Beta keratins. Medical search

A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.

A keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally larger and less acidic that TYPE I KERATINS. Type II keratins combine with type I keratins to form keratin filaments.

Keratins that are specific for hard tissues such as HAIR; NAILS; and the filiform papillae of the TONGUE.

A keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally smaller and more acidic that TYPE II KERATINS. Type I keratins combine with type II keratins to form keratin filaments.

A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-18 in simple, or predominately single layered, internal epithelia.

Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-5 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-14 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-1 in terminally differentiated epidermal cells such as those that form the stratum corneum. Mutations in the genes that encode keratin-10 have been associated with HYPERKERATOSIS, EPIDERMOLYTIC.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

A form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by serous bullae that heal without scarring. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-5 and KERATIN-14 have been associated with several subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

A type II keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-10 in terminally differentiated epidermal cells such as those that form the stratum corneum. Mutations in the genes that encode keratin-1 have been associated with HYPERKERATOSIS, EPIDERMOLYTIC.

A form of congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by ERYTHRODERMA and severe hyperkeratosis. It is manifested at birth by blisters followed by the appearance of thickened, horny, verruciform scales over the entire body, but accentuated in flexural areas. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-1 and KERATIN-10 have been associated with this disorder.

A type II keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-14 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-5 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

A type I keratin found associated with KERATIN-8 in simple, or predominately single layered, internal epithelia.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C.

A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.

A type I keratin expressed in a variety of EPITHELIUM, including the ESOPHAGUS, the TONGUE, the HAIR FOLLICLE and NAILS. Keratin-16 is normally found associated with KERATIN-6. Mutations in the gene for keratin-6 have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 1.

Filaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all cells. Many specific proteins belong to this group, e.g., desmin, vimentin, prekeratin, decamin, skeletin, neurofilin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary acid protein.

Group of mostly hereditary disorders characterized by thickening of the palms and soles as a result of excessive keratin formation leading to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis).

A type I keratin found associated with KERATIN-6 in rapidly proliferating squamous epithelial tissue. Mutations in the gene for keratin-17 have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 2.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A type II keratin found expressed in the upper spinous layer of epidermal KERATINOCYTES. Mutations in genes that encode keratin-2A have been associated with ICHTHYOSIS BULLOSA OF SIEMENS.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-4 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Defects in gene for keratin 13 cause HEREDITARY MUCOSAL LEUKOKERATOSIS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Highly keratinized processes that are sharp and curved, or flat with pointed margins. They are found especially at the end of the limbs in certain animals.

A type I keratin found in the basal layer of the adult epidermis and in other stratified epithelia.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-16 or KERATIN-17 in rapidly proliferating squamous epithelial tissue. Mutations in gene for keratin-6A and keratin-6B have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 1 and PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 2 respectively.

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-3 in the CORNEA and is regarded as a marker for corneal-type epithelial differentiation. Mutations in the gene for keratin-12 have been associated with MEESMANN CORNEAL EPITHELIAL DYSTROPHY.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A type II keratin found predominantly expressed in the terminally differentiated EPIDERMIS of palms and soles. Mutations in the gene for keratin 9 are associated with KERATODERMA, PALMOPLANTAR, EPIDERMOLYTIC.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A genus of the family Heteromyidae which contains 22 species. Their physiology is adapted for the conservation of water, and they seldom drink water. They are found in arid or desert habitats and travel by hopping on their hind limbs.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

An autosomal dominant hereditary skin disease characterized by epidermolytic hyperkeratosis that is strictly confined to the palms and soles. It has been associated with mutations in the gene that codes for KERATIN-9.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A type I keratin found associated with KERATIN-7 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in HEPATOCYTES. They are associated with ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS and non-alcoholic STEATOHEPATITIS, but are also present in benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms, and metabolic, toxic, and chronic cholestatic LIVER DISEASES.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Deformities in nail structure or appearance, including hypertrophy, splitting, clubbing, furrowing, etc. Genetic diseases such as PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA can result in malformed nails.

Brain waves with frequency between 15-30 Hz seen on EEG during wakefulness and mental activity.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

An autosomal dominant form of hereditary corneal dystrophy due to a defect in cornea-specific KERATIN formation. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-3 and KERATIN-12 have been linked to this disorder.

