Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.
Conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclo-dopa, both of which derive from TYROSINE. They appear similar to INDOLES but are biosynthesized by a different path and contain N+. Members are red or violet COLORING AGENTS found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.
Conjugates of betalamic acid with AMINO ACIDS. Some of them are yellow COLORING AGENTS in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS. This should not be confused with xanthin which is a term used for CAROTENES nor with XANTHINES.
The cactus plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. Cacti are succulent perennial plants well adapted to dry regions.
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

Effect of zinc deficiency on betacyanin production in a cell suspension culture of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.). (1/9)

The effect of microelements in the Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium on betacyanin production was investigated in suspension cultures of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Removing zinc from the medium resulted in a high betacyanin content of the cells, the betacyanin content of the cells decreasing with increasing zinc concentration in the medium. The betacyanin content of cells cultured in the medium without zinc was twice as high as that in the medium containing 0.03 mM of zinc. In the revised LS medium without zinc, the maximum betacyanin yield was obtained of 590 mg/l from a 21-day culture.  (+info)

Characterization and functional identification of a novel plant 4,5-extradiol dioxygenase involved in betalain pigment biosynthesis in Portulaca grandiflora. (2/9)

Betalains are pigments that replace anthocyanins in the majority of families of the plant order Caryophyllales. Betalamic acid is the common chromophore of betalains. The key enzyme of the betalain biosynthetic pathway is an extradiol dioxygenase that opens the cyclic ring of dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) between carbons 4 and 5, thus producing an unstable seco-DOPA that rearranges nonenzymatically to betalamic acid. A gene for a 4,5-DOPA-dioxygenase has already been isolated from the fungus Amanita muscaria, but no homolog was ever found in plants. To identify the plant gene, we constructed subtractive libraries between different colored phenotypes of isogenic lines of Portulaca grandiflora (Portulacaceae) and between different stages of flower bud formation. Using in silico analysis of differentially expressed cDNAs, we identified a candidate showing strong homology at the level of translated protein with the LigB domain present in several bacterial extradiol 4,5-dioxygenases. The gene was expressed only in colored flower petals. The function of this gene in the betalain biosynthetic pathway was confirmed by biolistic genetic complementation in white petals of P. grandiflora genotypes lacking the gene for color formation. This gene named DODA is the first characterized member of a novel family of plant dioxygenases phylogenetically distinct from Amanita sp. DOPA-dioxygenase. Homologs of DODA are present not only in betalain-producing plants but also, albeit with some changes near the catalytic site, in other angiosperms and in the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens. These homologs are part of a novel conserved plant gene family probably involved in aromatic compound metabolism.  (+info)

Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (3/9)

BACKGROUND: Betalains were recently identified as natural antioxidants. However, little is known about their bioavailability from dietary sources. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the bioavailability of betalains from dietary sources. DESIGN: The plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of betalains were studied in healthy volunteers (n = 8) after a single ingestion of 500 g cactus pear fruit pulp, which provided 28 and 16 mg indicaxanthin and betanin, respectively. The incorporation of betalains in LDL and the resistance of the particles to ex vivo-induced oxidation was also researched. RESULTS: Betanin and indicaxanthin reached their maximum plasma concentrations 3 h after the fruit meal and declined according to first-order kinetics. The half-life of betanin (0.94 +/- 0.07 h) was shorter than that of indicaxanthin (2.36 +/- 0.17 h). Both compounds had disappeared from plasma by 12 h after intake. The urinary excretion of indicaxanthin and betanin over 12 h represented 76 +/- 3.0% and 3.7 +/- 0.2%, respectively, of the ingested compounds. LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after the fruit meal incorporated betalains at concentrations of 100.5 +/- 11 and 50 +/- 7.2 pmol/mg LDL protein, respectively. In addition, the particles appeared more resistant to ex vivo-induced oxidative injury than did the samples isolated before fruit ingestion (P < 0.05)-the higher the amount of betalains incorporated, the higher the resistance. The concentrations of vitamin E and beta-carotene in LDL did not change significantly after fruit ingestion. CONCLUSION: Our results show that cactus pear fruit is a source of bioavailable betalains and suggest that indicaxanthin and betanin may be involved in the observed protection of LDL against ex vivo-induced oxidative modifications.  (+info)

Betaxanthins as substrates for tyrosinase. An approach to the role of tyrosinase in the biosynthetic pathway of betalains. (4/9)

Tyrosinase or polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) is the key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis and in the enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. The role of tyrosinase in the secondary metabolism of plants still remains unclear, but its implication in betalain biosynthesis has been proposed. Betalains are an important class of water-soluble pigments, characteristic of plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. In this article, the betaxanthins, tyrosine-betaxanthin (portulacaxanthin II) and dopaxanthin, are reported to be physiological substrates for tyrosinase. The direct activity of tyrosinase on selected betaxanthins is characterized in depth, and conversion of tyrosine-betaxanthin to dopaxanthin and its further oxidation to a series of compounds are described. Identity of the reaction products was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Masses determined for the reaction products were the same in all cases, 389 m/z ([M + H]+) and equal to that determined for betanidin. Data indicate that dopaxanthin-quinone is obtained and evolves to more stable species by intramolecular cyclization. Kinetic parameters for tyrosinase acting on dopaxanthin were evaluated, showing a high affinity for this substrate (K(m) = 84.3 microM). The biosynthetic scheme of betalains is reviewed and a branch is proposed based on the description of physiological substrates for tyrosinase. Lampranthus productus, Glottiphylum oligocarpum, and Glottiphylum pigmaeum are described as sources of stereopure (2S/S)-dopaxanthin.  (+info)

