Tocopherols: A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. They are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. Tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.Tocotrienols: Natural analogs of TOCOPHEROLS exhibiting antioxidant activity. These tocol derivatives and isomers contain a benzopyran ring and an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain.alpha-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.Vitamin E Deficiency: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN E in the diet, characterized by posterior column and spinocerebellar tract abnormalities, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia, and disturbances of gait, proprioception, and vibration. In premature infants vitamin E deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, edema, intraventricular hemorrhage, and increasing risk of retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. An apparent inborn error of vitamin E metabolism, named familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, has recently been identified. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1181)Carotenoids: The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.beta-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.Interleukin-1beta: An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate plus oxygen to homogentisic acid and carbon dioxide. EC 1.13.11.27.Intramolecular Transferases: Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl-, phospho-, amino- or other groups from one position within a molecule to another. EC 5.4.Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.beta 2-Microglobulin: An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)Receptors, Adrenergic, beta: One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.Integrin beta3: An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C.Abetalipoproteinemia: An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.Plastoquinone: Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.Chromans: Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Xanthophylls: Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Sesamum: A plant genus of the family PEDALIACEAE that is the source of the edible seed and SESAME OIL.Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.Homogentisic AcidLutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.Lettuce: Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.Integrin alpha5beta1: An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.Integrin beta4: Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.Alkyl and Aryl Transferases: A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.Brassica rapa: A plant species cultivated for the seed used as animal feed and as a source of canola cooking oil.Integrin alpha6beta4: This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.Integrin beta Chains: Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.beta 2-Glycoprotein I: A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.Dietary Supplements: Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.F2-Isoprostanes: Isoprostanes derived from the free radical oxidation of ARACHIDONIC ACID. Although similar in structure to enzymatically synthesized prostaglandin F2alpha (DINOPROST), they occur through non-enzymatic oxidation of cell membrane lipids.Pyrogallol: A trihydroxybenzene or dihydroxy phenol that can be prepared by heating GALLIC ACID.Integrin alpha4beta1: Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.Integrin alpha2beta1: An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2: A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Dimethylallyltranstransferase: An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Vitamins: Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.PhytolDose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.Antigens, CD29: Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)Integrin alpha6beta1: A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1: A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.Integrin alpha1beta1: Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Isolation and characterization of homogentisate phytyltransferase genes from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis. (1/7)
Tocopherols, synthesized by photosynthetic organisms, are micronutrients with antioxidant properties that play important roles in animal and human nutrition. Because of these health benefits, there is considerable interest in identifying the genes involved in tocopherol biosynthesis to allow transgenic alteration of both tocopherol levels and composition in agricultural crops. Tocopherols are generated from the condensation of phytyldiphosphate and homogentisic acid (HGA), followed by cyclization and methylation reactions. Homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT) performs the first committed step in this pathway, the phytylation of HGA. In this study, bioinformatics techniques were used to identify candidate genes, slr1736 and HPT1, that encode HPT from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis, respectively. These two genes encode putative membrane-bound proteins, and contain amino acid residues highly conserved with other prenyltransferases of the aromatic type. A Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 slr1736 null mutant obtained by insertional inactivation did not accumulate tocopherols, and was rescued by the Arabidopsis HPT1 ortholog. The membrane fraction of wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was capable of catalyzing the phytylation of HGA, whereas the membrane fraction from the slr1736 null mutant was not. The microsomal membrane fraction of baculovirus-infected insect cells expressing the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 slr1736 were also able to perform the phytylation reaction, verifying HPT activity of the protein encoded by this gene. In addition, evidence that antisense expression of HPT1 in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced seed tocopherol levels, whereas seed-specific sense expression resulted in increased seed tocopherol levels, is presented. (+info)Characterization of gamma-tocopherol methyltransferases from Capsicum annuum L and Arabidopsis thaliana. (2/7)
