Betalains
Betacyanins
Betaxanthins
Cactaceae
Effect of zinc deficiency on betacyanin production in a cell suspension culture of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.). (1/9)
The effect of microelements in the Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium on betacyanin production was investigated in suspension cultures of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Removing zinc from the medium resulted in a high betacyanin content of the cells, the betacyanin content of the cells decreasing with increasing zinc concentration in the medium. The betacyanin content of cells cultured in the medium without zinc was twice as high as that in the medium containing 0.03 mM of zinc. In the revised LS medium without zinc, the maximum betacyanin yield was obtained of 590 mg/l from a 21-day culture. (+info)Characterization and functional identification of a novel plant 4,5-extradiol dioxygenase involved in betalain pigment biosynthesis in Portulaca grandiflora. (2/9)
Betalains are pigments that replace anthocyanins in the majority of families of the plant order Caryophyllales. Betalamic acid is the common chromophore of betalains. The key enzyme of the betalain biosynthetic pathway is an extradiol dioxygenase that opens the cyclic ring of dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) between carbons 4 and 5, thus producing an unstable seco-DOPA that rearranges nonenzymatically to betalamic acid. A gene for a 4,5-DOPA-dioxygenase has already been isolated from the fungus Amanita muscaria, but no homolog was ever found in plants. To identify the plant gene, we constructed subtractive libraries between different colored phenotypes of isogenic lines of Portulaca grandiflora (Portulacaceae) and between different stages of flower bud formation. Using in silico analysis of differentially expressed cDNAs, we identified a candidate showing strong homology at the level of translated protein with the LigB domain present in several bacterial extradiol 4,5-dioxygenases. The gene was expressed only in colored flower petals. The function of this gene in the betalain biosynthetic pathway was confirmed by biolistic genetic complementation in white petals of P. grandiflora genotypes lacking the gene for color formation. This gene named DODA is the first characterized member of a novel family of plant dioxygenases phylogenetically distinct from Amanita sp. DOPA-dioxygenase. Homologs of DODA are present not only in betalain-producing plants but also, albeit with some changes near the catalytic site, in other angiosperms and in the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens. These homologs are part of a novel conserved plant gene family probably involved in aromatic compound metabolism. (+info)Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. (3/9)
BACKGROUND: Betalains were recently identified as natural antioxidants. However, little is known about their bioavailability from dietary sources. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the bioavailability of betalains from dietary sources. DESIGN: The plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of betalains were studied in healthy volunteers (n = 8) after a single ingestion of 500 g cactus pear fruit pulp, which provided 28 and 16 mg indicaxanthin and betanin, respectively. The incorporation of betalains in LDL and the resistance of the particles to ex vivo-induced oxidation was also researched. RESULTS: Betanin and indicaxanthin reached their maximum plasma concentrations 3 h after the fruit meal and declined according to first-order kinetics. The half-life of betanin (0.94 +/- 0.07 h) was shorter than that of indicaxanthin (2.36 +/- 0.17 h). Both compounds had disappeared from plasma by 12 h after intake. The urinary excretion of indicaxanthin and betanin over 12 h represented 76 +/- 3.0% and 3.7 +/- 0.2%, respectively, of the ingested compounds. LDL isolated 3 and 5 h after the fruit meal incorporated betalains at concentrations of 100.5 +/- 11 and 50 +/- 7.2 pmol/mg LDL protein, respectively. In addition, the particles appeared more resistant to ex vivo-induced oxidative injury than did the samples isolated before fruit ingestion (P < 0.05)-the higher the amount of betalains incorporated, the higher the resistance. The concentrations of vitamin E and beta-carotene in LDL did not change significantly after fruit ingestion. CONCLUSION: Our results show that cactus pear fruit is a source of bioavailable betalains and suggest that indicaxanthin and betanin may be involved in the observed protection of LDL against ex vivo-induced oxidative modifications. (+info)Betaxanthins as substrates for tyrosinase. An approach to the role of tyrosinase in the biosynthetic pathway of betalains. (4/9)
Tyrosinase or polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) is the key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis and in the enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. The role of tyrosinase in the secondary metabolism of plants still remains unclear, but its implication in betalain biosynthesis has been proposed. Betalains are an important class of water-soluble pigments, characteristic of plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. In this article, the betaxanthins, tyrosine-betaxanthin (portulacaxanthin II) and dopaxanthin, are reported to be physiological substrates for tyrosinase. The direct activity of tyrosinase on selected betaxanthins is characterized in depth, and conversion of tyrosine-betaxanthin to dopaxanthin and its further oxidation to a series of compounds are described. Identity of the reaction products was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Masses determined for the reaction products were the same in all cases, 389 m/z ([M + H]+) and equal to that determined for betanidin. Data indicate that dopaxanthin-quinone is obtained and evolves to more stable species by intramolecular cyclization. Kinetic parameters for tyrosinase acting on dopaxanthin were evaluated, showing a high affinity for this substrate (K(m) = 84.3 microM). The biosynthetic scheme of betalains is reviewed and a branch is proposed based on the description of physiological substrates for tyrosinase. Lampranthus productus, Glottiphylum oligocarpum, and Glottiphylum pigmaeum are described as sources of stereopure (2S/S)-dopaxanthin. (+info)HPLC characterization of betalains from plants in the amaranthaceae. (5/9)
HPLC characterization of reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been widely used in separation and identification of plant pigments. An effective RP-HPLC-based method is established to systematically isolate, identify, and quantitate the betalain pigments in the plants of 37 species of eight genera in the Amaranthaceae. A total of 16 betacyanins and three betaxanthins are characterized mainly using the RP-HPLC method and also with the aid of mass spectroscopy. The identified betacyanins include eight amaranthine-types, six gomphrenin-types, and two betanin-types. They are also divided into six simple (nonacylated) betacyanins and 10 acylated betacyanins. Acylated betacyanins are identified as betanidin 5-O-beta-glucuronosylglucoside or betanidin 6-O-beta-glucoside acylated with ferulic, p-coumaric, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acids. Three betaxanthins were separated from Celosia species in the Amaranthaceae and identified to be immonium conjugates of betalamic acid with dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, and (S)-tryptophan; the latter two are found to be new betaxanthins from plants. (+info)Physiological properties of beetroot crisps applied in standard and dyslipidaemic diets of rats. (6/9)
(+info)Betalain production is possible in anthocyanin-producing plant species given the presence of DOPA-dioxygenase and L-DOPA. (7/9)
(+info)A nature-inspired betalainic probe for live-cell imaging of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. (8/9)
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The effects of boiling and fermentation on betalain profiles and antioxidant capacities of red beetroot products - PubAg
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Isolation and Purification of Tyrosine Hydroxylase from Callus Cultures of Portulaca grandiflora : Plant and Cell Physiology -...