HPLC characterization of betalains from plants in the amaranthaceae. (5/9)

HPLC characterization of reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been widely used in separation and identification of plant pigments. An effective RP-HPLC-based method is established to systematically isolate, identify, and quantitate the betalain pigments in the plants of 37 species of eight genera in the Amaranthaceae. A total of 16 betacyanins and three betaxanthins are characterized mainly using the RP-HPLC method and also with the aid of mass spectroscopy. The identified betacyanins include eight amaranthine-types, six gomphrenin-types, and two betanin-types. They are also divided into six simple (nonacylated) betacyanins and 10 acylated betacyanins. Acylated betacyanins are identified as betanidin 5-O-beta-glucuronosylglucoside or betanidin 6-O-beta-glucoside acylated with ferulic, p-coumaric, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acids. Three betaxanthins were separated from Celosia species in the Amaranthaceae and identified to be immonium conjugates of betalamic acid with dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, and (S)-tryptophan; the latter two are found to be new betaxanthins from plants.  (+info)

Physiological properties of beetroot crisps applied in standard and dyslipidaemic diets of rats. (6/9)

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Betalain production is possible in anthocyanin-producing plant species given the presence of DOPA-dioxygenase and L-DOPA. (7/9)

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A nature-inspired betalainic probe for live-cell imaging of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. (8/9)

