Bicarbonates. Medical search

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.

A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.

Proteins that cotransport sodium ions and bicarbonate ions across cellular membranes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)

A family of zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They play an important role in the transport of CARBON DIOXIDE from the tissues to the LUNG. EC 4.2.1.1.

Electroneutral chloride bicarbonate exchangers that allow the exchange of BICARBONATE IONS exchange for CHLORIDE IONS across the cellular membrane. The action of specific antiporters in this class serve important functions such as allowing the efficient exchange of bicarbonate across red blood cell membranes as they passage through capillaries and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions by the kidney.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.

A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of CARBONIC ANHYDRASES.

Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material.

Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.

A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)

Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.

The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.

The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.

An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.

A dipolar ionic buffer.

A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. Deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase II produce a syndrome characterized by OSTEOPETROSIS, renal tubular acidosis (ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR) and cerebral calcification. EC 4.2.1.-

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Solutions prepared for hemodialysis. The composition of the pre-dialysis solution may be varied in order to determine the effect of solvated metabolites on anoxia, malnutrition, acid-base balance, etc. Of principal interest are the effect of the choice of buffers (e.g., acetate or carbonate), the addition of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+), and addition of carbohydrates (glucose).

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.

Bicarbonate transporters that move BICARBONATE IONS in exchange of CHLORIDE IONS or SODIUM IONS across membranes. They regulate acid-base HOMEOSTASIS, cell volume and intracellular pH. Members include CHLORIDE-BICARBONATE ANTIPORTERS (SLC4A1, 2, 3, and 9); SODIUM-COUPLED BICARBONATE TRANSPORTERS (SLC4A4 and 5, 7, 8 and 10); and a sodium borate cotransporter (SLC4A11 protein).

A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ION EXCHANGE RESINS, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Fluids originating from the epithelial lining of the intestines, adjoining exocrine glands and from organs such as the liver, which empty into the cavity of the intestines.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

Solutions having the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The U-shaped portion of the renal tubule in the KIDNEY MEDULLA, consisting of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It is situated between the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE and the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. In the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla.

Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The structural and functional changes by which SPERMATOZOA become capable of oocyte FERTILIZATION. It normally requires exposing the sperm to the female genital tract for a period of time to bring about increased SPERM MOTILITY and the ACROSOME REACTION before fertilization in the FALLOPIAN TUBES can take place.

The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A major integral transmembrane protein of the ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE. It is the anion exchanger responsible for electroneutral transporting in CHLORIDE IONS in exchange of BICARBONATE IONS allowing CO2 uptake and transport from tissues to lungs by the red blood cells. Genetic mutations that result in a loss of the protein function have been associated with type 4 HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS.

A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.

Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A kinetic study of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. (1/3033)

The activation kinetics of purified Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase were analysed. The equilibrium constant for activation by CO(2) was 600 micron and that for activation by Mg2+ was 90 micron, and the second-order activation constant for the reaction of CO(2) with inactive enzyme (k+1) was 0.25 X 10(-3)min-1 . micron-1. The latter value was considerably lower than the k+1 for higher-plant enzyme (7 X 10(-3)-10 X 10(-3)min-1 . micron-1). 6-Phosphogluconate had little effect on the active enzyme, and increased the extent of activation of inactive enzyme. Ribulose bisphosphate also increased the extent of activation and did not inhibit the rate of activation. This effect might have been mediated through a reaction product, 2-phosphoglycolic acid, which also stimulated the extent of activation of the enzyme. The active enzyme had a Km (CO2) of 300 micron-CO2, a Km (ribulose bisphosphate) of 11--18 micron-ribulose bisphosphate and a Vmax. of up to 3 mumol/min per mg of protein. These data are discussed in relation to the proposed model for activation and catalysis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. (+info)

NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction in salt-sensitive African Americans: antipressor and hemodynamic effects of potassium bicarbonate. (2/3033)

In 16 African Americans (blacks, 14 men, 2 women) with average admission mean arterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) 99.9+/-3.5 (mean+/-SEM), we investigated whether NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction attends salt sensitivity and, if so, whether supplemental KHCO3 ameliorates both conditions. Throughout a 3-week period under controlled metabolic conditions, all subjects ate diets containing 15 mmol NaCl and 30 mmol potassium (K+) (per 70 kg body wt [BW] per day). Throughout weeks 2 and 3, NaCl was loaded to 250 mmol/d; throughout week 3, dietary K+ was supplemented to 170 mmol/d (KHCO3). On the last day of each study week, we measured renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using renal clearances of PAH and inulin. Ten subjects were salt sensitive (SS) (DeltaMAP >+5%) and 6 salt resistant (SR). In NaCl-loaded SS but not SR subjects, RBF (mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 920+/-75 to 828+/-46 (P<0.05); filtration fraction (FF, %) increased from 19. 4+/- to 21.4 (P<0.001); and renal vascular resistance (RVR) (10(3)xmm Hg/[mL/min]) increased from 101+/-8 to 131+/-10 (P<0.001). In all subjects combined, DeltaMAP varied inversely with DeltaRBF (r =-0.57, P=0.02) and directly with DeltaRVR (r = 0.65, P=0.006) and DeltaFF (r = 0.59, P=0.03), but not with MAP before NaCl loading. When supplemental KHCO3 abolished the pressor effect of NaCl in SS subjects, RBF was unaffected but GFR and FF decreased. The results show that in marginally K+-deficient blacks (1) NaCl-induced renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction attends salt sensitivity; (2) the dysfunction varies in extent directly with the NaCl-induced increase in blood pressure (BP); and (3) is complexly affected by supplemented KHCO3, GFR and FF decreasing but RBF not changing. In blacks, NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction may be a pathogenetic event in salt sensitivity. (+info)

Indirect evidence for cholinergic inhibition of intestinal bicarbonate absorption in humans. (3/3033)

