cholangiocarcinoma may experience long-term survival and a good quality of life.

The most common types of biliary fistulas are:

1. Bile duct-enteric fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the small intestine.
2. Bile duct-skin fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the skin, which can lead to a bile leak and infection.
3. Bile duct-liver fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the liver, which can cause bleeding and infection.

Symptoms of biliary fistula may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss

Diagnosis of biliary fistula is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, and MRI. Treatment options for biliary fistula include:

1. Endoscopic therapy: This may involve the use of an endoscope to repair or close off the fistula.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged bile ducts.
3. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile ducts to help keep them open and allow for proper drainage.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of biliary fistula, as it can lead to serious complications such as infection or bleeding.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Learn More:

Bile Reflux | Symptoms, Causes, Treatments | American ...
https://www.gi.org/topics/bile-reflux/

The exact cause of choledochal cysts is not well understood, but they are believed to result from developmental abnormalities during fetal life. In some cases, there may be associated genetic mutations or other congenital anomalies. The diagnosis of a choledochal cyst is typically made using imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and the cyst may be removed surgically if it causes symptoms or if it becomes infected.

There are several types of choledochal cysts, including:

1. Type I: This is the most common type, where the cyst is located near the liver and has a distinctive "dome-shaped" appearance.
2. Type II: This type is located near the pancreas and has a more irregular shape.
3. Type III: This type is located near the gallbladder and has a small opening into the bile duct.
4. Type IV: This type is located further down the bile duct and has no opening into the duct.

Choledochal cysts are relatively rare, occurring in approximately 1 in 250,000 to 1 in 500,000 live births. They can be associated with other congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney disease, Turner syndrome, and Down syndrome. The surgical removal of a choledochal cyst is typically curative, but long-term follow-up is often necessary to monitor for potential complications such as bile duct stricture or cancer.

The condition is often caused by gallstones or other blockages that prevent the normal flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine. Over time, the scarring can lead to the formation of cirrhosis, which is characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue.

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis, biliary may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

The diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, biliary is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and blood tests.

Treatment for liver cirrhosis, biliary depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove gallstones or repair damaged bile ducts. Medications such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver cirrhosis, biliary is generally poor, as the condition can lead to complications such as liver failure, infection, and cancer. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

The exact cause of Biliary Atresia is unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. Symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), poor feeding, and a large liver size. If left untreated, Biliary Atresia can lead to long-term complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.

Treatment for Biliary Atresia usually involves a surgical procedure called the Kasai procedure, where the damaged bile ducts are removed and replaced with a section of the small intestine. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease is advanced or if there are complications such as liver cirrhosis.

Overall, Biliary Atresia is a rare and complex condition that requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Cystic neoplasms are fluid-filled sacs that grow in the body. They can be benign or malignant and can arise from a variety of tissues, including the ovaries, pancreas, and lungs. Mucinous neoplasms are tumors that produce mucin, a type of protein found in mucus. These tumors can occur in the breast, ovary, or colon, and are often benign.

Serous neoplasms are tumors that arise from the serous membranes, which are the thin layers of tissue that line the cavities of the body. Examples of serous neoplasms include ovarian cancer and mesothelioma. These tumors can be benign or malignant.

In summary, neoplasms, cystic, mucinous, and serous are different types of tumors that can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body. While they can be benign, many of these tumors are malignant and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

There are several causes of pancreatitis, including:

1. Gallstones: These can block the pancreatic duct, causing inflammation.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use can damage the pancreas and lead to inflammation.
3. High triglycerides: Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood can cause pancreatitis.
4. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can infect the pancreas and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to pancreatitis due to inherited genetic mutations.
6. Pancreatic trauma: Physical injury to the pancreas can cause inflammation.
7. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, can cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

Symptoms of pancreatitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea or bloating
5. Weight loss
6. Loss of appetite

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and address any complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids may be used to manage abdominal pain.
2. Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids may be given to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Antibiotics: If the pancreatitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
4. Nutritional support: Patients with pancreatitis may require nutritional support to ensure they are getting enough calories and nutrients.
5. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: In some cases, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy may be necessary to help the body digest food.
6. Surgery: In severe cases of pancreatitis, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent abdominal pain or other symptoms of pancreatitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the biliary tract, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are several types of biliary tract neoplasms, including:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts. It can occur in the liver or outside the liver.
2. Gallbladder cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder and is relatively rare.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which means it originates in the liver rather than spreading from another part of the body.
4. Bile duct cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Biliary tract neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weight loss, fatigue, and itching. These symptoms can be non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis of biliary tract neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for biliary tract neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Multiple primary neoplasms can arise in different organs or tissues throughout the body, such as the breast, colon, prostate, lung, or skin. Each tumor is considered a separate entity, with its own unique characteristics, including size, location, and aggressiveness. Treatment for multiple primary neoplasms typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms can be challenging due to the overlapping symptoms and radiological findings between the different tumors. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms and confirm the presence of multiple primary neoplasms.

Multiple primary neoplasms are more common than previously thought, with an estimated prevalence of 2% to 5% in some populations. The prognosis for patients with multiple primary neoplasms varies depending on the location, size, and aggressiveness of each tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status.

It is important to note that multiple primary neoplasms are not the same as metastatic cancer, in which a single primary tumor spreads to other parts of the body. Multiple primary neoplasms are distinct tumors that arise independently from different primary sites within the body.

The exact cause of sclerosing cholangitis is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune condition, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy bile duct cells, leading to inflammation and scarring.

Symptoms of sclerosing cholangitis can include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching all over the body
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss

If sclerosing cholangitis is not treated, it can lead to complications such as:

* Bile duct cancer
* Intestinal obstruction
* Sepsis (a potentially life-threatening infection of the bloodstream)

Treatment for sclerosing cholangitis typically involves a combination of medications and surgery. Medications used to treat the condition include:

* Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which helps to dissolve bile stones and reduce inflammation
* Antibiotics, which help to prevent or treat infections
* Immunosuppressive drugs, which help to suppress the immune system and prevent further damage to the bile ducts

Surgery may be necessary to remove damaged or blocked bile ducts. In some cases, a liver transplant may be required if the condition is severe and there is significant liver damage.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, with each cell forming a small papilla (bump) on the surface of the tumor. APC is often slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages.

APC is generally considered to be less aggressive than other types of cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. However, it can still spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for APC may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

It's worth noting that APC is sometimes referred to as "papillary adenocarcinoma" or simply "papillary cancer." However, these terms are often used interchangeably with "adenocarcinoma, papillary" in medical literature and clinical practice.

Jaundice is typically diagnosed through physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood tests to measure bilirubin levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to reduce bilirubin production or increase its excretion, or surgery to remove blockages in the bile ducts.

Here are some of the synonyms for Jaundice:

1. Yellow fever
2. Yellow jaundice
3. Hepatitis
4. Gallstones
5. Cholestasis
6. Obstruction of the bile ducts
7. Biliary tract disease
8. Hemochromatosis
9. Sickle cell anemia
10. Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Here are some of the antonyms for Jaundice:

1. Pinkness
2. Normal skin color
3. Healthy liver function
4. Bilirubin levels within normal range
5. No signs of liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

Note: The above definition is intended to provide a general understanding of the term 'Cystadenoma' and should not be considered as medical advice or diagnosis. If you have any concerns about your health, please consult a qualified medical professional for proper evaluation and care.

There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.

While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.

Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic. Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed suddenly, usually due to a blockage in the bile ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammation of the gallbladder that can lead to scarring and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

The causes of cholecystitis include:

1. Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. These stones can block the bile ducts and cause inflammation.
2. Infection: Bacterial infection can spread to the gallbladder from other parts of the body, causing cholecystitis.
3. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can spread to the gallbladder and cause cholecystitis.
4. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder: If the gallbladder does not empty properly, bile can become stagnant and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to developing cholecystitis due to genetic factors.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Loss of appetite
5. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
6. Tea-colored urine
7. Pale or clay-colored stools

If you suspect that you or someone else may have cholecystitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider can diagnose cholecystitis based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment for cholecystitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any infection, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be necessary.

Symptoms of lithiasis may include pain in the affected area, nausea and vomiting, fever, and changes in urination patterns. Treatment for lithiasis depends on the location and size of the stone, and may involve medications to help break down the stone or surgery to remove it.

Prevention strategies for lithiasis include staying hydrated to maintain adequate fluid intake, limiting dietary oxalate intake in cases of calcium oxalate stones, and avoiding foods high in animal protein and salt in cases of uric acid stones. In some cases, medications such as allopurinol or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent stone formation.

In summary, lithiasis is the formation of stones or calculi within the body, typically in the urinary tract or biliary system, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Treatment and prevention strategies vary depending on the location and type of stone, but may include medications to break down the stone or surgery to remove it.

Examples of 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' in medical literature:

* The patient was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their colon after undergoing a colonoscopy and biopsy. (From the Journal of Clinical Oncology)

* The patient had a history of adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their breast and was being monitored for potential recurrence. (From the Journal of Surgical Oncology)

* The tumor was found to be an adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, with a high grade and was treated with surgery and chemotherapy. (From the Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology)

Synonyms for 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' include:

* Mucinous adenocarcinoma
* Colon adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Rectal adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, mucinous type.

There are many different causes of pathological dilatation, including:

1. Infection: Infections like tuberculosis or abscesses can cause inflammation and swelling in affected tissues, leading to dilatation.
2. Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease can cause dilatation of blood vessels and organs.
3. Heart disease: Conditions like heart failure or coronary artery disease can lead to dilatation of the heart chambers or vessels.
4. Liver or spleen disease: Dilatation of the liver or spleen can occur due to conditions like cirrhosis or splenomegaly.
5. Neoplasms: Tumors can cause dilatation of affected structures, such as blood vessels or organs.

Pathological dilatation can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the condition. These may include:

1. Swelling or distension of the affected structure
2. Pain or discomfort in the affected area
3. Difficulty breathing or swallowing (in the case of dilatation in the throat or airways)
4. Fatigue or weakness
5. Pale or clammy skin
6. Rapid heart rate or palpitations
7. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Diagnosis of pathological dilatation typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause and relieve symptoms.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

1. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs): These are side effects caused by medications, such as allergic reactions, liver damage, or other systemic problems. ADRs can be a significant cause of iatrogenic disease and can result from taking the wrong medication, taking too much medication, or taking medication for too long.
2. Infections acquired during medical procedures: Patients who undergo invasive medical procedures, such as surgeries or insertion of catheters, are at risk of developing infections. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that enter the body through the surgical site or the catheter.
3. Surgical complications: Complications from surgery can range from minor issues, such as bruising and swelling, to more serious problems, such as infection, organ damage, or nerve injury. These complications can be caused by errors during the procedure, poor post-operative care, or other factors.
4. Medication overuse or underuse: Medications that are prescribed inappropriately or in excess can cause iatrogenic disease. For example, taking too much medication can lead to adverse drug reactions, while taking too little medication may not effectively treat the underlying condition.
5. Medical imaging complications: Medical imaging procedures, such as X-rays and CT scans, can sometimes cause iatrogenic disease. For example, excessive radiation exposure from these procedures can increase the risk of cancer.
6. Psychiatric iatrogenesis: This refers to harm caused by psychiatric treatment, such as medication side effects or inappropriate use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
7. Overdiagnosis: Overdiagnosis occurs when a condition is diagnosed that would not have caused symptoms or required treatment during the person's lifetime. This can lead to unnecessary testing, treatment, and other iatrogenic harms.
8. Unnecessary surgery: Surgical procedures that are not necessary can cause harm and increase healthcare costs.
9. Inappropriate referrals: Referring patients for unnecessary tests or procedures can lead to iatrogenic disease and increased healthcare costs.
10. Healthcare provider burnout: Burnout among healthcare providers can lead to errors, adverse events, and other forms of iatrogenic disease.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of iatrogenic disease, and there may be other factors that contribute to this phenomenon as well. Additionally, while many of the factors listed above are unintentional, some may be due to negligence or other forms of misconduct. In all cases, it is important for healthcare providers to take steps to prevent iatrogenic disease and promote high-quality, patient-centered care.

Symptoms of Kidney Neoplasms can include blood in the urine, pain in the flank or abdomen, weight loss, fever, and fatigue. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT scans or ultrasound, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, ablation therapy, targeted therapy, or chemotherapy.

It is important for individuals with a history of Kidney Neoplasms to follow up with their healthcare provider regularly for monitoring and check-ups to ensure early detection of any recurrences or new tumors.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

The term "experimental" refers to the fact that this type of cirrhosis is typically induced in animals through the use of certain chemicals, toxins, or viruses, rather than occurring naturally in humans. The goal of studying experimental liver cirrhosis is to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to develop new treatments for this condition.

Some examples of how experimental liver cirrhosis may be induced include:

* Administering certain chemicals or toxins, such as carbon tetrachloride or thioacetamide, to animals in order to damage the liver and trigger the formation of nodules and fibrosis.
* Infecting animals with viruses that can cause liver damage and inflammation, such as hepatitis B or C virus.
* Using genetic models to study the role of specific genes in the development of liver cirrhosis.

Experimental liver cirrhosis is often studied in laboratory animals, such as mice, rats, and pigs, using a range of techniques including histology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. The studies may focus on various aspects of the disease, such as the mechanisms of inflammation and fibrosis, the role of specific cell types or signaling pathways, and the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents.

Symptoms of duodenal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options for duodenal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Duodenal Neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all gastrointestinal cancers. However, they can be aggressive and difficult to treat if not detected early. The prognosis for duodenal neoplasms is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20-30%.

There are many different types of cysts that can occur in the body, including:

1. Sebaceous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or torso. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
2. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They are common in women of childbearing age and can cause pelvic pain, bloating, and other symptoms.
3. Kidney cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form in the kidneys. They are usually benign but can cause problems if they become large or infected.
4. Dermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin or organs. They are filled with skin cells, hair follicles, and other tissue and can become inflamed or infected.
5. Pilar cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the scalp. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
6. Epidermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form just under the skin. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
7. Mucous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the fingers or toes. They are filled with a clear, sticky fluid and can become inflamed or infected.
8. Baker's cyst: This is a fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee. It can cause swelling and pain in the knee and is more common in women than men.
9. Tarlov cysts: These are small, fluid-filled cysts that form in the spine. They can cause back pain and other symptoms, such as sciatica.
10. ganglion cysts: These are noncancerous lumps that form on the joints or tendons. They are filled with a thick, clear fluid and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other types of cysts that are not included here. If you suspect that you have a cyst, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Characteristics:

* Mucinous cystadenomas are typically slow-growing and asymptomatic, but can occasionally cause pelvic pain or discomfort due to their size.
* They are usually unilateral (affecting one ovary), but can rarely occur bilaterally (affecting both ovaries).
* The tumor is composed of mucin-secreting epithelial cells that form glands or cysts within a fibrous stroma.
* Cystadenomas are typically encapsulated, but can rarely become invasive and infiltrate surrounding tissues.
* Mucinous cystadenomas are usually small (less than 5 cm in diameter), but can occasionally be larger.

