Betaine
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Lipotropic Agents
Choline
Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase
Osmotic Pressure
Water-Electrolyte Balance
Proline
Osmolar Concentration
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunosuppressants perturb the myo-inositol but not the betaine cotransporter in isotonic and hypertonic MDCK cells. (1/739)
BACKGROUND: The sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT) and the betaine cotransporter (BGT1) are essential for the accumulation of myo-inositol and betaine, and hence cell survival in a hypertonic environment. The underlying molecular mechanism involves an increase in transcription of the SMIT and BGT1 genes through binding of a trans-acting factor to enhancer elements in the 5' flanking region of both genes, resulting in increased mRNA abundance and increased activity of the cotransporters. Current evidence regarding transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation indicates that both cotransporters are regulated in parallel. METHODS: To investigate the signal transduction of hypertonic stress, we examined the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunosuppressants on the hypertonicity-induced activity of the two cotransporters in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. RESULTS: None of the agents studied affected BGT1 activity in isotonic or hypertonic conditions. Treatment of MDCK cells with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, increased SMIT activity in hypertonic but not isotonic conditions. The stimulation of SMIT by genistein was accompanied by a parallel increase in mRNA abundance. In contrast, treating cells with tyrphostin A23, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressant, inhibited SMIT activity in hypertonic cells. FK506, another immunosuppressant, increased SMIT activity, but only in isotonic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide the first evidence of divergent regulatory pathways modulating SMIT and BGT activity. (+info)Haloanaerobacter salinarius sp. nov., a novel halophilic fermentative bacterium that reduces glycine-betaine to trimethylamine with hydrogen or serine as electron donors; emendation of the genus Haloanaerobacter. (2/739)
A novel halophilic fermentative bacterium has been isolated from the black sediment below a gypsum crust and a microbial mat in hypersaline ponds of Mediterranean salterns. Morphologically, physiologically and genetically this organism belongs to the genus Haloanaerobacter. Haloanaerobacter strain SG 3903T (T = type strain) is composed of non-sporulating long flexible rods with peritrichous flagella, able to grow in the salinity range of 5-30% NaCl, with an optimum at 14-15%. The strain grows by fermenting carbohydrates or by using the Stickland reaction with either serine or H2 as electron donors and glycine-betaine as acceptor, which is reduced to trimethylamine. The two species described so far in the genus Haloanaerobacter are not capable of Stickland reaction with glycine-betaine + serine; however, Haloanaerobacter chitinovorans can use glycine-betaine with H2 as electron donor. Strain SG 3903T thus represents the first described strain in the genus Haloanaerobacter capable of the Stickland reaction with two amino acids. Although strain SG 3903T showed 67% DNA-DNA relatedness to H. chitinovorans, it is physiologically sufficiently different from the two described species to be considered as a new species which has been named Haloanaerobacter salinarius sp. nov. (+info)Glycine betaine: reserve form of choline in Penicillium fellutanum in low-sulfate medium. (3/739)
In spite of choline's importance in fungal metabolism, its sources in cytoplasm have not been fully established. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of mycelial extracts from day-5 Penicillium fellutanum cultures showed that, as well as choline-O-sulfate, intracellular glycine betaine is another reserve form of choline, depending on the availability of sulfate in the culture medium. These observations are discussed relative to the multiple roles of choline and its precursors in P. fellutanum. (+info)Osmosensing by bacteria: signals and membrane-based sensors. (4/739)
Bacteria can survive dramatic osmotic shifts. Osmoregulatory responses mitigate the passive adjustments in cell structure and the growth inhibition that may ensue. The levels of certain cytoplasmic solutes rise and fall in response to increases and decreases, respectively, in extracellular osmolality. Certain organic compounds are favored over ions as osmoregulatory solutes, although K+ fluxes are intrinsic to the osmoregulatory response for at least some organisms. Osmosensors must undergo transitions between "off" and "on" conformations in response to changes in extracellular water activity (direct osmosensing) or resulting changes in cell structure (indirect osmosensing). Those located in the cytoplasmic membranes and nucleoids of bacteria are positioned for indirect osmosensing. Cytoplasmic membrane-based osmosensors may detect changes in the periplasmic and/or cytoplasmic solvent by experiencing changes in preferential interactions with particular solvent constituents, cosolvent-induced hydration changes, and/or macromolecular crowding. Alternatively, the membrane may act as an antenna and osmosensors may detect changes in membrane structure. Cosolvents may modulate intrinsic biomembrane strain and/or topologically closed membrane systems may experience changes in mechanical strain in response to imposed osmotic shifts. The osmosensory mechanisms controlling membrane-based K+ transporters, transcriptional regulators, osmoprotectant transporters, and mechanosensitive channels intrinsic to the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli are under intensive investigation. The osmoprotectant transporter ProP and channel MscL act as osmosensors after purification and reconstitution in proteoliposomes. Evidence that sensor kinase KdpD receives multiple sensory inputs is consistent with the effects of K+ fluxes on nucleoid structure, cellular energetics, cytoplasmic ionic strength, and ion composition as well as on cytoplasmic osmolality. Thus, osmoregulatory responses accommodate and exploit the effects of individual cosolvents on cell structure and function as well as the collective contribution of cosolvents to intracellular osmolality. (+info)LeProT1, a transporter for proline, glycine betaine, and gamma-amino butyric acid in tomato pollen. (5/739)