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that in the fasting state, proximal intestinal HCO3- absorption, which depends on villus Na+/H+ exchanger activity, is tonically inhibited by a cholinergic atropine sensitive mechanism. SUBJECTS: The experiments were performed in 34 healthy volunteers and in eight patients with intestinal villus atrophy. METHODS: HCO3- absorption was measured with a modified triple lumen perfusion technique in the distal duodenum, the most proximal portion of the small intestine. The study was designed to compensate for the inhibitory effects of atropine on intestinal motor activity. RESULTS: Atropine had three effects on HCO3- transport: it reduced HCO3- concentration at the proximal aspiration site, it displaced the relation between HCO3- concentration and HCO3- absorption to the left, and it induced a significant acidification of the perfusate at the distal aspiration site. The magnitude of the stimulatory effect on HCO3- absorption was similar to the difference between patients with intestinal villus atrophy and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that, in the fasting state, duodenal HCO3- absorption, which depends on villus Na+/H+ exchanger activity, may be tonically inhibited by an atropine sensitive cholinergic mechanism. (+info)

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (4/3033)

Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular alpha-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation. (+info)

Topology of the membrane domain of human erythrocyte anion exchange protein, AE1. (5/3033)

Anion exchanger 1 (AE1) is the chloride/bicarbonate exchange protein of the erythrocyte membrane. By using a combination of introduced cysteine mutants and sulfhydryl-specific chemistry, we have mapped the topology of the human AE1 membrane domain. Twenty-seven single cysteines were introduced throughout the Leu708-Val911 region of human AE1, and these mutants were expressed by transient transfection of human embryonic kidney cells. On the basis of cysteine accessibility to membrane-permeant biotin maleimide and to membrane-impermeant lucifer yellow iodoacetamide, we have proposed a model for the topology of AE1 membrane domain. In this model, AE1 is composed of 13 typical transmembrane segments, and the Asp807-His834 region is membrane-embedded but does not have the usual alpha-helical conformation. To identify amino acids that are important for anion transport, we analyzed the anion exchange activity for all introduced cysteine mutants, using a whole cell fluorescence assay. We found that mutants G714C, S725C, and S731C have very low transport activity, implying that this region has a structurally and/or catalytically important role. We measured the residual anion transport activity after mutant treatment with the membrane-impermeant, cysteine-directed compound, sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate) (MTSES). Only two mutants, S852C and A858C, were inhibited by MTSES, indicating that these residues may be located in a pore-lining region. (+info)

Modulation of chloride, potassium and bicarbonate transport by muscarinic receptors in a human adenocarcinoma cell line. (6/3033)

1. Short-circuit current (I(SC)) responses to carbachol (CCh) were investigated in Colony 1 epithelia, a subpopulation of the HCA-7 adenocarcinoma cell line. In Krebs-Henseleit (KH) buffer, CCh responses consisted of three I(SC) components: an unusual rapid decrease (the 10 s spike) followed by an upward spike at 30 s and a slower transient increase (the 2 min peak). This response was not potentiated by forskolin; rather, CCh inhibited cyclic AMP-stimulated I(SC). 2. In HCO3- free buffer, the decrease in forskolin-elevated I(SC) after CCh was reduced, although the interactions between CCh and forskolin remained at best additive rather than synergistic. When Cl- anions were replaced by gluconate, both Ca2+- and cyclic AMP-mediated electrogenic responses were significantly inhibited. 3. Basolateral Ba2+ (1-10 mM) and 293B (10 microM) selectively inhibited forskolin stimulation of I(SC), without altering the effects of CCh. Under Ba2+- or 293B-treated conditions, CCh responses were potentiated by pretreatment with forskolin. 4. Basolateral charybdotoxin (50 nM) significantly increased the size of the 10 s spike of CCh responses in both KH and HCO3- free medium, without affecting the 2 min peak. The enhanced 10 s spike was inhibited by prior addition of 5 mM apical Ba2+. Charybdotoxin did not affect forskolin responses. 5. In epithelial layers prestimulated with forskolin, the muscarinic antagonists atropine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP, both at 100 nM) abolished subsequent 10 microM CCh responses. Following addition of p-fluoro hexahydro-sila-difenidol (pF-HHSiD, 10 microM) or pirenzepine (1 microM), qualitative changes in the CCh response time-profile also indicated a rightward shift of the agonist concentration-response curve; however, 1 microM gallamine had no effect. These results suggest that a single M3-like receptor subtype mediates the secretory response to CCh. 6. It is concluded that CCh and forskolin activate discrete populations of basolateral K+ channels gated by either Ca2+ or cyclic AMP, but that the Cl- permeability of the apical membrane may limit their combined effects on electrogenic Cl- secretion. In addition, CCh activates a Ba2+-sensitive apical K+ conductance leading to electrogenic K+ transport. Both agents may also modulate HCO3- secretion through a mechanism at least partially dependent on carbonic anhydrase. (+info)

Formal analysis of electrogenic sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate transport in mouse colon epithelium. (7/3033)

1. The mammalian colonic epithelium carries out a number of different transporting activities simultaneously, of which more than one is increased following activation with a single agonist. These separate activities can be quantified by solving a set of equations describing these activities, provided some of the dependent variables can be eliminated. Using variations in the experimental conditions, blocking drugs and comparing wild type tissues with those from transgenic animals this has been achieved for electrogenic ion transporting activity of the mouse colon. 2. Basal activity and that following activation with forskolin was measured by short circuit current in isolated mouse colonic epithelia from normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) mice. 3. Using amiloride it is shown that CF colons show increased electrogenic sodium absorption compared to wild type tissues. CF mice had elevated plasma aldosterone, which may be responsible for part or all of the increased sodium absorbtion in CF colons. 4. The derived values for electrogenic chloride secretion and for electrogenic potassium secretion were increased by 13 and 3 fold respectively by forskolin, compared to basal state values for these processes. 5. The loop diuretic, frusemide, completely inhibited electrogenic potassium secretion, but apparently only partially inhibited electrogenic chloride secretion. However, use of bicarbonate-free solutions and acetazolamide reduced the frusemide-resistant current, suggesting that electrogenic bicarbonate secretion accounts for the frusemide-resistant current. 6. It is argued that the use of tissues from transgenic animals is an important adjunct to pharmacological analysis, especially where effects in tissues result in the activation of more than one sort of response. (+info)

