Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase
Glycine N-Methyltransferase
Betaine
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Methyltransferases
DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase
Methylation
Protein Methyltransferases
O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 µmol/l). Hyperhomocysteinemia can be familial or acquired. Development of the acquired hyperhomocysteinemia is mostly associated with vitamins B and/or folate deficiency (e.g., PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, vitamin malabsorption). Familial hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in HOMOCYSTINURIA. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and complications during pregnancy.
S-Adenosylmethionine
Vitamin B 12
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
Folic Acid
Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
tRNA Methyltransferases
Lipotropic Agents
S-Adenosylhomocysteine
Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases
Interaction between dietary methionine and methyl donor intake on rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase gene expression and organization of the human gene. (1/91)
We previously showed that rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) mRNA content and activity increased 4-fold when rats were fed a methionine-deficient diet containing adequate choline, compared with rats fed the same diet with control levels of methionine (Park, E. I., Renduchintala, M. S., and Garrow, T. A. (1997) J. Nutr. Biochem. 8, 541-545). A further 2-fold increase was observed in rats fed the methionine-deficient diet with supplemental betaine. The nutrition studies reported here were designed to determine whether other methyl donors would induce rat liver BHMT gene expression when added to a methionine-deficient diet and to define the relationship between the degree of methionine restriction and level of methyl donor intake on BHMT expression. Therefore, rats were fed amino acid-defined diets varying in methionine and methyl donor composition. The effect of diet on BHMT expression was evaluated using Northern, Western, and enzyme activity analyses. Similar to when betaine was added to a methionine-deficient diet, choline or sulfonium analogs of betaine induced BHMT expression. The diet-induced induction of hepatic BHMT activity was mediated by increases in the steady-state level of its mRNA and immunodetectable protein. Using methyl donor-free diets, we found that methionine restriction was required but alone not sufficient for the high induction of BHMT expression. Concomitant with methionine restriction, dietary methyl groups were required for high levels of BHMT induction, and a dose-dependent relationship was observed between methyl donor intake and BHMT induction. Furthermore, the severity of methionine restriction influenced the magnitude of BHMT induction. To study the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of BHMT, we have cloned the human BHMT gene. This gene spans about 20 kilobases of DNA and contains 8 exons and 7 introns. Using RNA isolated from human liver and hepatoma cells, a major transcriptional start site has been mapped using the 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique, and this start site is 26 nucleotides downstream from a putative TATA box. (+info)Autolysosomal membrane-associated betaine homocysteine methyltransferase. Limited degradation fragment of a sequestered cytosolic enzyme monitoring autophagy. (2/91)
We compared the membrane proteins of autolysosomes isolated from leupeptin-administered rat liver with those of lysosomes. In addition to many polypeptides common to the two membranes, the autolysosomal membranes were found to be more enriched in endoplasmic reticulum lumenal proteins (protein-disulfide isomerase, calreticulin, ER60, BiP) and endosome/Golgi markers (cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, transferrin receptor, Golgi 58-kDa protein) than lysosomal membranes. The autolysosomal membrane proteins include three polypeptides (44, 35, and 32 kDa) whose amino-terminal sequences have not yet been reported. Combining immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses, we identified the 44-kDa peptide as the intact subunit of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase and the 35- and 32-kDa peptides as two proteolytic fragments. Pronase digestion of autolysosomes revealed that the 44-kDa and 32-kDa peptides are present in the lumen, whereas the 35-kDa peptide is not. In primary hepatocyte cultures, the starvation-induced accumulation of the 32-kDa peptide occurs in the presence of E64d, showing that the 32-kDa peptide is formed from the sequestered 44-kDa peptide during autophagy. The accumulation is induced by rapamycin but completely inhibited by wortmannin, 3-methyladenine, and bafilomycin. Thus, detection of the 32-kDa peptide by immunoblotting can be used as a streamlined assay for monitoring autophagy. (+info)Apolipoprotein B mRNA and lipoprotein secretion are increased in McArdle RH-7777 cells by expression of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase. (3/91)
The cDNA encoding rat betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) was isolated through production of monoclonal antibodies against protein fractions enriched with apolipoprotein B (apo B)-mRNA-editing complexes. BHMT mRNA was expressed predominantly in liver, and also in kidney, but not in small intestine. In stable McArdle RH-7777 (McA) cell lines expressing differing levels of BHMT, the editing efficiency of apo B mRNA was unchanged. Evaluation of apo B-mRNA expression revealed that steady-state levels were increased significantly and in parallel with BHMT protein expression. The highest levels of BHMT mRNA and BHMT enzyme activity expressed in stably transfected McA cells were comparable with those found in rat hepatocytes. In contrast to the changes in apo B-mRNA abundance, levels of other apolipoprotein-encoding mRNAs and several liver-specific and ubiquitously expressed mRNAs were unchanged by BHMT expression. In the cell line expressing the highest level of BHMT, apo B-containing lipoprotein secretion was increased, indicating utilization of increased endogenous message. Results suggest that apo B-mRNA abundance in McA cells is related to the expression of BHMT, an enzyme important in homocysteine metabolism. (+info)Leupeptin-induced appearance of partial fragment of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase during autophagic maturation in rat hepatocytes. (4/91)