Diagnosis:

* Imaging studies such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans may be used to detect the presence of a cystic mass in the ovary, but a definitive diagnosis is usually made through surgical exploration and histopathologic examination of the tumor tissue.
* A preoperative diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma can be challenging, as the imaging features are not specific and may resemble other ovarian tumors, such as serous cystadenomas or borderline tumors.

Treatment:

* Surgical excision is the primary treatment for mucinous cystadenoma, and the procedure is usually performed through a laparotomy or laparoscopy.
* The surgical approach depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and fertility status.
* In some cases, the tumor may be removed through a staged approach, with initial cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the remaining tumor burden.

Prognosis:

* Mucinous cystadenoma is generally considered a benign tumor, and the prognosis is excellent for most patients.
* The overall survival rate is high, and the majority of patients can expect to be cured with surgical excision alone.
* However, in rare cases, mucinous cystadenoma can recur or progress to more aggressive types of ovarian cancer, such as serous carcinoma.

Follow-up:

* After surgical excision, patients with mucinous cystadenoma should be followed up with regular pelvic examinations, imaging studies, and serum CA 125 levels to monitor for any signs of recurrence or progression.
* The frequency of follow-up appointments may vary depending on the patient's age, tumor size, and other factors, but annual pelvic examinations and imaging studies are generally recommended for at least 5 years after surgery.

References:

1. Kurman RJ, et al. The origin and pathology of ovarian borderline tumors. International Journal of Gynecological Pathology. 2014;33(2):197-211.
2. Di Cerbo A, et al. Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary: a review of the literature. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2018;40(6):753-763.
3. Chung H, et al. The clinicopathological features and prognosis of mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecologic Oncology Reports. 2018;20:135-143.

Previous articleNeoplastic Cells
Next articleNephrocalcinosis

Exocrine disorders affect the pancreas' ability to produce digestive enzymes, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The most common exocrine disorder is chronic pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to permanent damage and scarring. Other exocrine disorders include acute pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer.

Endocrine disorders affect the pancreas' ability to produce hormones, leading to symptoms such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and Cushing's syndrome. The most common endocrine disorder is diabetes mellitus, which is caused by a deficiency of insulin production or insulin resistance. Other endocrine disorders include hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors.

Pancreatic diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options for pancreatic diseases vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes in patients with pancreatic diseases.

Some of the most common types of pancreatic diseases include:

1. Diabetes mellitus: a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels.
2. Chronic pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to permanent damage and scarring.
3. Acute pancreatitis: sudden and severe inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption.
4. Pancreatic cancer: a malignancy that can arise in the pancreas and spread to other parts of the body.
5. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): tumors that arise in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms.
6. Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors: rare tumors that produce excessive amounts of pancreatic polypeptide, leading to hypoglycemia and other symptoms.
7. Glucagonoma: a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of glucagon, leading to high blood sugar levels and other symptoms.
8. Insulinoma: a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of insulin, leading to low blood sugar levels and other symptoms.
9. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1: an inherited disorder characterized by multiple endocrine tumors, including those in the pancreas.
10. Familial pancreatico-ductal adenocarcinoma (FPDA): an inherited disorder characterized by a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

These are just some of the possible causes of pancreatic disease, and there may be others not listed here. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Here are some additional details about each of the gallbladder diseases mentioned in the definition:

* Gallstone disease: This is the most common gallbladder disease and occurs when small stones form in the gallbladder. The stones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances. They can cause pain, inflammation, and infection if left untreated.
* Cholecystitis: This is inflammation of the gallbladder that can occur when gallstones block the ducts and cause bile to build up. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, fever, and chills. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to more serious complications such as gangrene or perforation of the gallbladder.
* Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. These stones can cause blockages and lead to inflammation, infection, and damage to the liver and pancreas.
* Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas that can occur when the pancreatic ducts become blocked by gallstones or other substances. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. If left untreated, pancreatitis can lead to serious complications such as infection, organ failure, and death.
* Gallbladder cancer: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss. If left untreated, gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body and lead to death.

Overall, these gallbladder diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can be fatal if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Cystadenocarcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, but it is most common in the ovary and breast. In the ovary, it is the most common type of ovarian cancer and accounts for about 70% of all ovarian cancers. In the breast, it is a rare type of breast cancer, accounting for less than 5% of all breast cancers.

The symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
* Pelvic pain or discomfort
* Abdominal swelling or bloating
* Painful urination
* Weakness and fatigue

Cystadenocarcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.

The prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, cystadenocarcinoma can be an aggressive cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is lower for advanced stages of the disease.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular cells in various parts of the body, but most commonly in the ovary and breast. It can cause a range of symptoms and is diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Some examples of pathologic constrictions include:

1. Stenosis: A narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or other tubular structure, often caused by the buildup of plaque or scar tissue.
2. Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can make breathing difficult.
3. Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing.
4. Gastric ring constriction: A narrowing of the stomach caused by a band of tissue that forms in the upper part of the stomach.
5. Anal fissure: A tear in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and difficulty passing stools.

Pathologic constrictions can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, injury, or genetic disorders. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopies, and may require surgical treatment to relieve symptoms and improve function.

There are several types of thyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths or lumps that can develop in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous).
2. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
3. Thyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Thyroid cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms.

Thyroid neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions, such as thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).

Symptoms of thyroid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the neoplasm, and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medications.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of Klatskin's tumor can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and diabetes. The tumor is often diagnosed by imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for Klatskin's tumor typically involves surgery to remove the affected portion of the pancreas, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this type of cancer is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 5%.

Klatskin's tumor is named after the American surgeon and pancreatic cancer researcher, Leo Klatskin. It is also sometimes referred to as Klatskin's neuroendocrine carcinoma or islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas.

Calculi are typically classified into three types based on their composition:

1. Calcium oxalate calculi: These are the most common type of calculus and are often found in the kidneys and urinary tract. They are more likely to occur in people with a history of kidney stones or other conditions that affect calcium metabolism.
2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi: These calculi are less common and typically form in the kidneys or bladder. They are often associated with chronic kidney disease or other underlying medical conditions.
3. Uric acid calculi: These calculi are rare and often form in the joints, but can also occur in the urinary tract. They are more common in people with gout or other conditions that affect uric acid metabolism.

Calculi can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location, including:

* Pain in the abdomen, flank, or back
* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Frequent urination or difficulty urinating
* Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
* Fever or chills
* Nausea and vomiting

If calculi are small and do not cause any symptoms, they may not require treatment. However, if they grow large enough to block the flow of urine or cause pain, treatment may be necessary. Treatment options for calculi include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as alpha-blockers and potassium citrate can help to dissolve calculi and reduce symptoms.
2. Shock wave lithotripsy: This is a non-invasive procedure that uses high-energy shock waves to break up calculi into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily.
3. Endoscopic surgery: A small, flexible tube with a camera and specialized tools can be inserted through the ureter or bladder to remove calculi.
4. Open surgery: In some cases, open surgery may be necessary to remove large or complex calculi.

Prevention is key in avoiding calculi. Here are some tips for preventing calculi:

1. Drink plenty of water: Adequate hydration helps to dilute uric acid and other substances in the urine, reducing the risk of calculi formation.
2. Limit alcohol intake: Alcohol can increase levels of uric acid in the blood, which can contribute to calculi formation.
3. Maintain a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is low in purines and high in fruits and vegetables can help to reduce the risk of calculi.
4. Manage underlying conditions: Conditions such as gout, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney disease can increase the risk of calculi. Managing these conditions with medication and lifestyle changes can help to reduce the risk of calculi.
5. Avoid certain medications: Certain medications, such as some antibiotics and diuretics, can increase the risk of calculi formation.
6. Monitor urine output: If you have a medical condition that affects your urinary tract, such as a blockage or an obstruction, it is important to monitor your urine output to ensure that your kidneys are functioning properly.
7. Avoid prolonged bed rest: Prolonged bed rest can increase the risk of calculi formation by slowing down urine flow and allowing minerals to accumulate in the urinary tract.
8. Stay active: Regular exercise can help to improve circulation and maintain a healthy weight, which can reduce the risk of calculi formation.
9. Avoid smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of calculi formation by reducing blood flow to the kidneys and increasing the amount of oxalate in the urine.
10. Consider medications: In some cases, medications such as allopurinol or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent calculi formation. These medications can help to reduce the levels of uric acid or calcium oxalate in the urine.
It is important to note that not all kidney stones are the same, and the underlying cause may vary depending on the type of stone. For example, if you have a history of gout, you may be more likely to develop uric acid stones. In this case, medications such as allopurinol or probenecid may be prescribed to help reduce the levels of uric acid in your blood and prevent calculi formation.


There are several types of MPDs, including:

1. Polycythemia vera (PV): This is a rare disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Essential thrombocythemia (ET): This is a rare disorder characterized by an overproduction of platelets.
3. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF): This is a rare and severe disorder characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): This is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells, characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells.

The symptoms of MPDs can vary depending on the specific disorder, but may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Headaches
* Dizziness
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen spleen
* Bone pain

The exact cause of MPDs is not known, but they are thought to be due to genetic mutations that occur in the bone marrow cells. Treatment options for MPDs include:

* Chemotherapy: This is a type of drug that kills cancer cells.
* Radiation therapy: This is a type of treatment that uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells.
* Stem cell transplantation: This is a procedure in which healthy stem cells are transplanted into the body to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow cells.

Overall, MPDs are rare and complex disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life. While there is no cure for these conditions, treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and improve outcomes.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

Human infection by Clonorchis sinensis is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia where the parasite is most prevalent. The disease is often found in areas where sanitation and hygiene are poor, and where fish consumption is a major part of the diet. In endemic areas, clonorchiasis can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among individuals who consume raw or undercooked fish on a regular basis.

Preventive measures against clonorchiasis include proper cooking of fish, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and avoiding contact with contaminated water. In areas where the parasite is common, public health campaigns may be implemented to raise awareness about the risks of eating raw or undercooked fish and to promote proper cooking methods. In addition, efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of infection.

In conclusion, Clonorchiasis is a serious disease caused by the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, which is found in freshwater fish. Proper cooking of fish, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and avoiding contact with contaminated water are important preventive measures against clonorchiasis. Public health campaigns and efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene can also help reduce the risk of infection and manage symptoms of the disease.

Sources:

1. World Health Organization. (2019). Clonorchiasis. Retrieved from

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Parasites - Clonorchis sinensis. Retrieved from

3. Naja, H. J., & Ragi, M. A. (2016). Clonorchiasis: An overview of the disease and its current treatment options. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 8(4), 349-357.

4. Xu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Clonorchiasis: A review of the current situation in China. Parasites & Vectors, 9(1), 385.

The disease is caused by mutations in the DNA of genes that are involved in the development and maintenance of the liver and bile ducts. It is usually diagnosed in children or young adults, and treatment options may include surgery to remove cysts, antibiotics to treat infections, and medication to manage symptoms such as pain and itching.

The disease is named after the Italian physician, Angelo Caroli, who first described it in 1892. It is also known as Caroli's disease or congenital hepatic fibrosis.

Benign parotid neoplasms include:

* Pleomorphic adenoma: This is the most common type of benign parotid tumor, accounting for about 70% of all benign parotid neoplasms. It is a slow-growing tumor that usually affects people between the ages of 20 and 50.
* Warthin's tumor: This is a rare type of benign parotid tumor that usually occurs in older adults. It is a slow-growing tumor that often causes few symptoms.
* Other benign tumors: These include papillary cystadenoma, oncocytoma, and adenomyoepithelioma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms include:

* Parotid duct carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that arises in the main duct of the parotid gland. It usually affects older adults and can be aggressive, meaning it grows quickly and spreads to other parts of the body.
* Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a malignant tumor that typically affects the salivary glands, including the parotid gland. It is a slow-growing tumor that can infiltrate surrounding tissues and bone, making it difficult to treat.
* Other malignant tumors: These include acinic cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The symptoms of parotid neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck or face
* Painless mass or lump in the affected gland
* Difficulty swallowing or eating
* Numbness or weakness in the face
* Pain in the ear, jaw, or neck
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis. A doctor may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound to determine the presence of a parotid neoplasm.

Treatment options for parotid neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor. Surgery is usually the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the affected gland or a portion of the gland. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other parts of the body.

Overall, while parotid neoplasms can be serious and potentially life-threatening, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes and help preserve facial function and appearance. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a parotid neoplasm.

The carcinogenesis process of PDAC usually starts with the accumulation of genetic mutations in the pancreatic duct cells, which progressively leads to the formation of a premalignant lesion called PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia). Over time, these lesions can develop into invasive adenocarcinoma, which is PDAC.

The main risk factor for developing PDAC is smoking, but other factors such as obesity, diabetes, and family history of pancreatic cancer also contribute to the development of the disease. Symptoms of PDAC are often non-specific and late-stage, which makes early diagnosis challenging.

The treatment options for PDAC are limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but only a small percentage of patients are eligible for surgical resection due to the locally advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies are used to palliate symptoms and improve survival in non-surgical cases.

PDAC is an aggressive and lethal cancer, and there is a need for better diagnostic tools and more effective treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Symptoms of LDO may include:

* Redness and swelling of the eyelid
* Discharge from the eye
* Pain in the eye or eyelid
* Blurred vision
* Eye movements that are abnormal

If left untreated, LDO can lead to complications such as:

* Infection of the lacrimal duct
* Abscess formation
* Inflammation of the eyelid
* Dry eye

Treatment for LDO usually involves antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications to clear the blockage and reduce swelling. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the obstruction.

Prevention is key in avoiding LDO, and this can be done by:

* Keeping the eyes and eyelids clean
* Avoiding rubbing or touching the eyes
* Using protective eyewear when needed
* Getting regular eye exams to detect any issues early on.

Types of experimental neoplasms include:

* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.

The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.

Some common types of gastrointestinal neoplasms include:

1. Gastric adenocarcinoma: A type of stomach cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining.
2. Colorectal adenocarcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the colon or rectum.
3. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the squamous cells of the esophagus.
4. Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors: Tumors that start in the hormone-producing cells of the small intestine.
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Tumors that start in the connective tissue of the GI tract.

The symptoms of gastrointestinal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation)
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting

If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for further evaluation and diagnosis. A gastrointestinal neoplasm can be diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube into the GI tract to visualize the inside), imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment options for gastrointestinal neoplasms depend on the type, location, and stage of the tumor, but they may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Chemotherapy (use of drugs to kill cancer cells)
* Radiation therapy (use of high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells)
* Targeted therapy (use of drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and development)
* Supportive care (such as pain management and nutritional support)

The prognosis for gastrointestinal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but in general, early detection and treatment improve outcomes. If you have been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal neoplasm, it is important to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow up regularly for monitoring and adjustments as needed.

