Acetyl Coenzyme A
Interleukin-1beta
beta 2-Microglobulin
An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.
Acetylesterase
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta
Integrin beta3
Organophosphates
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Acetate-CoA Ligase
Transforming Growth Factor beta
A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.
Integrin alpha5beta1
Integrin beta4
Acetyltransferases
Integrin alpha6beta4
This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.
Phosphate Acetyltransferase
Integrin beta Chains
Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.
Integrin alpha4beta1
Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.
Acetate Kinase
Acetates
Integrin alpha2beta1
An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2
A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Acetylcarnitine
Base Sequence
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
Cells, Cultured
Integrins
A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.
Interleukin-1
A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.
Antigens, CD29
Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Integrin alpha6beta1
A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
Phenylacetates
Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1
A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Binding Sites
Integrin alpha1beta1
Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
Estrogen Receptor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta1
A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
Cloning, Molecular
Amino Acid Sequence
Gene Expression Regulation
Beta Rhythm
Transfection
Mutation
Phosphorylation
Macromolecular Substances
Substrate Specificity
DNA Polymerase beta
Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
beta Catenin
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
Transcription, Genetic
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.
Models, Molecular
Gene Expression
Peptide Fragments
Structure-Activity Relationship
Protein Subunits
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Propanolamines
Receptors, Vitronectin
Cattle
Enzyme Activation
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Carbohydrate Sequence
beta Karyopherins
Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS in the CYTOSOL and are involved in transport of molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Once inside the CELL NUCLEUS beta karyopherins interact with RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN and dissociate from alpha karyopherins. Beta karyopherins bound to RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN are then re-transported to the cytoplasm where hydrolysis of the GTP of RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN causes release of karyopherin beta.
Liver
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Phospholipase C beta
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
DNA Primers
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Isoenzymes
Cricetinae
Rabbits
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
Histone Acetyltransferases
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Fibronectins
Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.
Molecular Structure
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Catalysis
Blotting, Western
Transcription Factors
DNA-Binding Proteins
Integrin alphaVbeta3
An integrin that binds to a variety of plasma and extracellular matrix proteins containing the conserved RGD amino acid sequence and modulates cell adhesion. Integrin alphavbeta3 is highly expressed in OSTEOCLASTS where it may play role in BONE RESORPTION. It is also abundant in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and in some tumor cells, where it is involved in angiogenesis and cell migration. Although often referred to as the vitronectin receptor there is more than one receptor for vitronectin (RECEPTORS, VITRONECTIN).
ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase
Mice, Transgenic
Fatty Acid Synthases
Glucose
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Ligases
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Multienzyme Complexes
Immunohistochemistry
Carnitine
Fibroblasts
Adenosine Triphosphate
Insulin-Secreting Cells
Malonyl Coenzyme A
Plasmids
Receptors, Nicotinic
One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.
Cell Membrane
Crystallography, X-Ray
DNA, Complementary
Membrane Proteins
Protein Isoforms
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Carrier Proteins
Cell Differentiation
Biotin
Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human
The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Haptens
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Protein Kinase C beta
PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Oligosaccharides
Cell Movement
Up-Regulation
Protein Structure, Secondary
Antigens, CD18
Transforming Growth Factor beta2
A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.
Models, Biological
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
Trichothecenes
Chemistry
Fatty Acids
Caspase 1
A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.
Isoproterenol
Phenotype
Mass Spectrometry
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Islets of Langerhans
Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.
Chemical Phenomena
Macrophages
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
CHO Cells
Down-Regulation
Laminin
Binding, Competitive
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Amyloid beta-Peptides
Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Methanosarcina
A genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped METHANOSARCINALES whose organisms are nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. These archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. Organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments.