A cytosolic enzyme, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), and its partial fragments were discovered as autolysosomal membrane proteins from rat liver in the presence of leupeptin [Ueno et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15222-15229]. The present study was undertaken to further characterize the transport and processing of BHMT from cytosol to autolysosome and to test if the fragment can be used as an in vitro probe for the maturation step of macroautophagy. Upon subcellular fractionation, BHMT (p44) was found in all fractions, while its 32-kDa fragment (p32) was found only in the mitochondrial-lysosomal (ML) fraction. Incubation of isolated hepatocytes with leupeptin induced time-dependent accumulation of p32 in the ML fraction from 30 to 90 min after the start of incubation. However, chloroquine completely inhibited the appearance of p32, indicating that the processing from p44 to p32 is lysosomal. Incubation with Bafilomycin A(1), a vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitor, together with leupeptin, led to linear accumulation of p44, but not of p32. The p44 accumulation rate was calculated to be 4.9%/h, which was comparable to autophagic sequestration rate. The distribution of p44 within the ML fraction turned out to be dual, i.e., the membrane-surface attached and luminal/sedimentable forms. Amino acids and 3-methyladenine, both of which specifically suppress macroautophagy, inhibited the accumulation of p32 as well as of p44. Finally, energy-dependent appearance of p32 was demonstrated during incubation of postnucler supernatant fractions, making it possible to establish an in vitro assay system. All the results strongly support the idea that BHMT is taken up and degraded to p32 through the macroautophagic pathway, and that p32 could be a novel probe for the maturation of macroautophagy. (+info)Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. (5/91)
BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that is common in chronic renal failure (CRF), but its cause is unknown. Homocysteine metabolism is linked to betaine-homocysteine methyl transferase (BHMT), a zinc metalloenzyme that converts glycine betaine (GB) to N,N dimethylglycine (DMG). DMG is a known feedback inhibitor of BHMT. We postulated that DMG might accumulate in CRF and contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia by inhibiting BHMT activity. METHODS: Plasma and urine concentrations of GB and DMG were measured in 33 dialysis patients (15 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and 18 hemodialysis), 33 patients with CRF, and 33 age-matched controls. Concentrations of fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), red cell and serum folate, vitamins B(6) and B(12), serum zinc, and routine biochemistry were also measured. Groups were compared, and determinants of plasma tHcy were identified by correlations and stepwise linear regression. RESULTS: Plasma DMG increased as renal function declined and was twofold to threefold elevated in dialysis patients. Plasma GB did not differ between groups. The fractional excretion of GB (FE(GB)) was increased tenfold, and FED(MG) was doubled in CRF patients compared with controls. Plasma tHcy correlated positively with plasma DMG, the plasma DMG:GB ratio, plasma creatinine, and FE(GB) and negatively with serum folate, zinc, and plasma GB. In the multiple regression model, only plasma creatinine, plasma DMG, or the DMG:GB ratio was independent predictors of tHcy. CONCLUSIONS: DMG accumulates in CRF and independently predicts plasma tHcy concentrations. These findings suggest that reduced BHMT activity is important in the pathogenesis of hyperhomocysteinemia in CRF. (+info)Selenium deficiency in Fisher-344 rats decreases plasma and tissue homocysteine concentrations and alters plasma homocysteine and cysteine redox status. (6/91)
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of graded amounts of dietary selenium on plasma and tissue parameters of methionine metabolism including homocysteine. Male weanling Fisher-344 rats (n = 7-8/group) were fed a selenium-deficient, torula yeast-based diet, supplemented with 0 (selenium deficient), 0.02, 0.05 or 0.1 microg (adequate) selenium (as selenite)/g diet. After 61 d, plasma total homocysteine and cysteine were decreased (P < 0.0001) and glutathione increased (P < 0.0001) by selenium deficiency. The concentrations of homocysteine in kidney and heart were decreased (P = 0.02) by selenium deficiency. The activities of liver betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, methionine synthase, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, cystathionine synthase and cystathionase were determined; selenium deficiency affected only betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, which was decreased (P < 0.0001). The ratios of plasma free reduced homocysteine (or cysteine) to free oxidized homocysteine (or cysteine) or to total homocysteine (or cysteine) were increased by selenium deficiency, suggesting that selenium status affects the normally tightly controlled redox status of these thiols. Most differences due to dietary selenium were between rats fed 0 or 0.02 microg selenium/g diet and those fed 0.05 or 0.1 microg selenium/g diet. The metabolic consequences of a marked decrease in plasma homocysteine and smaller but significant decreases in tissue homocysteine are not known. (+info)Methionine supply to growing steers affects hepatic activities of methionine synthase and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, but not cystathionine synthase. (7/91)