A novel role for carbonic anhydrase: cytoplasmic pH gradient dissipation in mouse small intestinal enterocytes. (8/3033)

1. The spatial and temporal distribution of intracellular H+ ions in response to activation of a proton-coupled dipeptide transporter localized at the apical pole of mouse small intestinal isolated enterocytes was investigated using intracellular carboxy-SNARF-1 fluorescence in combination with whole-cell microspectrofluorimetry or confocal microscopy. 2. In Hepes-buffered Tyrode solution, application of the dipeptide Phe-Ala (10 mM) to a single enterocyte reduced pHi locally in the apical submembranous space. After a short delay (8 s), a fall of pHi occurred more slowly at the basal pole. 3. In the presence of CO2/HCO3--buffered Tyrode solution, the apical and basal rates of acidification were not significantly different and the time delay was reduced to 1 s or less. 4. Following application of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (100 microM) in the presence of CO2/HCO3- buffer, addition of Phe-Ala once again produced a localized apical acidification that took 5 s to reach the basal pole. Basal acidification was slower than at the apical pole. 5. We conclude that acid influx due to proton-coupled dipeptide transport can lead to intracellular pH gradients and that intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity, by facilitating cytoplasmic H+ mobility, limits their magnitude and duration. (+info)

There are several types of alkalosis, including:

1. Respiratory alkalosis: This type is caused by an excessive breathing of carbon dioxide into the lungs, which increases the bicarbonate levels in the blood.
2. Metabolic alkalosis: This type is caused by a decrease in the production of acid in the body, such as in diabetic ketoacidosis or liver disease.
3. Inherited alkalosis: This type is caused by inherited genetic disorders that affect the regulation of acid-base homeostasis.
4. Drug-induced alkalosis: Certain medications, such as antacids and diuretics, can increase bicarbonate levels in the blood.
5. Post-operative alkalosis: This type can occur after surgery, particularly gastrointestinal surgery, due to the release of bicarbonate from damaged tissues.

The symptoms of alkalosis can vary depending on the severity and duration of the condition. They may include:

* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Muscle weakness
* Tingling sensations in the extremities
* Confusion and disorientation

If left untreated, alkalosis can lead to more severe complications such as:

* Respiratory acidosis (a decrease in blood pH due to a lack of oxygen)
* Cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)
* Seizures
* Coma

Diagnosis of alkalosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Laboratory tests may include:

* Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis to measure the pH and PCO2 levels in the blood
* Serum electrolyte levels to assess the levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride
* Urine testing to assess the levels of bicarbonate and other electrolytes

Treatment of alkalosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. General measures may include:

* Correction of any underlying metabolic disorders, such as diabetes or kidney disease
* Discontinuation of medications that may be contributing to the alkalosis
* Fluid and electrolyte replacement to correct dehydration or imbalances
* Oxygen therapy to treat respiratory acidosis

In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition. In some cases, medications such as sodium bicarbonate may be prescribed to help restore acid-base balance. Surgery may be required in cases where the alkalosis is caused by a structural problem, such as a hiatal hernia.

Prognosis for alkalosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, untreated severe alkalosis can lead to complications such as seizures, coma, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Prevention of alkalosis involves identifying and treating underlying conditions that may contribute to the development of the condition. This includes managing chronic diseases such as diabetes and kidney disease, and avoiding medications that may cause alkalosis. Additionally, maintaining a balanced diet and staying hydrated can help prevent electrolyte imbalances that can lead to alkalosis.

In conclusion, alkalosis is a condition characterized by an excess of base in the body, which can lead to respiratory and metabolic disturbances. The diagnosis of alkalosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include fluid and electrolyte replacement, medication, and addressing any underlying conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with alkalosis.

There are several types of acidosis, including:

1. Respiratory acidosis: This occurs when the lung's ability to remove carbon dioxide from the blood is impaired, leading to an increase in blood acidity.
2. Metabolic acidosis: This type of acidosis occurs when there is an excessive production of acid in the body due to factors such as diabetes, starvation, or kidney disease.
3. Mixed acidosis: This type of acidosis is a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
4. Severe acute respiratory acidosis (SARA): This is a life-threatening condition that occurs suddenly, usually due to a severe lung injury or aspiration of a corrosive substance.

The symptoms of acidosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

1. Fatigue
2. Weakness
3. Confusion
4. Headaches
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Abdominal pain
7. Difficulty breathing
8. Rapid heart rate
9. Muscle twitching

If left untreated, acidosis can lead to complications such as:

1. Kidney damage
2. Seizures
3. Coma
4. Heart arrhythmias
5. Respiratory failure

Treatment of acidosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

1. Oxygen therapy
2. Medications to help regulate breathing and heart rate
3. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
4. Dietary changes
5. Surgery, in severe cases.

In conclusion, acidosis is a serious medical condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may have acidosis. With prompt and appropriate treatment, it is possible to effectively manage the condition and prevent complications.

Some common symptoms of respiratory acidosis include:

* Rapid breathing rate
* Shallow breathing
* Fatigue
* Confusion or disorientation
* Headaches
* Muscle weakness
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet

If left untreated, respiratory acidosis can lead to serious complications such as seizures, coma, and even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as surgery for a weakened diaphragm or other breathing muscles, or using mechanical ventilation if necessary.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of respiratory acidosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are two main types of acid-base imbalances:

1. Respiratory acidosis: This occurs when the body produces too much carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in blood acidity. Causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and sleep apnea.
2. Metabolic acidosis: This occurs when the body produces too little base, leading to an increase in blood acidity. Causes include diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney failure, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Symptoms of acid-base imbalance can include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Headaches
* Confusion
* Coma (in severe cases)

Treatment of acid-base imbalance depends on the underlying cause and may involve corrective measures such as:

* Oxygen therapy
* Medications to restore blood pH balance
* Diuretics to remove excess fluids
* Insulin therapy (for metabolic acidosis)
* Hemodialysis (for severe cases of metabolic acidosis)

It is important for healthcare professionals to monitor and maintain acid-base balance in patients, particularly those with pre-existing medical conditions or those undergoing surgical procedures.