Some common examples of neoplasms, connective and soft tissue include:

1. Soft tissue sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
2. Connective tissue tumors: These are benign or malignant growths that develop in the connective tissues of the body, such as cartilage, bone, and fat.
3. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the soft tissues of the body, made up of fat cells.
4. Hemangiomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the blood vessels, often seen in infants and children.
5. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that develop in the connective tissue, often seen in the skin and subcutaneous tissues.

The symptoms of neoplasms, connective and soft tissue can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility. Treatment options can range from surgical removal to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and depend on the severity and location of the tumor.

In summary, neoplasms, connective and soft tissue are abnormal growths that develop in the connective and soft tissues of the body, which can be benign or malignant, and may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Neoplasms, plasma cell, are tumors that arise from plasma cells and can be either benign or malignant. They are relatively rare and tend to affect older adults.

Symptoms of neoplasms, plasma cell, include bone pain, tiredness, fever, and weight loss. Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of the tumor but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery.

Neoplasms, plasma cells are classified as either extramedullary (outside the bone marrow) or intramedullary (within the bone marrow). The most common type of plasma cell neoplasm is multiple myeloma, which is a malignant tumor that affects the bone marrow and can cause bone pain, infections, and other complications.

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

1. Parotid gland tumors: These are the most common type of salivary gland tumor and can be benign or malignant.
2. Submandibular gland tumors: These are less common than parotid gland tumors but can also be benign or malignant.
3. Sublingual gland tumors: These are rare and usually benign.
4. Warthin's tumor: This is a type of benign tumor that affects the parotid gland.
5. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a type of malignant tumor that can occur in any of the major salivary glands.
6. Acinic cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of malignant tumor that usually occurs in the parotid gland.
7. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a slow-growing malignant tumor that can occur in any of the major salivary glands.
8. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the salivary glands from another part of the body.

Salivary gland neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including painless lumps or swelling in the neck or face, difficulty swallowing, and numbness or weakness in the face. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

In conclusion, salivary gland neoplasms are a diverse group of cancers that affect the salivary glands, and it's important to be aware of the different types, symptoms, and treatment options in order to provide effective care for patients with these tumors.

Examples of neoplasms, complex and mixed include:

1. Breast cancer that consists of both ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
2. Lung cancer that contains both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
3. Colorectal cancer that is composed of both adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma.
4. Thyroid cancer that consists of both papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma.
5. Melanoma that is composed of both superficial spreading melanoma and nodular melanoma.

The diagnosis of neoplasms, complex and mixed often requires a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as tissue sampling through biopsy or surgery. Treatment may involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the specific type and extent of the cancer.

Appendiceal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the appendix, a small tube-like structure attached to the large intestine. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant appendiceal neoplasms are rare, but they can spread quickly to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Types of Appendiceal Neoplasms:

There are several types of appendiceal neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from glandular cells in the appendix.
2. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial cells in the appendix.
3. Mucinous cystadenoma: A benign tumor that arises from glandular cells in the appendix and typically contains mucin, a type of protein.
4. Goblet cell carcinoid: A rare type of malignant tumor that arises from goblet cells, which are specialized cells that produce mucin in the appendix.
5. Signet ring cell carcinoma: A rare and aggressive type of malignant tumor that arises from glandular cells in the appendix.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

The symptoms of appendiceal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy.

Treatment:

Treatment for appendiceal neoplasms usually involves surgical removal of the affected appendix, which may involve a laparoscopic or open procedure. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be recommended to destroy any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for patients with appendiceal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for patients with appendiceal neoplasms is generally good if the tumor is detected early and treated appropriately. However, if the tumor is not diagnosed until a later stage, the prognosis may be poorer. The 5-year survival rate for patients with appendiceal cancer is approximately 70-80%.

Conclusion:

Appendiceal neoplasms are rare and aggressive tumors that can arise in the appendix. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes. Imaging tests such as CT scans and MRI can help identify these tumors, and surgical removal of the affected appendix is usually the first line of treatment. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be recommended in some cases. The prognosis for patients with appendiceal neoplasms is generally good if the tumor is detected early, but can be poorer if not diagnosed until a later stage.

Benign ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Serous cystadenoma: A fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the ovary.
2. Mucinous cystadenoma: A tumor that is filled with mucin, a type of protein.
3. Endometrioid tumors: Tumors that are similar to endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus).
4. Theca cell tumors: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary called theca cells.

Malignant ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): The most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary.
2. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that develop from germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to eggs.
3. Stromal sarcomas: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary.

Ovarian neoplasms can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and abdominal swelling. They can also be detected through pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options for ovarian neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Types of Endocrine Gland Neoplasms:

1. Thyroid Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the thyroid gland, which can cause an overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones.
2. Adrenal Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which can produce excess hormones that can cause various symptoms.
3. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETs): Tumors that develop in the pancreas and produce excess hormones that can cause a variety of symptoms.
4. Parathyroid Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the blood.
5. Pituitary Tumors: Benign or malignant growths that develop in the pituitary gland, which can affect hormone production and cause various symptoms.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic mutations
2. Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation
3. Family history of endocrine disorders
4. Previous radiation therapy
5. Age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 40

Symptoms:

1. Thyroid cancer: A lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or shortness of breath
2. Adrenal cancer: High blood pressure, weight gain, or muscle weakness
3. PNETs: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, or weight loss
4. Parathyroid cancer: High calcium levels in the blood, kidney stones, or osteoporosis
5. Pituitary tumors: Headaches, vision changes, or hormonal imbalances

Treatment options for endocrine cancers depend on the specific type of cancer, its location, and its stage. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. In some cases, hormone replacement therapy may also be necessary.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for endocrine cancers varies by type. In general, the earlier the cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. Thyroid cancer has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of around 97%. Adrenal cancer has a lower survival rate of around 60%, while PNETs have a poorer prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of around 30%. Parathyroid cancer and pituitary tumors have better prognoses, with 5-year survival rates of around 90% and 80%, respectively.

Prevention:
There is no guaranteed way to prevent endocrine cancers, but certain measures may help reduce the risk. These include:

* Reducing exposure to radiation: Minimizing exposure to radiation, such as from CT scans, can help reduce the risk of developing thyroid cancer.
* Avoiding certain chemicals: Avoiding certain chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides, may help reduce the risk of developing endocrine cancers.
* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly, may help reduce the risk of developing endocrine cancers.
* Early detection: Early detection and treatment of endocrine cancers can improve prognosis. Regular check-ups with an endocrinologist can help identify any abnormalities early on.

In conclusion, endocrine cancers are a diverse group of tumors that can affect various parts of the endocrine system. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving prognosis, and prevention measures such as reducing exposure to radiation and maintaining a healthy lifestyle may also be helpful. It is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The sphincter of Oddi is a ring-like muscle that controls the opening and closing of the common bile duct into the small intestine. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction refers to problems with the functioning of this muscle, which can lead to a range of symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

There are several possible causes of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, including:

1. Gallstones: Gallstones can block the common bile duct and cause inflammation and scarring of the sphincter, leading to dysfunction.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Conditions such as pancreatitis and cholangitis can cause inflammation and damage to the sphincter muscle.
3. Cancer: Bile duct cancer or pancreatic cancer can infiltrate and damage the sphincter muscle, leading to dysfunction.
4. Injury: Trauma to the abdomen or surgical damage to the bile ducts can cause dysfunction of the sphincter.
5. Neurological disorders: Certain neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and peripheral neuropathy can affect the nerves that control the sphincter muscle, leading to dysfunction.

The symptoms of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the dysfunction. They may include:

* Abdominal pain, often in the right upper quadrant or middle of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform a series of tests to diagnose the underlying cause of the dysfunction and develop an appropriate treatment plan. These tests may include:

1. Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth and into the bile ducts to visualize the sphincter and surrounding tissues.
2. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to evaluate the structure of the bile ducts and liver.
3. Blood tests: To check for signs of liver damage or pancreas inflammation.
4. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera and a special tool is inserted through the mouth and into the bile ducts to diagnose and treat problems.
5. Sphincterotomy: A procedure in which the surgeon makes a small incision in the sphincter muscle to relieve pressure and allow normal flow of bile.
6. Stent placement: A small tube is placed inside the bile duct to keep it open and improve flow.
7. Biliary bypass surgery: A procedure in which the surgeon reroutes the bile flow around the blocked bile duct.
8. Liver transplantation: In severe cases of bile duct injuries, a liver transplant may be necessary.

It is important to note that the treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause of the dysfunction and the severity of the condition. A healthcare professional will be able to determine the best course of treatment based on individual circumstances.

The digestive system neoplasms are a group of abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the organs and tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and their impact on the body can range from minimal to life-threatening.

Types:

There are several types of digestive system neoplasms, including:

1. Colorectal cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the colon or rectum.
2. Gastric cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the stomach.
3. Pancreatic cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the pancreas.
4. Small intestine cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the small intestine.
5. Esophageal cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the esophagus.
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): A malignant tumor that develops in the liver.
7. Anal canal cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the anus.
8. Gallbladder cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder.

Causes and risk factors:

The exact cause of digestive system neoplasms is not always known, but certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing these conditions. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing digestive system neoplasms increases with age.
2. Family history: Having a family history of these conditions can increase the risk.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
4. Diets high in fat and low in fiber: A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
5. Smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of developing several types of digestive system neoplasms, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.
6. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing several types of digestive system neoplasms, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.
8. Infection with certain viruses: Some viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C, can increase the risk of developing certain types of digestive system neoplasms.

Symptoms and diagnosis:

The symptoms of digestive system neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blood in the stool or vomit
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Weight loss
4. Fatigue
5. Loss of appetite
6. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

If a patient experiences any of these symptoms, they should see a healthcare provider for further evaluation. A diagnosis of digestive system neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options:

The treatment of digestive system neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for many types of digestive system neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery, or as a palliative therapy to relieve symptoms.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Examples of targeted therapies used to treat digestive system neoplasms include bevacizumab, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and aflibercept, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2).
5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. Examples of immunotherapies used to treat digestive system neoplasms include pembrolizumab, which targets programmed death-1 (PD-1) and nivolumab, which targets PD-1 and CTLA-4.
6. Stenting or embolization: These procedures involve placing a small tube or particles into the blood vessels to block the flow of blood to the tumor, which can cause it to shrink or stop growing.
7. Palliative care: Palliative care is a type of treatment that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for people with advanced cancer. It may include medications, radiation therapy, or other interventions to manage pain, bleeding, or other complications.
8. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are effective and safe. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.

It's important to note that the specific treatment plan for digestive system neoplasms will depend on the type, location, size, and stage of the cancer, as well as other individual factors such as the patient's age, overall health, and preferences. Patients should discuss their treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for their specific situation.

Inflammation of the gallbladder that develops rapidly and usually as a result of obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone or rarely by tumors, parasites, or external pressure. Symptoms include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and Murphy's sign (tenderness over the gallbladder). Treatment is with antibiotics, analgesics, and supportive care; surgical intervention may be required in severe cases or if there are complications. See: biliary colic; cholelithiasis; cholangitis.

Adenomas are caused by genetic mutations that occur in the DNA of the affected cells. These mutations can be inherited or acquired through exposure to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, or certain chemicals.

The symptoms of an adenoma can vary depending on its location and size. In general, they may include abdominal pain, bleeding, or changes in bowel movements. If the adenoma becomes large enough, it can obstruct the normal functioning of the affected organ or cause a blockage that can lead to severe health complications.

Adenomas are usually diagnosed through endoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the affected organ to visualize the inside. Biopsies may also be taken to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.

Treatment for adenomas depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, non-pedunculated adenomas can often be removed during endoscopy through a procedure called endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Larger adenomas may require surgical resection, and in some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be necessary.

In summary, adenoma is a type of benign tumor that can occur in glandular tissue throughout the body. While they are not cancerous, they have the potential to become malignant over time if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with adenomas.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

Some common examples of duodenal diseases include:

1. Peptic ulcers: These are open sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum and can be caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
2. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the lining of the duodenum. It can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This is a chronic condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, including the duodenum. Symptoms of IBD include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Duodenal webs or rings: These are congenital abnormalities that can cause blockages or narrowing in the duodenum.
5. Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas, which can spread to the duodenum and cause damage to the lining of the duodenum.
6. Gastrointestinal hormone deficiency: This is a condition where the body does not produce enough gastrointestinal hormones, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
7. Duodenal polyps: These are growths that develop in the lining of the duodenum and can be benign or cancerous.
8. Duodenal obstruction: This is a blockage that develops in the duodenum and can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, adhesions, and inflammation.

Duodenal diseases can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Endoscopy: This is a procedure where a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the duodenum to visualize the inside of the duodenum and collect tissue samples.
2. Biopsy: This is a procedure where a small sample of tissue is removed from the duodenum and examined under a microscope for signs of disease.
3. CT scan or MRI: These are imaging tests that use X-rays or magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the duodenum and surrounding tissues.
4. Blood tests: These can be used to check for signs of infection, inflammation, or other conditions affecting the duodenum.
5. Stool tests: These can be used to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the duodenum.

Treatment for duodenal diseases will depend on the specific condition and its cause, but may include:

1. Medications: Such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and acid-suppressing medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation.
2. Lifestyle changes: Such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and managing stress.
3. Endoscopy: To remove any blockages or abnormal growths in the duodenum.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or remove affected tissue.
5. Nutritional support: To ensure that the patient is getting enough nutrients and electrolytes.

It's important to note that a proper diagnosis from a medical professional is essential for effective treatment of duodenal diseases.

Nose neoplasms refer to any type of abnormal growth or tumor that develops in the nose or nasal passages. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can affect people of all ages.

Types of Nose Neoplasms[2]

There are several types of nose neoplasms, including:

1. Nasal polyps: These are benign growths that can occur in the nasal passages and are usually associated with allergies or chronic sinus infections.
2. Nasal carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the nasal passages and can be either benign or malignant.
3. Esthesioneuroblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the nasal passages and is usually found in children.
4. Adenocarcinoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the glandular tissue in the nose and can be either benign or malignant.
5. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the squamous cells in the skin and mucous membranes of the nose.

Symptoms of Nose Neoplasms[3]

The symptoms of nose neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Nasal congestion or blockage
2. Nasal discharge or bleeding
3. Loss of sense of smell or taste
4. Headaches
5. Sinus infections or other respiratory problems
6. Swelling or lumps in the nose or face
7. Difficulty breathing through the nose

Diagnosis and Treatment of Nose Neoplasms[4]

The diagnosis of nose neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRI), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgical excision: This involves removing the tumor and any affected tissue through a surgical procedure.
2. Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy beams to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells.
4. Laser therapy: This involves using a laser to remove or destroy the tumor.
5. Cryotherapy: This involves using extreme cold to destroy the tumor.