The effects of supplemental methionine (Met), supplied abomasally, on the activities of methionine synthase (MS), cystathionine synthase (CS) and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) were studied in growing steers. Six Holstein steers (205 kg) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square experiment. Steers were fed 2.6 kg dry matter daily of a diet containing 83% soybean hulls and 8% wheat straw. Ruminal infusions of 180 g/d acetate, 180 g/d propionate, 45 g/d butyrate, and abomasal infusion of 300 g/d dextrose provided additional energy. An amino acid mixture (299 g/d) limiting in Met was infused into the abomasum to ensure that nonsulfur amino acids did not limit growth. Treatments were infused abomasally and included 0, 5 or 10 g/d L-Met. Retained N (20.5, 26.9 and 31.6 g/d for 0, 5 and 10 g/d L-Met, respectively) increased (P < 0.01) linearly with increased supplemental Met. Hepatic Met, vitamin B-12, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine were not affected by Met supplementation. Hepatic folates tended (P = 0.07) to decrease linearly with Met supplementation. All three enzymes were detected in hepatic tissue of our steers. Hepatic CS activity was not affected by Met supplementation. Hepatic MS decreased (P < 0.01) linearly with increasing Met supply, and hepatic BHMT activity responded quadratically (P = 0.04), with 0 and 10 g/d Met being higher than the intermediate level. Data from this experiment indicate that sulfur amino acid metabolism may be regulated differently in cattle than in other tested species. (+info)Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase: zinc in a distorted barrel. (8/91)
Betaine-homocysteine methyl transferase (BHMT) catalyzes the synthesis of methionine from betaine and homocysteine (Hcy), utilizing a zinc ion to activate Hcy. BHMT is a key liver enzyme that is important for homocysteine homeostasis. X-ray structures of human BHMT in its oxidized (Zn-free) and reduced (Zn-replete) forms, the latter in complex with the bisubstrate analog, S(delta-carboxybutyl)-L-homocysteine, were determined at resolutions of 2.15 A and 2.05 A. BHMT is a (beta/alpha)(8) barrel that is distorted to construct the substrate and metal binding sites. The zinc binding sequences G-V/L-N-C and G-G-C-C are at the C termini of strands beta6 and beta8. Oxidation to the Cys217-Cys299 disulfide and expulsion of Zn are accompanied by local rearrangements. The structures identify Hcy binding fingerprints and provide a prototype for the homocysteine S-methyltransferase family. (+info)
Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and methionine synthase activity and intermediates of the methionine cycle are...
Hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B production are increased following in vivo induction of betaine...
The Power of Choline for Methylation - RN Labs
Gender-specific proteomic responses in zebrafish liver following exposure to a selected mixture of brominated flame retardants
Characterization of a selenium-resistance-enhancing homocysteine S-methyltransferase from Aegilops tauschii in: Cereal Research...
Downregulation of hepatic betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) expression in taurine-deficient mice is reversed by...
Crystal structure of the homocysteine methyltransferase MmuM from Escherichia coli | Biochemical Journal
rs585800 - SNPedia
Species: Methylated-DNA-[protein]-cysteine S-methyltransferase, DNA binding (IPR014048) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Methylated-DNA-[protein]-cysteine S-methyltransferase, active site (IPR001497) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
anti-BHMT antibody [10B3] | GeneTex
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- 5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine S-methyltransferase - Q2RJ67 (Q2RJ67 MOOTA)
Produktübersicht anti-BHMT Antikörper
Anti-BHMT 抗体 (ab96415) | アブカム
human biology - Are there any effects of elevated Cysteine levels on cognitive function? - Biology Stack Exchange
KEGG BRITE: KEGG Orthology (KO) - Streptomyces avermitilis
DNA Methylation Testing | Magnolia Personalized Medicine
Female Diagnostic Testing
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Dimethylglycine (HMDB0000092)
Serum Homosistein Değerleri Diyabetik Ayak ile İlişkilidir
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II(EC 3.2.2.21) - Creative Enzymes
Cholesterol and homocysteine metabolism
Genetic Polymorphism of Thiopurine S-methyltransferase in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Jordan
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase alleles, TPMT(*)2, (*)3B and (*)3C, and genotype frequencies in an Indian population.
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: genotype to phenotype correlation in the Slovenian population. - PubMed - NCBI
Canine red blood cell thiopurine S-methyltransferase: Companion animal pharmacogenetics<...
KEGG BRITE: KEGG Orthology (KO) - Rhodococcus opacus PD630
KEGG BRITE: KEGG Orthology (KO) - Rhodococcus opacus PD630
Recurrent early pregnancy loss and genetic-related disturbances in folate and homocysteine metabolism. - Semantic Scholar
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NF-kappaB activation is associated with homocysteine-induced injury in Neuro2a cells | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
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Autophagy
The degradation of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), a metabolic enzyme, could be used to assess autophagy flux in ...
Methionine
... this step is performed by homocysteine methyltransferase or betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase.) Although mammals cannot ... Homocysteine can also be remethylated using glycine betaine (NNN-trimethyl glycine, TMG) to methionine via the enzyme betaine- ... homocysteine methyltransferase (E.C.2.1.1.5, BHMT). BHMT makes up to 1.5% of all the soluble protein of the liver, and recent ... Homocysteine can be converted to cysteine. (5) Cystathionine-β-synthase (an enzyme which requires the active form of vitamin B6 ...