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Acyltransferases
Cell Division
Cytoplasm
Immunoblotting
Beta-Globulins
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Rats, Wistar
Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase
Blotting, Northern
Acetic Acid
Dimerization
Organophosphorus Compounds
Chromatography, Gel
Trans-Activators
Nuclear Proteins
Oxo-Acid-Lyases
Expression cloning of beta 1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase cDNAs that determine the expression of GM2 and GD2 gangliosides. (1/15)
GM2 and GD2 gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids expressed in some normal tissues such as brain and in various tumors such as neuroblastomas, astrocytomas, and malignant melanomas. We used a eukaryotic cell transient expression system to isolate cDNA clones that determine GM2 expression. We developed a new cell line from murine melanoma line B16 by transfecting with the polyoma T antigen gene that was suitable for this purpose. Two cDNA clones, both of which have a continuous open reading frame of 1683 base pairs, were isolated. Although the cloned cDNAs had no primary sequence similarity to reported glycosyltransferases, the deduced amino acid sequence predicted a type II transmembrane protein with an overall structure similar to other glycosyltransferases. The cDNA clones, when stably transfected, determined the expression of GM2 in B16 cells and GM2 and GD2 in the human melanoma line MeWo. Northern blot analysis revealed two transcripts in all cells that expressed either GM2 or GD2 or both. These findings indicate that the cDNAs catalyze the transfer of GalNAc onto GM3 and GD3 by a beta 1,4 linkage, resulting in the synthesis of GM2 and GD2, respectively. Namely they suggest that these cDNAs derive from the UDP-GalNAc: GM3/GD3 beta 1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.92) gene. (+info)Determination of glycosidase activity in porcine oviductal fluid at the different phases of the estrous cycle. (2/15)
(+info)Muropeptide rescue in Bacillus subtilis involves sequential hydrolysis by beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase. (3/15)
(+info)Molecular cloning and catalytic mechanism of a novel glycosphingolipid-degrading beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Paenibacillus sp. TS12. (4/15)
(+info)Urinary vanin-1 as a novel biomarker for early detection of drug-induced acute kidney injury. (5/15)
(+info)Microdiversity of extracellular enzyme genes among sequenced prokaryotic genomes. (6/15)
(+info)The pigeon heart 5'-nucleotidase responsible for ischaemia-induced adenosine formation. (7/15)
1. A 5'-nucleotidase with a strong preference for AMP over IMP was characterized in homogenates and subcellular fractions of pigeon heart by using concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP which mimicked those present in the ischaemic tissue. 2. The AMP-5'-nucleotidase had a neutral pH optimum and an apparent Km in the range 4.6-5.2 mM. It was stimulated by ATP plus ADP, and was inhibited by other nucleoside monophosphates, Pi and p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but not by ribose 5-phosphate or beta-glycerophosphate. The enzyme was not inhibited by [alpha beta-methylene] ADP or by 5'-deoxy-5'-isobutylthioadenosine, an inhibitor of the previously purified IMP-preferring cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase. 3. Subcellular-fractionation studies indicated that the enzyme has access to cytosolic AMP, although it may be associated by weak ionic interactions with an organelle present in the low-speed particulate fraction. 4. A 5'-nucleotidase was detected under similar conditions in homogenates of rat heart. 5. The activity of the pigeon heart AMP-5'-nucleotidase was sufficient to account for previously measured rates of ischaemia-induced adenosine formation. The similar activity in rat heart could, however, account for only part of ischaemia-induced adenosine formation in this tissue. (+info)Parameters affecting the in vitro maturation of human monocytes to macrophages. (8/15)
In vitro maturation of human monocytes to macrophages was characterized by morphological criteria, cell size and lysosomal enzymes activity. Purified populations of monocytes were maintained in culture at either adherent or nonadherent conditions and their maturation to macrophages was observed in both cases. The addition of external factors such as hydrocortisone and vitamin D3 inhibited monocyte maturation. In the absence of external factors, nonadherent monocytes were inhibited in their maturation for up to 10 days when plated at crowded cell concentrations. In addition, the presence of human serum in the culture media had a higher inhibitory activity than similar concentrations of fetal calf serum. Supernates from crowded macrophages were also inhibitory for monocyte maturation. We suggest the possibility that cell crowding, as well as soluble factors found in the serum and probably secreted by macrophages, participate in the regulation of monocyte development by inhibiting their maturation. Once released from this inhibitory signal or environment, the monocytes mature to macrophages. (+info)
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Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity elicited lipid peroxidation in hemocytes of Bombyx mori larva infested with dipteran...