Keratins that form into a beta-pleated sheet structure. They are principle constituents of the corneous material of the carapace and plastron of turtles, the epidermis of snakes and the feathers of birds.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The hair of SHEEP or other animals that is used for weaving.

Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Characterization of the structure and composition of gecko adhesive setae. (1/17)

The ability of certain reptiles to adhere to vertical (and hang from horizontal) surfaces has been attributed to the presence of specialized adhesive setae on their feet. Structural and compositional studies of such adhesive setae will contribute significantly towards the design of biomimetic fibrillar adhesive materials. The results of electron microscopy analyses of the structure of such setae are presented, indicating their formation from aggregates of proteinaceous fibrils held together by a matrix and potentially surrounded by a limiting proteinaceous sheath. Microbeam X-ray diffraction analysis has shown conclusively that the only ordered protein constituent in these structures exhibits a diffraction pattern characteristic of beta-keratin. Raman microscopy of individual setae, however, clearly shows the presence of additional protein constituents, some of which may be identified as alpha-keratins. Electrophoretic analysis of solubilized setal proteins supports these conclusions, indicating the presence of a group of low-molecular-weight beta-keratins (14-20 kDa), together with alpha-keratins, and this interpretation is supported by immunological analyses. (+info)

Effective elastic modulus of isolated gecko setal arrays. (2/17)

Conventional pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are fabricated from soft viscoelastic materials that satisfy Dahlquist's criterion for tack with a Young's modulus (E) of 100 kPa or less at room temperature and 1 Hz. In contrast, the adhesive on the toes of geckos is made of beta-keratin, a stiff material with E at least four orders of magnitude greater than the upper limit of Dahlquist's criterion. Therefore, one would not expect a beta-keratin structure to function as a PSA by deforming readily to make intimate molecular contact with a variety of surface profiles. However, since the gecko adhesive is a microstructure in the form of an array of millions of high aspect ratio shafts (setae), the effective elastic modulus (E(eff)) is much lower than E of bulk beta-keratin. In the first test of the E(eff) of a gecko setal adhesive, we measured the forces resulting from deformation of isolated arrays of tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) setae during vertical compression, and during tangential compression at angles of +45 degrees and -45 degrees . We tested the hypothesis that E(eff) of gecko setae falls within Dahlquist's criterion for tack, and evaluated the validity of a model of setae as cantilever beams. Highly linear forces of deformation under all compression conditions support the cantilever model. E(eff) of setal arrays during vertical and +45 degrees compression (along the natural path of drag of the setae) were 83+/-4.0 kPa and 86+/-4.4 kPa (means +/- s.e.m.), respectively. Consistent with the predictions of the cantilever model, setae became significantly stiffer when compressed against the natural path of drag: E(eff) during -45 degrees compression was 110+/-4.7 kPa. Unlike synthetic PSAs, setal arrays act as Hookean elastic solids; setal arrays function as a bed of springs with a directional stiffness, assisting alignment of the adhesive spatular tips with the contact surface during shear loading. (+info)

Frictional adhesion: A new angle on gecko attachment. (3/17)

Directional arrays of branched microscopic setae constitute a dry adhesive on the toes of pad-bearing geckos, nature's supreme climbers. Geckos are easily and rapidly able to detach their toes as they climb. There are two known mechanisms of detachment: (1) on the microscale, the seta detaches when the shaft reaches a critical angle with the substrate, and (2) on the macroscale, geckos hyperextend their toes, apparently peeling like tape. This raises the question of how geckos prevent detachment while inverted on the ceiling, where body weight should cause toes to peel and setal angles to increase. Geckos use opposing feet and toes while inverted, possibly to maintain shear forces that prevent detachment of setae or peeling of toes. If detachment occurs by macroscale peeling of toes, the peel angle should monotonically decrease with applied force. In contrast, if adhesive force is limited by microscale detachment of setae at a critical angle, the toe detachment angle should be independent of applied force. We tested the hypothesis that adhesion is increased by shear force in isolated setal arrays and live gecko toes. We also tested the corollary hypotheses that (1) adhesion in toes and arrays is limited as on the microscale by a critical angle, or (2) on the macroscale by adhesive strength as predicted for adhesive tapes. We found that adhesion depended directly on shear force, and was independent of detachment angle. Therefore we reject the hypothesis that gecko toes peel like tape. The linear relation between adhesion and shear force is consistent with a critical angle of release in live gecko toes and isolated setal arrays, and also with our prior observations of single setae. We introduced a new model, frictional adhesion, for gecko pad attachment and compared it to existing models of adhesive contacts. In an analysis of clinging stability of a gecko on an inclined plane each adhesive model predicted a different force control strategy. The frictional adhesion model provides an explanation for the very low detachment forces observed in climbing geckos that does not depend on toe peeling. (+info)