Tocopherols are essential micronutrients in human and animal nutrition due to their function as lipophilic antioxidants. They are exclusively synthesized by photosynthetic organisms including higher plants. Despite the attributed beneficial health effects and many industrial applications, research on the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway and its regulation in plants is still limited. In the work presented here we performed a detailed biochemical characterization of a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (gamma-TMT) from Arabidopsis thaliana and of a gamma-TMT purified from Capsicum annuum fruits, a tissue with high accumulation of tocopherols. The biochemical characteristics of both enzyme preparations were remarkably similar including substrate specificities. Both enzymes converted delta- and gamma- into beta- and alpha-tocopherol, respectively, but beta-tocopherol was not accepted as a substrate, pointing to a specific methylation at the C(5)-position of the tocopherol aromatic head group. A kinetic analysis performed with the Arabidopsis enzyme was consistent with an iso-ordered bi-bi type reaction mechanism. Our results emphasize the role of gamma-TMT in regulating the spectrum of accumulated tocopherols in plants. (+info)The cytotoxicity of vitamin E is both vitamer- and cell-specific and involves a selectable trait. (3/7)
During a study of the effect of vitamin E in activated mouse macrophages, we observed a reduction in the viability of cells treated with various forms of vitamin E. We show in this report that some tocopherols (both gamma- and delta-tocopherol) are cytotoxic to some but not all cell types. Mouse macrophages were especially sensitive (40 micromol/L), whereas human hepatocytes and bovine endothelial cells were almost completely refractory (90 micromol/L). The fully methylated tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc), was not cytotoxic in any cell type tested. The cytotoxicity observed with delta-tocopherol (delta-Toc) was associated with 2 markers of apoptosis. Vitamer-specific cytotoxicity was not due to differences in cellular uptake/accumulation because both alpha-Toc and delta-Toc accumulated equally in any cell type tested. In contrast, the cell-specific cytotoxicity was related in part to uptake/accumulation of the tocopherols. Macrophages accumulated nearly 5 times more tocopherol compared with hepatocytes cultured under similar conditions. To address the hypothesis that uptake accounted for the cell-specific sensitivity, we developed a macrophage "subtype" that was markedly resistant (>150 micromol/L) to delta-Toc. Under many different cell culture conditions (including human serum) uptake/accumulation of tocopherols was reduced in this subtype by approximately 50%. Further selection and evaluation of this phenotype, however, demonstrated no cytotoxicity even when cellular levels were elevated. Our results show that undermethylated tocopherols are cytotoxic to macrophages and that there are independent and selectable processes that determine cellular tocopherol uptake/accumulation and delta-Toc cytotoxicity. (+info)Dietary alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols in lung cancer risk. (4/7)
(+info)Dietary beta-tocopherol and linoleic acid, serum insulin, and waist circumference predict circulating sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal women. (5/7)
(+info)Replacement of alpha-tocopherol by beta-tocopherol enhances resistance to photooxidative stress in a xanthophyll-deficient strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (6/7)
(+info)Implications for degenerative disorders: antioxidative activity, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and beta-tocopherol in Aloe vera. (7/7)
In order to demonstrate whether the known biological effects of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil. could correlate with the antioxidant activity of the plant, the antioxidant activity of the aqueous leaf extract was investigated. The present study demonstrated that the aqueous extract from A. vera leaves contained naturally occuring antioxidant components, including total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol. The extract exhibited inhibitory capacity against Fe(3+)/ascorbic acid induced phosphatidylcholine liposome oxidation, scavenged stable DPPH(*), ABTS(*+) and superoxide anion radicals, and acted as reductant. In contrast, the leaf inner gel did not show any antioxidant activity. It was concluded that the known beneficial effects of Aloe vera could be attributed to its antioxidant activity and could be related to the presence of phenolic compounds and antioxidant vitamins. (+info)![Aloe Vera Plus (1 litre) GNLD International Aloe Vera Plus | Aloe Vera Juice Drink [9731] - £14.00 : Neolife UK Distributors |...](data:image/png;base64,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)
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TayberryBeta-tocopherol 0 g 0 Gamma-tocopherol 1.42E-15 g Delta-tocopherol 1.04E-15 g ...