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N-acetil-β-D-glicosaminidase como biomarcador precoce de disfunção renal para a exposição ocupacional ao chumbo inorgânico<...
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Mucinaminylserine mucinaminidase
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine and H2O, whereas its two products are D-galactosyl-3-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine and ... Other names in common use include endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, and endo-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase. ... N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-galactosyl-3-N-acetyl-beta-D- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-galactosyl-3-(N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine mucinaminohydrolase. ...
NAGA (gene)
Den Tandt WR, Scharpé S (1997). "Micromethod for the fluorimetric determination of plasma N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase ... Warner TG, Louie A, Potier M (1991). "Photolabeling of the alpha-neuraminidase/beta-galactosidase complex from human placenta ... Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAGA gene. NAGA encodes the lysosomal enzyme ... Mohamad SB, Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Hori H (2003). "Tumor cell alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity and its involvement in GcMAF ...
Beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
... (EC 3.2.1.53, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase, beta- ... beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, N-acetylgalactosaminidase) is an enzyme with systematic name beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide ... "Isolation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from calf brain". ... Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides Frohwein YZ, Gatt S ( ...
Glycopeptide alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
Endo-α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.97, endo-α-acetylgalactosaminidase, endo-α-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase, ... 3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine + L-serine-[protein] The enzyme catalyses the release of Gal-(1->3)-beta- ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction 3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-L-serine-[protein ... D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name ...
List of diseases (N)
N acetyltransferase deficiency N syndrome N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase N-acetyl- ... folate-sensitive Neural tube defects X linked Neuraminidase beta-galactosidase deficiency Neuraminidase deficiency Neurasthenia ...
NAGA gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOSAMINIDASE. Gene and Variant Databases. *NCBI Gene *ClinVar ... Michalski JC, Klein A. Glycoprotein lysosomal storage disorders: alpha- and beta-mannosidosis, fucosidosis and alpha-N- ...
Code System Concept
Beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (substance) {9183000 , SNOMED-CT } N-Acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase (substance) {259408002 , ... Galactosaminidase (substance) {304272006 , SNOMED-CT } Parent/Child (Relationship Type) ...
Code System Concept
N-Acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase (substance) {259408002 , SNOMED-CT } N-Acetylneuraminidase (substance) {259409005 , SNOMED-CT ... Beta-galactosidase-alpha-neuraminidase-protective protein (substance) {259402001 , SNOMED-CT } Beta-mannosidase (substance) { ... N-Aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase (substance) {259410000 , SNOMED-CT } Uridyl diphosphate-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme GlcNAc-1- ...
Schindler disease: MedlinePlus Genetics
Blanchon YC, Gay C, Gibert G, Lauras B. A case of N-acetyl galactosaminidase deficiency (Schindler disease) associated with ... Michalski JC, Klein A. Glycoprotein lysosomal storage disorders: alpha- and beta-mannosidosis, fucosidosis and alpha-N- ...
Schindler disease: MedlinePlus Genetics
Blanchon YC, Gay C, Gibert G, Lauras B. A case of N-acetyl galactosaminidase deficiency (Schindler disease) associated with ... Michalski JC, Klein A. Glycoprotein lysosomal storage disorders: alpha- and beta-mannosidosis, fucosidosis and alpha-N- ...
Labeling & detection
4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-ß-D-galactosaminide - 100 mg *Cat.Number : AS-85618 ... GMP Beta-Amyloid (1-40), human * GMP Beta-Amyloid (1-42), human ... Galactosaminidase (1) GSK3 Kinase (1) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ( ...
Labeling & detection
4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-ß-D-galactosaminide - 100 mg *Cat.Number : AS-85618 ... Galactosaminidase (1) GSK3 Kinase (1) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (2) Histone deacetylase (HDAC) (1) ... beta-amyloid (1) Beta-Galactosidase (2) Biotin (11) BSA (5) Calcein (5) ...
Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring...
Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring ... small beta]-galactosaminidase that acts with retention of stereochemistry{,} and{,} through a 3-D structure in complex with Gal ... Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring ... Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring ...