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
... that homocysteine can also be converted to methionine by the folate-independent enzyme betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase ( ... 677TT (but not 677CC/CT) individuals with lower plasma folate levels are at risk for elevated plasma homocysteine levels. In ... It does not result in thermolabile MTHFR and does not appear to affect homocysteine levels. It does, however, affect the ... 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is used to convert homocysteine (a potentially toxic amino acid) to methionine by the enzyme ...
ATR-X syndrome
... and 2-BHMT2 encodes for betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, which catalyzes the methylation of homocysteine. ATR ...
List of EC numbers (EC 2)
... betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.6: catechol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.7: nicotinate N-methyltransferase EC ... EC 2.1.1.1: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.2: guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.3: thetin-homocysteine S ... 2.1.1.8: histamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.9: thiol S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.10: homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC ... NNS virus cap methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.376: glycine betaine-corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.377: [methyl-Co( ...
List of MeSH codes (D08)
... betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.250 - catechol O-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555. ... homocysteine S-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.645 - 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase MeSH ... histone-lysine n-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.650 - o-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase MeSH D08.811. ... protein o-methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.800.800.700 - protein d-aspartate-l-isoaspartate methyltransferase MeSH ...
Amino acid synthesis
... this step is performed by homocysteine methyltransferase or betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase.) Methionine biosynthesis ... Homocysteine is a coactivator of glyA and must act in concert with MetR. On the other hand, PurR, a protein which plays a role ... Plamann MD, Stauffer GV (1989). "Regulation of the Escherichia coli glyA gene by the metR gene product and homocysteine". J. ... The methionine gene product MetR and the methionine intermediate homocysteine are known to positively regulate glyA. ...
Methionine synthase
Methyltransferase Arakawa's syndrome II Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000116984 - ... "MTR 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (Homo sapiens)". Entrez. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2009. Li YN ... In humans it is encoded by the MTR gene (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase). Methionine synthase forms ... EC 2.1.1.13 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine+S-Methyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ...
Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase ( ... "Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (14): ... Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D (December 2006). "Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine ... Betaine+Homocysteine+Methyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) EC 2.1.1.5 Portal ...
Trimethylglycine
The second pathway (restricted to liver and kidney in most mammals) involves betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and ... Trimethylglycine is also used as the hydrochloride salt (marketed as betaine hydrochloride or betaine HCl). Betaine ... Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the enzyme betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC ... When insufficient betaine is available, elevated homocysteine levels and decreased SAM levels in blood occur. Supplementation ...
Dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine This enzyme is purified from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH8102. Lu WD, Chi ... WH8102 and characterization of its N-methyltransferase genes involved in betaine synthesis". Archives of Microbiology. 186 (6 ... N-dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (betaine-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L- ... Dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.161, BsmB, DMT) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N, ...
Diet and cancer
SAM is the substrate for methylation reactions catalyzed by DNA, RNA and protein methyltransferases. The products of these ... choline and betaine found in beef, eggs and some vegetables). Assimilated methionine is transformed in S-adenosyl methionine ( ... and homocysteine: correlations with diet". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 10 (6): 649-655. PMID 11401915. Prinz- ... SAH has a negative feedback on its own production as an inhibitor of methyltransferase enzymes. Therefore, SAM:SAH ratio ...
S-Methylmethionine
McNeil SD (1999). "Betaines and related osmoprotectants. Targets for metabolic engineering of stress resistance". Plant ... "S-methylmethionine plays a major role in phloem sulfur transport and is synthesized by a novel type of methyltransferase". The ... The coproduct is S-adenosyl homocysteine. The biological roles of S-methylmethionine are not well understood. Speculated roles ... involving replacement of the adenosyl group by a methyl group is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. S- ...
Glycocyamine
The simultaneous intake of methyl providing substances such as betaine appears advisable because of the risk of homocysteine ... glycocyamine is methylated to creatine with S-adenosyl methionine by the enzyme guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). ... Betaine can provide a methyl group to glycocyamine, via methionine, for the formation of creatine. In overall, such treatment ... This causes homocysteine levels to rise, which has been shown to produce cardiovascular and skeletal problems.[citation needed ...
Choline
... synthesis of choline and glycine betaine in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase ... The source of the methyl group is S-adenosyl-L-methionine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is generated as a side product. In ... Choline and folate, interacting with vitamin B12, act as methyl donors to homocysteine to form methionine, which can then go on ... It also works as a substrate for the BHMT-enzyme, which methylates homocysteine to methionine. This is a S-adenosylmethionine ( ...
Choline
... synthesis of choline and glycine betaine in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase" ... It also works as a substrate for the BHMT-enzyme, which methylates homocysteine to methionine. This is a S-adenosylmethionine ( ... Choline and folate, interacting with vitamin B12, act as methyl donors to homocysteine to form methionine, which can then go on ... In humans, choline is oxidized irreversibly in liver mitochondria to glycine betaine aldehyde by choline oxidases. This is ...
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Are the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT and BHMT2) genes risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts? ... Evidence of interaction between genes in the folate/homocysteine metabolic pathway in controlling risk of non-syndromic oral ...
Dermatologic Manifestations of Homocystinuria Medication: Dietary supplements, Vitamins
The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jul. 88(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003. 26(8):745-59. [QxMD ... Betaine anhydrous is an antihomocystinuric that acts as a methyl-group donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine ... Homocysteine, cysteine, and body composition in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study: does cysteine link amino acid and lipid ...