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994). "The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the ... a b c d e f g h i j What can foods rich in beta-carotene do for you? Archived June 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Whfoods. ... 1996). "Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease". N Engl J Med. 334 ( ... All other carotenoids, including lycopene, have no beta-ring and thus no vitamin A activity (although they may have antioxidant ...
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotine Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994). "The effect of vitamin E and beta carotine on the ... The free radical theory of aging implies that antioxidants such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), beta- ... 1996). "Effects of a combination of beta carotine and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease". New England Journal ... Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E and Beta Carotene for Age-Related Cataract and Vision Loss: ...
... and alpha-tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) (5 studies) content; milk studies reported on beta-carotene (4 studies) and alpha- ... tocopherol levels (4 studies). Few studies examined vitamin content in meats, but these found no difference in beta-carotene in ... Produce studies reported on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (31 studies), beta-carotene (a precursor for vitamin A) (12 studies), ... α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta- ...
The oil contains high concentrations of oleic acid, tocopherols, and carotenoids, especially beta-carotene. The oil has a ...
2008). "Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes". Diabetologia. 51 (1 ... Research from 2007 suggested that in type 1 diabetics, the continuing autoimmune disease which initially destroyed the beta ... Three vitamins, ascorbic acid; α-tocopherol; and β-carotene, are well recognized for their antioxidant activities in human. ... "Effects of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene on the risk of type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease: ...
The authors found 4 studies on each of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels in milk; differences were heterogeneous and ...
"Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers". Oral Dis ... Another study examined a combination of Vitamin E and beta carotene in smokers with early-stage cancer of the oropharynx, and ...
... making both beta / gamma tocotrienol as well as the beta / gamma tocopherol pairs of stereoisomer. Vitamin E Tocopherol ... The beta- and gamma- forms both have two substituted methyl groups, although at different structural positions (5,8-dimethyl ... The four compounds with the saturated tails are the tocopherols, and the four compounds with the unsaturated tails are the ... 2013). Tocotrienols: Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9781439884416. Komiyama K, Iizuka K, ...
Holick, C. N. (2002). Dietary Carotenoids, Serum beta-Carotene, and Retinol and Risk of Lung Cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, ... Beta-Carotene Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156(6), 536-547. Tanvetyanon T, Bepler G, (2008) Beta-carotene in ... Moreover, Over intake beta carotene for a long period of time increased the risk of lung cancer, prostate cancer and many other ... Evidence points to beta carotene being one example of such a compound, which has led researchers to caution against the ...
1997). "Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with ... beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E) may increase mortality, although with respect to beta-carotene this conclusion may be ... and tocopherol (E).[73] The view of the medical community is that there is no evidence for the efficacy of Orthomolecular ... "Nutrients and HIV: part one -- beta carotene and selenium" (PDF). Altern Med Rev. 4 (6): 403-13. PMID 10608913. Retrieved 2008 ...
... beta, gamma, delta). The critical chemical structural difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols is in that tocopherols ... Tocotrienols are members of the vitamin E family: four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocopherols (alpha, ... Tocotrienols are named by analogy to tocopherols (from Greek words meaning to bear a pregnancy (see tocopherol); but with this ... Various studies have shown that alpha-tocopherol interferes with tocotrienol benefits. High levels of α-tocopherol increase ...
"Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, and four ... Vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols) Vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds Carotenoids (carotenes as provitamin A) Fruit, vegetables ... Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with ... Azzi A (July 2007). "Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 43 (1): 16-21. doi: ...
... beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously ... Azzi, Angelo (2007). «Molecular mechanism of α-tocopherol action». Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 43 (1): 16-21. PMID ... Albanes D (1999). «Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study». Am J Clin Nutr. 69 (6): 1345S-50S. PMID 10359235. ... Tem sido afirmado que a forma α-tocopherol é o mais importante antioxidante solúvel em lípidos e que protege as membranas da ...
... higher in beta-carotene, 288% higher in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), higher in the B-vitamins thiamin and riboflavin, higher ... to be due to the lower rate of use of dietary ALA for beta-oxidation. One preliminary study showed that EPA can be increased by ...
... tocopherols MeSH D03.438.150.909.750.249 --- alpha-tocopherol MeSH D03.438.150.909.750.374 --- beta-tocopherol MeSH D03.438. ... tocopherols MeSH D03.830.219.909.750.249 --- alpha-tocopherol MeSH D03.830.219.909.750.374 --- beta-tocopherol MeSH D03.830. ... beta-naphthoflavone MeSH D03.438.150.266.450.190 --- biflavonoids MeSH D03.438.150.266.450.206 --- catechin MeSH D03.438. ... beta-naphthoflavone MeSH D03.830.219.266.450.190 --- biflavonoids MeSH D03.830.219.266.450.206 --- catechin MeSH D03.830. ...
... 's fruits have a high content of sugars (40%), and antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin C, beta-carotene, niacin, ... The analysed fruits contain very useful bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolics, vitamins (ascorbic acid and tocopherols) ... tocopherols, and organic acids that are precursors to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (nearly 9%). They are edible fresh, but ...
... tocopherols, i.e. R, R,R-alpha-tocopherol content plus at least 25% R, R,R-beta-, R, R,R-gamma-, R, R,R-delta-tocopherols.[ ... As a food additive, tocopherol is labeled with these E numbers: E306 (tocopherol), E307 (α-tocopherol), E308 (γ-tocopherol), ... According to listings by FAO and others beta-tocopherol should be multiplied by 0.5, gamma-tocopherol by 0.1, and a-tocotrienol ... In tocopherols, this is due to the preference of the tocopherol binding protein for the alpha-tocopherol form of the vitamin. ...
Kamal-Eldin A, Appelqvist LA (July 1996). "The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols". Lipids. ...
See the main article tocopherol for more information. alpha-Tocopherol beta-Tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol (+)-δ-Tocopherol at ... δ-Tocopherol is one of the chemical compounds that is considered vitamin E. As a food additive, it has E number E309. ...
... tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol). Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of vitamin E, but ... ISBN 0-85199-723-6. Sabir, A; Unver, A; Kara, Z (2012). "The fatty acid and tocopherol constituents of the seed oil extracted ... A study of 21 grape cultivars showed variation of oil composition, especially for linoleic acid and tocopherols. Although grape ...
"Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, and four ... 64.0 64.1 Azzi A (2007). "Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 43 (1): 16-21. doi:10.1016/j. ... Atkinson J, Epand RF, Epand RM (2007). "Tocopherols and tocotrienols in membranes: A critical review". Free Radic. Biol. Med. ... Stahl W, Schwarz W, Sundquist A, Sies H (1992). "cis-trans isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene in human serum and tissues". ...
Lupins also contain moderate amounts of the carotenoids beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and tocopherols (vitamin E). ... Lupin oils have high antioxidant capacities due in part to the presence of tocopherol (vitamin E). The total vitamin E content ...
The main carotenoids are beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lycopene while alpha-tocopherol is the major vitamin E compound. The ... tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensis and mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë ...
... has been shown as a powerful protective antioxidant for thalassemia and prevents the breakdown of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)[ ... Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Syn.: Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) Arcang., Beta vulgaris subsp. rapacea (Koch) Döll).: all ... description of Beta vulgaris and Beta maritima Sorting Beta names. Archived 2013-04-15 at WebCite Multilingual Multiscript ... Beta vulgaris belongs to the subfamily Betoideae in family Amaranthaceae (s.l, including the Chenopodiaceae). Beta vulgaris is ...