Respiratory alkalosis can occur due to various causes such as hypoventilation (breathing too slowly), hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide in the blood), bicarbonate therapy, or drinking excessive amounts of antacids. Symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and muscle weakness.

Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as correcting hypoventilation or removing excess carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. In severe cases, medications or mechanical ventilation may be necessary.

There are several types of RTA, including:

1. Type 1 RTA: This is caused by a defect in the genes that code for the proteins involved in acid secretion in the renal tubules.
2. Type 2 RTA: This is caused by damage to the renal tubules, such as from exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
3. Type 4 RTA: This is caused by a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone, which helps regulate electrolyte levels in the body.

Symptoms of RTA can include:

* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Dehydration
* Increased heart rate
* Decreased urine production

RTA can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the pH levels in the body, as well as tests that assess kidney function and electrolyte levels. Treatment for RTA typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping certain medications or addressing electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help regulate acid levels in the body.

Prevention of RTA includes maintaining proper hydration, avoiding exposure to harmful substances, and managing any underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of developing RTA. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for individuals with RTA.

Symptoms of DKA can include:

* High blood sugar levels (usually above 300 mg/dL)
* High levels of ketones in the blood and urine
* Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
* Fatigue, weakness, and confusion
* Headache and dry mouth
* Flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, and muscle aches

If left untreated, DKA can lead to serious complications, such as:

* Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
* Seizures and coma
* Kidney damage and failure

Treatment of DKA typically involves hospitalization and intravenous fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Insulin therapy is also started to lower blood sugar levels and promote the breakdown of ketones. In severe cases, medications such as sodium bicarbonate may be given to help neutralize the excess ketones in the blood.

Preventing DKA involves proper management of diabetes, including:

* Taking insulin as prescribed and monitoring blood sugar levels regularly
* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise program
* Monitoring for signs of infection or illness, which can increase the risk of DKA

Early detection and treatment of DKA are critical to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes for people with diabetes.

Example sentence: "The patient was diagnosed with lactic acidosis secondary to uncontrolled diabetes and was admitted to the intensive care unit for proper management."

The normal range for potassium levels in the blood varies depending on age, gender, and other factors, but generally it is between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter).

Hypokalemia can be caused by a variety of factors such as diarrhea, vomiting, certain medications (diuretics, laxatives), kidney disease or malfunctioning of the parathyroid glands.

Sodium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate Caesium bicarbonate Magnesium bicarbonate Calcium bicarbonate Ammonium bicarbonate ... Ammonium bicarbonate is used in digestive biscuit manufacture. In diagnostic medicine, the blood value of bicarbonate is one of ... Many bicarbonates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure; in particular, sodium bicarbonate contributes to ... The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, which is commonly known as baking soda. When heated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate

... or cesium bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CsHCO3. It can be produced through ... Bicarbonates, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...

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... Handbook OMRI Potassium Bicarbonate Safety Data sheet - potassium bicarbonate "Saleratus" . New ... Potassium bicarbonate has widespread use in crops, especially for neutralizing acidic soil. Potassium bicarbonate is an ... "Potassium bicarbonate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. "Potassium Bicarbonate". encyclopedia.com. Cengage. Retrieved May 29, 2020. " ... refers to both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate. H. Schultz, G. Bauer, E. Schachl, F. Hagedorn, P. Schmittinger ( ...

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Very few solid bicarbonates other than those of the alkali metals (other than ammonium bicarbonate) are known to exist.[ ... Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogencarbonate, has the chemical formula Ca(HCO3)2. The term does not refer to a ... As the groundwater enters the cave, the excess carbon dioxide is released from the solution of the bicarbonate, causing the ... In medicine, calcium bicarbonate is sometimes administered intravenously to immediately correct the cardiac depressor effects ...

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Bicarbonate may also refer to: Ammonium bicarbonate, the ammonium salt of the bicarbonate ion Sodium bicarbonate, the sodium ... Bicarbonate is an ion, more accurately referred to as hydrogen carbonate. ... salt of the bicarbonate ion Tim Toady Bicarbonate, a Perl programming motto This disambiguation page lists articles associated ... with the title Bicarbonate. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ...

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... (LiHCO3) is a compound of lithium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. Lithium carbonate "PubChem Compound Summary ... for CID 23678576, Lithium bicarbonate". PubChem. National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology ... Bicarbonates, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...

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... in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant. Sodium bicarbonate may be ... Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen. Sodium bicarbonate is ... Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx Brothers movies. In ... Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical ...

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... is used in the food industry as a leavening agent for flat baked goods, such as cookies and crackers. It ... Ammonium bicarbonate is also a key component of the expectorant cough syrup "Senega and Ammonia". It dissolves in water to give ... Ammonium bicarbonate from China used to make cookies was found to be contaminated with melamine, and imports were banned in ... Ammonium bicarbonate is still widely used in the plastics and rubber industry, in the manufacture of ceramics, in chrome ...

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... or magnesium hydrogencarbonate, Mg(HCO3)2, is the bicarbonate salt of magnesium. It can be formed through ... 2 CH3COONa Magnesium bicarbonate exists only in aqueous solution. Magnesium does not form solid bicarbonate as does lithium. To ... It can be prepared through the synthesis of magnesium acetate and sodium bicarbonate: Mg(CH3COO)2 + 2 NaHCO3 → Mg(HCO3)2 + ... producing a solution of magnesium bicarbonate: Mg(OH)2 + 2 CO2 → Mg(HCO3)2 Drying the resulting solution causes the magnesium ...