Cloning and characterization of scale beta-keratins in the differentiating epidermis of geckoes show they are glycine-proline-serine-rich proteins with a central motif homologous to avian beta-keratins. (4/17)

The beta-keratins constitute the hard epidermis and adhesive setae of gecko lizards. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of beta-keratins in epidermis of gecko lizards were cloned from mRNAs. Specific oligonucleotides were used to amplify by 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analyses five specific gecko beta-keratin cDNA sequences. The cDNA coding sequences encoded putative glycine-proline-serine-rich proteins of 16.8-18 kDa containing 169-191 amino acids, especially 17.8-23% glycine, 8.4-14.8% proline, 14.2-18.1% serine. Glycine-rich repeats are localized toward the initial and end regions of the protein, while a central region, rich in proline, has a strand conformation (beta-pleated fold) likely responsible for the formation of beta-keratin filaments. It shows high homology with a core region of other lizard keratins, avian scale, and feather keratins. Northern blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis show a higher beta-keratin gene expression in regenerating epidermis compared with normal epidermis. In situ hybridization confirms that mRNAs for these proteins are expressed in cells of the differentiating oberhautchen cells and beta-cells. Expression in adhesive setae of climbing lamellae was shown by RT-PCR. Southern blotting analysis revealed that the proteins are encoded by a multigene family. PCR analysis showed that the genes are presumably located in tandem along the DNA and are transcribed from the same DNA strand like in avian beta-keratins. (+info)

Ancestrally high elastic modulus of gecko setal beta-keratin. (5/17)

Typical bulk adhesives are characterized by soft, tacky materials with elastic moduli well below 1MPa. Geckos possess subdigital adhesives composed mostly of beta-keratin, a relatively stiff material. Biological adhesives like those of geckos have inspired empirical and modelling research which predicts that even stiff materials can be effective adhesives if they take on a fibrillar form. The molecular structure of beta-keratin is highly conserved across birds and reptiles, suggesting that material properties of gecko setae should be similar to that of beta-keratin previously measured in birds, but this has yet to be established. We used a resonance technique to measure elastic bending modulus in two species of gecko from disparate habitats. We found no significant difference in elastic modulus between Gekko gecko (1.6 GPa +/- 0.15s.e.; n=24 setae) and Ptyodactylus hasselquistii (1.4 GPa +/- 0.15s.e.; n=24 setae). If the elastic modulus of setal keratin is conserved across species, it would suggest a design constraint that must be compensated for structurally, and possibly explain the remarkable variation in gecko adhesive morphology. (+info)

Expression of beta-keratin mRNAs and proline uptake in epidermal cells of growing scales and pad lamellae of gecko lizards. (6/17)

Beta-keratins form a large part of the proteins contained in the hard beta layer of reptilian scales. The expression of genes encoding glycine-proline-rich beta-keratins in normal and regenerating epidermis of two species of gecko lizards has been studied by in situ hybridization. The probes localize mRNAs in differentiating oberhautchen and beta cells of growing scales and in modified scales, termed pad lamellae, on the digits of gecko lizards. In situ localization at the ultrastructural level shows clusters of gold particles in the cytoplasm among beta-keratin filaments of oberhautchen and beta cells. They are also present in the differentiating elongation or setae of oberhautchen cells present in pad lamellae. Setae allow geckos to adhere and climb vertical surfaces. Oberhautchen and beta cells also incorporate tritiated proline. The fine localization of the beta-keratin mRNAs and the uptake of proline confirms the biomolecular data that identified glycine-proline-rich beta-keratin in differentiating beta cells of gecko epidermis. The present study also shows the presence of differentiating and metabolically active cells in both inner and outer oberhautchen/beta cells at the base of the outer setae localized at the tip of pad lamellae. The addition of new beta and alpha cells to the corneous layer near the tip of the outer setae explains the anterior movement of the setae along the apical free-margin of pad lamellae. The rapid replacement of setae ensures the continuous usage of the gecko's adhesive devices, the pad lamellae, during most of their active life. (+info)