During maturation, pollen undergoes a period of dehydration accompanied by the accumulation of compatible solutes. Solute import across the pollen plasma membrane, which occurs via proteinaceous transporters, is required to support pollen development and also for subsequent germination and pollen tube growth. Analysis of the free amino acid composition of various tissues in tomato revealed that the proline content in flowers was 60 times higher than in any other organ analyzed. Within the floral organs, proline was confined predominantly to pollen, where it represented >70% of total free amino acids. Uptake experiments demonstrated that mature as well as germinated pollen rapidly take up proline. To identify proline transporters in tomato pollen, we isolated genes homologous to Arabidopsis proline transporters. LeProT1 was specifically expressed both in mature and germinating pollen, as demonstrated by RNA in situ hybridization. Expression in a yeast mutant demonstrated that LeProT1 transports proline and gamma-amino butyric acid with low affinity and glycine betaine with high affinity. Direct uptake and competition studies demonstrate that LeProT1 constitutes a general transporter for compatible solutes. (+info)The osmoprotectant glycine betaine inhibits salt-induced cross-tolerance towards lethal treatment in Enterococcus faecalis. (6/739)
The response of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 to salt stress has been characterized previously in complex media. In this report, it has been demonstrated that this bacterium actively accumulates the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (GB) from salt-enriched complex medium BHI. To further understand the specific effects of GB and other osmoprotective compounds in salt adaptation and salt-induced cross-tolerance to lethal challenges, a chemically defined medium lacking putative osmoprotectants was used. In this medium, bacterial growth was significantly reduced by increasing concentrations of NaCl. At 0.75 M NaCl, 90% inhibition of the growth rate was observed; GB and its structural analogues restored growth to the non-salt-stressed level. In contrast, proline, pipecolate and ectoine did not allow growth recovery of stressed cells. Kinetic studies showed that the uptake of betaines shows strong structural specificity and occurs through a salt-stress-inducible high-affinity porter [Km = 3.3 microM; Vmax = 130 nmol min(-1) (mg protein)(-1); the uptake activity increased 400-fold in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl]. Moreover, GB and its analogues were accumulated as non-metabolizable cytosolic osmolytes and reached intracellular levels ranging from 1-3 to 1.5 micromol (mg protein)(-1). In contrast to the beneficial effect of GB on the growth of salt-stressed cultures of E. faecalis, its accumulation inhibits the salt-induced cross-tolerance to a heterologous lethal challenge. Indeed, pretreatment of bacterial cells with 0.5 M NaCl induced resistance to 0.3% bile salts (survival of adapted cells increased by a factor of 6800). The presence of GB in the adaptation medium reduced the acquisition of bile salts resistance 680-fold. The synthesis of 11 of the 13 proteins induced during salt adaptation was significantly reduced in the presence of GB. These results raise questions about the actual beneficial effect of GB in natural environments where bacteria are often subjected to various stresses. (+info)The choline-converting pathway in Staphylococcus xylosus C2A: genetic and physiological characterization. (7/739)
A Staphylococcus xylosus C2A gene cluster, which encodes enzymes in the pathway for choline uptake and dehydrogenation (cud), to form the osmoprotectant glycine betaine, was identified. The cud locus comprises four genes, three of which encode proteins with significant similarities to those known to be involved in choline transport and conversion in other organisms. The physiological role of the gene products was confirmed by analysis of cud deletion mutants. The fourth gene possibly codes for a regulator protein. Part of the gene cluster was shown to be transcriptionally regulated by choline and elevated NaCl concentrations as inducers. (+info)Disaccharides as a new class of nonaccumulated osmoprotectants for Sinorhizobium meliloti. (8/739)
Sucrose and ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid) are very unusual osmoprotectants for Sinorhizobium meliloti because these compounds, unlike other bacterial osmoprotectants, do not accumulate as cytosolic osmolytes in salt-stressed S. meliloti cells. Here, we show that, in fact, sucrose and ectoine belong to a new family of nonaccumulated sinorhizobial osmoprotectants which also comprises the following six disaccharides: trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, turanose, and palatinose. Also, several of these disaccharides were very effective exogenous osmoprotectants for strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars phaseoli and trifolii. Sucrose and trehalose are synthesized as endogenous osmolytes in various bacteria, but the other five disaccharides had never been implicated before in osmoregulation in any organism. All of the disaccharides that acted as powerful osmoprotectants in S. meliloti and R. leguminosarum also acted as very effective competitors of [14C]sucrose uptake in salt-stressed cultures of these bacteria. Conversely, disaccharides that were not osmoprotective for S. meliloti and R. leguminosarum did not inhibit sucrose uptake in these bacteria. Hence, disaccharide osmoprotectants apparently shared the same uptake routes in these bacteria. Natural-abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantification of cytosolic solutes demonstrated that the novel disaccharide osmoprotectants were not accumulated to osmotically significant levels in salt-stressed S. meliloti cells; rather, these compounds, like sucrose and ectoine, were catabolized during early exponential growth, and contributed indirectly to enhance the cytosolic levels of two endogenously synthesized osmolytes, glutamate and the dipeptide N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide. The ecological implication of the use of these disaccharides as osmoprotectants is discussed. (+info) Homocystinuria is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize certain amino acids, leading to the accumulation of homocysteine in the blood and tissues. This condition is caused by mutations in one of several genes involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, which can lead to a range of symptoms including developmental delays, intellectual disability, seizures, and vision and hearing loss.