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This method to determinate the concentration of bicarbonates and carbonates is also called "Magni's method." BBC Bitesize - ... 0.8 g of sodium bicarbonate, 7.48 g of potassium chloride and 90 mL of water Mix Solution A and B and mix 9 mL of the mixed ...

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After injection, intravenous sodium bicarbonate dissociates to provide sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) anions. Bicarbonate ... Sodium bicarbonate is in the alkalinizing family of medication. It works by increasing blood bicarbonate, which buffers excess ... In addition, sodium bicarbonate is indicated in severe diarrhea, where large amounts of bicarbonate may be lost. However, ... Sodium bicarbonate is available as a generic medication. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is indicated in the treatment of ...

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The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ... The bicarbonate buffer system plays a vital role in other tissues as well. In the human stomach and duodenum, the bicarbonate ... most of this CO2 is rapidly removed from the tissues by its hydration to bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ion present in the ... Much like other body fluids, tear fluid is kept in a tight pH range using the bicarbonate buffer system. The pH of tears shift ...

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... generated from the reaction of an acid with sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate rockets are often used in science classes to ... A sodium bicarbonate rocket (sometimes called an Alka-Seltzer rocket) is a model rocket fashioned from a 35mm film canister and ... Various experiments and lessons can center around the use of a bicarbonate rocket. For example, students are sometimes asked to ...

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... is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC4A7 gene. Solute carrier family GRCh38: ... Loiselle FB, Jaschke P, Casey JR (2004). "Structural and functional characterization of the human NBC3 sodium/bicarbonate co- ... "Entrez Gene: SLC4A7 solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, member 7". Ishibashi K, Sasaki S, Marumo F (1998 ... a new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter family". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (23): 16569-75. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16569. ...

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Sodium bicarbonate cotransporters (NBCs) mediate the coupled movement of sodium and bicarbonate ions across the plasma membrane ... Sodium bicarbonate co-transport is involved in bicarbonate secretion/absorption and intracellular pH regulation. Romero and ... Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter is a membrane transport protein that in ... 2002). "Expression of a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter in human parotid salivary glands". Arch. Oral Biol. 47 (1): 1-9. doi: ...

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This gene encodes a member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) family, part of the bicarbonate transporter ... Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC4A5 gene. ... Hunt SC, Xin Y, Wu LL, Cawthon RM, Coon H, Hasstedt SJ, Hopkins PN (2006). "Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter polymorphisms are ... Sodium bicarbonate cotransporters are involved in intracellular pH regulation and electroneural or electrogenic sodium ...

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... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC4A8 gene. Solute carrier family ... "Entrez Gene: SLC4A8 solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, member 8". Pushkin A, Abuladze N, Newman D, ... a new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter family". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (23): 16569-75. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16569. ...

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... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC4A11 gene. Solute carrier ... Parker MD, Ourmozdi EP, Tanner MJ (Apr 2001). "Human BTR1, a new bicarbonate transporter superfamily member and human AE4 from ... "Entrez Gene: SLC4A11 solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate transporter-like, member 11". Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB ...

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"Ammonium bicarbonate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-22. PubChem. "Ammonium bisulfate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... N3 Ammonium bicarbonate - [NH4]HCO3 Ammonium bisulfate - [NH4]HSO4 Ammonium bromide - NH4Br Ammonium chromate - [NH4]2CrO4 ... MgSO4 Magnesium bicarbonate - Mg(HCO3)2 Magnesium boride - MgB6 Magnesium bromide - MgBr2 Magnesium carbide - MgC2 Magnesium ... SrTiO3 Strontium bicarbonate - Sr(HCO3)2 Strontium boride - SrB6 Strontium bromide - SrBr2 Strontium carbide - SrC2 Strontium ...

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Using sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) as a cancer treatment is espoused by Tullio Simoncini and is known as the Simoncini ... "Sodium Bicarbonate". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015. ...

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Sircus, Dr Mark (August 5, 2014). Sodium Bicarbonate. Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781312412149 - via Google Books. Michaud, ...

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2009). "Sodium Bicarbonate". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed ... According to the American Cancer Society: "evidence also does not support the idea that sodium bicarbonate works as a treatment ... Sodium bicarbonate (or baking soda) - the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3, sometimes promoted as cure for cancer by ... Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more sickening alternative cancer ...

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See also bicarbonate. Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916). "The Atom and the Molecule". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38 (4): 762-785. doi:10.1021/ ...

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Bicarbonate Tellgren, Roland; Olovsson, Ivar (1971). "The crystal structures of normal and deuterated sodium hydrogen oxalate ...

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... sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3); dimethyl sulfide (DMS) gives an aldehyde and a dimethyl acetal Using acetic anhydride (Ac2O), ...

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Carbonic acid includes both carbonates and bicarbonates. The graph provides a good visual aid to understanding how more than ...

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The KM values for ATP, propionyl-CoA, and bicarbonate has been determined to be 0.08 mM, 0.29 mM, and 3.0 mM, respectively. The ... Bicarbonate: negative cooperativity d. Mg2+ and MgATP2−: allosteric activation a. 6-Deoxyerythronolide B: decrease in PCC ...

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The Bicarbonate anion is abundant in water. Bicarbonate caused 10% of •OH scavenging. The reaction between bicarbonate and the ... The enhancement of PABA photolysis by bicarbonate is due to carbonate radicals. Water-soluble NOM is composed of organic acids ... Mao, Liang; Meng, Cui; Zeng, Chao; Ji, Yuefei; Yang, Xi; Gao, Shixiang (2011). "The effect of nitrate, bicarbonate and natural ...

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NaHCO3 = (bicarbonate desired - bicarbonate observed) x 0.4 x body weight (kg) ... Effect of sodium bicarbonate administration on mortality in patients with lactic acidosis: a retrospective analysis. PLoS One. ... 34, 35] It has been proposed that any improvement in hemodynamic status when bicarbonate is administered may be caused by ... Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis. A prospective, controlled ...