... (Vietnamese: [tɨəŋ]) is the name applied to a variety of condiments a kind of fermented bean paste made from soybean and commonly used in Vietnamese cuisine. Originally, the term tương refers to a salty paste made from fermented soybeans, which is popular in vegetarian meals, particularly those prepared and eaten by Vietnamese Buddhist monks. It is also the most typical dipping sauce for summer rolls (gỏi cuốn). The paste, which is generally dark brown in color, is produced by adding the fungus Aspergillus oryzae to roasted soybeans, which are then allowed to naturally ferment in a jar with water until it develops an umami flavor. Other ingredients, such as glutinous rice or maize powder, salt, or water, may also be used. Tương is similar to the Chinese yellow soybean paste, though the latter is generally saltier and thicker in texture. Tương may range in consistency from a thick paste to a thin liquid. Some varieties, such as that prepared in Central Vietnam, are watery, ...
Serum Vitamin C Concentration Was Inversely Associated With Subsequent 20-Year Incidence of Stroke in a Japanese Rural...The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence ... Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med.. 1996;334:1150 ... Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular ...
... beta, gamma, delta). The critical chemical structural difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols is in that tocopherols ... Tocotrienols are members of the vitamin E family: four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocopherols (alpha, ... Tocotrienols are named by analogy to tocopherols (from Greek words meaning to bear a pregnancy (see tocopherol); but with this ... Various studies have shown that alpha-tocopherol interferes with tocotrienol benefits. High levels of α-tocopherol increase ...
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govAlpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of ... Tocopherols. Vitamin E. Tocotrienols. alpha-Tocopherol. Carotenoids. Beta Carotene. Antioxidants. Molecular Mechanisms of ... Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... Kataja-Tuomola M, Sundell JR, Männistö S, Virtanen MJ, Kontto J, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta- ...
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) StudyThe Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study was a large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2 ... a-tocopherol as dl-a-tocopheryl acetate (50 mg/day), (Beta)-carotene as. all-trans-(Beta)-carotene (20 mg/day), both ... Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Lung Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC Study) Population. Trial Phase:. N/A. Minimum Age:. 50 Years ... Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Lung Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC Study) Population. The ATBC study was a randomized, double- ...
Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. ...In the Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreased ... In the ATBC Study, 29 133 male smokers aged 50 to 69 years received alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene (20 mg), both ... To analyze postintervention effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on cancer incidence and total and cause-specific ... The preventive effects of alpha-tocopherol on prostate cancer require confirmation in other trials. Smokers should avoid beta- ...
Beta-tocopherol | definition of beta-tocopherol by Medical dictionary... beta-tocopherol explanation free. What is beta-tocopherol? Meaning of beta-tocopherol medical term. What does beta-tocopherol ... Looking for online definition of beta-tocopherol in the Medical Dictionary? ... Beta-tocopherol , definition of beta-tocopherol by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/beta- ... medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/beta-tocopherol,beta-tocopherol,/a,. *Facebook ...
PRIME PubMed | Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial...PubMed journal article Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a ... Vitamin E and beta carotene supplementation in high risk for stroke: a subgroup analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene ... Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC Study, Finland ... We tested the effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of colorectal cancer in the Alpha- ...
ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL- (UNII: 7QWA1RIO01) (.ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL- - UNII:7QWA1RIO01). .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL-. 30 [iU]. ... BETA.-CAROTENE (UNII: 01YAE03M7J) (.BETA.-CAROTENE - UNII:01YAE03M7J). .BETA.-CAROTENE. 2500 [iU]. ... ESCAVITE D- .beta.-carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol, dl-, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, ... ESCAVITE D- .beta.-carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol, dl-, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, ...
ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- (UNII: WR1WPI7EW8) (.ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL- - UNII:7QWA1RIO01) .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL-. 30 [iU] ... BETA CAROTENE (UNII: 01YAE03M7J) (BETA CAROTENE - UNII:01YAE03M7J) BETA CAROTENE. 600 [iU]. ... beta.-carotene, vitamin a acetate, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine mononitrate, ... beta.-carotene, vitamin a acetate, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine mononitrate, ...
Increased Risk of Lung Cancer in Men with Tuberculosis in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study | Cancer...Increased Risk of Lung Cancer in Men with Tuberculosis in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Meredith ... Increased Risk of Lung Cancer in Men with Tuberculosis in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study ... Methods: Our study included 29,133 Finnish male smokers followed prospectively in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer ... Increased Risk of Lung Cancer in Men with Tuberculosis in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study ...
ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- (UNII: WR1WPI7EW8) (.ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL- - UNII:7QWA1RIO01). .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL-. 40 [iU] ... BETA.-CAROTENE (UNII: 01YAE03M7J) (.BETA.-CAROTENE - UNII:01YAE03M7J). .BETA.-CAROTENE. 2100 [iU]. ... ACTIVE FE- .beta.-carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin ... ACTIVE FE- .beta.-carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin ...
ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- (UNII: WR1WPI7EW8) (ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, DL- - UNII:7QWA1RIO01) ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, DL-. 22 mg. ... vitamin a acetate, beta carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine mononitrate, ... Label: PRENATAL PLUS- vitamin a acetate, beta carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, ... PRENATAL PLUS- vitamin a acetate, beta carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine ...
ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- (UNII: WR1WPI7EW8) (.ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- - UNII:WR1WPI7EW8). .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ... BAL-CARE DHA - beta carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin ... BAL-CARE DHA - beta carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin ... BAL-CARE DHA - beta carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin ...
ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- (UNII: WR1WPI7EW8) (ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, DL- - UNII:7QWA1RIO01) ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, DL-. 30 [iU]. ... BETA.-CAROTENE (UNII: 01YAE03M7J) (.BETA.-CAROTENE - UNII:01YAE03M7J) .BETA.-CAROTENE. 4000 [iU]. ... beta.-carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate, dl-, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine ... Label: HEALTHY MAMABE WELL ROUNDED BE WELL ROUNDED- .beta.-carotene, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, .alpha.-tocopherol acetate ...
Amount of Tocopherol, TCP, beta in Blackberries, wild, raw natural (Alaska Native)... beta is present in Blackberries, wild, raw natural (Alaska Native) in details, quantity how high or low Tocopherol, TCP, beta ... BETA-TOCOPHEROL (β-tocopherol) Beta-tocopherol is one of the tocopherol compounds that form vitamin E. It occurs naturally in ... Determine, under different quantities, how much of Tocopherol, TCP, beta nutrient can be found in Blackberries, wild, raw ... Amount of Tocopherol, TCP, beta in Blackberries, wild, raw natural (Alaska Native). Back to products complete Nutritional ...
Study in male smokers continues to provide clues into the causes and prevention of multip...( SEATTLE The Alpha-Tocopherol...SEATTLE The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) ... Results from two separate sub-studies in ATBC presented ... SEATTLE The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study was initiated to test the effect of vitamin ...
Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on coronary heart disease in a controlled trial... Rapola, Janne M ...
Effect of Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene Supplementation on the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes - PubMedSerum levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. ... Neither alpha-tocopherol nor beta-carotene supplementation prevented type 2 diabetes in male smokers. ... Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene Supplements and Lung Cancer Incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer ... Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene does not prevent lung cancer in older men who smoke. beta-Carotene ...
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Looks at Prostate and Stomach Cancers | ENCOGNITIVE.COMThe Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Looks at Prostate and Stomach Cancers. Tagged: *Alpha-carotene ... The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC) is one of the randomized double-blinded reports of a few ... The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1029-35. ... The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Looks at Prostate and Stomach Cancers ...