Treatment for homocystinuria typically involves a combination of dietary modifications and nutritional supplements to manage the symptoms and prevent long-term complications. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed to reduce the levels of homocysteine in the blood.
The prognosis for individuals with homocystinuria varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Some individuals with mild forms of the disorder may experience few or no symptoms, while those with more severe forms may have significant developmental delays and disabilities. With appropriate management, however, many individuals with homocystinuria can lead active and fulfilling lives.
Betaine
... is an irritant of eyes and skin. Cocamidopropyl betaine Mesoionic Mesomeric betaine Osmoprotectants Ylide "Betaine". ... This substance may be called glycine betaine to distinguish it from other betaines. Phosphonium betaines are intermediates in ... Betaine is also a methyl donor of increasingly recognised significance in biology. The original betaine, N,N,N-trimethylglycine ... The addition of betaine to polymerase chain reactions improves the amplification of DNA by reducing the formation of secondary ...
Cocamidopropyl betaine
... to a significant degree has replaced cocamide DEA. Despite the name cocamidopropyl betaine, the molecule ... Cocamidopropyl betaine is used as a foam booster in shampoos. It is a medium-strength surfactant also used in bath products ... Fowler, J. F.; Fowler, L. M.; Hunter, J. E. (1997). "Allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine may be due to amidoamine: A patch test ... Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a mixture of closely related organic compounds derived from coconut oil and ...
Betaine reductase
... (EC 1.21.4.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + ...
Chloral betaine
... (USAN, BAN) (brand names Beta-Chlor, Somilan), also known as cloral betaine (INN), is a sedative-hypnotic drug ... It is a betaine complex with chloral hydrate, which acts as an extended-acting formulation of chloral hydrate which is then ...
Betaine transporter
... a quaternary amine The mammalian betaine transporter: Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter Betaine Carnitine ... Proteins of the Betaine/Carnitine/Choline Transporter (BCCT) family are found in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and ... Glycine betaine transporters have been found to contain a conserved region with four tryptophans in their central region. Most ... Kempf B, Bremer E, Kappes RM (1996). "Three transport systems for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine operate in Bacillus ...
Mesomeric betaine
Mesomeric betaines are dipolar heterocyclic compounds in which both the negative and the positive charges are delocalized. ... Ollis, W.David; Stanforth, Stepher P.; Ramsden, Christopher A. (1985). "Heterocyclic mesomeric betaines". Tetrahedron. 41 (12 ...
Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
... betaine + NADH + 2 H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are betaine aldehyde, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are betaine, ... In enzymology, a betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction betaine aldehyde ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is betaine-aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include betaine ... ROTHSCHILD HA, BARRON ES (1954). "The oxidation of betaine aldehyde by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase". J. Biol. Chem. 209 (2 ...
Glycine betaine aldehyde
The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) stimulates the transformation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. Betaine ... Glycine betaine aldehyde, often simply called betaine aldehyde, is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and ... Glycine betaine aldehyde is a component of glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It also serves as an osmolyte. It can be ... Betaine aldehyde Archived 2007-11-24 at the Wayback Machine, Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank Yilmaz JL, Bülow L. ( ...
Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase ( ... Betaine PDB: 1UMY; González B, Pajares MA, Martínez-Ripoll M, Blundell TL, Sanz-Aparicio J (May 2004). "Crystal structure of ... Betaine+Homocysteine+Methyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) EC 2.1.1.5 Portal ... Szegedi SS, Castro CC, Koutmos M, Garrow TA (April 2008). "Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine- ...
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter
... , also known as Na(+)/Cl(-) betaine/GABA transporter (BGT-1), is a protein ... Zhou Y, Holmseth S, Hua R, Lehre AC, Olofsson AM, Poblete-Naredo I, Kempson SA, Danbolt NC (2012). "The betaine-GABA ... "Deletion of the betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) gene does not affect seizure thresholds of adult mice". Epilepsy Res. ...
Allergen of the Year
2005 - Corticosteroids 2004 - Cocamidopropyl betaine 2003 - Bacitracin 2002 - Thimerosal 2001 - Gold 2000 - Disperse Blue Dyes ... 2006). Focus on the Non-T.R.U.E. Test Allergen - Cocamidopropyl Betaine. The Dermatologist. http://www.the-dermatologist.com/ ... article/6127 Jacob, S. E.; Amini, S (2008). "Cocamidopropyl betaine". Dermatitis. 19 (3): 157-60. doi:10.2310/6620.2008.06043. ...
Coconut
Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a surfactant manufactured from coconut oil that is increasingly used as an ingredient in ... Schnuch A, Lessmann H, Geier J, Uter W (2011). "Is cocamidopropyl betaine a contact allergen? Analysis of network data and ... Jacob SE, Amini S (2008). "Cocamidopropyl betaine". Dermatitis (Review). 19 (3): 157-160. doi:10.2310/6620.2008.06043. PMID ...
Lipotropic
Betaine hydrochloride is a powerful lipotropic and increases gastric acid. Betaine itself (in a non-hydrochloric form, also ... "Betaine Hydrochloride Information on Healthline". Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-04-24.Craig, SA ( ... Quinoa is high in betaine. Oxibetaine is another agent listed as a lipotropic compound. (Barak, 1973) A meta-analysis of ... Schwahn, BC; Wang, XL; Mikael, LG; Wu, Q; Cohn, J; Jiang, H; Maclean, KN; Rozen, R (Dec 2007). "Betaine supplementation ...