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The aim of study was investigation the impact of boiling and spontaneous fermentation on profile and content of betalains and antioxidant capacity of red beetroot. Betalains were analyzed by micro-HPLC-TOF-MS/MS method, while antioxidant capacity by three in vitro assays. Red beet products were abounded in betalains, with betanin, isobetanin, betanidin and vulgaxanthin I predominating among twenty two pigments identified. Boiling and fermentation of red beet reduced the content of betalains by 51-61% and 61-88%, respectively, however, this decline was limited when the peel was present. Microbial activity and softening of the matrix induced by the fermentation process led to the release of betalains responsible for strong antioxidant capacity of the juice formed. Generally, the treatment applied maintained and/or lowered antioxidant capacity of red beet materials obtained. Our findings indicate that red beet-derived products are valuable source of betalains, with their profile, content and ...
Introduction. Biology HL Lab Report Beet Lab Data Collection, Processing, Presentation Conclusion & Evaluation -Rashika Singh IB Yr 1 Aim: To determine the effects of temperature on the permeability of the beetroot cell membrane. Research Question: To investigate how different temperatures affect the beetroot pigment and finding out the absorbance and transmittance % using a visible spectrophotometer. Background Information: Beetroots contain betalains which are the red pigments present in the cell vacuole. Betalains are soluble in water and they contain nitrogen. Betalains extracted from beetroot is commonly used as food dye because it is not known to cause any allergic reactions. Cell membrane is the barrier that separates the inner environment of the cell from the outer environment. The membrane is selectively permeable. The cell membrane is made up of mainly lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. The lipids are the phospholipid bilayer which consists of a hydrophilic polar head and a ...
Betalains represent a natural and safe alternative to colour synthetic additives that are used currently in food industry. In addition to the colouring property, betalains are of particular interest because of their importance in health: antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, radio-protective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying effect. This study compares different classics methods of betalains extraction, using water and weak acid solutions from fresh, dried and lyophilized beetroot. The highest content of betanin (20 mg /g) has been obtained from lyophilized beet using 0.5% citric acid and 0.1% ascorbic acid as solvents. In this study temperature, pH, liquid/solid ratio were considered the main factors which influence the performance of extraction process and stability of betanin. The extraction is better at high temperatures (70 C), regardless of the other two parameters. At low temperature it is necessary to increase the liquid/solid ratio and decrease the pH for getting a good ...
Dear Friends. As we learned in last fridays Forward Thinking, epidemiological studies have suggested that reduction in cardiovascular disease, cancer risk and a range of other chronic disease conditions is linked to consumption of anthocyanins, betalains, chlorophylls and carotenoids (Mary Ann Lila 2004)-the primary pigments of colorful fruits and vegetables. Quite simply we need to eat 5-13 servings of vegetables and fruits a day (Harvard School of Public Health, see Green Facts below).. Last week we looked at betalains derived from red beetroot and cactus pears and their multitude of benefits. This week well look at anthocyanins and the protection they provide for a diverse array of diseases.. Heart Disease. Pure anthocyanins are up to seven times more effective as antioxidants inhibiting lipid peroxidation than alpha tocopherol. Anthocyanins in red wines and grape juice contributed to the ability of these dietary sources to inhibit heart attacks, by virtue of their antithrombotic potential, ...
The potent antioxidant activity of pigments from beet and cactus pears may be the key to their potential, suggests a new review from Brazil.
Plants are specialized in synthesizing and accumulating specific combinations of flavonoids out of a pool of about 5000 known flavonoids implying their adaptive functions. This review critically evaluates various functions of flavonoids and describes specific instances and strategies of biotechnological manipulation to improve plant performance and value addition. Most applications of modern plant biotechnology can be considered to involve the manipulation of DNA sequences originally isolated from plants or other organisms. g−1). (PR) and orange (PN), by measuring their composition in total betalains (betacyanins + betaxanthins), total soluble phenolics, and phenolic acids. The techniques of plant, organ, tissue and cell culture have evolved since the beginning of this century and combined with recent advances in genetics and using conventional plant breeding, the plant biotechnology is having a significant impact on agriculture, horticulture and forestry. in 1929 by Alexander Fleming led to ...
Join the beet renaissance! As the popularity of growing beets is increasing, all root vegetables are experiencing a culinary renaissance. Beets come in a variety of colors, shapes, and textures, but all are highly nutritious, including significant amounts of fiber, potassium, folic acid, and vitamin C. Betalains are powerful antioxidants that give red beets their red hue and unique flavor. Gold beets are rich in b-xanthin pigment. Beets are grown in all areas of the country, and plants take up very little garden space. Historical Information Beets were originally grown and enjoyed only for the greens. The root did not appear in recipes until 14th century England. Although there were only a few varieties known in the 17th and 18th centuries, women were using red beet juice as a cheek and lip stain. General Sowing When to Sow Outside: RECOMMENDED. 2 to 4 weeks before average last frost, when soil temperature is at least 45°F, ideally 60°-85°F, for early summer crop. 6 to 8 weeks before first fall
Beets are one root you cant beat! While genetically modified sugar beets are common raw materials used to make sugar, the beet variety typically eaten as a vegetable is lower in natural sugar and contains many unique, healthy nutrients.. Whats remarkable about beets is their amazing phytonutrient content. The red pigment (betacyanin) found in beets appears to protect against the development of cancerous cells, reduce inflammation, and detoxify the body. Also, there is a growing body of evidence showing that betaine is an important nutrient for the prevention of chronic disease. The betalain pigments found in beets help toxins bind to other molecules so they can be excreted from the body. This detoxifies and purifies the blood and liver. In fact, beetroot extract is used in conjunction with medicine to treat liver disease and fatty liver conditions.. Betaine is sometimes used as part of depression treatment to boost the natural production of hormones in the body that promote the feelings of ...
they do require a little extra time to prep and store, but even the haters may change their tune when armed with the knowledge of the general health and sport-specific benefi ts they offer.. A member of the chenopod family (also including quinoa, spinach, and chard), beets are rich in phytonutrients called betalains(betanin and vulgaxanthin) that have been shown to support our bodys detoxification pathways and provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support. Beets are also rich sources of dietary nitrates-which convert into nitric oxide (N.O.)-betaine, fiber, vitamin C, folate, manganese, iron, and potassium. In addition, beets have been shown to support eye and nerve tissue health, cardiovascular function, blood pressure regulation, and the fi ght against certain cancers. Historically, this alkaline veggie is also known to keep the liver and kidneys working properly and to nourish and purify the blood.. SAY YES TO N.O.. All of the above key nutrients found in beets are certainly of great ...