Dermatologic Manifestations of Homocystinuria: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jul. 88(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase are mapped to chromosome 1, and cystathionase is mapped to ... The accumulation of homocysteine leads to damage of the collagen and elastic fibers. The binding of homocysteine to lysine ... Homocysteine is readily oxidized in plasma to form homocystine- and homocysteine-mixed disulfides. This oxidation has been ...
Dermatologic Manifestations of Homocystinuria Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests
The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jul. 88(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003. 26(8):745-59. [QxMD ... Levels of homocysteine excreted in the urine are more than 200 mg, and the fraction of mixed bisulfite homocysteine and ... Homocysteine, cysteine, and body composition in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study: does cysteine link amino acid and lipid ...
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Are the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT and BHMT2) genes risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts? ... Evidence of interaction between genes in the folate/homocysteine metabolic pathway in controlling risk of non-syndromic oral ...
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Association of Maternal Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase (BHMT) and BHMT2 Genes Polymorphisms with Congenital Heart ...
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Investigations of a common genetic variant in betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) in coronary artery disease. ...
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Association of Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyl Transferase (rs3797546 and rs3733890) polymorphisms with non-syndromic cleft lip/ ...
Dermatologic Manifestations of Homocystinuria Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications
The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jul. 88(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003. 26(8):745-59. [QxMD ... Homocysteine, cysteine, and body composition in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study: does cysteine link amino acid and lipid ... are important cofactors in the metabolism of homocysteine. Shaker and El-Tahlawi found out that an elevated homocysteine level ...
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Are the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT and BHMT2) genes risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts? ... Evidence of interaction between genes in the folate/homocysteine metabolic pathway in controlling risk of non-syndromic oral ...
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase 742G,A polymorphism and risk of down syndrome offspring in a Brazilian population. ...
Dermatologic Manifestations of Homocystinuria Medication: Dietary supplements, Vitamins
The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jul. 88(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003. 26(8):745-59. [QxMD ... Betaine anhydrous is an antihomocystinuric that acts as a methyl-group donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine ... Homocysteine, cysteine, and body composition in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study: does cysteine link amino acid and lipid ...
Code System Concept
Arylamine N-methyltransferase (substance) {46566007 , SNOMED-CT } Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (substance) {52442007 ... Site-specific methyltransferase (cytosine-specific) (substance) {1978009 , SNOMED-CT } Thetin-homocysteine methyltransferase ( ... Histone-lysine methyltransferase (substance) {71437001 , SNOMED-CT } Homocysteine methyltransferase (substance) {8473001 , ... methyltransferase (substance) {59231001 , SNOMED-CT } 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (substance) { ...
Dermatologic Manifestations of Homocystinuria Differential Diagnoses
The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jul. 88(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003. 26(8):745-59. [QxMD ... Homocysteine, cysteine, and body composition in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study: does cysteine link amino acid and lipid ... Homocysteine reduces cholinesterase activity in rat and human serum. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2007 Jun. 25(4):201-5. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase - Wikipedia
In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase ( ... "Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (14): ... Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D (December 2006). "Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine ... Betaine+Homocysteine+Methyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) EC 2.1.1.5 Portal ...
Inhibition of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase causes hyperhomocysteinemia in mice - Fingerprint
- University of...
Effects of diabetes and insulin on betaine-homocysteine|i|S|/i|-methyltransferase expression in rat liver - McMaster Experts
MMRRC:038606-MU
Gene Expression Profiling of Favorable Histology Wilms Tumors and Its Correlation with Clinical Features | Cancer Research |...
Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Folate Deficiency and Folic Acid Supplementation: The Prevention of Neural-Tube Defects and ...
The Metabolic Burden of Methyl Donor Deficiency with Focus on the Betaine Homocysteine Methyltransferase Pathway ... Homocysteine is a toxic metabolite; therefore humans neutralize it normally as soon as possible. On the one hand, homocysteine ... Obviously folate/FA is a key factor in homocysteine metabolism, but vitamin B12, B2 and B6 have also a role in the " ... The lower activity of MTHFR enzyme reduces the production of 5-MTHF and increases the plasma homocysteine level which causes a ...
Browsing Department of Clinical Science by Issue Date
Objective-Betaine is a substrate in the betaine- homocysteine methyltransferase reaction, converting homocysteine to methionine ... Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-Vitamin supplementation Holm, ... There are only sparse data on plasma betaine as a determinant of the plasma total homocysteine ... ...
Code System Concept
HuGE Navigator|HuGE Literature Finder|PHGKB
Kamalakshi G Bhat - Research output - Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Показывать в услугах - НиАлМед
IMP: Integrative Multi-species Prediction
Expression of BHMT in cancer - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas
Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 V9HWA4 [Target identity:100%; Query identity:100%]. Betaine-homocysteine ... GO:0047150 [betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity]. GO:0050666 [regulation of homocysteine metabolic process]. GO: ... GO:0006579 [amino-acid betaine catabolic process]. GO:0008270 [zinc ion binding]. GO:0008898 [S-adenosylmethionine-homocysteine ... This gene encodes a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and ...