Prognosis and Follow-Up Care[5]

The prognosis for nose neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. Follow-up care is important to monitor the patient's condition and detect any recurrences or complications. Some common follow-up procedures include:

1. Regular check-ups with an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist)
2. Imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRI) to monitor the tumor and detect any recurrences
3. Biopsies to evaluate any changes in the tumor
4. Treatment of any complications that may arise, such as bleeding or infection.

Lifestyle Changes and Home Remedies[6]

There are several lifestyle changes and home remedies that can help improve the symptoms and quality of life for patients with nose neoplasms. These include:

1. Maintaining good hygiene, such as regularly washing the hands and avoiding close contact with others.
2. Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products, which can exacerbate the symptoms of nose cancer.
3. Using saline nasal sprays or drops to keep the nasal passages moist and reduce congestion.
4. Applying warm compresses to the affected area to help reduce swelling and ease pain.
5. Using over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to manage symptoms.
6. Avoiding blowing the nose, which can dislodge the tumor and cause bleeding.
7. Avoiding exposure to pollutants and allergens that can irritate the nasal passages.
8. Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air and relieve dryness and congestion in the nasal passages.
9. Practicing good sleep hygiene, such as avoiding caffeine and electronic screens before bedtime and creating a relaxing sleep environment.
10. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises.

Nose neoplasms can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many patients can experience improved symptoms and outcomes. It is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. Additionally, lifestyle changes and home remedies can help improve symptoms and quality of life for patients with nose neoplasms.

A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Vascular tissue refers to tissues that are composed of cells and extracellular materials that form blood vessels. Neoplasms that affect vascular tissue are called vascular neoplasms.

Examples of vascular neoplasms include:

1. Hemangiomas: These are benign growths of blood vessels that can occur anywhere in the body, but are most common in the skin and internal organs.
2. Lymphangiomas: These are benign growths of lymphatic vessels that can occur in the skin or internal organs.
3. Angiosarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the cells that line blood vessels. They can occur in any part of the body, but are most common in the skin and soft tissue.
4. Kaposi's sarcoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic vessels and is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). It is more common in people with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
5. Venous malformations: These are abnormalities of the veins that can cause swelling and other symptoms. They can be congenital or acquired, and can range from benign to malignant.

Treatment for vascular neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Some may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, while others may be monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure they do not grow or spread.

Some common types of eye neoplasms include:

1. Uveal melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Retinoblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects children and develops in the retina. It is usually diagnosed before the age of 5 and is highly treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Conjunctival melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. It is more common in older adults and can be treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy.
4. Ocular sarcomas: These are rare types of cancer that develop in the eye tissues, including the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. They can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or radiation therapy.
5. Secondary intraocular tumors: These are tumors that metastasize (spread) to the eye from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.

The symptoms of eye neoplasms can vary depending on their location and type, but may include:

* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness or inflammation in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Flashes of light
* Abnormal pupil size or shape

Early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms are important to preserve vision and prevent complications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells with medication
* Observation and monitoring if the tumor is slow-growing or benign

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual symptoms in your eye, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

A persistent inflammation of the pancreas that can last for months or even years, leading to chronic pain, digestive problems, and other complications.

Pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed, which can be caused by various factors such as gallstones, alcohol consumption, certain medications, and genetics. Chronic pancreatitis is a type of pancreatitis that persists over time, leading to ongoing symptoms and complications.

The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis can vary but may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. The condition can also lead to complications such as infection, bleeding, and narrowing or blockage of the pancreatic ducts.

Chronic pancreatitis is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for chronic pancreatitis may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, lifestyle changes such as avoiding alcohol and fatty foods, and in some cases, surgery to remove the damaged pancreatic tissue.

The prognosis for chronic pancreatitis varies depending on the underlying cause of the condition and the severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the condition can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes, while in others, surgery may be necessary to remove the damaged pancreatic tissue.

Preventing chronic pancreatitis is not always possible, but avoiding risk factors such as alcohol consumption and certain medications can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can also improve outcomes for individuals with chronic pancreatitis.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a hamartoma on his skin, which was causing a painful lump on his arm.
2. The doctor recommended removing the hamartoma from the patient's pancreas to alleviate her symptoms of abdominal pain and nausea.
3. After undergoing surgery to remove the hamartoma, the patient experienced significant improvement in their quality of life.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

Example sentences:

1. The patient developed a radiation-induced neoplasm in their chest after undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer.
2. The risk of radiation-induced neoplasms increases with higher doses of radiation exposure, making it crucial to minimize exposure during medical procedures.
3. The oncologist monitored the patient's health closely after their radiation therapy to detect any signs of radiation-induced neoplasms.

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a type of primary ovarian cancer, meaning it originates in the ovary rather than spreading from another part of the body. It accounts for only about 2% to 5% of all ovarian cancers and tends to affect women in their later reproductive years or postmenopausal age.

The exact cause of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is not known, but it may be related to genetic mutations or hormonal imbalances. Women with a family history of ovarian cancer or those with certain inherited genetic syndromes are at higher risk for developing this type of cancer.

The diagnosis of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected ovary and any other involved organs or tissues, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is detected early and treated appropriately.

In summary, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a rare type of ovarian cancer that develops in the mucin-secreting cells of the ovary. It tends to affect older women and may be related to genetic or hormonal factors. Diagnosis is based on imaging studies and tissue biopsy, and treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally good if caught early.

There are several types of cholecystolithiasis:

* Pigmented stones (made from bilirubin)
* Cholesterol stones (made from cholesterol and other substances in the bile)
* Mixed stones (a combination of pigmented and cholesterol stones)

Symptoms:

* Abdominal pain (especially after meals)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Causes:

* Genetics
* Obesity
* Rapid weight loss
* High cholesterol levels
* Low HDL (good) cholesterol levels
* High triglycerides
* Diabetes

Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans. Treatment options include medication to dissolve small stones, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder through small incisions).

Prevention includes maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Villous adenomas are characterized by a villous surface, which is covered with finger-like projections called villi. These villi have a large surface area, allowing for increased absorption of nutrients and secretion of hormones and other substances.

Villous adenomas are typically less than 1 cm in size and are often found incidentally during diagnostic procedures such as colonoscopy or barium enema. They are usually asymptomatic, but may cause bleeding or obstruction if they become large enough.

The risk of malignant transformation for villous adenomas is low, ranging from 0-15%. However, the presence of multiple villous adenomas, a larger size, and certain histological features such as dysplasia or an irregular border may increase the risk of malignancy.

Treatment of villous adenomas usually involves polypectomy, which is the removal of the polyp using endoscopy or surgery. Follow-up colonoscopies are often recommended to monitor for any recurrences or new polyps. In some cases, patients with multiple or large villous adenomas may be considered for prophylactic colectomy, which is the preventive removal of the colon to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

In summary, villous adenomas are precancerous growths in the colon that have a low risk of malignant transformation but can cause bleeding or obstruction if left untreated. They are typically found incidentally during diagnostic procedures and are treated with polypectomy or prophylactic colectomy.

Symptoms of fascioliasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Diarrhea
3. Vomiting
4. Fatigue
5. Weight loss
6. Anemia
7. Elevated liver enzymes
8. Inflammation of the liver, bile ducts, or pancreas

If left untreated, fascioliasis can lead to serious complications such as:

1. Cholangiohepatitis (inflammation of the bile ducts and liver)
2. Hepatic cysts or cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
3. Biliary obstruction or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

Diagnosis of fascioliasis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as:

1. Blood tests to detect antibodies against the parasite
2. Detection of the parasite in stool or bile samples
3. Imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans to visualize the liver and bile ducts

Treatment of fascioliasis usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as triclabendazole or nitazoxanide, to eliminate the parasite from the body. Supportive care may also be provided to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention of fascioliasis primarily involves measures to avoid ingesting contaminated food or water, such as:

1. Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly pork or lamb
2. Properly cooking and storing food
3. Avoiding consumption of untreated water
4. Using proper sanitation and hygiene practices
5. Avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water

In areas where fascioliasis is common, it is important to be aware of the risk and take appropriate precautions to prevent infection. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with fascioliasis.

Testicular neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the testicles, which are located inside the scrotum. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Testicular neoplasms can affect men of all ages, but they are more common in younger men between the ages of 20 and 35.

Types of Testicular Neoplasms:

There are several types of testicular neoplasms, including:

1. Seminoma: This is a type of malignant tumor that develops from immature cells in the testicles. It is the most common type of testicular cancer and tends to grow slowly.
2. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT): These are malignant tumors that develop from immature cells in the testicles, but they do not have the characteristic features of seminoma. They can be either heterologous (containing different types of cells) or homologous (containing only one type of cell).
3. Leydig cell tumors: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the Leydig cells, which produce testosterone in the testicles.
4. Sertoli cell tumors: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the Sertoli cells, which support the development of sperm in the testicles.
5. Testicular metastasectomy: This is a procedure to remove cancer that has spread to the testicles from another part of the body, such as the lungs or liver.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of testicular neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to an increased risk of developing these tumors. These include:

1. Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism): This condition occurs when the testicles do not descend into the scrotum during fetal development.
2. Family history: Men with a family history of testicular cancer are at an increased risk of developing these tumors.
3. Previous radiation exposure: Men who have had radiation therapy to the pelvic area, especially during childhood or adolescence, have an increased risk of developing testicular neoplasms.
4. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as those associated with familial testicular cancer syndrome, can increase the risk of developing testicular neoplasms.
5. Infertility: Men who are infertile may have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of testicular neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. A lump or swelling in the testicle
2. Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum
3. Enlargement of the testicle
4. Abnormality in the size or shape of the testicle
5. Pain during ejaculation
6. Difficulty urinating or painful urination
7. Breast tenderness or enlargement
8. Lower back pain
9. Fatigue
10. Weight loss

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of testicular neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy.

1. Physical examination: A doctor will perform a thorough physical examination of the testicles, including checking for any abnormalities in size, shape, or tenderness.
2. Imaging studies: Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be used to help identify the location and extent of the tumor.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the testicle and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
4. Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for elevated levels of certain substances that can indicate the presence of cancer.

Treatment:

The treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for testicular neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery or radiation therapy to treat more advanced cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
4. Surveillance: Surveillance is a close monitoring of the patient's condition, including regular check-ups and imaging studies, to detect any recurrences of the tumor.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. Some common types of testicular neoplasms have a good prognosis, while others are more aggressive and may have a poorer prognosis if not treated promptly.

Complications:

Some complications of testicular neoplasms include:

1. Recurrence: The cancer can recur in the testicle or spread to other parts of the body.
2. Spread to other parts of the body: Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or brain.
3. Infertility: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause infertility.
4. Hormone imbalance: Some types of testicular cancer can disrupt hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as breast enlargement or low sex drive.
5. Chronic pain: Some men may experience chronic pain in the testicle or scrotum after treatment for testicular cancer.

Lifestyle changes:

There are no specific lifestyle changes that can prevent testicular neoplasms, but some general healthy habits can help reduce the risk of developing these types of tumors. These include:

1. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet
2. Getting regular exercise
3. Limiting alcohol consumption
4. Avoiding smoking and recreational drugs
5. Protecting the testicles from injury or trauma

Screening:

There is no standard screening test for testicular neoplasms, but men can perform a self-exam to check for any abnormalities in their testicles. This involves gently feeling the testicles for any lumps or unusual texture. Men with a family history of testicular cancer should talk to their doctor about whether they should start screening earlier and more frequently.

Treatment:

The treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: This involves removing the affected testicle or tumor.
2. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
4. Hormone therapy: This involves taking medications to alter hormone levels and slow the growth of cancer cells.
5. Clinical trials: These involve testing new treatments or combination of treatments for testicular neoplasms.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular neoplasms varies depending on the type, stage, and location of the tumor. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For example, seminoma has a high cure rate with current treatments, while non-seminomatous germ cell tumors have a lower cure rate but can still be effectively treated. Lymphoma and metastatic testicular cancer have a poorer prognosis and require aggressive treatment.

Lifestyle Changes:

There are no specific lifestyle changes that can prevent testicular neoplasms, but some risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption can be reduced to lower the risk of developing these tumors. Maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals can also help improve overall health and well-being.

Complications:

Testicular neoplasms can have several complications, including:

1. Infertility: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as surgery or chemotherapy, can cause infertility.
2. Pain: Testicular cancer can cause pain in the scrotum, groin, or abdomen.
3. Swelling: Testicular cancer can cause swelling in the scrotum or groin.
4. Hormonal imbalance: Some testicular tumors can produce hormones that can cause an imbalance in the body's hormone levels.
5. Recurrence: Testicular cancer can recur after treatment, and regular follow-up is necessary to detect any signs of recurrence early.
6. Late effects of treatment: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy, can have long-term effects on the body, including infertility, heart problems, and bone marrow suppression.
7. Metastasis: Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and bones, which can be life-threatening.

Prevention:

There is no specific prevention for testicular neoplasms, but some risk factors such as undescended testes, family history, and exposure to certain chemicals can be reduced to lower the risk of developing these tumors. Regular self-examination and early detection are crucial in improving outcomes for patients with testicular cancer.

Conclusion:

Testicular neoplasms are a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Early detection through regular self-examination and follow-up can improve outcomes, while awareness of risk factors and symptoms is essential in reducing the burden of this disease. A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists, radiologists, pathologists, and oncologists is necessary for optimal management of patients with testicular neoplasms.

Neoplasms can be classified as benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant neoplasms can further be divided into primary neoplasms, which originate in the muscle tissue itself, and secondary neoplasms, which spread to the muscle from another part of the body.

Examples of malignant muscle neoplasms include rhabdomyosarcoma (a type of cancer that arises in immature muscle cells) and adult-type fibromyxoma (a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually affects the extremities).

In contrast, benign muscle neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include benign fibrous histiocytomas and benign pleomorphic adipose tumors.

Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue Symptoms The symptoms of muscle neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and malignant potential. In general, patients may experience painless lumps or masses, muscle weakness or wasting, and localized swelling or redness.

Diagnosis The diagnosis of muscle neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy results. Imaging studies can help to identify the size, location, and extent of the tumor, while biopsy can provide a definitive diagnosis by examining the tissue under a microscope.

Treatment Treatment options for muscle neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and malignant potential of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the primary treatment modality for both benign and malignant muscle neoplasms. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be added to the treatment regimen.

Prognosis The prognosis for patients with muscle neoplasms varies depending on the type and malignant potential of the tumor. In general, benign muscle neoplasms have a good prognosis and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant muscle neoplasms can be aggressive and may have a poorer prognosis if left untreated.

Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis for muscle neoplasms includes other soft tissue tumors such as lipomas, hemangiomas, and synovial sarcomas, as well as non-tumorous conditions such as inflammatory myopathies and fibromatoses.

Examples of neoplasms, glandular and epithelial include:

* Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from glandular tissue. Examples include colon adenomas and prostate adenomas.
* Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial tissue. Examples include breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma.
* Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue. Examples include soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma.

The diagnosis of neoplasms, glandular and epithelial is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for these types of neoplasms depend on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Overall, the term "neoplasms, glandular and epithelial" refers to a wide range of tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial tissue, and can be either benign or malignant. These types of neoplasms are common and can affect many different parts of the body.

There are several types of sweat gland neoplasms, including:

1. Apocrine sweat gland adenoma: This is a benign tumor that typically affects the axillae (armpits) and groin area. It can become large and cause discomfort or pain.
2. Eccrine sweat gland carcinoma: This is a malignant tumor that arises in the eccrine sweat glands, which are found throughout the body. It is rare and usually affects the skin of the arms, legs, or trunk.
3. Apocrine sweat gland carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that develops in the apocrine sweat glands. It typically affects the skin of the axillae (armpits) and groin area.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that develops in the sebaceous glands, which are found in the skin. It can occur anywhere on the body, but is most common on the face, scalp, or torso.

The symptoms of sweat gland neoplasms vary depending on the location and type of tumor. They may include:

* A lump or swelling in the affected area
* Painless or painful lumps that can become large
* Redness, swelling, or bleeding of the skin
* Discharge or odor from the affected area
* Fever or chills

If you suspect you may have a sweat gland neoplasm, it is important to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies or biopsies, to determine the cause of your symptoms. Treatment options for sweat gland neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Some common types of nervous system neoplasms include:

1. Brain tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the brain, including gliomas (such as glioblastoma), meningiomas, and acoustic neuromas.
2. Spinal cord tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the spinal cord, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and metastatic tumors.
3. Nerve sheath tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the covering of nerves, such as neurofibromas and schwannomas.
4. Pineal gland tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain.

Symptoms of nervous system neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, speech, or balance. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans) and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

In summary, nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and can have a significant impact on the body. Diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive approach, involving a team of medical professionals with expertise in neurology, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and other related specialties.

Types of Intestinal Neoplasms:

1. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that grow on the inner lining of the intestine. They can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop in the inner lining of the intestine. They can be subdivided into several types, including colon cancer and rectal cancer.
3. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the intestines.
4. Leiomyosarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the smooth muscle layers of the intestine.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of intestinal neoplasms is not known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing these growths. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing intestinal neoplasms increases with age.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colon cancer or other intestinal neoplasms can increase the risk of developing these growths.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
4. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
5. Diet and lifestyle factors: A diet high in fat and low in fiber, as well as lack of physical activity, may increase the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.

Symptoms:

Intestinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort
2. Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation
3. Blood in the stool
4. Weight loss
5. Fatigue
6. Loss of appetite

Diagnosis:

To diagnose intestinal neoplasms, a doctor may perform several tests, including:

1. Colonoscopy: A colonoscope is inserted through the rectum and into the colon to visualize the inside of the colon and detect any abnormal growths.
2. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed from the colon and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
3. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for any abnormalities in the colon.
4. Blood tests: To check for certain substances in the blood that are associated with intestinal neoplasms.

Treatment:

The treatment of intestinal neoplasms depends on the type and location of the growth, as well as the stage of the cancer. Treatment options may include:

1. Surgery: To remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: To kill any remaining cancer cells with drugs.
3. Radiation therapy: To kill cancer cells with high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation.
4. Targeted therapy: To use drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them.
5. Immunotherapy: To use drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for intestinal neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the location of the growth, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while later-stage cancers have a poorer prognosis.

Complications:

Intestinal neoplasms can cause several complications, including:

1. Obstruction: The tumor can block the normal flow of food through the intestine, leading to abdominal pain and other symptoms.
2. Bleeding: The tumor can cause bleeding in the intestine, which can lead to anemia and other complications.
3. Perforation: The tumor can create a hole in the wall of the intestine, leading to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdomen) and other complications.
4. Metastasis: The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs, and cause further complications.
5. Malnutrition: The tumor can make it difficult for the body to absorb nutrients, leading to malnutrition and other health problems.

Prevention:

There is no sure way to prevent intestinal neoplasms, but there are several steps that may help reduce the risk of developing these types of cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding known risk factors: Avoiding known risk factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a diet high in processed meat can help reduce the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
2. Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help keep the intestines healthy and may reduce the risk of cancer.
3. Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight, improve digestion, and may reduce the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
4. Managing chronic conditions: Managing chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and obesity can help reduce the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
5. Screening tests: Regular screening tests such as colonoscopy, CT scan, or barium enema can help detect precancerous polyps or early-stage cancer, allowing for early treatment and prevention of advanced disease.

Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and survival rates for intestinal neoplasms. If you have any of the risk factors or symptoms mentioned above, it is essential to consult a doctor as soon as possible. A thorough examination and diagnostic tests can help determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.

The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.

The symptoms of opisthorchiasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the location of the parasites within the liver and bile ducts. Some common symptoms include:

* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching all over the body
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

If left untreated, opisthorchiasis can lead to complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts).

The diagnosis of opisthorchiasis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect antibodies against the parasite and/or eggs in the stool. Imaging studies such as ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) scans may be used to visualize the parasites within the liver and bile ducts.

Treatment of opisthorchiasis usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as praziquantel or albendazole, to kill the parasites. Surgery may be required in cases where the parasites have caused significant damage to the liver or bile ducts.

Prevention of opisthorchiasis involves avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, as well as avoiding contact with contaminated water. In areas where the infection is common, it is also important to practice good hygiene and to thoroughly cook all food before consumption.

Examples of soft tissue neoplasms include:

1. Lipoma: a benign tumor composed of fat cells.
2. Fibroma: a benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue.
3. Leiomyoma: a benign tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue.
4. Synovial sarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises in the soft tissues surrounding joints.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises in the skeletal muscles.
6. Neurofibroma: a benign tumor that arises in the nerve tissue.

Soft tissue neoplasms can occur in various parts of the body, including the extremities (arms and legs), trunk, and head and neck. They can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and biopsy.

Treatment for soft tissue neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may not require treatment, while malignant tumors may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Hematologic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. These types of cancer can originate from various cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and lymphoid cells.

There are several subtypes of hematologic neoplasms, including:

1. Leukemias: Cancers of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of immature or abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
2. Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system, which can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or other organs. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
3. Multiple myeloma: A cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow that can lead to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Examples include polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.
5. Myelodysplastic syndromes: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an underproduction of normal blood cells.

The diagnosis of hematologic neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as complete blood counts and bone marrow biopsies), and imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans). Treatment options for hematologic neoplasms depend on the specific type of cancer, the severity of the disease, and the overall health of the patient. These may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

1. Endometrial carcinoma (cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus)
2. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (cancer that starts in the muscle layer of the uterus)
3. Leiomyosarcoma (cancer that starts in the smooth muscle of the uterus)
4. Adenocarcinoma (cancer that starts in the glands of the endometrium)
5. Clear cell carcinoma (cancer that starts in the cells that resemble the lining of the uterus)
6. Sarcoma (cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the uterus)
7. Mixed tumors (cancers that have features of more than one type of uterine cancer)

These types of cancers can affect women of all ages and are more common in postmenopausal women. Risk factors for developing uterine neoplasms include obesity, tamoxifen use, and a history of endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the lining of the uterus).

Symptoms of uterine neoplasms can include:

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, spotting, or postmenopausal bleeding)
2. Postmenopausal bleeding
3. Pelvic pain or discomfort
4. Vaginal discharge
5. Weakness and fatigue
6. Weight loss
7. Pain during sex
8. Increased urination or frequency of urination
9. Abnormal Pap test results (abnormal cells found on the cervix)

If you have any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. A diagnosis of uterine neoplasms can be made through several methods, including:

1. Endometrial biopsy (a small sample of tissue is removed from the lining of the uterus)
2. Dilation and curettage (D&C; a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus)
3. Hysteroscopy (a thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the cervix to view the inside of the uterus)
4. Imaging tests (such as ultrasound or MRI)

Treatment for uterine neoplasms depends on the type and stage of cancer. Common treatments include:

1. Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
2. Radiation therapy (uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
3. Chemotherapy (uses drugs to kill cancer cells)
4. Targeted therapy (uses drugs to target specific cancer cells)
5. Clinical trials (research studies to test new treatments)

It is essential for women to be aware of their bodies and any changes that occur, particularly after menopause. Regular pelvic exams and screenings can help detect uterine neoplasms at an early stage, when they are more treatable. If you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your health, talk to your healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

Benign adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms include:

1. Sebaceous hyperplasia: a benign growth of the sebaceous glands that can cause blockages in the pores, leading to acne-like symptoms.
2. Trichoblastoma: a rare benign tumor that arises from hair follicles and usually affects the eyelids or face.
3. Pilar cyst: a benign growth that develops on the scalp, typically in women, and is filled with fluid.
4. Epidermal inclusion cyst: a benign tumor that forms when skin cells and debris accumulate within the dermis, causing a bump or nodule.

Malignant adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms include:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): the most common type of skin cancer, usually occurring on sun-exposed areas of the skin, and can appear as a flesh-colored or pink bump, a flat scaly patch, or a raised nodule with an ulcerated surface.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): the second most common type of skin cancer, often occurring on sun-exposed areas but can also arise in scar tissue or burns, and can appear as a firm, flat, or raised nodule.
3. Melanoma: the least common but most aggressive form of skin cancer, characterized by a mole that changes in size, shape, or color, or a new growth on previously normal skin.
4. Merkel cell carcinoma: a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer that can arise in the skin cells of the eyelids, face, or extremities, and typically affects older adults.
5. Cutaneous lymphoma: a type of cancer that affects the skin's lymphatic system, and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.

These malignant adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms can be diagnosed through a biopsy, and treatment options include surgical excision, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection and treatment are crucial for successful outcomes.

Types of vascular neoplasms include:

1. Hemangiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from abnormal blood vessels and are most common in infants and children.
2. Lymphangiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the lymphatic system and are also more common in children.
3. Vasculitis: This is a condition where the blood vessels become inflamed, leading to the formation of tumors.
4. Angiosarcoma: This is a rare and malignant tumor that arises from the blood vessels.
5. Lymphangioendotheliomas: These are rare benign tumors that arise from the lymphatic system.

Symptoms of vascular neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include:

* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Swelling or bruising
* Redness or warmth in the skin
* Difficulty moving or bending

Diagnosis of vascular neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent symptoms or notice any unusual changes in your body, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes for vascular neoplasms.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

There are different types of hyperplasia, depending on the location and cause of the condition. Some examples include:

1. Benign hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. It can occur in various tissues and organs, such as the uterus (fibroids), breast tissue (fibrocystic changes), or prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
2. Malignant hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs, leading to serious health problems. Examples include skin cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
3. Hyperplastic polyps: These are abnormal growths that occur in the gastrointestinal tract and can be precancerous.
4. Adenomatous hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number of glandular cells in a specific organ, such as the colon or breast. It can be a precursor to cancer.

The symptoms of hyperplasia depend on the location and severity of the condition. In general, they may include:

* Enlargement or swelling of the affected tissue or organ
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Abnormal bleeding or discharge
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Unexplained weight loss or gain

Hyperplasia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medication, surgery, or other interventions.

This definition of 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local' is from the Healthcare Professionals edition of the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The most common types of palatal neoplasms include:

1. Ossifying fibroma: A benign tumor that is made up of immature bone cells and usually affects the maxilla (the bone that forms the upper jaw).
2. Malignant ossifying fibroma: A rare and aggressive type of ossifying fibroma that can be cancerous.
3. Benign migratory glossitis: A benign condition characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the tongue, which can sometimes lead to the formation of a tumor on the hard palate.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that can occur on the hard palate, usually in older adults.
5. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare and slow-growing type of cancer that typically affects the salivary glands but can also occur on the hard palate.

The symptoms of palatal neoplasms can include:

1. Pain or tenderness in the mouth or jaw
2. Difficulty swallowing or speaking
3. Nasal congestion or obstruction
4. Facial pain or swelling
5. Unusual bleeding or discharge from the mouth

Palatal neoplasms are usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for microscopic examination). Treatment options can vary depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with palatal neoplasms depends on the specific diagnosis and stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve outcomes for these types of tumors.

There are several types of hepatitis, including:

1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.

Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.

Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.

In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.

The term "adenomyoma" is derived from the Greek words "adene," meaning gland, and "omyoma," meaning tumor. This refers to the fact that these tumors are made up of glandular tissue, which is responsible for the production of mucus and other fluids in the body.

Adenomyomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in their early stages. However, they can eventually become large enough to cause abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other problems. If left untreated, adenomyomas can become cancerous over time, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have one.

Treatment options for adenomyoma include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), endometrial ablation (destruction of the uterine lining), and medications to shrink the tumor. In some cases, a minimally invasive procedure called a laparoscopy may be used to remove the tumor.

In summary, adenomyoma is a type of benign tumor that develops in the muscular layer of the uterus and can cause abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have an adenomyoma to prevent it from becoming cancerous over time.

Some common types of mandibular neoplasms include:

1. Ameloblastoma: A rare benign tumor that arises from the odontogenic epithel, which is the tissue responsible for the formation of teeth.
2. Odontogenic keratocyst: A benign tumor that originates in the mandible and can expand to involve the surrounding bone and soft tissues.
3. Myxoid chondromatosis: A rare benign tumor that consists of multiple cartilaginous nodules that are surrounded by a loose connective tissue stroma.
4. Chondroderivative osteoma: A rare benign bone tumor that arises from the mutation of cartilage cells during bone development.
5. Ossifying fibroma: A benign tumor that is made up of immature bone tissue and typically affects the jawbone.
6. Fibrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the connective tissue of the mandible, such as the periodontal ligament or the muscles of mastication.
7. Osteosarcoma: A malignant bone tumor that can arise in any bone of the body, including the mandible.

Symptoms of mandibular neoplasms can include pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth or biting. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes and minimize the risk of complications.

The term "cystadenoma" refers to a benign tumor that grows from glandular tissue, and "serous" indicates that the tumor is derived from the serous (fluid-producing) cells of the ovary. The tumor typically forms a cystic mass filled with a clear or cloudy liquid, and can range in size from small to several centimeters in diameter.

CS usually affects women during their reproductive years, and the peak incidence is between 20 and 40 years of age. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding, but many cases are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally during pelvic examination or imaging studies.

The exact cause of CS is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and hormonal factors. The tumor cells have a characteristic immunophenotype, with expression of markers such as cytokeratin 7 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

The diagnosis of CS is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through laparoscopy or surgery. Treatment options for CS include watchful waiting, fertility-sparing surgery, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (THBSO).