The red beet, more specifically the beetroot juice made from it, shows promise for increasing performance and reducing blood pressure. The juice specifically has been used in many studies to determine its health and performance benefits. (3) Beetroot juice has been studied for potential benefits in improved performance by lowering the muscles oxygen demand and increasing muscle efficiency, specifically in endurance exercise. Also, beets are naturally high in nitrates, and increased nitrates in the body have been shown to reduce blood pressure. This has many potential benefits for overall heart health.. Beets are high in fiber, as well as vitamins and minerals such as folate and potassium. The rich coloring of beets comes from betalains, pigments with powerful antioxidant potential.. There are some potential safety concerns regarding the amount of nitrates consumed, however. Nitrates may combine with other dietary nutrients to form nitrosamines that may be carcinogenic. More research is needed ...
Like red plant foods, yellow plants get their color from the whole gamut of molecules: carotenoids, anthocyanins & betalains. But the backbone of most yellow...
Vegetables and fruits with diverse natural colors contain abundant functional phytochemicals such as carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. Additionally, these phytochemicals also contain vitamins, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, food enzymes and other plant components. This book describes the relationship of evidence-based functions and mechanisms of the phytochemicals in vegetables and fruits, and foods including cereal crops, nuts, beans, seafood and others. Research has been found that a higher intake of fruits and vegetables has been epidemiologically associated with an improvement of and lower risk and treatment for many diseases such as cancer, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis and others. (Imprint: Nova Biomedical ). ...
Abstract. It is now well accepted that the consumption of plant-based foods is beneficial to human health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, and derived products can be excellent sources of minerals, vitamins, and fiber and usually have a favorable nutrient-to-energy ratio. Furthermore, plant foods are also a rich source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and betalains, with potential health benefits for humans. Many epidemiological studies have made a direct link between the consumption of plant foods and health. Human intervention studies have also shown that higher intake/consumption of plant foods can reduce the incidence of metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases, especially in at-risk populations such as obese people. In addition to its health benefits, plant foods are also used as functional ingredients in food applications such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and natural colorants. The Special Issue Foods of Plant Origin covers biodiscovery, functionality, the effect ...
They keep us free from foreign bacterial or virus invaders and stop us from being sick all the time.Too much of inflammation is a real cause for concern.. Protecting the body against developing inflammatory symptoms including cancers like lung, stomach, colon, and breast cancer and also provide protection against heart disease and other illnesses you need an excellent source of phytonutrients called betalains that helps in better absorption of manganese. Manganese is part of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, a powerful tool in the fight against dangerous free radicals.. When you eat manganese-rich foods like beets, your brain and nerves are able to function at their optimal levels.. ...
Red beet contains many ingredients like the high calories, potassium, sodium, vitamins, mineral, folate and other nutrients and fiber. Raw beet (or juice) can preserve the content like the betalains and the vitamins. This is stated to be good for purification of blood, removal of kidney and bladder stones, normalization of blood pressure and elimination of toxic elements from the internal organs.. ...
Everybody wants to live longer - and look younger while they do it. Fortunately, beets are a solid contribution to the pursuit of both of these parts of a healthy life.. The detoxification and anti-inflammatory properties of beets weve already mentioned contribute greatly to keeping you younger. The betalains in beets have been shown to exhibit antiviral and antimicrobial effects that can lessen tumor cell growth and protect against age-related diseases.. Oxidative damage and inflammation can do a lot of wear and tear to the body and skin, which contribute heavily to a more aged appearance. So, consuming beets regularly can help provide you with a natural defense against looking older than you actually are.. Beets are also a great source of fiber, which allows the digestive system to function more properly and supports weight loss. And when youre thinner and more regular, youll suffer from far fewer negative health issues associated with weight and digestion.. Beets help to naturally balance ...
This brand new Annual Plant Reviews volume is the second edition of the highly successful and well-received Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 2. This exciting new volume provides an up-to-date survey of the biochemistry and physiology of plant secondary metabolism. The volume commences with an overview of the biochemistry, physiology and function of secondary metabolism, followed by detailed reviews of the major groups of secondary metabolites: alkaloids and betalains, cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates and nonprotein amino acids, phenyl propanoids and related phenolics, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and saponins. A final chapter discusses the evolution of secondary metabolism.. This carefully compiled new edition brings together chapters from some of the worlds leading experts in plant secondary metabolism. Completely revised and brought right up to date with much new information, this volume is an essential purchase for advanced students, researchers and professionals in biochemistry, ...
The greater the heat, the greater the kinetic energy ofthe phospholipids and the more the lipid bilayer is disrupted. This leads to more openings and more betalains diffuse out of the cell into the surrounding water ...
Phytochemicals Mind Map: Full Listing of Phytochemicals That Have Protective Properties for Human Health. What are phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are plant che...
Fall is right around the corner and many superfoods will hit their peak season. The autumn harvest brings a wide variety of healthy and delicious produce, from winter squash and sweet potatoes to pears and apples. We also often tend to crave different foods as the seasons turn. Here are some fall favorites to boost your health and your taste buds. Apples Apples are high in fiber and antioxidants while being low in calories. We have lots of varieties to choose from, from sweet to tart. Be sure to eat the skin which contains hearty-healthy flavonoids. As the weather cools off, I recommend a baked apple for dessert. Add ...
Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., Mering, S. v., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler R., Ocampo G., Ochoterena, H., Oxelman, B., Rabeler, R. K., Sanchez, A., Schlumpberger, B. O. & Uotila, P. 2015. A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. DOI: 10.3372/wi.45.45301 PDF. Reference page ...
Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W. G., Borsch, T., Mering, S. von, Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler R., Ocampo G., Ochoterena, H., Oxelman, B., Rabeler, R. K., Sanchez, A., Schlumpberger, B. O. & Uotila, P. 2015. A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. Willdenowia 45(3): 281-383. doi: 10.3372/wi.45.45301 Full text PDF Reference page. ...
i/həˈhoʊbə/; Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub native to the Sonoran and Mojave deserts of Arizona, California, and Mexico. It is the sole species of the family Simmondsiaceae, placed in the order Caryophyllales. It is also known as goat nut, deer nut, pignut, wild hazel, quinine nut, coffeeberry, and gray box bush.[1] Jojoba is grown commercially for its oil, a liquid wax ester, extracted from the seed. The plant has also been used to combat and prevent desertification in the Thar Desert in India.[2] ...
Researchers in the field of metabolic engineering aim to develop processes to produce. useful chemicals, sustainably and responsibly, using biotechnology. These processes are. often designed to replace products derived from fossil fuels, which are unsustainable and. contribute to climate change, or plant-based products, which compete with food. production for scarce land and are subject to supply uncertainty due to weather, crop. disease, and climate change. Here, we present two research projects in metabolic. engineering. First, we demonstrate microbial production of the red food dye betanin by. engineering the betalain biosynthesis pathway into yeast. Betanin is currently. manufactured through extraction from red beets specifically grown for dye production.. We achieved betanin production levels of 17 mg/L, which is equivalent to the amount of. betanin found in 10 g/L of beet extract. With further production improvements, this. bioprocess may become cost-competitive with agricultural ...
Antioxidants that inhibit oxidation are stable molecules produced by the host or from the dietary sources.. Free radicals are highly reactive and unstable atoms with a single electron on the outermost ring. To become stable, free radicals intercept or donate an electron from stable atoms, leading to a chain reaction that can not be stopped until all electrons on the outermost ring are paired or inhibited by antioxidants.. Oxidative stress is a result of overexpression of free radicals compared to low levels of antioxidants in the body. Over time, oxidative stress induces protein, lipid, and cellular damage, leading to cells injury and death that facilitate the onset of chronic diseases, including CVD and cancer.. However, free radicals at a moderate level are necessary for the body function, including maintaining the blood vessels in the regulation of relaxation and constriction.. Some diseases associated with free radicals ...
Red pitayas were collected from MARDI Kundang Station with different ripening index. Total RNA of red pitaya fruits with 35 days after anthesis (DAA) were extracted and purified to get high quality total RNA. The purified total RNA was then subjected to Solexa sequencing using paired-end mRNA-seq method. The mRNA-seq sequencing results showed that total number of red pitaya paired-end reads obtained was 18,530,028 sequences and total number nucleotides obtained was 1,389,752,100nt. Sequence assembly using Velvet software revealed a total of 106,867 nodes. After the sequence filtering process (set value as ,80bp/node), we obtained 62,333 nodes. The homology search on the filtered sequences against non-redundant nucleic acid database (NR) showed that 31,423 nodes with significant E-value≤10-5. It was found that there were at least 97 nodes mapped to secondary metabolic pathways via Blast2Go analysis, particularly the biosynthesis pathways of phenylproparoid, betalain, flavonoid, carotenoid and ...
The flexibility of decanters from GEA makes them ideal for the extraction of secondary plant substances such as beta-carotene, lycopene, phenolic compounds and betalain.
In this work we have investigated the intercalation of electron-donors between NbS2 slabs in Nb-based layer sulfides.. Two series of Sr substituted Nb-based misfit sulfides belonging to the 1.5Q/1H and 1Q/1H series of misfit layer compounds have been synthesised. For large lanthanides (Ln=La, Ce), only the 1Q/1H compounds formed whereas for smaller lanthanides and yttrium, both types of phases can be obtained. The crystal structure of misfit sulfide (Pr0.55Sr0.45S)1.15NbS2 has been refined using the composite approach. In the Q-slab, Pr-atoms are partly replaced by Sr with a random distribution over one cation position. The crystal structure of misfit sulfide [(Sm1/3Sr2/3S)1.5]1.15NbS2 belonging to the 1.5Q/1H series have also been determined. The obtained results suggest a preferred occupancy of the cation positions in the slab where Sr atoms mainly occupy positions on the exterior of the slab while Sm atoms are in the center of the slab. The (La1-xSrxS)1.15NbS2 solid solution (0.1,x,0.9) has ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin.. AU - Tesoriere, Luisa. AU - Di Gaudio, Francesca. AU - Butera, Daniela. AU - Pintaudi, Anna Maria. AU - Livrea, Maria Antonia. AU - Kohen, Rohn. AU - Bongiorno, Antonino. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. KW - Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear. KW - Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear. UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10447/107910. M3 - Article. VL - J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6895-901.. JO - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. JF - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. SN - 0021-8561. ER - ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin.. AU - Di Gaudio, Francesca. AU - Tesoriere, Luisa. AU - Butera, Daniela. AU - Pintaudi, Anna Maria. AU - Livrea, Maria Antonia. AU - Kohen, Rohn. AU - Bongiorno, Antonino. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. KW - Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear. KW - Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear. UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10447/107910. M3 - Article. VL - J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6895-901.. JO - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. JF - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. SN - 0021-8561. ER - ...
Within core Caryophyllales, Physena (Physenaceae) is sister to Asteropeia, and this pair is sister to all other core Caryophyllales. Asteropeia and Physena, with five and two species, respectively, all of which are restricted to Madagascar, have been difficult to place taxonomically. Within the remaining core Caryophyllales, three major clades are well supported. The first comprises Caryophyllaceae (86 genera, 2,200 species; mostly with a temperate distribution), Achatocarpaceae (3 genera, 7 species; western North America to South America), and Amaranthaceae (including Chenopodiaceae; 174 genera, 2,050 species; warm temperate and subtropical regions) form a clade, with the last two as sisters. A second clade within core Caryophyllales consists of Basellaceae (4 genera, 20 species; pantropical), Didiereaceae (4 genera, 11 species; Madagascar), Portulacaceae (32 genera, 385 species; cosmopolitan), Cactaceae (100 genera, 1,500 species, mostly New World deserts), and Halophytaceae (monospecific; ...
Tyrosine hydroxylase was separated from polyphenol oxidase activity and was highly purified from betacyanin producing callus cultures of Portulaca grandiflora. The purified enzyme catalyzed the formation of DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) from tyrosine and required the pterin compounds (6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin; 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin) as coenzyme. The Km values for tyrosine and 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin were 0.5 mM and 0.15 mM, respectively. This enzyme was activated by Fe2+ and Mn2+, and inhibited by metal chelating agents.. ...