List of EC numbers (EC 2)
thetin-homocysteine S-methyltransferase. *: acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. *: betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase. ... nicotinate N-methyltransferase. *: histamine N-methyltransferase. *: thiol S-methyltransferase. *: homocysteine S- ... 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase. *: fatty-acid O-methyltransferase. *: methylene-fatty- ... myricetin O-methyltransferase. *: isoflavone 7-O-methyltransferase. *: cobalt-factor II C20-methyltransferase. *: precorrin-6A ...
Cysteine, Taurine, and Homocysteine1,2 | Basicmedical Key
... homocysteine (any form), with thiol and disulfide forms indicated as HcySH, HcySSHcy, and HcySSR; homocyst(e)ine, Hcy or… ... N5-methyl-THF-homocysteine methyltransferase; (5) N5,10-methylene-THF reductase; (6) betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase; (7 ... Methionine Metabolism to Homocysteine and Cysteine. Because Cys can be synthesized in the body from Met (Hcy) sulfur and serine ... In remethylation, Hcy acquires a methyl group from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N5-methyl-THF) or from betaine to form Met. In ...
Studies on substantially increased proteins in follicular fluid of bovine ovarian follicular cysts using 2-D PAGE and MALDI-TOF...
Site Tops - International Biological and Biomedical Journal
The Importance of Methyl B12
- Zhou Nutrition
The metabolic burden of methyl donor deficiency with focus on the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase pathway. Nutrients; 5( ... such as B12 and prevent detoxification of homocysteine. Pernicious anemia is also a sign of B12 deficiency. People who have ... as a cofactor with two enzymes that convert homocysteine, an inflammatory byproduct of protein metabolism into methionine, an ...
zinc - TranscendingSquare
Obeid R. The metabolic burden of methyl donor deficiency with focus on the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase pathway. ... Wilkinson, A.W., Diep, J., Dai, S. et al. SETD3 is an actin histidine methyltransferase that prevents primary dystocia. Nature ... Kwiatkowski S, Seliga AK, Veiga-da-Cunha M, et al., SETD3 protein is the actin-specific histidine N-methyltransferase. bioRxiv ... Seervai RNH, Jangid RK, Karki M, et al., The Huntingtin-interacting protein SETD2/HYPB is an actin lysine methyltransferase. ...
Hyperhomocysteinemia | Profiles RNS
Dietary Egg Protein Prevents Hyperhomocysteinemia via Upregulation of Hepatic Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase Activity ... Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 μmol/l). Hyperhomocysteinemia ... Circadian rhythm of serum total homocysteine in men. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Nov 15; 86(10):1153-6, A9-10. ... Preanalytical sources of measurement error: the conundrum of the homocysteine hypothesis. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Oct; 194(2):520 ...
2</sup>...
... or betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Typically methionine is rapidly used, however when it accumulates it blocks ... Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme which inactivates neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine in the ... The A allele of G472A is associated with an accumulation of homocysteine 10, potentially driven by inhibition of MTR and BHMT ... Along with MTR and BHMT there is an alternative pathway to clear homocysteine using cystathionine β synthase (CBS) and ...
Cysteine and methionine catabolism | WikiPathways
Techniques to Study Autophagy in Plants, International Journal of Plant Genomics | 10.1155/2009/451357 | DeepDyve
Leupeptin-induced appearance of partial fragment of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase during autophagic maturation in rat ... c in vivo marker for autophagic fragment of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase during vacuoles," European Journal of Cell ... c in vivo marker for autophagic fragment of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase during vacuoles," European Journal of Cell ... "Autophagy in Whether the plant orthologue betaine homocysteine methyl- development and stress responses of plants," Autophagy, ...
Conference Proceedings - Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory
2014). Betaine:Homocysteine N-methyltransferase is associated with the lipid droplets and impacts lipid metabolism in McArdle- ... 3rd International Homocysteine Congress. Sorrento, Italy, July 1-5.. *Stead L, Au K, Jacobs R, Brosnan M, Brosnan J (2001) ... 3rd International Homocysteine Congress. Sorrento, Italy, July 1-5.. *Jacobs RL, Ratnam S, Stead LM, Brosnan ME, and Brosnan JT ... International Conference on Homocysteine Metabolism. Lisbon, Portugal, June 2011.. *Rodriguez Dimitrescu A., Jacobs RL, Proctor ...
One-carbon, carnitine, and glutathione metabolism-related biomarkers in peripartal Holstein cows are altered by prepartal body...
... betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1 A (MAT1A), as well as the glutathione metabolism- ... betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1 A (MAT1A), as well as the glutathione metabolism- ... betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1 A (MAT1A), as well as the glutathione metabolism- ... betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1 A (MAT1A), as well as the glutathione metabolism- ...
Recombinant (E.Coli) Herpes Simplex Virus-2 gG (HSV-2 gG)
Recombinant Human Myoglobin
PathBank
Betaine--. homocysteine S-. methyltransferase. 1. Glycine N-. methyltransferase. Glycerate. kinase. D-3-. phosphoglycerate. ... Homocysteine. L-Cystathionine. H. 2. O. 2-Ketobutyric. acid. NH. 3. ATP. Adenosine. monophosphate. PP. i. ATP. AMP. PP. i. FAD ... Homocysteine. L-Methionine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine. S-Adenosylmethionine. Glycine. Glyceric acid. ATP. ADP. NAD. ...