Glycocyamine
Betaine can provide a methyl group to glycocyamine, via methionine, for the formation of creatine. In overall, such treatment ... A series of studies showed that a combination of betaine and glycocyamine improves the symptoms of patients with chronic ... The biochemical basis of betaine-glycocyamine therapy. Ann West Med Surg 1951;5:825-9. Borsook ME, Borsook H. Treatment of ... The simultaneous intake of methyl providing substances such as betaine appears advisable because of the risk of homocysteine ...
GABA transporter
GAT2 also transports taurine, while BGT1 transports betaine. These two transporters are predominantly expressed in the liver, ... Betaine transporter (BGT1; SLC6A12) Creatinine transporter 1 (CT1; SLC6A8) Taurine transporter (TauT; SLC6A6) GAT1 and GAT3 are ...
Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine
Cocamidopropyl betaine Guin JD (2000). "Reaction to cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, an amphoteric surfactant and conditioner". ...
Typhula ishikariensis
... ishikariensis produces betaine lipids. Low amounts of sclerotinial proteins do occur in the vegetative hyphae - whether ...
Trimethylglycine
... is also used as the hydrochloride salt (marketed as betaine hydrochloride or betaine HCl). Betaine ... Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the enzyme betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC ... Nutritionally, betaine is not needed when sufficient dietary choline is present for synthesis. Dietary betaine can partially, ... Trimethylglycine was the first betaine discovered; originally it was simply called betaine because, in the 19th century, it was ...
Mesoionic compounds
Mesomeric betaine IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006 ... Mesoionic compounds are a subclass of betaines. Examples are sydnones and sydnone imines (e.g. the stimulant mesocarb), ... "Heterocyclic mesomeric betaines". Tetrahedron. 41 (12): 2239-2329. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96625-6. "SYDNONES" (PDF).[page ...
Tisochrysis lutea
Kato, Misako; Sakai, Miho; Adachi, Kyoko; Ikemoto, Hisato; Sano, Hiroshi (1996). "Distribution of betaine lipids in marine ...
Molasses
It contains betaine and the trisaccharide raffinose. These result from the concentration of the original plant material or ...
Dichloralphenazone
Chloral betaine Hindmarch I, Parrott AC (1980). "The effects of combined sedative and anxiolytic preparations on subjective ...
GABA transporter type 2
"Deletion of the betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) gene does not affect seizure thresholds of adult mice". Epilepsy Res. ...
Haptophyte
Kato M, Sakai M, Adachi K, Ikemoto H, Sano H (1996). "Distribution of betaine lipids in marine algae". Phytochemistry. 42 (5): ...
S-Methylmethionine
McNeil SD (1999). "Betaines and related osmoprotectants. Targets for metabolic engineering of stress resistance". Plant ...
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
Caramella, Pierluigi; Houk, K.N. (1976). "Geometries of nitrilium betaines. The clarification of apparently anomalous reactions ...
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
McNeil, Scott D.; Nuccio, Michael L.; Hanson, Andrew D. (1999). "Betaines and Related Osmoprotectants. Targets for Metabolic ...
George Coull
Thesis on the preparation of phenyl-betaine (Thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/23813. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived ...
Trigonelline
... is a methyl betaine of nicotinic acid. Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9606. Kuroda, Rei; Kazumura, Kimiko; Ushikata, ...
Wittig reaction
The erythro betaine can be converted to the threo betaine using phenyllithium at low temperature. This modification affords the ... Allylic alcohols can be prepared by reaction of the betaine ylide with a second aldehyde. For example: An example of its use is ... The existence and interconversion of the betaine (3a and 3b) is subject of ongoing research. For lithium-free Wittig reactions ... The main limitation of the traditional Wittig reaction is that the reaction proceeds mainly via the erythro betaine ...
DailyMed - BETAINE powder, for solution
BETAINE (UNII: 3SCV180C9W) (BETAINE - UNII:3SCV180C9W) BETAINE. 1 g in 1 g. ... Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution is available in plastic bottles containing 180 grams of betaine anhydrous as a white to off ... Plasma betaine concentrations following administration of Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution have not been measured in ... See full prescribing information for BETAINE ANHYDROUS FOR ORAL SOLUTION.. BETAINE ANHYDROUS for oral solution. Initial U.S. ...
Betaine: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Betaine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Betaine comes as a powder to be mixed with food or drink and taken by mouth. It is usually taken twice a day. Take betaine at ... Betaine controls homocystinuria but does not cure it. Continue to take betaine even if you feel well. Do not stop taking ... Before taking betaine,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to betaine or any other medications. ...
MedlinePlus - Search Results for: BETAINE
Betaine Betaine is used to treat homocystinuria (an inherited condition in which the body cannot break down a ... of weight ... treated with trimethylglycine (a medicine also known as betaine). Neither a low-methionine diet nor medicine will ... ... juice, Beta-alanine, Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, HMB, Betaine,Branched-chain amino acids ,BCAAs, Caffeine, Citrulline, ...
Betaine - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf
Betaine has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to ... Betaine is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several ... Review The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine.[Mol Genet Metab. 2006]. Review The use of betaine in the ... The liver is rich in betaine but levels may be somewhat reduced in patients with liver disease. Betaine was approved as an ...