Betanin, a natural pigment that presents ubiquitously in plants, has been reported to show biological effects. However, not much is known on the effectiveness of betanin in regulating fat accumulation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the inhibitory effect of betanin on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its mechanism action. The results show betanin significantly inhibited oil red O-stained material (OROSM) and triglyceride levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating betanin inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was significantly inhibited in the betanin-treated adipocytes, implying that betanin suppressed the cellular PPARγexpression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the suppression of lipid accumulation by betanin occurred by decreasing the gene expression of PPARγ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Taken together, these
Beet Root (Beta vulgaris) has been historically cultivated for its culinary and medicinal properties. Betalains are the phytonutrients that give the root its vibrant red pigment that can also be used as a natural dye. Beets contain nutrients such as fiber, betaine, and nitrates, and are high in natural sugars, added earthy sweetness to foods and drinks.. Raw • Organic • Paleo Friendly • Vegan • Non-GMO • Gluten Free • Kosher. Benefits: Energy performance.. ...
Application Note - Fractionation of Betanin Food Dyes on RENSA® PY ». Food colorants are important ingredients in food and beverage, and also pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The trend within these industries is strongly moving away from artificial towards natural dyes originating preferably from plants, beetroot being one important source. The most important and most studied color compound in beetroot is betanin, also called beetroot red (E number E162).. This proof-of-concept investigation demonstrates that the resin RENSA® PY can separate betanin in an aqueous beetroot juice, and fractionate the dye compounds with the potential to retrieve a targeted fraction of a certain dye type. The process conditions are mild and neither salt gradients nor organic solvents are required for the dye separation.. Other resin types used for betanin retention such as reversed phase resins or ion exchangers typically do not display sufficient retention of the highly polar betanin, and require organic ...
Herein, chlorophyll and betalain dyes are extracted from fresh spinach leaves and beetroots. Fourier transform infrared spectra are used to identify the characteristic peaks of the extracted dyes. UV-vis light absorption characteristics of the dyes and their mixed counterpart are investigated by varying their pH and temperature. These dyes are used as photo sensitizer for fabrication of zinc oxide photo-anode based dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photo-voltaic characteristics of the developed DSSCs are measured under simulated solar light (power of incident light 100 mW cm−2 from Air Mass 1.5G). The solar to electric conversion efficiencies for the chlorophyll, betalain and mixed dye based solar cells are estimated as 0.148%, 0.197% and 0.294% respectively. The highest conversion efficiency for mixed dye based solar cell is attributed due to the absorption of wider range of solar spectrum.. ...
Artichoke. Silymarin, a bioflavonoid found in artichoke acts as an antioxidant as well as helps protect the liver against free radical attacks. It also contains cyarin that helps stimulate the production of bile.. Arugula. Arugula (known as rocket vegetable in Asia), a cruciferous vegetable, provides antioxidants as well as a broad spectrum of minerals and vitamins, all of which are vital for detox.. Asparagus. Asparagus makes a great detox vegetable because the chromium it contains serve to help balance blood sugar levels while youre on a detox.. Beets. Beets are a rich source of betalains, bioflavonoids that make beets appear red, a powerful antioxidant that helps the liver in removing impurities from your blood.. Bell Peppers. If you dont have a sensitivity to nightshade vegetables, you can always include bell peppers in your detox. Besides containing antioxidants, they contain a good number of different vitamins and a god source of fiber as well.. Bok Choy. Bok Choy, a cruciferous ...
This plant originates in Brazil but is commonly known as Japanese rose. I found this plant wedged in the crevice of a granite boulder by the sea. The flower is small and I imagine that if it could grow more profusely and carpet the boulder entirely, it would be a very pretty sight ...
Others. - Flowers and leaves placed on childs bed to drive evil spirits away. (9). Scientific studies about portulaca rose / vietnam rose. • Chronic Toxicity Study:. Study evaluated the toxic effects of Portulaca grandiflora aqueous extract in male and female Wistar rats for 6 months. The water extract at given doses of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/k per day did not induce any detrimental effect in rats.. • Phytoremediation Potential :. Study showed wild and tissue cultured plants of P. grandiflora were able to decolorize sulfonated diazo dye Navy Blue HE2R up to 98% in 40 h. The significant induction in the activities of lignin peroxidase, tyrosinase and DCIP reductase was observed in roots during dye decolorization. Phytotoxicity study showed reduction in toxicity due to metabolites formed after dye degradation.. • Safety Study / Phase 1 Trial / Healthy Human Volunteers:. A phase 1 clinical trial in 16 healthy volunteers investigated the safety of P. grandiflora, as well as preliminarily assess ...
Portulaca grandiflora is commonly known as moss rose. Portulaca is a succulent plant with thick stems and leaves. The trailing stems reach 6 inches tall and spread 12 inches wide. The bright green leaves are cylindrical and 1 inch long with pointed tips. Moss rose blossoms bloom all summer with jewel-toned colors. ...
Introduction. How Temperature Affects the Movement of Pigment Through Cell Membranes Aim: To use beetroot to examine the effect of temperature on cell membranes and relate the effects observed to membrane structure. Hypothesis: An increase in temperature will damage and denature the membrane and cause the substances contained within it to leak out. Overview: The experiment below displays the effects of temperature on the pigment in uncooked beetroot cells. The pigment in beetroot cells lies within the cell vacuole and is called betalain, each vacuole is surrounded by a tonoplast membrane and outside it, the cytoplasm is surrounded by the plasma membrane, therefore the foundation of this experiment lies with the temperature at which the membranes will rupture and therefore leak the pigment. To do this a series of uncooked beetroot cylinders will be exposed to different temperatures and then to distilled water at room temperature (20�C). The colour of the distilled water is the variable here. ...
Moss roses, also known as portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora), are drought-tolerant, succulent annuals that grow in all U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones. Moss rose is a low-growing ...
If this recipe for Antioxidant Shooters has caught your eye, I have a feeling you are aware that pomegranate juice, strawberries and blueberries are filled with antioxidants. With the addition of beets, this recipe is SUPER high in antioxidants. If you dont have time to cook beets, you can often find them on the salad bar at a high end or gourmet grocery store. What is interesting about beets is not the fact that they are rich in antioxidants, but the unusual mix of antioxidants that they contain. Beets have unique antioxidants since they get their red color primarily from betalain antioxidant pigments (and not primarily from anthocyanins). This combined with being a very good source of the antioxidant manganese and vitamin C, provides antioxidant support in a different way than other antioxidant-rich vegetables.. Have you heard the term but wonder why antioxidants are important? Antioxidants offer a number of health benefits and can help possibly prevent diseases, ranging from cancer to ...