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Sodium Bicarbonate: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Sodium bicarbonate comes as a tablet and powder to take by mouth. Sodium bicarbonate is taken one to four times a day, ... If sodium bicarbonate does not improve your symptoms, call your doctor.. Do not give sodium bicarbonate to children under 12 ... If you are using sodium bicarbonate for another reason, it may be taken with or without food. Do not take sodium bicarbonate on ...

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Even at low doses, melatonin and the full agonist 2-iodo-N-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine increased duodenal bicarbonate ... Thus, melatonin stimulates duodenal bicarbonate secretion via action at enterocyte MT2-receptors and mediates neural ... we cannulated a 12-mm segment of duodenum with an intact blood supply and titrated the local bicarbonate secretion with pH-stat ... of intestinal and central nervous melatonin in the neurohumoral control of the duodenal mucosa-protective bicarbonate secretion ...

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Before proceeding to a long-term bicarbonate intervention study, however, it is important to identify the dose of bicarbonate ... Moreover, bicarbonate supplements significantly improved muscle performance in the women. These and other data support a ... In our recently completed NIH-funded trial in 171 older men and women, alkalinizing the diet with a bicarbonate supplement ... Project Title: Musculoskeletal benefits of bicarbonate in older adults - a dose-finding trial. Abstract: DESCRIPTION (provided ...

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LOINC Code 80613-3 Bicarbonate [Moles/volume] in Urine collected for unspecified duration ... LP15441-6 Bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is an electrolyte and typically measured along with other electrolytes (e.g. sodium, ... Total CO2 = bicarbonate + CO2 + carbonic acid. Under normal circumstances, bicarbonate is the primary constituent of total CO2 ... Bicarbonate. Property. SCnc. Time. XXX. System. Urine. Scale. Qn. Method. Additional Names. Short Name. HCO3 ?Tm Ur-sCnc. ...

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Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted for the anaerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in pH, bicarbonate ion [HCO3−], ... The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the ... This process is called bicarbonate loading [6]. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a type of physiological supplement. Ingesting ... Because the bicarbonate buffer system is not solely responsible for blood pH and is also vital in other systems, such as the ...

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Bicarbonate ions neutralize hydrogen ions and raise urinary and blood pH. The onset of action is within minutes and lasts ...

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SODIUM BICARBONATE (UNII: 8MDF5V39QO) (SODIUM CATION - UNII:LYR4M0NH37, BICARBONATE ION - UNII:HN1ZRA3Q20) SODIUM BICARBONATE. ... SODIUM BICARBONATE injection, solution SODIUM BICARBONATE by Drug Labeling and Warnings. * FDA.report ... SODIUM BICARBONATE by Drug Facts SODIUM BICARBONATE by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by ... Sodium bicarbonate, 42 mg is equal to 0.5 milliequivalent each of Na+ and HCO3-. Sodium Bicarbonate, USP is chemically ...

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Sodium Bicarbonate Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, hypertonic solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) in water for injection for administration by the intravenous route as an electrolyte replenisher and systemic alkalizer. (nih.gov)
Sodium Bicarbonate Injection, USP is indicated in the treatment of metabolic acidosis which may occur in severe renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes, circulatory insufficiency due to shock or severe dehydration, extracorporeal circulation of blood, cardiac arrest and severe primary lactic acidosis. (nih.gov)
Sodium Bicarbonate Injection, USP is contraindicated in patients who are losing chloride by vomiting or from continuous gastrointestinal suction, and in patients receiving diuretics known to produce a hypochloremic alkalosis. (nih.gov)

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate therapy increases plasma bicarbonate, buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, raises blood pH and reverses the clinical manifestations of acidosis. (nih.gov)
But since an appreciable time interval may elapse before all of the ancillary effects are brought about, bicarbonate therapy is indicated to minimize risks inherent to the acidosis itself. (nih.gov)
Vigorous bicarbonate therapy is required in any form of metabolic acidosis where a rapid increase in plasma total CO 2 content is crucial - e.g., cardiac arrest, circulatory insufficiency due to shock or severe dehydration, and in severe primary lactic acidosis or severe diabetic acidosis. (nih.gov)
These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Sodium Bicarbonate in Severe Metabolic Acidosis. (fpnotebook.com)
Because of the potential harms of acidemia, some clinicians still advocate for the use of bicarbonate in severe metabolic acidosis, generally defined as an arterial pH less than 7.15. (medscape.com)
[ 34 , 35 ] It has been proposed that any improvement in hemodynamic status when bicarbonate is administered may be caused by mechanisms other than correction of acidosis (eg, increased preload, effect of tonicity). (medscape.com)
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) occurs when the kidneys are unable to maintain normal acid-base homeostasis because of tubular defects in acid excretion or bicarbonate ion reabsorption. (nih.gov)
Proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA) is a syndrome caused by abnormal proximal tubule reabsorption of bicarbonate resulting in metabolic acidosis . (bvsalud.org)
Studies have shown that low or high serum bicarbonate levels (reflecting metabolic acidosis or alkalosis) are associated with increased all-cause mortality rates in moderate and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) cases. (nih.gov)
Correction of presumed acidosis using sodium bicarbonate, targeting serum levels around 22 mmol/L, has proven to be beneficial in delaying the progression of the disease and provided mortality benefit. (nih.gov)

Bicarbonate anion is considered "labile" since at a proper concentration of hydrogen ion (H + ) it may be converted to carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and thence to its volatile form, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) excreted by the lung. (nih.gov)
Normally a ratio of 1:20 (carbonic acid: bicarbonate) is present in the extracellular fluid. (nih.gov)
Total CO2 = bicarbonate + CO2 + carbonic acid. (loinc.org)
Under normal circumstances, bicarbonate is the primary constituent of total CO2, however, in certain pathologic conditions, CO2 and/or carbonic acid contribute a clinically significant fraction of the total. (loinc.org)

Sodium bicarbonate buffers lactic acid by essentially prolonging lactic acid build-up. (stack.com)

Together with pH determination, bicarbonate measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems. (cdc.gov)