Vitamin B-14 (Betaine) 4X Archives - Biogetica
Betaine Benefits for Joints and More - D'Adamo Newsletter
PRIME PubMed | The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a...
The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a double-blind, ... Adaptation, PhysiologicalBetaineBody CompositionDietary SupplementsDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansMuscle StrengthMuscle, ... Betaine supplementation has been shown to improve body composition and some metrics of muscular performance in young men; but, ... Betaine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Hypertrophy or Strength Following 6 Weeks of Cross-Fit Training. ...
Integrative Therapeutics - Betaine HCl - OurKidsASD.com
Buy Integrative Therapeutics Betaine HCl for only $46.00 at OurKidsASD.com! Fast, free shipping, fresh product, temperature- ... Why is betaine important? Betaine has other benefits for the body beyond digestion support. Betaine is linked to healthy ... Why use Betaine HCl? It works with the body to support healthy, natural digestion.† Betaine mirrors the action of healthy ... ":"Betaine HCl - 250 Capsules","public_title":"250 Capsules","options":["250 Capsules"],"price":4600,"weight":350,"compare_at_ ...
Coco Amido Betaine (ACB) Ingredient & Chemical Distributor | Redox
Betaine attenuates LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restores intestinal barrier function | BMC...
Betaine has excellent anti-inflammatory activity but whether betaine has any effect on TJ proteins, particularly on LPS-induced ... Furthermore, betaine attenuates LPS-induced decreases of TJ proteins both shown by Western blot (WB) and Reverse transcription- ... The results demonstrated that betaine enhanced the expression of TJ proteins while LPS (1 μg/mL) downregulates the expression ... The purpose of this study is to explore the pharmacological effect of betaine on improving intestinal barrier function ...
Top foods that are very high in Betaine
See amount of Betaine in mg per 100 grams (or per 3.53 ounces) of an edible portion of foods arranged from the largest to the ... Betaine, largest to smallest amount in foods. The food sources are arranged from the largest to the smallest value of Betaine. ... To the left of each food source, the Betaine value is shown in mg per 100 grams of edible portion of the food source. ...
OXEA - Betaine
Solgar Betaine 100tab
Betaine | NutraLab Supplement ManufacturerBetaine HCl & Pepsin - 225CT
Ingredients - Betaine Hydrochloride - NutriFarm
betaine hydrochloride Archives - Healthy Living
Betaines in four additional phyla of green plants - Fingerprint
- University of Portsmouth
Digestive Enzymes Ultra with Betaine HCl - Wishmarkets
Betaine Hcl Vs Digestive Enzymes (Updated 2022)
Betaine Hcl Vs Digestive Enzymes - Click here for more information. Find everything you need to know about Digestive Enzymes ... Betaine Hcl Vs Digestive Enzymes. Im on my third bottle at the moment and have taken the supplement for three months now (I ... Betaine Hcl Vs Digestive Enzymes. Another thing to note is that the supplement is made up of soy, dairy, and wheat, which could ... Betaine Hcl Vs Digestive Enzymes. *Lipase The Lipase enzyme is an important enzyme that is especially beneficial to people who ...
Betaine Hydrochloride, 180 Tablets
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Decrease quantity for Betaine Hydrochloride, 180 Tablets Increase quantity for Betaine Hydrochloride, 180 Tablets ... Betaine Hydrochloride supports normal gastrointestinal pH.* *Supports healthy protein digestion*. *Hydrochloric acid is ... Each Serving Size (2 Tablets) contains: Proprietary Blend 514 mg: Betaine hydrochloride, ammonium chloride, pepsin (1:10,000), ...
Betaine Bodybuilding Benefits, Dosage and Side Effects
Information about Betaine and its bodybuilding benefits and recommended dosage. ... Betaine Facts. Betaine is an amino acid also known as trimethylglysine. Betaine, derived from beets has roles in liver repair ... Betaine Bodybuilding Benefits, Dosage and Side Effects. Betaine Bodybuilding Benefits. Betaine bodybuilding benefits include ... Betaine Bodybuilding Dosage*. The recommended bodybuilding dosage of of Betaine is 1,500-3,000 mg with meals before and after ...
Kina Lauramidopropyl Betaine (LAB) produsenter og leverandører |Brillachem
Betaine HCl + Pepsin pack of 60 capsules - Epigenetics
Betaine HCI + Pepsin is a digestive enzyme which break down food into smaller building blocks to facilitate their absorption by ... Betaine HCl + Pepsin pack of 60 capsules. £18.30. Sorry we cant ship this product to you while youre location is set to Error ... Be the first to review "Betaine HCl + Pepsin pack of 60 capsules" Cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a review. ... Betaine HCI + Pepsin helps aid the breakdown of food in the body. ... however our Betaine HCI + Pepsin is not currently suitable for ...
My review of TMG/betaine - Medications - Schizophrenia.com
Betaine in foods[12],Food,Betaine (mg/100 g),. , - , - ,. ,Quinoa,630,. ,Wheat germ,410,. ,Lambs quarters,330,. ,Wheat bran, ... To my surprise, beetroots contain the highest amount of betaine/tmg. I honestly wasnt even searching about betaine in beetroot ... So I researched betaine and found out it detoxes your liver and body. Maybe thats why I got these horrendous headaches? ... Im trying to figure out if betaine competes with other amino acids. I dont want to deplete any amino acids , so I take it in ...