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Eating beetroot or drinking beetroot juice on a regular and moderate basis has been found to be very beneficial for our skin and aids in keeping various signs of premature aging like fine lines, age spots, dark spots, skin blemishes, etc. at bay.. This benefit of beetroot is mainly because of the antioxidants like Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene and other antioxidantal compounds like phytonutrients, polyphenols, etc. present in them.. The antioxidants in beetroot fights with the free radicals of our body, stabilizes them and thus prevents them from causing oxidative damage to our skin cells, and thus aids in keeping premature aging at bay.. Free radicals are nothing but the unstabilized ions that get formed during the oxidation process in our system. As these are unstabilized, so, they steal electrons from the neighboring molecules, and while doing so it causes oxidative damage to them.. Antioxidants are also effective in removing toxins from our system, and this also aids in maintaining ...
Photo Source. Whats beetroot got to do with cell biology? Well, today we did a practical experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the plasma membrane of beetroot tissue. Why beetroot? Because it is relatively easy to identify the amount of damage to cell membranes by observing the pigment leakage from the tissue. We used four 5mm x 15mm cylinders of beetroot and four different treatments - room temperature (control), freezing overnight, 50 degrees Celcius and 70 degrees Celcius for 2 minutes each. Then each sample was placed in a test tube with 5 ml of water. What did our results show?. One of the questions in this practical asks why some people put hessian bags over their garden plants in winter and how some plants can survive freezing temperatures. Hessian bags can help to insulate plants against the effects of freezing - some wineries use large fans to keep air circulating over their crops for the same reason. Some plants are genetically more tolerant of frost. This article, ...
Beetroot Cutlets are savoury snacks with fresh vibrant flavours. These healthy beetroot and potato cutlets are a sure way to appease hungry kids. Enjoy!
Is beetroot just a part of your salad or something more? Are there any health benefits of beetroot? Yes, there are numerous health benefits of beetroot.
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a green and leafy wild vegetable. It is found mainly throughout Asia and has been used for centuries for its properties. As it is used today, Purslane is meant mainly to promote general good health and well-being.. ...
Beetroot (also known by its colloquial name, beets, or beta vulgaris) is a sweet, healthy vegetable loaded with antioxidants. Its actually these antioxidants, packed inside beetroots red pigments, that contain cancer-preventing and...
You might see beetroot on the menu at your local juice shop. Juicing beetroot has a number of health benefits. Here are 12 of them.
The earthy tang of beetroot and the creaminess of tzatziki mixing as one in delectable harmony. Our Crafted Beetroot Tzatziki is a flavour match made in dip heaven.. ...
Once upon a time, when I lived with two very lovely former housemates in my previous abode, we liked to discover ways of cooking with new vegetables. Actually you could either blame one of my housemate - or give credit to her - for why I got sidetracked from my ultimate chocolate brownie recipe quest. She told me that she had abandoned some beetroot in the fridge when she went away. So I decided to bake a cake with them.. When I was younger, I didnt know that beetroot could come in any other way than sitting in a jar of pickle. And I wasnt very keen on it. Now, ive tried it roasted and crisped (i love the latter) but making a cake with it? I was in a very adventurous mood when I set my mind to it. The only two criteria that it had to meet was that it was a Good Food Channel recipe (so that I could enter their photo competition) and I had the ingredients in my cupboard. Heres the result!. ...
How to Remove Beetroot Stains. Removing beetroot stains is no easy task, but the good news is that there are several household remedies! As soon as the spill occurs, be sure to treat it immediately with cold water to keep the stain from...
In a recent study, a research group led by Christian Gruber at MedUni Viennas Institute of Pharmacology isolated a peptide (small protein molecule) from beetroot. The peptide is able to inhibit a particular enzyme that is responsible for the breakdown of messenger molecules in the body. Due to its particularly stable molecular structure and pharmacological properties, the beetroot peptide may be a good candidate for development of a drug to treat certain inflammatory diseases, such as e.g. neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases.
Whether you roast it whole, blend into a classic soup or drink as juice like the Olympians do, beetroot is low in fat, full of vitamins and minerals and packed with powerful antioxidants - a health-food titan.
Buy Solgar Beetroot Extract online. Antioxidant health supplement with folic acid, vitamin B6, fibre, manganese, potassium, vitamin C & iron. Anti-inflammatory
Like apples, beetroot are a great source of the dietary fibre, pectin. They also contain other important nutrients including betaine, which support liver cells in their role of chief detoxification organ.. It has also been associated with lowering homocysteine, a chemical produced when an amino acid called methionine is broken down in the body. Because we all eat protein, we all have some homocysteine in our blood; however, raised levels have shown an increased risk for hardening of the arteries, a precursor for heart attacks and strokes, and also blood clots in the veins.. Fibre is an important part of a healthy diet. A diet high in fibre has many health benefits. It can help prevent heart disease, diabetes, weight gain and some cancers, and can also improve digestive health.. However, many people dont get enough fibre. On average, most people in the UK get about 14g of fibre a day. You should aim for at least 18g a day.. Fibre is only found in foods that come from plants. Foods such as meat, ...
Hit your palate with contrasting flavours - sweet, sour, juicy, spicy, nutty. All flavours in one bowl of beetroot and black eyed bean salad. This ruby red salad is quick and easy to make for your family and is packed with nutritional goodness. This recipe was originally published in the food and drink/ lifestyle section of Yahoo on 30th May 2014. Please click on the link below to read:
Our favourite for pre or post work out Bone Broth is a natural source of Collagen, Protein, Amino Acids such as Glutamine and Carnitine. With the added goodness of Australian Beetroot to take that healing to the next level. Beets naturally contain large quantities of nitrates to help boost exercise perfomance. For a b
Purchase your Power Health Beetroot Capsules from G Baldwin & Co one of the leading herbalists in London, supplying an extensive range of natural remedies.
With its riotous color, earthy flavor and bright berry dressing, our beetroot salad recipe will quickly become a family favorite!
Iwanted to know which you would choose to use ? Beetroots are something I regularly eat do I need the powdered stuff for anything then ?
Beetroot Nitrate 3000 Concentrate packs 3000mg of nitrate per bottle. Supplied in singles or bulk delivered through your door by Komfuel.