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Betalain
Look up betalain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Betalains at Wikimedia Commons Betalain synthesis diagram ... The name "betalain" comes from the Latin name of the common beet (Beta vulgaris), from which betalains were first extracted. ... Both betalains and anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells. However, betalains are ... For example, betalains contain nitrogen whereas anthocyanins do not. It is now known that betalains are aromatic indole ...
Hygrocybe appalachianensis
Specific betalains found in H. appalachianensis include muscaflavin, and a group of compounds called hygroaurins, which are ... Steglich W, Strack D (1991). "Chapter 1 Betalains". In Brossi A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. San Diego; ... The colors of Hygrocybe mushrooms originate from betalains, a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments. ...
Biological pigment
Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are synthesized ... Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of beets. Anthocyanins (literally "flower blue") are water-soluble flavonoid ... Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments ...
Gomphrena globosa
Tanaka, Yoshikazu; Sasaki, Nobuhiro; Ohmiya, Akemi (2008-05-01). "Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and ...
Herbal distillate
Tanaka, Yoshikazu; Sasaki, Nobuhiro; Ohmiya, Akemi (2008-05-04). "Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and ...
Anthocyanin
... they are replaced by betalains. Anthocyanins and betalains have never been found in the same plant. Sometimes bred purposely ... ISBN 978-1-891127-00-7. Stafford, Helen A. (1994). "Anthocyanins and betalains: evolution of the mutually exclusive pathways". ...
Klaus Kubitzki
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5. Berlin ...
Corynabutilon
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Vol. V. p. 292. ISBN 9783662072554. (Articles with short ...
August Heintze
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-662-07255-4. ...
Bastardiastrum
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Vol. V. p. 293-294. ISBN 9783662072554. (Articles with ...
Krapovickasia
Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Vol. V. p. 295. ISBN 9783662072554. (Articles with short ...
Betanin
Betalain Dean D. Metcalfe, Hugh A. Sampson, Ronald A. Simon: Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives. 4th ... Other dietary sources of betanin and other betalains include the Opuntia cactus, Swiss chard, and the leaves of some strains of ... Herbach, Kirsten M.; Stintzing, Florian C.; Carle, Reinhold (May 2006). "Betalain Stability and Degradation?Structural and ... Betanin is a betalain pigment, together with isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. Other pigments contained in beet are ...
Ullucus
These pigments are much more abundant sources of antioxidant compounds than betalains. The stability of the betalains pigments ... Thirty two types of betalains have been reported in Ulluco, 20 in the form of betaxanthins and the remaining 12 in the form of ... Svenson J.; Smallfield B.M.; Joyce NI; Sansom C.; Perry N. (2008). "Betalains in red and yellow varieties of the Andean tuber ... Ulluco is a crop that contains betalains pigments in the base form of betacyanins and acid form of betaxanthins. ...
Caryophyllales
The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae ... Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. pp. 1-4. ISBN 978-3-642-07680-0. "Caryophyllales". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. ...
Plagianthus
Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. V. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 305 ...
Septotheca
Kubitzki, Klaus; Bayer, Clemens (2013). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. ...
Glossostemon
Klaus Kubitzki, Clemens Bayer (2003). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Capparales, Malvales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. ...
Lachnocapsa
... and Non-Betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 978-3-540-42873 ...
Eudema
... and Non-Betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 5. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 978-3-540-42873 ...
Capparales
Kubitzki, Klaus; Bayer, Clemens (2013-04-17). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain ...
Inflorescence
Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and genera of vascular ...
Amaranthaceae
Widespread in the Amaranthaceae is the occurrence of betalain pigments. The former Chenopodiaceae often contain isoflavonoids. ...
Floral color change
The three major pigments involved in floral color change are anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains. Color changes can occur ... or an accumulation of betalains. Floral color change may also be caused by an increase or decrease in pH causing a reddening/ ...
Beetroot
2005). "Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans". Pharmacological ...
Tumbleweed
5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 3-540-42873 ...
Phytolacca americana
Pokeweed berries also contain betalain pigments such as betanin and others. The leaves contain a number of common flavonols. ... Iwashina, T.; Kitajima, J. (2009). "Flavonoids from the leaves of betalain-containing species, Phytolacca americana ( ...
Anastatica
5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75-174. ISBN 3-540-42873 ...
Opuntia ficus-indica
The red color of the fruit and juice is due to betalains, (betanin and indicaxanthin). The plant also contains flavonoids, such ... fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin". J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (23): 6895-901. ...
Mammillaria
... the reddish hues are due to betalain pigments as usual for Caryophyllales. The fruit is berry-like, club-shaped or elongated, ...
Plant morphology
... anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. ...