β-Tocopherol, O-acetylbeta»-Tocopherol, O-acetyl-. *Formula: C30H50O3. *Molecular weight: 458.7162 ...
Human Nutrition Astaxanthin Beadlet/ Beta-Carotene /D-Alpha-TocopherolD-Alpha-Tocopherol 1000IU/Q10 Astaxanthin Beadlet 10% CWS Astaxanthin Beadlet 10% TAB Beta-Carotene 96%-101% Beta-Carotene ...
... b-tocopherol explanation free. What is b-tocopherol? Meaning of b-tocopherol medical term. What does b-tocopherol mean? ... Looking for online definition of b-tocopherol in the Medical Dictionary? ... beta-tocopherol. (redirected from b-tocopherol) β-to·coph·er·ol (β-T), (tō-kofĕr-ol), A lower homologue of α-tocopherol that ... a href=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/b-tocopherol,beta-tocopherol,/a,. *Facebook ...
As D-Alpha Tocopherol Plus D-Beta Tocopherol, D-Delta Tocopherol and D-Gamma Tocopherol. Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) is a fat- ... As D-Alpha Tocopherol Plus D-Beta Tocopherol, D-Delta Tocopherol & D-Gamma Tocopherol ) Solgar ... Other Ingredients: Safflower Oil, Gelatin, Soybean Oil, Glycerin, D-Gamma Tocopherol, D-Delta Tocopherol, D-Beta Tocopherol, ... Vitamin E (as D-alpha tocopherol) 400 IU 1333%. *Percent Daily Values(DV)are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.. ...
Beta-tocopherol 0 g 0 Gamma-tocopherol 1.42E-15 g Delta-tocopherol 1.04E-15 g ...
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study ... The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung ... beta-carotene (20 mg/d) alone, α-tocopherol and beta-carotene, or placebo. Follow-up continued for 5 to 8 years (median, 6.1 ... The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Pirjo Pietinen, Eric B. Rimm, Pasi Korhonen, Anne M. Hartman, ...
- The critical chemical structural difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols is in that tocopherols have saturated side chains, whereas tocotrienols have unsaturated isoprenoid side chains (farnesyl isoprenoid tails) with three double bonds (see Figure). (wikipedia.org)
- Historically studies of tocotrienols account for less than 1% of all research into vitamin E. A scientific compilation of tocotrienol research, Tocotrienols: Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols, was published in 2013. (wikipedia.org)
- The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academy of Sciences does not define a Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake or Tolerable Upper Intake Level for tocotrienols, only for alpha tocopherol. (wikipedia.org)
- During the 1990s, the anti-cancer properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols began to be delineated. (wikipedia.org)
- but with this word changed to include the chemical difference that tocotrienols are trienes, meaning that they share identical structure with the tocopherols except for the addition of the three double bonds to their side chains. (wikipedia.org)
- The other two corresponding centers in the phytyl tail of the corresponding tocopherols do not exist due to tocotrienol's unsaturation at these sites. (wikipedia.org)
- Like tocopherols, individual tocotrienol isomers demonstrate different bioavailability and efficacy depending on the type of antioxidant performance being measured. (wikipedia.org)
- All tocotrienol and tocopherol isomers have some physical antioxidant activity due to an ability to donate a hydrogen atom (a proton plus electron) from the hydroxyl group on the chromanol ring, to free radical and reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
- Annatto tocotrienol has the highest tocotrienol concentration and is tocopherol-free. (wikipedia.org)
- Originally, this was a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2 factorial primary prevention trial testing the effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- To analyze postintervention effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on cancer incidence and total and cause-specific mortality. (nih.gov)
- The preventive effects of alpha-tocopherol on prostate cancer require confirmation in other trials. (nih.gov)