Beetroot is best between June and October, because then it is the freshest, but you can buy it all year. Always choose those of medium size, for ease of cooking and preparation. It is also important for it to be hard and round, on the same note. Cut them always on a plastic board, and watch out for possible stains, because it is quite difficult to remove ...
LOCKYER Farmers United president Colin Dorber is confident a new beetroot cannery could be up-and-running in the region within the next two years.
mmmm...I like pickled beetroot though it has been quite a while since I had it..but now may be I should start eating them regularly, at least during my training period (into my 3rd day of walking/jogging)..hehehe ...
Roast beetroot is a versatile vegan recipe that tastes divine. Eat it straight as a snack, toss wedges in a salad or serve as a side dish to your main meal.
Todays job: To reproduce Baxters Redcurrant and Beetroot Relish (or Chutney, I misremember which), which I became quite fond of in the 90s, briefly, before it vanished. Occasional checks of Baxters website since then have failed to turn it up. A quick check today, however, while still coming up blank in chutneys and relishes, gave…
One of the benefits of portulaca on the skin is that it has a soothing effect, making it a useful treatment for inflammatory skin injuries, such as boils and cuts. A topical poultice, made by mashing the plant in a pestle and mortar, applied to the injured area should provide immediate relief. In the Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism, a review of portulaca stated that it accelerates the healing process of the wound by decreasing its surface area and improving the skins elasticity. ...
This trailing plant has succulent looking foliage, produces small bright colored blooms, heat tolerant, blooms spring and summer.
Beta-amyloid is a sticky protein fragment, or peptide, that accumulates in the brain, disrupting communication between brain cells called neurons.
This vivid risotto is simply baked in the oven, so theres no need to spend lots of time at the stove stirring, from BBC Good Food Magazine.
Incredibly delicious and gorgeous rice dish brimming with health. Impress your guests or loved ones by preparing this special yet simple dish at home.
Theres been a lot of hype online about beetrot benefits for obstacle race training, so we decided to look for some scientific evidence.
Look up betalain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Betalains at Wikimedia Commons Betalain synthesis diagram ... The name "betalain" comes from the Latin name of the common beet (Beta vulgaris), from which betalains were first extracted. ... Both betalains and anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells. However, betalains are ... For example, betalains contain nitrogen whereas anthocyanins do not. It is now known that betalains are aromatic indole ...
Specific betalains found in H. appalachianensis include muscaflavin, and a group of compounds called hygroaurins, which are ... Steglich W, Strack D (1991). "Chapter 1 Betalains". In Brossi A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. San Diego; ... The colors of Hygrocybe mushrooms originate from betalains, a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments. ...
Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are synthesized ... Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of beets. Anthocyanins (literally "flower blue") are water-soluble flavonoid ... Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments ...
Tanaka, Yoshikazu; Sasaki, Nobuhiro; Ohmiya, Akemi (2008-05-01). "Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and ...
Tanaka, Yoshikazu; Sasaki, Nobuhiro; Ohmiya, Akemi (2008-05-04). "Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and ...
... they are replaced by betalains. Anthocyanins and betalains have never been found in the same plant. Sometimes bred purposely ... ISBN 978-1-891127-00-7. Stafford, Helen A. (1994). "Anthocyanins and betalains: evolution of the mutually exclusive pathways". ...
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5. Berlin ...
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Vol. V. p. 292. ISBN 9783662072554. (Articles with short ...
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-662-07255-4. ...
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Vol. V. p. 293-294. ISBN 9783662072554. (Articles with ...
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Vol. V. p. 295. ISBN 9783662072554. (Articles with short ...
Betalain Dean D. Metcalfe, Hugh A. Sampson, Ronald A. Simon: Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives. 4th ... Other dietary sources of betanin and other betalains include the Opuntia cactus, Swiss chard, and the leaves of some strains of ... Herbach, Kirsten M.; Stintzing, Florian C.; Carle, Reinhold (May 2006). "Betalain Stability and Degradation?Structural and ... Betanin is a betalain pigment, together with isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. Other pigments contained in beet are ...
These pigments are much more abundant sources of antioxidant compounds than betalains. The stability of the betalains pigments ... Thirty two types of betalains have been reported in Ulluco, 20 in the form of betaxanthins and the remaining 12 in the form of ... Svenson J.; Smallfield B.M.; Joyce NI; Sansom C.; Perry N. (2008). "Betalains in red and yellow varieties of the Andean tuber ... Ulluco is a crop that contains betalains pigments in the base form of betacyanins and acid form of betaxanthins. ...
The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae ... Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. pp. 1-4. ISBN 978-3-642-07680-0. "Caryophyllales". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. ...
Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. V. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 305 ...
Kubitzki, Klaus; Bayer, Clemens (2013). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. ...
Klaus Kubitzki, Clemens Bayer (2003). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Capparales, Malvales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. ...
... and Non-Betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 978-3-540-42873 ...
... and Non-Betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 978-3-540-42873 ...
Kubitzki, Klaus; Bayer, Clemens (2013-04-17). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain ...
Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and genera of vascular ...
Widespread in the Amaranthaceae is the occurrence of betalain pigments. The former Chenopodiaceae often contain isoflavonoids. ...
The three major pigments involved in floral color change are anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains. Color changes can occur ... or an accumulation of betalains. Floral color change may also be caused by an increase or decrease in pH causing a reddening/ ...
2005). "Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans". Pharmacological ...
5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 3-540-42873 ...
Pokeweed berries also contain betalain pigments such as betanin and others. The leaves contain a number of common flavonols. ... Iwashina, T.; Kitajima, J. (2009). "Flavonoids from the leaves of betalain-containing species, Phytolacca americana ( ...
5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 3-540-42873 ...
The red color of the fruit and juice is due to betalains, (betanin and indicaxanthin). The plant also contains flavonoids, such ... fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin". J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (23): 6895-901. ...
... the reddish hues are due to betalain pigments as usual for Caryophyllales. The fruit is berry-like, club-shaped or elongated, ...
... anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. ...

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