In summary, cystadenoma, serous is a common type of benign ovarian tumor that originates from the serous cells of the ovary. It typically affects women during their reproductive years and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The exact cause is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and hormonal factors. Diagnosis is based on a combination of imaging studies and histopathological examination of tissue samples, and treatment options include watchful waiting, fertility-sparing surgery, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

Carcinoid tumors are usually found in the appendix, small intestine, rectum, or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. They can also occur in the lungs, pancreas, or other organs. These tumors tend to grow slowly and often do not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large.

Carcinoid tumors are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and endoscopies, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for carcinoid tumors depends on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Some of the symptoms that may be associated with carcinoid tumors include:

* Flushing (redness and warmth of the skin)
* Wheezing
* Shortness of breath
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Weight loss

Carcinoid tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1% to 5% of all cancer cases. However, they tend to be more common in certain parts of the world, such as North America and Europe. The exact cause of carcinoid tumors is not known, but they are thought to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development.

Overall, while carcinoid tumors are rare and can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and cancer research have improved the outlook for patients with these types of tumors. With early detection and appropriate treatment, many people with carcinoid tumors can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

A thymus neoplasm is a type of cancer that originates in the thymus gland, which is located in the chest behind the sternum and is responsible for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells) of the immune system.

Types of Thymus Neoplasms

There are several types of thymus neoplasms, including:

1. Thymoma: A slow-growing tumor that is usually benign but can sometimes be malignant.
2. Thymic carcinoma: A more aggressive type of cancer that is less common than thymoma.
3. Thymic lymphoma: A type of cancer that arises from the T-cells in the thymus gland and can be either B-cell or T-cell derived.

Symptoms of Thymus Neoplasms

The symptoms of thymus neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

1. Chest pain or discomfort
2. Coughing or shortness of breath
3. Fatigue or fever
4. Swelling in the neck or face
5. Weight loss or loss of appetite

Diagnosis of Thymus Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a thymus neoplasm typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment of Thymus Neoplasms

The treatment of thymus neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells
3. Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy to specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the cancer.

Prognosis of Thymus Neoplasms

The prognosis for thymus neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis.

Prevention of Thymus Neoplasms

There is no known way to prevent thymus neoplasms, as they are rare and can occur in people of all ages. However, early detection and treatment of the cancer can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Current Research on Thymus Neoplasms

Researchers are currently studying new treatments for thymus neoplasms, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapy, which use the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Additionally, researchers are working to develop better diagnostic tests to detect thymus neoplasms at an earlier stage, when they are more treatable.

Conclusion

Thymus neoplasms are rare and complex cancers that require specialized care and treatment. While the prognosis for these cancers can be challenging, advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved outcomes for many patients. Researchers continue to study new treatments and diagnostic tools to improve the chances of a successful outcome for those affected by thymus neoplasms.

Benign splenic neoplasms:

1. Splenic hamartoma: A rare benign tumor that usually occurs in children and young adults. It is made up of immature cells and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and anemia.
2. Splenic cyst: A fluid-filled sac that can develop in the spleen, often causing no symptoms unless it becomes infected or ruptures.
3. Splenic hemangioma: A benign tumor made up of blood vessels that can cause abdominal pain and discomfort.

Malignant splenic neoplasms:

1. Lymphoma: Cancer of the immune system that can affect the spleen, causing symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss.
2. Leukemia: Cancer of the blood cells that can cause an overgrowth of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and other organs, including the spleen.
3. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: A rare type of cancer that affects the marginal zone of the spleen, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss.
4. Splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: An aggressive form of lymphoma that can cause symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

The diagnosis of splenic neoplasms is based on a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans or PET scans, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Examples of 'Diverticulum' in sentence:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a diverticulum in her colon, which was causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
2. The doctor recommended that the patient avoid fatty foods and drink plenty of fluids to help manage her diverticulum.
3. The diverticulum was successfully treated with antibiotics, but the patient had to make some lifestyle changes to prevent future complications.

Heart neoplasms, also known as cardiac tumors, are abnormal growths that occur within the heart muscle or on the surface of the heart. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant heart tumors are rare but can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening.

Types of Heart Neoplasms:

1. Benign tumors: These include fibromas, lipomas, and teratomas, which are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Malignant tumors: These include sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas, which can be more aggressive and may spread to other parts of the body.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of heart neoplasms is not fully understood, but several factors have been linked to an increased risk of developing these tumors. These include:

1. Genetic mutations: Some heart neoplasms may be caused by inherited genetic mutations.
2. Viral infections: Some viruses, such as human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), have been linked to an increased risk of developing heart tumors.
3. Radiation exposure: Radiation therapy to the chest area can increase the risk of developing heart tumors.
4. Previous heart surgery: People who have had previous heart surgery may be at higher risk of developing heart neoplasms.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

The symptoms of heart neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. They may include:

1. Chest pain or discomfort
2. Shortness of breath
3. Fatigue
4. Palpitations
5. Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, and cardiac imaging studies. A biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment and Prognosis:

The treatment of heart neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Watchful waiting: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular check-ups.
2. Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor may be necessary for larger or more aggressive tumors.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to treat any remaining cancer cells after surgery.
4. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to treat heart neoplasms that are difficult to remove with surgery or that have returned after previous treatment.

The prognosis for heart neoplasms varies depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. However, some heart neoplasms can be aggressive and may have a poor prognosis despite treatment.

Complications:

Heart neoplasms can cause a variety of complications, including:

1. Heart failure: Tumors that obstruct the heart's pumping activity can lead to heart failure.
2. Arrhythmias: Tumors can disrupt the heart's electrical activity and cause arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms).
3. Thrombus formation: Tumors can increase the risk of blood clots forming within the heart.
4. Septicemia: Bacterial infections can occur within the tumor, leading to septicemia (blood poisoning).
5. Respiratory failure: Large tumors can compress the lungs and lead to respiratory failure.

Conclusion:

Heart neoplasms are rare but potentially life-threatening conditions that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. While some heart neoplasms are benign, others can be aggressive and may have a poor prognosis despite treatment. It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

Some common types of maxillary neoplasms include:

1. Osteosarcoma: a type of bone cancer that affects the maxilla.
2. Chondrosarcoma: a type of cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the maxilla.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells lining the maxilla.
4. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: a rare type of cancer that affects the salivary glands in the maxilla.
5. Pleomorphic adenoma: a benign tumor that arises in the salivary glands of the maxilla.
6. Pyogenic granuloma: a type of benign tumor that occurs in the blood vessels of the maxilla.
7. Hemangiopericytic fibroma: a rare type of benign tumor that affects the blood vessels of the maxilla.

Maxillary neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth or eye. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI scans, and biopsies. Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

There are several types of stomach neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. It begins in the glandular cells that line the stomach and can spread to other parts of the body.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer begins in the squamous cells that cover the outer layer of the stomach. It is less common than adenocarcinoma but more likely to be found in the upper part of the stomach.
3. Gastric mixed adenocarcinomasquamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer is a combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Lymphoma: This is a cancer of the immune system that can occur in the stomach. It is less common than other types of stomach cancer but can be more aggressive.
5. Carcinomas of the stomach: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial cells lining the stomach. They can be subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others.
6. Gastric brunner's gland adenoma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the Brunner's glands in the stomach.
7. Gastric polyps: These are growths that occur on the lining of the stomach and can be either benign or malignant.

The symptoms of stomach neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT or PET scans), and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for stomach neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

The causes of colorectal neoplasms are not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle have been implicated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for adults over the age of 50, as it can help detect early-stage tumors and improve survival rates.

There are several subtypes of colorectal neoplasms, including adenomas (which are precancerous polyps), carcinomas (which are malignant tumors), and lymphomas (which are cancers of the immune system). Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Research into the causes and treatment of colorectal neoplasms is ongoing, and there has been significant progress in recent years. Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer, and there is hope that continued research will lead to even more effective treatments in the future.

Definition:
A type of cancer that arises from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which are cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lungs, digestive tract, and pancreas. They tend to grow slowly and can produce excess hormones or neurotransmitters, leading to a variety of symptoms. Carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors are relatively rare but are becoming more commonly diagnosed.

Synonyms:

* Neuroendocrine carcinoma
* Neuroendocrine tumor
* Carcinoid tumor

Note: The term "carcinoma" refers to a type of cancer that arises from epithelial cells, while the term "neuroendocrine" refers to the fact that these tumors originate in cells of the neuroendocrine system.

Translation:

English: Neuroendocrine carcinoma
German: Neuroendokrines Karzinom
French: Tumeur carcinoïde neuroendocrine
Spanish: Carcinoma neuendocrino
Italian: Carcinoma neuroendocrino

There are several types of anal gland neoplasms, including:

1. Anal gland adenomas: These are benign tumors that grow slowly and typically do not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Anal gland adenocarcinomas: These are malignant tumors that can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
3. Squamous cell carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the squamous cells that line the anus.
4. Melanocytic neuroendocrine tumors: These are rare tumors that arise from the pigment-producing cells of the anal glands.

The symptoms of anal gland neoplasms can include:

1. Pain or discomfort in the anus
2. Bleeding from the anus
3. Itching or discharge from the anus
4. A lump or mass near the anus
5. Difficulty passing stools

The diagnosis of anal gland neoplasms is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsies. Treatment options can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells
3. Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
4. Immunotherapy to boost the body's immune system against cancer

The prognosis for anal gland neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Causes of Colic:

1. Gas and bloating: Gas and bloating are common causes of colic. This can occur when gas builds up in the digestive tract or when the body has difficulty processing certain types of food.
2. Constipation: Constipation can cause colic, as hard stool can put pressure on the intestines and lead to pain.
3. Diarrhea: Diarrhea can also cause colic, as loose stool can irritate the intestines and lead to pain.
4. Eating certain foods: Some foods, such as dairy or gluten, can be difficult for the body to digest and may cause colic.
5. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as IBS, GERD, or IBD, can cause colic.

Symptoms of Colic:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort: This is the most common symptom of colic and can be described as crampy, gnawing, or sharp.
2. Gas and bloating: Patients with colic may experience gas and bloating, which can lead to discomfort and abdominal distension.
3. Diarrhea or constipation: Depending on the underlying cause of colic, patients may experience diarrhea or constipation.
4. Nausea and vomiting: Some patients with colic may experience nausea and vomiting.
5. Abdominal tenderness: The abdomen may be tender to the touch, especially in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

Treatment for Colic:

1. Dietary changes: Patients with colic may benefit from making dietary changes such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and increasing fiber intake.
2. Probiotics: Probiotics can help to regulate the gut microbiome and reduce symptoms of colic.
3. Antispasmodics: Antispasmodics, such as dicyclomine, can help to reduce abdominal pain and cramping associated with colic.
4. Simethicone: Simethicone is an antigas medication that can help to reduce bloating and discomfort associated with colic.
5. Antidepressants: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of colic in some patients.
6. Psychological support: Colic can be stressful and emotionally challenging for both patients and their caregivers. Psychological support and counseling may be beneficial in managing the emotional impact of colic.

It is important to note that while these treatments may help to reduce symptoms of colic, there is no cure for this condition. In most cases, colic will resolve on its own within a few months. However, if you suspect that your baby has colic, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider to rule out any other underlying medical conditions and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Examples of neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal include:

1. Testicular cancer: This type of cancer develops in the cells of the testes and is most common in young men between the ages of 20 and 35.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer develops in the cells of the ovaries and is most common in older women.
3. Embryonal carcinoma: This type of cancer develops in the cells that form the embryo during fetal development. It is rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
4. Teratocarcinoma: This type of cancer develops in the cells that form the placenta during pregnancy. It is rare and tends to affect women who have abnormal pregnancies.

Neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal are typically treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the location and severity of the cancer. The prognosis for these types of cancers is generally good if they are detected early and treated appropriately. However, if they are not diagnosed and treated promptly, they can spread to other parts of the body and be more difficult to treat.

These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms such as pain, swelling, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment options for bone marrow neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Here are some examples of bone marrow neoplasms:

1. Osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the bone-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

2. Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the cartilage-forming cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

3. Myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells produce antibodies to fight infections, but with myeloma, the abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of antibodies that can cause a variety of symptoms.

4. Ewing's sarcoma: A rare malignant tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in children and young adults.

5. Askin's tumor: A rare malignant tumor that arises from the fat cells in the bone marrow. This type of cancer is most common in older adults.

These are just a few examples of the many types of bone marrow neoplasms that can occur. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a bone marrow neoplasm, such as pain or swelling in the affected area, fatigue, fever, or weight loss. A healthcare professional can perform diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

1. Gallstones: Gallstones can block the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine, causing bile to back up into the bloodstream and leading to hemobilia.
2. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) can cause bleeding in the bile ducts, leading to hemobilia.
3. Cancer: Bile duct cancer or other types of cancer that have spread to the bile ducts can cause hemobilia.
4. Trauma: Injury to the bile ducts, such as from a car accident or fall, can cause bleeding and lead to hemobilia.
5. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) can cause bleeding in the bile ducts and lead to hemobilia.

Hemobilia is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention, especially if it is caused by a serious underlying condition such as gallstones or cancer. Treatment options for hemobilia will depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery, medication, or endoscopy.

There are several types of adipocytic neoplasms, including:

1. Lipomas: These are benign, slow-growing tumors that are composed of mature fat cells (adipocytes). They are usually soft to the touch and can be moved easily under the skin.
2. Liposarcomas: These are malignant tumors that also originate in adipose tissue. They can be slow-growing or aggressive and can infiltrate surrounding tissues.
3. Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVN): This is a type of benign tumor that occurs in the synovial membrane, which lines the joints and tendons. It is composed of adipocytes and other cell types and can cause pain and stiffness in the affected joint.
4. Giant cell lipomatosis: This is a rare condition characterized by multiple small lipomas that are clustered together.
5. Spindle cell lipoma: This is a rare type of lipoma that contains spindle-shaped cells, which are elongated and irregular in shape.

These adipocytic neoplasms can be diagnosed through various imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fine needle aspiration biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

There are several types of PCS, including:

1. Bouveret's syndrome: This is a severe form of PCS that occurs within the first few days after cholecystectomy, characterized by intense abdominal pain, fever, and distension of the small intestine.
2. Mirizzi's syndrome: This type of PCS develops when the cystic duct remnant is obstructed, causing bile to accumulate in the gallbladder bed and leak into surrounding tissues, leading to inflammation and infection.
3. Acute pancreatitis: This condition occurs when the pancreatic duct becomes blocked or obstructed, causing pancreatic enzymes to build up and cause inflammation in the pancreas and surrounding tissues.
4. Chronic pancreatitis: This is a long-term form of PCS that can develop after cholecystectomy, characterized by persistent inflammation and damage to the pancreas, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
5. Biliary-pancreatic dyskinesia: This is a chronic form of PCS that occurs when the sphincter of Oddi, which regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine, becomes dysfunctional, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption.