- We tested the effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of colorectal cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among 29,133 50-69-year-old male cigarette smokers. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Vitamin C: 1 IU is 50 μg L-ascorbic acid Vitamin D: The biological activity of 40 IU is equal to 1 μg Vitamin E: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of about 0.667 mg d-alpha-tocopherol (2/3 mg exactly), or of 0.45 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the mono-methylated form ddd-gamma-tocopherol is the most prevalent form of vitamin E in oils, there is evidence that rats can methylate this form to the preferred alpha-tocopherol, since several generations of rats retained alpha-tocopherol tissue levels, even when fed only gamma-tocopherol through their lives. (wikipedia.org)
- The beta- and gamma- forms both have two substituted methyl groups, although at different structural positions (5,8-dimethyl and 7,8-dimethyl, respectively), making both beta / gamma tocotrienol as well as the beta / gamma tocopherol pairs of stereoisomer. (wikipedia.org)
- Seed oil also contains considerable amounts of gamma-tocopherol. (wikipedia.org)
- Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) is a fat-soluble antioxidant that may help minimize the effects of free-radicals. (vitaminusa.com)
- All other carotenoids, including lycopene, have no beta-ring and thus no vitamin A activity (although they may have antioxidant activity and thus biological activity in other ways). (wikipedia.org)
- Like tocopherols, individual tocotrienol isomers demonstrate different bioavailability and efficacy depending on the type of antioxidant performance being measured. (wikipedia.org)
- All tocotrienol and tocopherol isomers have some physical antioxidant activity due to an ability to donate a hydrogen atom (a proton plus electron) from the hydroxyl group on the chromanol ring, to free radical and reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
- Lupin oils have high antioxidant capacities due in part to the presence of tocopherol (vitamin E). The total vitamin E content is about 2.3-4.6 mg/kg of oil. (wikipedia.org)
- α-tocopherol, the most biologically active form of vitamin E, is the second-most common form of vitamin E in the diet. (wikipedia.org)
- The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil: Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol). (wikipedia.org)
- Those randomized to low-dose vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) alone showed a 36% decreased incidence (95% CI = -56% to -6%) and 41% decreased mortality (95% CI = -65% to -1%) for prostate cancer. (encognitive.com)
- However, if the middle of the three stereocenters were changed (so the hydrogen was now pointing down and the methyl group pointing up), this would become the structure of RSR-alpha-tocopherol. (wikipedia.org)
- For prostate cancer incidence (n = 672), the RR was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.76-1.03) for participants receiving alpha-tocopherol compared with nonrecipients. (nih.gov)
- There are three stereocenters in alpha-tocopherol, so this is a chiral molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- The fatty acid and tocopherol constituents of the seed oil extracted from 21 grape varieties (Vitis spp. (wikipedia.org)
- Because the vitamin activity was first identified in 1936 from a dietary fertility factor in rats, it was given the name "tocopherol" from the Greek words "τόκος" [tókos, birth], and "φέρειν", [phérein, to bear or carry] meaning in sum "to carry a pregnancy," with the ending "-ol" signifying its status as a chemical alcohol. (wikipedia.org)
- All cultivars fall into the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. (wikipedia.org)
- Beta vulgaris is classified into three subspecies: Beta vulgaris subsp. (wikipedia.org)
- Carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which are also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E (α-tocopherol). (wikipedia.org)
- Animal species differ greatly in their ability to convert retinyl (beta-ionone) containing carotenoids to retinals. (wikipedia.org)
- A study of 21 grape cultivars showed variation of oil composition, especially for linoleic acid and tocopherols. (wikipedia.org)
- α-Tocopherol has a stimulatory effect on the dephosphorylation enzyme, protein phosphatase 2A, which in turn, cleaves phosphate groups from PKC, leading to its deactivation, bringing the smooth muscle growth to a halt. (wikipedia.org)
- In eukaryotes, HPPD is used to regulate blood tyrosine levels, and plants utilize this enzyme to help produce the cofactors plastoquinone and tocopherol which are essential for the plant to survive. (wikipedia.org)