Labeling & detection
4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-ß-D-galactosaminide - 100 mg *Cat.Number : AS-85618 ... GMP Beta-Amyloid (1-40), human * GMP Beta-Amyloid (1-42), human ... Galactosaminidase (1) GSK3 Kinase (1) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ( ...
QPrEST HEXDC Mass Spectrometry Protein Standard - Buy for research - Atlas Antibodies
Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Beta-hexosaminidase D, Hexosaminidase domain-containing protein, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase ... Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Beta-hexosaminidase D, Hexosaminidase domain-containing protein, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase ... Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Beta-hexosaminidase D, Hexosaminidase domain-containing protein, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase ...
Beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase - Wikipedia
Beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.53, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase, beta- ... beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, N-acetylgalactosaminidase) is an enzyme with systematic name beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide ... "Isolation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from calf brain". ... Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides Frohwein YZ, Gatt S ( ...
QPrEST HEXDC Mass Spectrometry Protein Standard - Buy for research - Atlas Antibodies
Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Beta-hexosaminidase D, Hexosaminidase domain-containing protein, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase ... Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Beta-hexosaminidase D, Hexosaminidase domain-containing protein, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase ... Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Beta-hexosaminidase D, Hexosaminidase domain-containing protein, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase ...
Code System Concept
Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring...
Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring ... small beta]-galactosaminidase that acts with retention of stereochemistry{,} and{,} through a 3-D structure in complex with Gal ... Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring ... Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring ...
Labeling & detection
Labeling & detection
Labeling & detection
3.2.1.49: alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase - BRENDA Enzyme Database
... beta-D-Glc-(1,-,1)-ceramide. Synonyms. alpha-acetylgalactosaminidase, N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase, N-acetyl-alpha- ... beta-D-Gal-(1-,4)-beta-D-Glc-(1,-,1)-ceramide. + H2O. = D-GalNAc. + beta-D-GalNAc-(1-,3)-alpha-D-Gal-(1-,4)-beta-D-Gal-(1-,4)- ... alpha-N-galactosaminidase IV, NaGalase, alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase blood group A2 degrading enzyme, alpha-NAGA, envelope ... galactosaminidase, 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactoside ...
ENZYME - 3.2.1.97 endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
H2O + O(3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl]-L-seryl-[protein] <=> beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D ... endo-alpha-acetylgalactosaminidase.. endo-alpha-GalNAc-ase.. endo-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase.. ... H2O + O(3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl]-L-threonyl-[protein] <=> beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N- ... beta-(GlcNAc-(1->6)-beta)-GalNAc or the core 3 disaccharide GlcNAc- (1->3)-beta-GalNAc). ...
Peptide Enzyme Substrates
SciELO - Brazil - Biochemical identification techniques and antibiotic susceptibility profile of lipolytic ambiental bacteria...
Beta-N-ACETYL-GALACTOSAMINIDASE (NAGA). -. +. -. +. +. -. +. +. +. +. +. +. -. +. +. +. +. +. +. -. +. +. -. -. 35. ALPHA- ... BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (BGAL). +. -. +. -. -. +. -. -. -. -. -. -. +. -. -. +. -. -. -. +. -. -. +. +. 7. H2S PRODUCTION (H2S) -. - ... BETA-Alanine arylamidase pNA (BAlap). -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. 19. L-Proline ... BETA-N-ACETYL-GLUCOSAMINIDASE (BNAG). -. +. -. +. +. -. +. +. +. +. +. +. -. +. +. +. +. +. +. -. +. +. +. -. 9. Glutamyl ...
MeSH Browser
N-Acetyl-beta-Galactosaminidase beta-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase Registry Number. EC 3.2.1.53. Related Numbers. 9054-43-7. ... beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase Preferred Concept UI. M0070475. Registry Number. EC 3.2.1.53. Related Numbers. 9054-43-7. Scope ... beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase Preferred Term Term UI T100478. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2005). ... N-Acetyl-beta-Galactosaminidase Term UI T100476. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2005). ...