SMPDB
methyltransferase. 5-. aminolevulinate. synthase,. nonspecific,. mitochondrial. Betaine--. homocysteine S-. methyltransferase. ... Homocysteine. L-Cystathionine. H. 2. O. ATP. AMP. PP. i. ATP. AMP. PP. i. H. 2. O. 2-Ketobutyric acid. NH. 3. S- ... methyltransferase. L-Cysteine. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid. Pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid. L-Serine. Aminoacetone. O. 2. ... Homocysteine. L-Methionine. Glyceric acid. ATP. ADP. NAD. Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. NADH. L-Glutamic acid. Phosphoserine. ...
Protein Concepts Dictionary
OXIDIZED HOMO SAPIENS BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE S-METHYLTRANSFERASE IN COMPLEX WITH FOUR SM(III) IONS , TRANSFERASE, HOMOCYSTEINE ... REDUCED HOMO SAPIENS BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE S- METHYLTRANSFERASE IN COMPLEX WITH S-(DELTA-CARBOXYBUTYL)-L- HOMOCYSTEINE , ... HOMOCYSTEINE, ZINC, ZINC INVERSION, METHYLTRANSFERASE 3bof:B (GLU340) to (GLU556) COBALAMIN-DEPENDENT METHIONINE SYNTHASE (1- ... HOMOCYSTEINE, ZINC, ZINC INVERSION, METHYLTRANSFERASE 3bol:A (GLU340) to (GLU556) COBALAMIN-DEPENDENT METHIONINE SYNTHASE (1- ...
BHMTLower homocysteine levelsDonorGlycine BetaineTrimethylglycineSpina bifidaMethyl groupHyperhomocysteinemiaSupplementationMetabolismPathwayCysteineCystathionineEnzymeSubstrateFolic acidMethylationSerumDosesConcentrationsLiverDeficiencyMechanismCardiovascularPotentiallyPlasmaGeneVitaminDietaryLevels
BHMT5
- In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from trimethylglycine and a hydrogen ion from homocysteine to produce dimethylglycine and methionine respectively: Trimethylglycine (methyl donor) + homocysteine (hydrogen donor) → dimethylglycine (hydrogen receiver) + methionine (methyl receiver) This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. (wikipedia.org)
- Are the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT and BHMT2) genes risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts? (cdc.gov)
- Common variant in betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and risk for spina bifida. (cdc.gov)
- Methionine is typically formed by the processing of homocysteine using either methionine synthase (MTR) or betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). (mygenefood.com)
- Typically methionine is rapidly used, however when it accumulates it blocks further MTR or BHMT activity leading to a homocysteine accumulation. (mygenefood.com)
Lower homocysteine levels2
- Although it is thought that reducing homocysteine levels is cardioprotective, interventions that lower homocysteine levels don't seem to prevent cardiovascular events in people with cardiovascular disease. (examine.com)
- Homocysteine Reduction Formula, a special nutritional supplement created by Brimhall, can also lower homocysteine levels. (medscape.com)
Donor4
- ii, iii It also works with folic acid (vitamin B9) as a cofactor with two enzymes that convert homocysteine, an inflammatory byproduct of protein metabolism into methionine, an important amino acid that is required to produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a universal methyl donor necessary for almost 100 metabolic actions involved in forming DNA, RNA, and other substances needed for the function and maintenance of a healthy body. (zhounutrition.com)
- Betaine is most famous for being a major methyl donor in the body, as it ensures homocysteine's conversion to methionine. (mindbodygreen.com)
- Betaine anhydrous is an antihomocystinuric that acts as a methyl-group donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, removing excess homocysteine from the body. (medscape.com)
- Functionally choline in its oxidised form (the metabolite glycine betaine) contributes to S-adenosylmethionine synthesis - a chief methyl donor involved in DNA and histone methylation which play a central role in regulating gene expression and potentially modulating brain function. (bmj.com)
Glycine Betaine1
- BETAINE A methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, betaine (i.e., trimethylglycine) is a critical bioactive for lipid and energy metabolism, plus osmoregulation. (mindbodygreen.com)
Trimethylglycine1
- and is the most popular molecule referred to as a betaine, the terms 'trimethylglycine' and 'betaine' are used interchangeably. (examine.com)
Spina bifida1
- Anomalies may influence the metabolism of homocysteine , which is implicated in disorders ranging from vascular disease, autism, and schizophrenia to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida. (wikipedia.org)
Methyl group2
- Betaine either directly donates a methyl group to reduce homocysteine into L-methionine or it increases bodily levels of S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) or active folate molecules, both of which can go on to donate methyl groups to other parts of the body. (examine.com)
- [13] The source of the methyl group is S -adenosyl- L -methionine and S -adenosyl- L -homocysteine is generated as a side product. (wikipedia.org)
Hyperhomocysteinemia2
- Familial hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in HOMOCYSTINURIA. (rush.edu)
- Dietary Egg Protein Prevents Hyperhomocysteinemia via Upregulation of Hepatic Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase Activity in Folate-Restricted Rats. (rush.edu)
Supplementation3
- Most studies report that supplementation with betaine does not enhance maximal strength or power. (examine.com)
- shares this mechanism of action, and the lone study to evaluate supplementation with betaine and creatine failed to find an additive effect of betaine on creatine's benefits. (examine.com)