Stealth Energy Gel with Caffeine & Betaine 60ml x 1
... betaine, taurine and glucoronolactone) Elderberry anthocyanins to increase blood flow to the muscles Multiple energy substrates ... betaine, taurine and glucoronolactone) Elderberry anthocyanins to increase blood flow to the muscles Multiple energy substrates ... Water, Maltodextrin, Sticky rice starch, Fructose, Taurine, Betaine (0.5g/gel), Glucoronolactone. Acidity regulators (Citric ... Contains a unique blend of ingredients to improve performance (including: betaine, taurine and glucoronolactone) ...
Digestive Enzymes Ultra with Betaine - Pure Encapsulations - Well Bebe
Optimal gastric pH is supported by betaine HCl, important for the enhanced digestion of nutrients to support daily wellness. ... liver function Digestive Enzymes Ultra with Betaine contains an extensive profile of vegetarian digestive enzymes and betaine ... Digestive Enzymes Ultra with Betaine contains an extensive profile of vegetarian digestive enzymes and betaine hydrochloride ( ... Be the first to review "Digestive Enzymes Ultra with Betaine - Pure Encapsulations" Cancel reply. You must be logged in to post ...
DailyMed - CYSTADANE- betaine powder, for solution
betaine 1000 MG Powder for Oral Solution [Cystadane]. SBD. 3. 404539. Cystadane 1000 MG (as betaine anhydrous) Powder for Oral ... CYSTADANE- betaine powder, for solution. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader ... CYSTADANE- betaine powder, for solution. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated compliance action, ... Cystadane (betaine anhydrous for oral solution) is an agent for the treatment of homocystinuria. It contains no ingredients ...
HydrochlorideAnhydrous for Oral SolutionResearch demonstrated that betaineChronic betaine supplementationHomocystinuriaSupplementationCocamidopropylMethionineCholineGramsFolic acidTrimethylglycineHomocysteine levelsAmino acidReductions in fat massDigestionDietaryPlaceboDeficiencyAcidityPowderSignificantResearchersDonorAdverseSupplementsClinicalBenefitsNutrientsAlterationsStomachProteinIncreasesPatientsTreatmentResultsVitaminSignificantlySupportBeneficialResistanceBodyImportantAmountEffectsIncrease
Hydrochloride5
- What is Betaine Hydrochloride? (gallbladderattack.com)
- Betaine hydrochloride is a compound made from betaine and hydrochloric acid. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Betaine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride form of betaine. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Who should take Betaine Hydrochloride? (gallbladderattack.com)
- As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. (bvsalud.org)
Anhydrous for Oral Solution9
- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use BETAINE ANHYDROUS FOR ORAL SOLUTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
- Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution is a methylating agent indicated in pediatric and adult patients for the treatment of homocystinuria to decrease elevated homocysteine blood concentrations. (nih.gov)
- Prescribed amount of Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution should be measured with the measuring scoop provided and then dissolved in 4 to 6 ounces of water, juice, milk, or formula until completely dissolved, or mixed with food for immediate ingestion. (nih.gov)
- Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution may worsen elevated plasma methionine concentrations and cerebral edema has been reported. (nih.gov)
- Keep plasma methionine concentrations below 1,000 micromol/L through dietary modification and, if necessary, a reduction of Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution dosage. (nih.gov)
- Therapy with Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution should be directed by physicians knowledgeable in the management of patients with homocystinuria. (nih.gov)
- Monitor patient response to Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution by homocysteine plasma concentration. (nih.gov)
- Once you prescribe Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution, your patients are automatically enrolled* in the program and can benefit from all Eton Cares has to offer. (betaineus.com)
- Hypermethioninemia in Patients with CBS Deficiency: Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution may worsen elevated plasma methionine concentrations and cerebral edema has been reported. (betaineus.com)
Research demonstrated that betaine2
- In conclusion, our research demonstrated that betaine attenuated LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restored the intestinal barrier function. (biomedcentral.com)
- So previous research demonstrated that betaine works great for the fellas, but what about women? (priceplow.com)
Chronic betaine supplementation1
- Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between resistance training adaptation and chronic betaine supplementation in females. (unboundmedicine.com)
Homocystinuria11
- Betaine is used to treat homocystinuria (an inherited condition in which the body cannot break down a certain protein, causing build-up of homocysteine in the blood). (medlineplus.gov)
- Betaine controls homocystinuria but does not cure it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Betaine is used to treat homocystinuria (an inherited condition in which the body cannot break down a ... of weight gain and slowed development in children. (nih.gov)
- Betaine is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several metabolic pathways and is used to treat the rare genetic causes of homocystinuria. (nih.gov)
- Homocystinuria: effectiveness of the treatment with pyridoxine, folic acid, and betaine]. (nih.gov)
- Neonatal onset methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria:Biochemical and clinical improvement with betaine therapy]. (nih.gov)
- Betaine (bee' ta een) is a naturally occurring modified amino acid that is used therapeutically to treat genetic homocystinuria. (nih.gov)
- Therapy of homocystinuria includes a low methionine diet, pyridoxine, a cofactor for cystathionine beta-synthase, and betaine which results in a decrease in homocysteine levels and amelioration of the clinical manifestations. (nih.gov)
- Betaine was approved as an orphan drug for use in homocystinuria in 1996 and is available as a powder for reconstitution in bottles of 180 grams under the brand name Cystadane. (nih.gov)
- In small, open label trials of betaine therapy for homocystinuria as well as in small controlled trials of betaine in other conditions (Alzheimer disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), serum enzyme elevations and clinically apparent liver injury were not reported. (nih.gov)
- Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (bvsalud.org)
Supplementation3
- The results of this study indicated that betaine supplementation may enhance reductions in fat mass, but not absolute strength, that accompany a resistance training program in untrained collegiate females. (unboundmedicine.com)
- New betaine research is in, Ladies and Gentlemen, and no longer does the evidence support supplementation in men only. (priceplow.com)
- "While speculating on mechanisms that may explain these differences is outside the scope of this study, it does highlight the need for more research into the time-course of adaptations associated with betaine supplementation," they wrote. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Cocamidopropyl2
- Cocamidopropyl Betaine is an amphoteric detergent, which is a detergent that can act as an acid or a base. (scitoys.com)
- An organic chemical compound Cocamidopropyl Betaine is a mild amphoteric surfactant offering excellent foaming capabilities, this slippery, thin, clear pale yellow liquid is one of the most popular surfactants used in today's products. (mysticmomentsuk.com)
Methionine6
- Betaine is believed to act by increasing methylation reactions, one of which causes homocysteine to be metabolized to methionine. (nih.gov)
- Betaine is a naturally occurring modified form of glycine that aids in the transsulfuration pathways converting homocysteine to methionine. (nih.gov)
- Betaine serves as a methyl donor so certain processes within the body can occur, such as homocysteine conversion to methionine. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Betaine is necessary for converting homocysteine to methionine, an amino acid crucial for the growth of new blood vessels. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Betaine works with B vitamins to synthesize amino acids, precursor to SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-Methionine). (ourkidsasd.com)
- Betaine has been used to increase remethylation of homocysteine back to methionine, thus decreasing cysteine and, ultimately, sulfite levels (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Choline2
- Betaine is an important nutrient that can be obtained from foods (such as beets), synthesized endogenously from choline, or provided as a supplement in patients with impaired folate status or inherited deficiencies of enzymes involved in transsulfuration pathways. (nih.gov)
- We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationships between circulating choline, betaine , and trimethylamine N-oxide with cognitive impairment among acute ischemic stroke patients. (nih.gov)
Grams4
- For oral solution: in bottles containing 180 grams of betaine anhydrous. (nih.gov)
- Administration of betaine even in high doses (6 to 20 grams daily) has not been linked to hepatotoxicity. (nih.gov)
- To the left of each food source, the Betaine value is shown in mg per 100 grams of edible portion of the food source. (aqua-calc.com)
- The players were randomly assigned to received two grams per day of betaine or placebo during 14 weeks of competition and training. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Folic acid1
- Your doctor may tell you to take other medications such as vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B 12 (cobalamin), and folic acid together with betaine. (medlineplus.gov)
Trimethylglycine2
- Betaine, also called trimethylglycine or TMG, is a naturally occurring crystalline alkaloid in food sources like sugar beets, wheat, quinoa, and spinach. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Also known as Trimethylglycine or TMG , betaine is widely available in bulk for pennies a day, promotes cardiovascular and hepatic health with an excellent safety profile, and enhances athletic training based on research in males. (priceplow.com)
Homocysteine levels3
- Without enough betaine, our bodies will have elevated homocysteine levels linked to an increased risk of heart attacks and plaque formation within the cardiovascular system. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Low levels of betaine in the body may contribute to increased homocysteine levels in the blood. (gallbladderattack.com)
- Betaine is linked to healthy homocysteine levels, a variable in healthy bone metabolism. (ourkidsasd.com)
Amino acid1
- Betaine, a methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine found in food sources such as shellfish, wheat, beetroot, and spinach, was found to accentuate the improvement in strength, power and endurance associated with 14 weeks of soccer competition and training. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Reductions in fat mass1
- The results of a recent study indicate women can expect reductions in fat mass when supplementing with betaine as well as an increased work volume tolerance when paired with resistance training. (priceplow.com)
Digestion4
- Betaine has other benefits for the body beyond digestion support. (ourkidsasd.com)
- Betaine mirrors the action of healthy stomach acid levels, supporting comfortable digestion. (ourkidsasd.com)
- Betaine HCl & Pepsin promotes optimal stomach acidity, protein digestion, and enzyme activity. (nutrigenomicsrx.com)
- The influences of Betaine LA treatment on the chemical composition, crystal and microstructure structure of cellulose , and cellulase digestion were investigated. (bvsalud.org)
Dietary1
- Betaine HCl is classified as a dietary supplement, so technically, anyone can choose to take it. (gallbladderattack.com)
Placebo6
- A trend (p = .056) was found for greater weekly training volumes for betaine versus placebo. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The data is in, and betaine works for fat loss in untrained women over placebo! (priceplow.com)
- Twenty-three young women, median age 21, with no formal resistance training experience were divided into two groups, a placebo(n=12) group, and a betaine(n=11) group. (priceplow.com)
- The betaine group received 2.5g/day of betaine and the placebo group received, you guessed it, placebo. (priceplow.com)
- While not noted as significant by the researchers, betaine users fat free mass increased by 2.9kg or 6.38lbs vs 1.9kg or 2.64lbs for the placebo group. (priceplow.com)
- The researchers observed no significant difference between betaine users and placebo when comparing results of the respective participants' performance testing. (priceplow.com)
Deficiency1
- But despite the low stats, betaine deficiency is still a grave concern that we should be aware of. (gallbladderattack.com)
Acidity1
- Betaine HCl is popularly used as a supplement to increase gastric acidity, but as we will discuss later, it is beneficial to us in more ways than one. (gallbladderattack.com)