Sodium bicarbonate in water dissociates to provide sodium (Na + ) and bicarbonate (HCO 3 ¯ ) ions. (nih.gov)
This protein transports negatively charged particles ( ions ), including chloride, iodide, and bicarbonate , into and out of cells. (nih.gov)
Bicarbonate ions neutralize hydrogen ions and raise urinary and blood pH. (medscape.com)

Sodium Bicarbonate, USP is chemically designated NaHCO 3 , a white crystalline powder soluble in water. (nih.gov)
The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence thus, the present study analyzes the contribution of NaHCO 3 to energy metabolism during exercise. (biomedcentral.com)

water and produces a negatively charged bicarbonate molecule ( bicarbonate ion ) and a positively charged hydrogen atom (known as a proton). (nih.gov)

Calcium bicarbonate has been used as a neutralization and alkalization agent (AIC Book and Paper Catalog). (mfa.org)
Effect of Bicarbonate, Calcium, and pH on the Reactivity of As(V) and U(VI) Mixtures. (nih.gov)
Bicarbonate and calcium (Ca) can have major impacts on U speciation and can affect the reactivity between U and As. (nih.gov)

Based on this function, AE1 is known as a chloride/ bicarbonate exchanger (Cl-/HCO3- exchanger). (nih.gov)

The proposed study is a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in which 138 men and 138 women, age 60 and older, will take potassium bicarbonate in doses of 1.0 or 1.5 mmol/kg of body weight or placebo daily for three months. (nih.gov)

We therefore investigated the reactivity of aqueous U and As mixtures with bicarbonate and Ca for acidic and neutral pH conditions. (nih.gov)

Bicarbonate is an electrolyte and typically measured along with other electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium, and chloride) to detect, evaluate, and monitor electrolyte imbalances. (loinc.org)

sodium bicarbonate iv , aspirin-dipyridamole oral Mechanism: passive renal tubular reabsorption due to increased pH. (rxlist.com)

The best part is that sodium bicarbonate is literally just baking soda. (stack.com)
Description Doves Farm Bicarbonate of Soda is a home baking raising agent which is also known as bicarb or baking soda. (dolanschemist.ie)

Tris-hydroxylmethyl aminomethane ( tromethamine [THAM]) is a buffering agent that does not generate carbon dioxide, which confers a theoretical benefit over sodium bicarbonate. (medscape.com)

In our recently completed NIH-funded trial in 171 older men and women, alkalinizing the diet with a bicarbonate supplement daily for 3 months significantly reduced urinary excretion of N-telopeptide (NTX), a marker of bone resorption, and urinary nitrogen, a marker of muscle wasting. (nih.gov)
The proposed dose-finding study will extend our previous work in this area by evaluating the effects of placebo and two doses of bicarbonate on urinary NTX and nitrogen excretion and on lower extremity performance. (nih.gov)

Your doctor also may prescribe sodium bicarbonate to make your blood or urine less acidic in certain conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Sodium bicarbonate is further indicated in the treatment of certain drug intoxications, including barbiturates (where dissociation of the barbiturate-protein complex is desired), in poisoning by salicylates or methyl alcohol and in hemolytic reactions requiring alkalinization of the urine to diminish nephrotoxicity of hemoglobin and its breakdown products. (nih.gov)

Bicarbonate is a simple single carbon molecule that plays surprisingly important roles in diverse biological processes. (nih.gov)

Sodium bicarbonate also is indicated in severe diarrhea which is often accompanied by a significant loss of bicarbonate. (nih.gov)

model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice: use of vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate pretreatments to reduce nephrotoxicity and improve animal health status. (rndsystems.com)

This research shows that adding sodium bicarbonate could improve the efficacy of creatine. (stack.com)

However, two randomized, controlled trials comparing the effects of bicarbonate versus normal saline on critically ill patients requiring vasopressors demonstrated no improvement in hemodynamics with bicarbonate. (medscape.com)
Low bicarbonate levels may occur in patients with Addison's disease, chronic diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, and kidney disease. (loinc.org)
Patients with mutations to the SLC4A4 gene ( coding for the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1), have pRTA, growth delay, ocular defects, and enamel abnormalities . (bvsalud.org)
Effect of sodium bicarbonate on functional outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post-hoc analysis of a French and North-American dataset. (nih.gov)
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: No large randomised controlled trial has assessed the potential benefits on neurologic outcomes of prehospital sodium bicarbonate administration in patients with nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). (nih.gov)
MAIN RESULTS: In the French dataset, of the 54 807 patients, 1234 (2.2%) received sodium bicarbonate and 450 were matched. (nih.gov)
In the North-American dataset, of the 23 711 included patients, 4902 (20.6%) received sodium bicarbonate and 1238 were matched. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSION: In patients with OHCA, prehospital sodium bicarbonate administration was not associated with neurologic outcomes in a French dataset and was associated with worse neurologic outcomes in a North-American dataset. (nih.gov)
undertaken from July 15th, 2017 to March 15th, 2018.The multicentrique de cohorte prospective a inclus des Glasgow Coma Scale helped to determine the severety of the patients consécutifs admis en phase aiguë d AVC, disease at admission. (who.int)
More than half of critically des patients avec AVC en phase aiguë présentent ill patients exhibit admission hyperglycemia with age, severity of stroke and known diabetes as its main associated principaux facteurs de risque a risk factors. (who.int)

Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid used to relieve heartburn and acid indigestion. (medlineplus.gov)

This investigation should provide needed information on the appropriate dosing regimen and on the study population that should be enrolled in a future long-term bicarbonate intervention trial to assess the long-term effects of this simple, low cost intervention on important clinical outcomes including rates of loss in bone and muscle mass, falls, and fractures. (nih.gov)
Given the considerable variability in sodium bicarbonate use by different prehospital care systems and the potential resuscitation-time bias in the present study, a large randomised clinical trial targeting specific patient subgroups may be needed to determine whether sodium bicarbonate has a role in the prehospital management of prolonged OHCA. (nih.gov)
We extrapolate that lowering bicarbonate targets in other clinical scenarios like liver failure, pregnancy, and cardiac failure may be prudent and will lead to a lower sodium load. (nih.gov)