- However, even when patients' serum betaine concentrations are increased by supplementation, serum homocysteine concentrations are often not lowered to the reference range. (medscape.com)
Metabolism3
- Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism? (wikipedia.org)
- Overall, compared with NormBCS cows, HighBCS cows had lower hepatic protein abundance of the 1-carbon metabolism enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1 A (MAT1A), as well as the glutathione metabolism-related enzymes glutathione S-transferase α 4 and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3). (unicatt.it)
- B12 serves a complementary role with folate in the methionine cycle, as they are both essential cofactors for one-carbon metabolism, optimal homocysteine recycling to methionine, and methylation. (mindbodygreen.com)
Pathway1
- In humans and most other animals, de novo synthesis of choline is via the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, [6] but biosynthesis is not enough to meet human requirements. (wikipedia.org)
Cysteine2
- Cysteine (Cys) is a sulfur-containing amino acid, whereas taurine is a product of Cys oxidation, and homocysteine (Hcy) is a metabolite of methionine (Met), which also serves as a precursor of Cys sulfur. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Vitamin B6 helps maintain healthy homocysteine levels via conversion to cysteine, which serves as a building block for collagen, keratin, and glutathione. (mindbodygreen.com)
Cystathionine2
- Following a low-methionine diet that keeps serum methionine within the reference range may be necessary when treating patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency when betaine is administered. (medscape.com)
- Conventional treatment of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency by diet and pyridoxine/betaine normalizes many, but not all, metabolic abnormalities associated with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. (medscape.com)
Enzyme1
- Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme which inactivates neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine in the brain, and is encoded for by the COMT gene 1 . (mygenefood.com)
Substrate1
- Objective-Betaine is a substrate in the betaine- homocysteine methyltransferase reaction, converting homocysteine to methionine. (uib.no)
Folic acid2
- In its bioactive form, folic acid is clinically shown to support healthy homocysteine and SAM-e levels to drive optimal methylation in every cell. (mindbodygreen.com)
- Other possible treatments include the use of folic acid (in pharmacologic doses), betaine (3-methylglycine decreases serum concentrations of homocysteine), or cyanocobalamin, as well as symptomatic supportive measures. (medscape.com)
Methylation3
- methylation support+ is an ultra-potency complex that delivers methylated folate as part of a family of fully activated B vitamins (B2, 6, 9, and 12) plus betaine. (mindbodygreen.com)
- In fact, high-potency betaine has been clinically shown to support homocysteine reduction and methionine regeneration, ultimately driving methylation function and health. (mindbodygreen.com)
- Upon methylation SAM is transformed into homocysteine . (wikipedia.org)
Serum1
- Circadian rhythm of serum total homocysteine in men. (rush.edu)
Doses2
- High doses of betaine seem to be well tolerated by most people, but like any osmolyte, it can cause diarrhea at high doses. (examine.com)
- High doses of betaine can also increase total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. (examine.com)
Concentrations1
- increased intracellular concentrations of betaine promote cell hydration and resilience to stressors. (examine.com)
Liver2
- NASH) observed an improvement in liver fat, inflammation, and fibrosis with a dosage of 10 g of betaine twice per day (20 g total), but there was no control group in either study. (examine.com)
- in liver fat, inflammation, or fibrosis with a dosage of 10 g of betaine twice per day. (examine.com)
Deficiency1
- Glycine N -methyltransferase deficiency: a new patient with a novel mutation. (medscape.com)
Mechanism2
- Dissecting the catalytic mechanism of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase by use of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and site-directed mutagenesis. (wikipathways.org)
- Betaine therapy can precipitate cerebral edema, although the exact mechanism is uncertain. (medscape.com)
Cardiovascular1
- Elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular events in several observational studies. (examine.com)
Potentially1
- Betaine can directly methylate homocysteine, which is potentially cardioprotective. (examine.com)
Plasma1
- Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 μmol/l). (rush.edu)
Gene1
- v Certain population groups have the MTHFR gene, a mutation that may interfere with the body's ability to absorb certain vitamins, such as B12 and prevent detoxification of homocysteine. (zhounutrition.com)
Vitamin1
- folinic acid (800 μg) & betaine (1000 mg) and additional month on same regimen plus vitamin B 12 (75 μg\kg) for the intervention study. (biomedcentral.com)
Dietary1
- consider betaine as an adjunct, not an alternative, to dietary control. (medscape.com)
Levels3
- However, there is evidence to suggest that betaine enhances resistance exercise performance in protocols that challenge muscular endurance with high levels of metabolic stress. (examine.com)
- For reducing homocysteine levels, a daily dose of 3-6 g is most commonly used in research. (examine.com)
- In patients with hypothyroidism, treatment with L-thyroxine can normalize homocysteine levels. (medscape.com)