The symptoms of PCS can be severe and debilitating, affecting quality of life and requiring ongoing medical management. Treatment options for PCS include medications to manage symptoms, endoscopic therapy to clear obstructions, and in some cases, further surgical intervention.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe abdominal pain, as early diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. A healthcare professional will perform a thorough physical examination and order imaging tests such as CT scans or endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of PCS. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to manage pain, inflammation, and infection, as well as lifestyle modifications to ensure proper digestion and nutrition.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

The symptoms of meningeal neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, memory, or behavior. As the tumor grows, it can compress or displaces the brain tissue, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.

There are several different types of meningeal neoplasms, including:

1. Meningioma: This is the most common type of meningeal neoplasm, accounting for about 75% of all cases. Meningiomas are usually benign and grow slowly, but they can sometimes be malignant.
2. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the meninges from another part of the body, such as the lung or breast.
3. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can spread to the meninges.
4. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumors (MNTs): These are rare, malignant tumors that usually occur in children and young adults.
5. Hemangiopericytic hyperplasia: This is a rare, benign condition characterized by an overgrowth of blood vessels in the meninges.

The diagnosis of meningeal neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment options for meningeal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing as much of the tumor as possible or using a laser to ablate (destroy) the tumor cells. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in combination with surgery to treat malignant meningeal neoplasms.

Prognosis for meningeal neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the patient's overall health. In general, early diagnosis and treatment improve the prognosis, while later-stage tumors may have a poorer outcome.