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research published a research study examining the effects of creatine, placebo maltodextrin, and creatine + sodium bicarbonate. (stack.com)
Pre-Wingate bicarbonate concentrations were significantly higher in creatine + sodium bicarbonate (10%), compared with in placebo and creatine, and mean concentrations remained higher after sprint 6. (stack.com)

INTERVENTION: We investigated whether prehospital bicarbonate administration was associated with better neurologic outcomes. (nih.gov)

Before proceeding to a long-term bicarbonate intervention study, however, it is important to identify the dose of bicarbonate most likely to be optimal and to characterize the subjects who benefit most from it. (nih.gov)

Moreover, bicarbonate supplements significantly improved muscle performance in the women. (nih.gov)
However, in creatine + sodium bicarbonate, sprint 6 was the only sprint significantly lower compared with sprint 1. (stack.com)

Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ¯ ) is a normal constituent of body fluids and the normal plasma level ranges from 24 to 31 mEq/liter. (nih.gov)

Sodium bicarbonate comes as a tablet and powder to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
Dissolve sodium bicarbonate powder in at least 4 ounces (120 milliliters) of water. (medlineplus.gov)

If your doctor has told you to take sodium bicarbonate on a certain schedule, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. (medlineplus.gov)

sodium bicarbonate will decrease the level or effect of atazanavir by increasing gastric pH. (medscape.com)
sodium bicarbonate will decrease the level or effect of itraconazole by increasing gastric pH. (medscape.com)

However, no rigorous studies have compared tromethamine and bicarbonate, so the effect on patient outcome is unclear. (medscape.com)

sodium bicarbonate decreases levels of demeclocycline by inhibition of GI absorption. (medscape.com)
sodium bicarbonate decreases levels of fleroxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. (medscape.com)

If you are using sodium bicarbonate as an antacid, it should be taken 1 to 2 hours after meals, with a full glass of water. (medlineplus.gov)

sodium bicarbonate iv , aspirin-dipyridamole oral Mechanism: affects how the kidney reabsorbs the drug in an nonacidic environment. (rxlist.com)

Our aim was to study the involvement of intestinal and central nervous melatonin in the neurohumoral control of the duodenal mucosa-protective bicarbonate secretion. (jci.org)

The price of raw materials, particularly Soda Ash, is predicted to rise in April 2023, which would have a further positive impact on the global Sodium Bicarbonate market. (chemanalyst.com)

Working in anesthetized rats, we cannulated a 12-mm segment of duodenum with an intact blood supply and titrated the local bicarbonate secretion with pH-stat. (jci.org)

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information of assistance in designing a randomised controlled trial of bicarbonate therapy after OHCA in specific patient subgroups. (nih.gov)
Our analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the need for paracentesis and bicarbonate therapy. (nih.gov)

The sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1) is essential for normal development of mouse dentition. (bvsalud.org)

Be the first to review Sodium bicarbonate and earn rewards! (rndsystems.com)

Ryan International is one of the highly recognized Soda Ash Suppliers in , offering bulk quantity of Sodium Bicarbonate to different industries. (ryan-international.in)

These and other data support a potential role for bicarbonate as a means of reducing the musculoskeletal declines that lead to extensive morbidity and mortality in the elderly. (nih.gov)

If sodium bicarbonate does not improve your symptoms, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)

Creatine did make a marked difference, but results from creatine + sodium bicarbonate were significant. (stack.com)

With the commencement of the upcoming month, Sodium Bicarbonate prices are likely to increase. (chemanalyst.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms2

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes14

Health Care1

A kinetic study of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. (1/3033)

NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction in salt-sensitive African Americans: antipressor and hemodynamic effects of potassium bicarbonate. (2/3033)

Indirect evidence for cholinergic inhibition of intestinal bicarbonate absorption in humans. (3/3033)

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (4/3033)

Topology of the membrane domain of human erythrocyte anion exchange protein, AE1. (5/3033)

Modulation of chloride, potassium and bicarbonate transport by muscarinic receptors in a human adenocarcinoma cell line. (6/3033)

Formal analysis of electrogenic sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate transport in mouse colon epithelium. (7/3033)

A novel role for carbonic anhydrase: cytoplasmic pH gradient dissipation in mouse small intestinal enterocytes. (8/3033)

Bicarbonates

Sodium Bicarbonate

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Alkalosis

Acidosis

Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporters

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Carbon Dioxide

Buffers

Acetazolamide

Carbonic Anhydrases

Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters

Absorption

Chlorides

Ethoxzolamide

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Dialysis Solutions

Acidosis, Respiratory

Secretin

Acid-Base Imbalance

Sodium

Alkalosis, Respiratory

Kidney Tubules, Distal

Duodenum

Pancreatic Juice

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid

Carbonates

Acidosis, Renal Tubular

HEPES

Carbonic Anhydrase II

Antiporters

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid

Perfusion

Hemodialysis Solutions

Kidney Tubules, Proximal

Potassium Compounds

Kidney Tubules

SLC4A Proteins

Hydrochloric Acid

Lactates

Electrolytes

Ion Exchange

Sodium Chloride

Anion Transport Proteins

Biological Transport

Lactic Acid

Ammonium Chloride

Potassium

Biological Transport, Active

Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter

Water-Electrolyte Balance

Acids

Anions

Intestinal Secretions

Amiloride

Ammonia

Isotonic Solutions

Secretory Rate

Phosphates

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Rats, Inbred Strains

Loop of Henle

Kidney Cortex

Partial Pressure

Kidney Tubules, Collecting

Citrates

Acidosis, Lactic

Ion Transport

Blood Gas Analysis

Kinetics

Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory

Acetates

Hypokalemia

Sperm Capacitation

Ultrafiltration

Kidney

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte

Pancreas

Peritoneal Dialysis

Osmolar Concentration