Powder3
- Betaine comes as a powder to be mixed with food or drink and taken by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- One level scoop of powder is equal to 1 gram of betaine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Betaine powder may also be mixed with food. (medlineplus.gov)
Significant3
- Indeed, in some studies, betaine has been associated with significant declines in preexisting serum enzyme elevations in a proportion of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (nih.gov)
- Professional young soccer players may benefits from betaine supplements, says a new study from which found significant improvements in muscular strength, sprinting, and aerobic capacity. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
- The data indicated that all of the players displayed significant improvements in their VO2max, anaerobic peak power, and muscular strength compared over the 14 weeks, but these improvements were greater in the betaine-supplemented players. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Researchers3
- Some researchers find that betaine has osmotic protection properties that help protecting the proteins and enzymes of intestinal cells from environmental stress. (biomedcentral.com)
- Specifically, the researchers found that betaine led to better results for the vertical jump, upper and lower body strength, 30 m sprint, peak power during the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) test, and aerobic performance. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
- The researchers also noted that this is the first study to assess the potential benefits of betaine supplementations for period longer than 10 weeks, and the mid-season measurements allowed the scientists to explore the effects of betaine over the time course of the study. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Donor1
- In this work , lactic acid was selected as the hydrogen -bond- donor to prepare Betaine -base DES ( Betaine LA), The DES was utilized to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB) at 160 â for 80 min (severity factor LogR0 = 3.67). (bvsalud.org)
Adverse1
- To report a suspected adverse event related to Betaine Anhydrous, contact Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-855-224-0233 or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at http://www.fda.gov/MedWatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088. (betaineus.com)
Supplements1
- All supplements similarly increased plasma betaine . (nih.gov)
Clinical1
- Betaine has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury. (nih.gov)
Benefits1
- Complete the Betaine Patient Referral Form , including prescription details and important information for the benefits investigation process. (betaineus.com)
Nutrients1
- Betaine is in a class of medications called nutrients. (medlineplus.gov)
Alterations2
- The immunofluorescent images consistently revealed that LPS induced the disruption of TJ protein Claudin-1 and reduced its expression while betaine could reverse these alterations. (biomedcentral.com)
- Several compelling linear correlations were fitted between enzymatic hydrolysis and these alterations of physicochemical features, comprehensively understanding enzymatic saccharification of Betaine LA-pretreated SCB. (bvsalud.org)
Stomach1
- Betaine HCl before meals prep the stomach and helps in processing the incoming meal. (gallbladderattack.com)
Protein1
- Betaine is also crucial in protein metabolism and fat reduction. (gallbladderattack.com)
Increases1
- Weekly training volume increased over time………with a trend for greater increases in the betaine group. (priceplow.com)
Patients1
- The liver is rich in betaine but levels may be somewhat reduced in patients with liver disease. (nih.gov)
Treatment2
- The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. (nih.gov)
- Thus, in this study, IPEC-J2 cell was applicated as a cellular model to evaluate the effects of betaine in intestinal barrier function with the treatment of betaine alone or the combination treatment with LPS. (biomedcentral.com)
Results3
- The results demonstrated that betaine enhanced the expression of TJ proteins while LPS (1 μg/mL) downregulates the expression of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- The results showed that the lignin (47.1%) and xylan (44.6%) were removed, the cellulase digestibility of Betaine LA-treated SCB was 4.2 times that of the raw material. (bvsalud.org)
- Mailing samples collected by the AGI/betaine method affected only the results of the mold analyses, which were increased. (cdc.gov)
Vitamin1
- This includes investigating roles of various factors such as acetaldehyde, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), impaired immune function, and alcohol-induced impaired metabolism of s-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), folate, betaine, iron, and vitamin A. (nih.gov)
Significantly1
- The AGI/betaine and NFE sampling methods yielded significantly higher mold counts than the AGI/peptone method. (cdc.gov)
Support1
- We found the largest differences in effect size between groups in tests with high hamstring involvement, such as the CMJ [countermovement jump], 30 m sprint, and peak power during the RAST, which lends further support to our hypothesis that betaine may have affected performance by attenuating fatigue and hastening recovery from muscle damage. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Beneficial1
- Inclusion of betaine in the diet have a beneficial effect on relieving physical reactions to heat stress in both poultry and growing-finishing pigs [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance1
- Similar protective role of betaine on intestinal barrier function was observed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) approach. (biomedcentral.com)
Body3
- but, whether betaine enhances body composition or performance in female subjects is currently unknown. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Betaine subjects lost an average of 3.3% body fat and 2.0kg overall body weight. (priceplow.com)
- That translates to a 2.5 times or 250% greater weight loss and just shy of 50% greater body fat loss for betaine users . (priceplow.com)
Important1
- Why is betaine important? (ourkidsasd.com)
Amount1
- There is no established daily recommended amount of betaine at the moment. (gallbladderattack.com)
Effects1
- Betaine may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
Increase1
- Your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of betaine and gradually increase your dose based on your body's response to the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