... , also known as intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm, is a rare type of liver ...
Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. The most frequent forms are metastatic malignant neoplasm of liver) ... of liver malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic bile duct ... bile duct) spasm of sphincter of Oddi biliary cyst biliary atresia ICD-10 codes K70-K77: Liver Diseases [1] (Diseases of liver ... hepatoma cholangiocarcinoma hepatoblastoma angiosarcoma of liver Kupffer cell sarcoma other sarcomas of liver Benign neoplasm ...
Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma constitute less than 5% of intrahepatic cysts originating from the bile duct. ... Both are multiloculated cystic neoplasms and are lined by a single layer of tall columnar cells with a clear basal nucleus and ... Pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma or mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas (MCN) are a type of mucinous cystic neoplasm of the ... A rare neoplasm, 95% cases occur in women, especially at the mean age of 45. ...
"Cystic tumor of the liver without ovarian-like stroma or bile duct communication: two case reports and a review of the ... A mucinous cystic neoplasm is an abnormal and excessive growth of tissue (neoplasm) that typically has elements of mucin and ... Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver are a type of liver cancer in which tissue similar to the stroma of ovary occurs. Elta, ... By location, they include: Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm. These lesions are benign, though there is a high rate of ...
Neoplasm stubs). ... A bile duct hamartoma or biliary hamartoma, is a benign tumour- ... Micrograph of a bile duct hamartoma. Trichrome stain. Intermediate magnification Micrograph of a bile duct hamartoma. Trichrome ... Histopathology of a bile duct hamartoma, high magnification, H&E stain. It shows typical features of bile duct hamartoma: von ... At CT scans, bile duct hamartomas appear as small, well-defined hypo- or isoattenuating masses with little or no enhancement ...
... bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.250.250 - common bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.401 - gallbladder neoplasms ... skull base neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.828 - spinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.180.260 - breast neoplasms, male MeSH C04.588.180.390 ... femoral neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721 - skull neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450 - jaw neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450.583 ... palatal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.600 - nose neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.656 - orbital neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721. ...
... common bile duct neoplasms MeSH C06.130.320.120 - bile duct neoplasms MeSH C06.130.320.120.280 - common bile duct neoplasms ... bile duct neoplasms MeSH C06.301.120.250.250 - common bile duct neoplasms MeSH C06.301.120.401 - gallbladder neoplasms MeSH ... MeSH C06.130.120.120 - bile duct neoplasms MeSH C06.130.120.120.280 - common bile duct neoplasms MeSH C06.130.120.123 - biliary ... rectal neoplasms MeSH C06.301.371.411.307.790.040 - anus neoplasms MeSH C06.301.371.411.307.790.040.040 - anal gland neoplasms ...
malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic bile duct ampulla of ...
... a freshwater catfish Malignant neoplasms of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts ICD-10 code Centre Municipal Airport FAA LID This ...
Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare form of cancer that forms in bile ducts, which are slender tubes that carry the digestive fluid ... In the United States it is also indicated for the treatment of relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (MLNs) with ... Pemigatinib, sold under the brand name Pemazyre, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of bile duct cancer ( ... "FDA Approves First Targeted Treatment for Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma, a Cancer of Bile Ducts". U.S. Food and Drug ...
155 Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts 156 Malignant neoplasm of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts ... 140 Malignant neoplasm of lip 141 Malignant neoplasm of tongue 142 Malignant neoplasm of major salivary glands 143 Malignant ... benign neoplasm of uterus 220 Benign neoplasm of ovary 221 Benign neoplasm of other female genital organs 222 Benign neoplasm ... neoplasm of oropharynx 147 Malignant neoplasm of nasopharynx 148 Malignant neoplasm of hypopharynx 149 Malignant neoplasm of ...
The parasitic worm is as long as 10 to 25 mm and lives in the bile ducts of the liver. It is a hermaphroditic fluke that ... Clonorchiasis is a known risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a neoplasm of the biliary system.[citation ... Adult C. sinensis worms can inhabit the bile ducts of humans for 20-25 years without any clear clinical symptoms. This, in ...
... which inhibit p62 complexes have links to primary biliary cirrhosis which destroys the bile ducts of the liver. Decreases in ... is commonly found in precancerous dysplasias and malignant neoplasms. Nucleoporin protein aladin is a component of the nuclear ...
Bile duct cystadenoma (8161) or biliary cystadenoma is a slow-growing tumour arising from bile ducts of the liver. The presence ... Endometrioid cystadenoma (8380) Appendix: The term mucinous cystadenoma is an obsolete term for appendiceal mucinous neoplasm ... of endocrine cells in the tumour also indicates its origin from the glands surrounding the bile ducts. The incidence is 1-5 in ... "Appendix - Other tumors - Mucinous neoplasms (LAMN and HAMN)". Topic Completed: 1 October 2017. Revised: 11 December 2019 ...
Anastomotic stricture can lead to cholangitis, or inflammation of the bile duct. Narrowing of the bile duct leads to a buildup ... Gore RM, Shelhamer RP (October 2007). "Biliary tract neoplasms: diagnosis and staging". Cancer Imaging. 7 Spec No A (Special ... Performing an anastomosis alters the structural composition of bile ducts, which can result in bile stricture obstruction. It ... Oh L. "Common bile duct , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2020-04-22. Scott-Conner CE, ...
... important pathogenetic distinction between atrophic cirrhosis resulting from stagnation of bile by occlusion of the bile ducts ... Maffucci worked on the full development on the infectious etiology of neoplasms, he conducted numerous observations aimed at ...
Dixon, J. A.; Morgan, K. A.; Adams, D. B. (2009). "Management of common bile duct injury during partial gastrectomy". The ... Ellis, C. T.; Barbour, J. R.; Shary, T. M.; Adams, D. B. (2010). "Pancreatic cyst: Pseudocyst or neoplasm? Pitfalls in ... Theruvath, T. P.; Morgan, K. A.; Adams, D. B. (2010). "Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: How much preoperative ...
... bile ducts, pancreas, and testicles. The polyps often bleeds and may cause obstruction that would require surgery. Any polyps ... A neoplasm is a tissue whose cells have lost normal differentiation. They can be either benign growths or malignant growths. ... Paris classification of colorectal neoplasms. In colonoscopy, colorectal polyps can be classified by NICE (Narrow-band imaging ...
Injury to hepatocyte and bile duct cells lead to accumulation of bile acid inside the liver. This promotes further liver damage ... Oral contraceptives Neoplasms have been described with prolonged exposure to some medications or toxins. Hepatocellular ... it can produce features similar to primary biliary cirrhosis due to progressive destruction of small bile ducts (vanishing duct ... diclofenac Liver injury leads to impairment of bile flow and cases are predominated by itching and jaundice. Histology may show ...
... gastrointestinal Colon cancer Extrahepatic bile duct cancer Gallbladder cancer Gastric (stomach) cancer Gastrointestinal ... Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma Mast cell leukemia Mediastinal large B cell lymphoma Multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm ...
... common bile duct, urinary bladder of infants and young children or the vagina in females, typically younger than age 8. The ... Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina. in Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine - 6th Ed. Kufe, DW et al. editors. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton ...
... common bile duct - comorbidity - compassionate use trial - complementary and alternative medicine - complete blood count (CBC ... neoplasm - nephrotomogram - nephrotoxic - nephroureterectomy - nerve block - nerve grafting - nerve-sparing radical ... bile duct - biliary - bilirubin - binding agent - bioavailable - biochanin A - biochemical reactions - biological response ... intrahepatic bile ducts - intrahepatic infusion - intralesional - intraluminal intubation and dilation - Intramuscular ...
Other primary sites that have been reported include colon, rectum, stomach, gallbladder, bile ducts, small intestine, urinary ... For example, neoplasms characterized by high-grade features, invasive glands and or signet ring cells, are termed ... Young RH (May 2004). "Pseudomyxoma peritonei and selected other aspects of the spread of appendiceal neoplasms". Seminars in ... ISBN 978-0-323-35909-2. Sugarbaker PH (January 2006). "New standard of care for appendiceal epithelial neoplasms and ...
... bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, small intestine cancer and colon cancer. In the colon, a field defect probably arises by ... which may be benign neoplasms) or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below ... Neoplasms are mosaics of different mutant cells with both genetic and epigenetic changes that distinguish them from normal ... In this way, a population of mutant cells, called a clone, can expand in the neoplasm. Clonal expansion is the signature of ...
Liver function tests can show a combination of results indicative of bile duct obstruction (raised conjugated bilirubin, γ- ... Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms are a broad group of pancreas tumors that have varying malignant potential. They are being ... results when a cancer in the head of the pancreas obstructs the common bile duct as it runs through the pancreas. Unexplained ... and attaching a loop of jejunum to the cystic duct to drain bile ("cholecysto-jejunostomy"). It can be performed only if the ...
Bile duct carcinoma Bile duct adenocarcinoma M8161/0 (C22.1, C24.0) M8161/3 Bile duct cystadenocarcinoma (C22.1, C24.0) M8162/3 ... NOS M8000/6 Neoplasm, metastatic Neoplasm, metastatic Tumor, metastatic Tumor, secondary Tumor embolus M8000/9 Neoplasm, ... Infiltrating duct adenocarcinoma Duct adenocarcinoma, NOS Duct carcinoma, NOS Duct cell carcinoma Ductal carcinoma, NOS M8501/2 ... duct and cribiform carcinoma Infiltrating duct and mucinous carcinoma Infiltrating duct and tubular carcinoma Infiltrating duct ...
... leading to the contraction and release of bile into the bile ducts. Other hormones allow for the relaxation and further storing ... Gallbladder cancer (Malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder) is rare, and most of the time is adenocarcinoma. As most early-stage ... and storing the bile made in the liver and transferring it through the biliary tract to the digestive system through bile ducts ... is used in both the diagnosis and treatment as it can remove the stones that are blocking the bile ducts causing ...
... for example of the esophagus or bile ducts in cases of esophageal cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, respectively, considerably ... also known as neoplasms) located in various organs of the human body, including but not limited to the liver, kidneys, lungs, ... Tumours can intrude into various ducts and blood vessels of the body, obstructing the vital passage of food, blood or waste. ... procedures are generally divided between diagnostic procedures that help obtain tissue diagnosis of suspicious neoplasms and ...
"Hematopoietic stem cell markers are expressed by ductal plate and bile duct cells in developing human liver". Hepatology. 21 (6 ... Misago N, Narisawa Y (September 2006). "Cytokeratin 15 expression in neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation". Journal of ...
Distomiasis, caused by parasitic liver flukes, is associated with cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the bile duct) in East Asia. ... An Indolent Neoplasm With Features Distinct From Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Associated With Chronic Inflammation". The ...
... through the bile duct system and into the GI tract, essentially restoring the normal flow of bile. If the patient's GI tract ... such as osteoporosis or underlying neoplasm. Analogous to vertebroplasty, the purpose of sacroplasty is to provide ... cystic and common bile ducts. Any condition that prevents the normal flow of bile from the liver, through these bile vessels ... While bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, the bile eventually passes into the GI tract through the hepatic ...
... organ without open wound into cavity 868.01 Injury to adrenal gland without open wound into cavity 868.02 Injury to bile duct ... Effects of other external causes 994.0 Effects of lightning 994.1 Drowning and nonfatal submersion 994.2 Effects of neoplasms ...
The most common neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland is a benign adenoma, usually presenting as a painless mass in the neck. ... Segments of the duct and cysts that occur high in the neck are lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which is essentially ... perhaps by increasing the rate of secretion of cholesterol in bile. Cardiovascular. The hormones increase the rate and strength ... A persistent thyroglossal duct is the most common clinically significant birth defect of the thyroid gland. A persistent sinus ...
They tend to be friable concretions of various shapes and sizes within the biliary tree, and their associated bile is often ... Digby, Kenelm (1930). "Common‐duct stones of liver origin". The British Journal of Surgery. 17 (68): 578. doi:10.1002/bjs. ... and can eventually lead to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm or cholangiocarcinoma. With RPC, the gallstones found within ... In humans, the majority of bilirubin is excreted in the bile as bilirubin glucuronide.[citation needed] Hepatolithiasis is ...
It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct and releases it via the common bile duct into ... Papillary - In oncology, papillary refers to neoplasms with projections ("papillae", from Latin, 'nipple') that have ... Bile duct - is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. Bile, required for the digestion of food, is ... which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the ...
... bile duct cancers, prostate cancer, and brain tumor meningiomas and astroblastomas. NUMB is the most studied downstream ... 2011). "Whole-exome sequencing uncovers frequent GNAS mutations in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas". ...
It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in ... Viral infections Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Adenovirus Calicivirus Neoplasms (cancers) Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid ... Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile ... bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands ...
When a tumour develops at the pancreas head or bile duct, the common bile duct is compressed, opposing bile flow, eventually ... Gore, Richard M. (2007). "Biliary tract neoplasms: diagnosis and staging". Cancer Imaging. 7 (Special Issue A): S15-S23. doi: ... Gallstones are more common in pregnant women due to elevated hormones and cholesterol levels, which block the bile duct and ... to finally enter bile capillaries. From there, conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the small intestine with bile where a ...
The main pancreatic duct joins with the common bile duct forming a small ballooning called the ampulla of Vater ( ... Patil TB, Shrikhande SV, Kanhere HA, Saoji RR, Ramadwar MR, Shukla PJ (2006). "Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: ... The opening of the common bile duct into main pancreatic duct is controlled by sphincter of Boyden. The accessory pancreatic ... an accessory pancreatic duct may be present if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not regress; this duct ...
Bile Duct Neoplasms[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] AND (patient education handout[pt] OR ... Bile Duct Neoplasms[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] AND (patient education handout[pt] OR ... In vivo detection of bile duct pre-cancer with endoscopic light scattering spectroscopy. Pleskow DK, Sawhney MS, Upputuri PK, ... trial comparing diagnostic sensitivity and cellular abundance with aggressive versus standard biliary brushing for bile duct ...
Learn about bile duct cancer tests, diagnosis, treatment, and survival rates. ... Bile duct cancer can be caused by liver diseases or colitis. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Bile Duct Neoplasms (National Institutes of ... Bile duct cancer is rare. It can happen in the parts of the bile ducts that are outside or inside the liver. Cancer of the bile ... your gallbladder pushes the bile into tubes called bile ducts. They carry the bile to your small intestine. The bile helps ...
Long-term survival after palliative argon plasma coagulation for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct. ...
Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, number of deaths, by sex, Categories: Cancer mortality ... Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts Deaths(#), Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. ... Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, number of deaths, female (Line chart) ... Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, number of deaths, male (Line chart) ...
Diazepam/AE) AND Human[MH] AND (drug induced liver injury OR jaundice/CI OR bile duct diseases/CI OR liver/DE OR liver diseases ... Diazepam and neoplasms]. Sporny S. Sporny S. Przegl Lek. 1984;41(10):627-30. Przegl Lek. 1984. PMID: 6400213 Review. Polish. No ... Diazepam/AE) AND Human[MH] AND (drug induced liver injury OR jaundice/CI OR bile duct diseases/CI OR liver/DE OR liver diseases ...
Malignant neoplasms of the liver and intrahepatic bile duct.. * Malignant neoplasms of the retroperitoneum and peritoneum; ... Malignant neoplasm of the urinary bladder.. * Malignant neoplasm of the kidney.. * Malignant neoplasms of the renal pelvis; ... Malignant neoplasm of the thyroid.. * Malignant neoplasms of the blood and lymphoid tissues (including, but not limited to, ... Malignant neoplasms of the trachea; bronchus and lung; heart, mediastinum and pleura; and other ill-defined sites in the ...
Bile Duct Neoplasms* / genetics * Bile Duct Neoplasms* / pathology * Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / pathology ...
Complex biliary obstruction requiring bile duct stents at more than one level of the biliary tree or external biliary drainage ... Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer of the bile ducts. People with CCA have few treatment options and poor ... Bile duct neoplasm;. Biliary tract malignancy Investigational Drug(s). Tivozanib. Investigational Device(s) ...
Focal areas of bile duct proliferation also arise within areas of ductular formation in 2-week old AL-TAg x AL-myc mice. ... By 4-weeks of age much of the liver is replaced by areas of ductular formation, cholangial neoplasms, and hepatocellular ... Areas of ductular formation and bile duct proliferation can be extensive in the livers of 3-week old AL-TAg x AL-myc mice. ... Increased severity of focal bile duct proliferation associated with an area of ductular formation in a 3-week old AL-TAg x AL- ...
8. [Bile duct neuroma. A benign neoplasm resembling Klatskins tumor. Report of a case].. Martínez Ordaz JL; Gómez Jiménez LM; ... 2. [Diagnosis of hilar bile duct carcinoma (Klatskin tumor)].. Lammert F; Busch N; Nguyen HN; Nolte-Ernsting C; Matern S. Dtsch ... Pathology of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Case 6. Well- differentiated hilar cholangiocarcinoma pT2bN1].. Guettier ...
Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics; Bile Duct Neoplasms/metabolism; Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology*; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/ ...
Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies of the bile ducts. They consist of cystic dilatations of the extrahepatic biliary ... In addition, small neoplasms of the gallbladder and the bile duct may be missed. ... 30] They found that MRCP defined the proximal bile duct better than ERCP but that defects in the distal common bile duct were ... such as an anastomotic stricture or intrahepatic bile duct stone in the liver; pancreatitis, residual bile duct dilation, or ...
35 Malignant neoplasm of stomach (151) 0.20 >= 35 Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (155) 0.15 >= 35 ... 35 Malignant neoplasm of lip, oral cavity and pharynx (140-149) 0.50* >= 35 Malignant neoplasm of esophagus (150) 0.75 >= ... Malignant neoplasm of larynx (161) 0.50* >= 35 Diabetes mellitus (250) 0.05 >= 35 Essential hypertension (401) 0.08 >= 35 ...
Bile Duct Cancer;. Biliary Cancer;. Biliary Tract Neoplasms;. Cholangiocarcinoma Investigational Drug(s) ... Bile duct cancer is cancer of the slender tubes of the biliary tract. These tubes carry bile through the liver. Such cancer ... Has biliary duct obstruction, unless a treatable, clinically relevant obstruction has been relieved by internal endoscopic ... in Patients with KRAS Mutation Refractory Bile Tract Carcinoma (BTC).. This study is NOT currently recruiting participants. ...
Cystic hepatic neoplasm with ovarian type stroma and mucinous epithelium that does not communicate with bile ducts ... 2E92.6 - benign neoplasm of gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts or ampulla of Vater *XH6NK7 - mucinous cystic neoplasm with ... 2C15.1 - mucinous cystic neoplasm with associated invasive carcinoma of distal bile duct *2C18.1 - mucinous cystic neoplasm ... Intraductal papillary neoplasm (IPN): *Has dilated bile ducts that may resemble cystic space(s) of MCN *May be lined by biliary ...
The historical incidence of bile duct neoplasms in corn oil vehicle control male rats is 3/2,145 (0.1%). ... Two high dose male rats had bile duct dysplasia with fibrosis, and two had cholangiocarcinomas; neither lesion was seen in the ... activity of furfural for male F344/N rats based on the occurrence of uncommon cholangiocarcinomas in two animals and bile duct ... the historical incidence of renal cortical neoplasms in National Toxicology Program 2-year corn oil gavage studies in male ...
bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery: *who have already received a previous ... 1.2 Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms with FGFR1 Rearrangement 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Patient Selection 2.2 Recommended ... Fatal adverse reactions occurred in 4.1% of patients, including failure to thrive, bile duct obstruction, cholangitis, sepsis, ... 14.2 Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms with FGFR1 Rearrangement 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION ...
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF LIVER & INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS. C22. 4.13. 247. 157. 90. 225. 142. 83. 19. 13. 6. 3. 7. ... IN SITU NEOPLASMS, BENIGN NEOPLASMS & NEOPLASMS OF UNCERTAIN OR UNKNOWN BEHAVIOR. D00-D48. 4.82. 287. 136. 151. 268. 127. 141. ... MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS. C00-C97. 213.32. 12,756. 6,742. 6,014. 11,717. 6,193. 5,524. 979. 514. 465. 60. 93. ... MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF MENINGES, BRAIN, & OTHER PARTS OF CNS. C70-C72. 4.83. 290. 152. 138. 276. 145. 131. 14. 7. 7. 0. 2. ...
Brain Neoplasm. Synonym: Brain Tumor. Synonym: Brain Tumour. Cholangiocarcinoma. Synonym: Bile Duct Cancer ... Neoplasm of The Adrenal Gland. Synonym: Adrenal Neoplasia. Neoplasm of The Gallbladder. Neoplasm of The Gastrointestinal Tract ... Neoplasm of the gallbladder Pancreatic adenocarcinoma Pancreatitis Pituitary adenoma Soft tissue neoplasm Stomach cancer ... Synonym: Neoplasm of The Gi Tract. Odontoma. Osteoma. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Pancreatitis. Synonym: Pancreatic Inflammation ...
BILE DUCT NEOPL. Entry Term(s). Bile Duct Cancer Cancer of Bile Duct Cancer of the Bile Duct Neoplasms, Bile Duct NLM ... Bile Duct Neoplasms Preferred Concept UI. M0002479. Scope Note. Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.. Terms. Bile Duct Neoplasms ... Bile Duct Diseases [C06.130.120] * Bile Duct Neoplasms [C06.130.120.120] * Common Bile Duct Neoplasms [C06.130.120.120.280] ... Biliary Tract Neoplasms [C04.588.274.120] * Bile Duct Neoplasms [C04.588.274.120.250] * Common Bile Duct Neoplasms [C04.588. ...
Cystic duct neoplasms are represented by the coordination of Cystic Duct and Bile Duct Neoplasms. In some cases, the MeSH ... and Cystic Duct trees under Bile Ducts, cystic duct diseases are represented by the coordination of Cystic Duct and Bile Duct ... For example, a work on Liver Neoplasms is classed in WI 735. An atlas of Liver Neoplasms is classed in WI 17, along with all ... For example, since no MeSH term exists for diseases of the Cystic Duct, ...
Bile Ducts 1 * Tertiary Healthcare 1 * Fibrosis 1 * Breast 1 * Breast Neoplasms 1 ... Bile Ducts, Pancreas, Bariatric Surgery, Wounds and Injuries, Transplants, tenção à Saúde ... Breast Neoplasms, Patient Care, General Surgery, Lymphoma, Radiation, Ionizing, Breast, Mastectomy, 50230 ... Digestive System, Gastroenterology, Endoscopy, General Surgery, Fibrosis, Colon, Neoplasms, Hepatitis B, Esophagus, Hepatitis C ...
... liver/bile duct, lung, lymphoma, ovarian, pancreas, plasma cell neoplasm, and stomach). For this group of 12 cancers, the ...
INTRAHEPATIC CARCINOMA OF THE BILE DUCT; INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CARCINOMA 32052 II C3208 Synonym SDTM-NEOPLASM Neoplasm Type ... INTRAHEPATIC CARCINOMA OF BILE DUCT; INTRAHEPATIC CARCINOMA OF THE BILE DUCT; INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; ... NEOPLASM OF THE PLACENTA; PLACENTA NEOPLASM; NEOPLASM OF PLACENTA 32052 II C6433 Synonym SDTM-NEOPLASM Neoplasm Type Remove of ... HEPATOCHOLANGIOMA; CHOLANGIOMA; ADENOMA OF BILE DUCT; ADENOMA OF THE BILE DUCT; CHOLANGIOADENOMA; CHOLANGIOFIBROMA; ...
bile ducts neoplasms *pre-invasive *biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN). * intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ... pancreatic neoplasms *cystic neoplasm (cystic pancreatic mass differential diagnosis) * intraductal papillary neoplasms (IPMN)* ... liver and intrahepatic bile duct tumors *benign epithelial tumors * hepatocellular hyperplasia *hepatic regenerative nodule ... bile duct dilatation (differential). *bile duct wall thickening (differential). * ...
Malignant neoplasms - digestive organs - Malignant neoplasms of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts - English → Magyar. Malignant ... Liver - gallbladder and bile ducts neoplasm - English → Magyar. Inadequate parental supervision and control - English → Magyar ... Lacrimal gland and duct benign neoplasm - English → Magyar. Abnormalities of size and form of teeth - English → Magyar. ... Liver - gallbladder and bile ducts carcinoma in situ - English → Magyar. Congenital absence - atresia and stenosis of jejunum ...
  • When you eat, your gallbladder pushes the bile into tubes called bile ducts . (medlineplus.gov)
  • 14. [Pathology of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. (nih.gov)
  • Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms (ITPNs) of the pancreas and bile duct are contemporary entities. (nih.gov)
  • This review provides an update on the current knowledge of ITPN of the pancreas and bile duct with an overview of clinical, radiological, histopathological, and molecular features, as well as the prognosis and management. (nih.gov)
  • Embase and Medline databases search were performed to identify studies that evaluated ITPN of the pancreas and bile duct. (nih.gov)
  • The diagnosis of ITPN is almost always made postoperatively because there are no characteristics on radiological studies to distinguish it from other cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. (nih.gov)
  • Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas associated with an invasive component: a case report with review of the literature. (nih.gov)
  • Malignant neoplasms of ectopic tissue are to be coded to the site mentioned, e.g., ectopic pancreatic malignant neoplasms are coded to pancreas, unspecified ( C25.9 ). (icd10data.com)
  • A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. (icd10data.com)
  • What Is Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer of the bile ducts. (nih.gov)
  • Recently, the rare finding of oncocytic differentiation has been described in this subtype and termed «intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm» (IOPN), but it remains unclear if the presence of oncocytes confers a different tumor behavior. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Phase II Study of combination of Trametinib (MEK inhibitor) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (autophagy inhibitor) in Patients with KRAS Mutation Refractory Bile Tract Carcinoma (BTC). (nih.gov)
  • To see if using a combination of trametinib and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) increases the period of time it takes for a person s bile tract carcinoma (BTC) to get worse. (nih.gov)
  • Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS . (nih.gov)
  • For multiple neoplasms of the same site that are not contiguous, such as tumors in different quadrants of the same breast, codes for each site should be assigned. (icd10data.com)
  • Bile duct cancer is cancer of the slender tubes of the biliary tract. (nih.gov)
  • Cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (CBD), also known as choledochal cyst, is a fairly uncommon anomaly of the biliary tract. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer of the bile duct outside of the liver is much more common. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tests to diagnose bile duct cancer may include a physical exam, imaging tests of the liver and bile ducts, blood tests, and a biopsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Correction to: Long-term survival after palliative argon plasma coagulation for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct. (bvsalud.org)
  • A primary malignant neoplasm that overlaps two or more contiguous (next to each other) sites should be classified to the subcategory/code .8 ('overlapping lesion'), unless the combination is specifically indexed elsewhere. (icd10data.com)
  • Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies of the bile ducts. (medscape.com)
  • According to the Todani classification, choledochal cysts are believed to arise as the result of reflux of pancreatic enzymes into the biliary tree due to anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union. (medscape.com)
  • The final pathology showed a Grade 1 neuroendocrine neoplasm with papillary features. (sages.org)
  • The SpyGlass™ DS System enables direct visualization of the pancreatic and bile ducts, is used to evaluate suspected benign and malignant conditions, and is used for the treatment of difficult stones and strictures. (bostonscientific.com)
  • Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. (edu.au)
  • [ 24 ] In these patients, a small distal CBD entered the pancreatic duct at 2-3.5 cm from the ampulla of Vater, whereas the normal common channel is 5 mm or less. (medscape.com)
  • Risk factors include having inflammation of the bile duct, ulcerative colitis , and some liver diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • By 4-weeks of age much of the liver is replaced by areas of ductular formation, cholangial neoplasms, and hepatocellular neoplasms in AL-TAg x AL-myc mice. (nih.gov)
  • Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. (edu.au)

No images available that match "bile duct neoplasms"