MeSH Browser
N-Acetyl-beta-Galactosaminidase beta-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase Registry Number. EC 3.2.1.53. Related Numbers. 9054-43-7. ... beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase Preferred Concept UI. M0070475. Registry Number. EC 3.2.1.53. Related Numbers. 9054-43-7. Scope ... beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase Preferred Term Term UI T100478. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2005). ... N-Acetyl-beta-Galactosaminidase Term UI T100476. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2005). ...
Pharos : Target List
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity. 2 Select filter option. NAD(P)+ nucleosidase activity. 2 ... Beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta. 1 Select filter option. Beta-klotho. 1 Select filter option. Beta-mannosidase. 1 Select ... beta-glucuronidase activity. 2 Select filter option. beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. 2 Select filter option. class I DNA ... beta-glucosidase activity. 4 Select filter option. DNA N-glycosylase activity. 4 Select filter option. 1-phosphatidylinositol-3 ...
Pharos : Target List
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity. 2 Select filter option. NAD(P)+ nucleosidase activity. 2 ... Beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta. 1 Select filter option. Beta-klotho. 1 Select filter option. Beta-mannosidase. 1 Select ... beta-glucuronidase activity. 2 Select filter option. beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. 2 Select filter option. class I DNA ... beta-glucosidase activity. 4 Select filter option. DNA N-glycosylase activity. 4 Select filter option. 1-phosphatidylinositol-3 ...
NDF-RT Code NDF-RT Name
... beta-Lipotropin N0000167729 beta-Mannosidase N0000170378 beta-MSH N0000167717 beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase N0000168329 beta- ... beta 2-Glycoprotein I N0000169400 beta 2-Microglobulin N0000007226 beta Carotene N0000169947 beta Catenin N0000169677 beta ... alpha Chain N0000178806 beta-Hexosaminidase beta Chain N0000175112 beta-Keratins N0000167683 beta-Lactamases N0000011162 beta- ... beta-Crystallin B Chain N0000169029 beta-Crystallins N0000168523 beta-Cyclodextrins N0000170293 beta-Defensins N0000170404 beta ...
NEW (2005) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 8/13/2004
BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria. HN - 2005; use LACTAMS 1996-2004 MH - beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase UI - ... N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides. HN - 2005(1978) BX - alpha-N-Acetyl-D-galactosaminidase ... N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides. HN - 2005(1973) MH - Bilobalides UI - D046935 MN - ... Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains ...
Analysis of glycosidases activity in Chlamydia trachomatis L2 serotype
On determining the activity of this group of enzyme, they found that Beta galactosidase, α N acetyl galactosaminidase and β -N ... Vella M, Greenwell P. Purification and partial characterization of beta-galactosidase from Tritrichomonas foetus. Glycoconj J ... The only related carbohydrate metabolising enzymes identified were amylase and amylomaltase, b- N-acetyl glucosaminyl ... acetyl glucosaminidase were the most active. These enzymes have the ability to metabolise mucin, constituting the protective ...
PMID- 3894220
... beta-glucosidase, beta glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase. The effect is reversible and is observed over a wide ... The beta subunit is split much more rapidly (and exclusively at 5 degrees C), yielding a protein with cleaved beta and intact ... alpha beta s forms ring-shaped polymers, whereas alpha s beta s forms filaments associated into bundles and sheets. Tubulin S ... protons of GTP as well as of the beta, gamma-methylene protons of (beta-gamma-methylene)guanosine 5-triphosphate. The ...
Labeling & detection
Enzyme3
- Beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.53, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase, beta-acetylgalactosaminidase, beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, N-acetylgalactosaminidase) is an enzyme with systematic name beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide N-acetylgalactosaminohydrolase. (wikipedia.org)
- This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides Frohwein YZ, Gatt S (September 1967). (wikipedia.org)
- We show that a B. vulgatus glycoside hydrolase from the carbohydrate active enzyme family GH123{,} BvGH123{,} is an N-acetyl-[small beta]-galactosaminidase that acts with retention of stereochemistry{,} and{,} through a 3-D structure in complex with Gal-thiazoline{, provide evidence in support of a neighbouring group participation mechanism. (mpg.de)