Beta-keratins of differentiating epidermis of snake comprise glycine-proline-serine-rich proteins with an avian-like gene organization. (7/17)

Beta-keratins of reptilian scales have been recently cloned and characterized in some lizards. Here we report for the first time the sequence of some beta-keratins from the snake Elaphe guttata. Five different cDNAs were obtained using 5'- and 3'-RACE analyses. Four sequences differ by only few nucleotides in the coding region, whereas the last cDNA shows, in this region, only 84% of identity. The gene corresponding to one of the cDNA sequences has a single intron present in the 5'-untranslated region. This genomic organization is similar to that of birds' beta-keratins. Cloning and Southern blotting analysis suggest that snake beta-keratins belong to a family of high-related genes as for geckos. PCR analysis suggests a head-to-tail orientation of genes in the same chromosome. In situ hybridization detected beta-keratin transcripts almost exclusively in differentiating oberhautchen and beta-cells of the snake epidermis in renewal phase. This is confirmed by Northern blotting that showed, in this phase, a high expression of two different transcripts whereas only the longer transcript is expressed at a much lower level in resting skin. The cDNA coding sequences encoded putative glycine-proline-serine rich proteins containing 137-139 amino acids, with apparent isoelectric point at 7.5 and 8.2. A central region, rich in proline, shows over 50% homology with avian scale, claw, and feather keratins. The prediction of secondary structure shows mainly a random coil conformation and few beta-strand regions in the central region, likely involved in the formation of a fibrous framework of beta-keratins. This region was possibly present in basic reptiles that originated reptiles and birds. (+info)

Beta-keratins of turtle shell are glycine-proline-tyrosine rich proteins similar to those of crocodilians and birds. (8/17)

(+info)

It has been found, that beta-keratins aid in formation of scales, as the keratin proteins produce a pre-corneous layer of ... Toni, Mattia; Alibardi, Lorenzo (2007-02-01). "Alpha- and beta-keratins of the snake epidermis". Zoology. 110 (1): 41-47. doi: ... Snakeskin is composed of a soft, flexible inner layer (alpha-layer), as well as a hard, inflexible outer surface (beta-layer). ... The regions between snake scales is made of soft integument called an alpha-layer, which is composed of alpha-keratin that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakeskin

Scales mostly consist of hard beta keratins which are basically transparent. The colours of the scale are due to pigments in ... Snake scales are made of keratin, the same material that hair and fingernails are made of. They are cool and dry to touch. ... Anatomical terms of location Canthus (snake) Fish scale Keratin Moult Reptile scale Snake Scale (zoology) from Latin mentum " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_scale

They often have prominent, lumpy ridges and are covered in hard-wearing beta-keratin. The head and jaws lack actual scales and ... The outer surface of the scutes consists of the relatively rigid beta-keratin while the hinge region between the scutes ... contains only the more pliable alpha-keratin. Many of the scutes are strengthened by bony plates known as osteoderms, which are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia

Greenwold, Matthew J.; Sawyer, Roger H. (15 December 2011). "Linking the molecular evolution of avian beta (β) keratins to the ... Alibardi, L.; Knapp, L. W.; Sawyer, R. H. (June 2006). "Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers ... Alibardi, L; Knapp, LW; Sawyer, RH (2006). "Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation ... Feathers and scales are made up of two distinct forms of keratin, and it was long thought that each type of keratin was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather

2018). A study on the putative beta-keratin antibodies reported in a fossil specimen of Shuvuuia deserti by Schweitzer et al. ( ... M.H. Schweitzer; J.A. Watt; R. Avci; L. Knapp; L. Chiappe; M. Norell; M. Marshall (1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_non-avian_dinosaur_paleontology

July 1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous alvarezsaurid, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology_of_dinosaurs

1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononykus

... the absence of alpha-keratin. While beta-keratin is found in all integumentary (skin and feather) cells of reptiles and birds, ... 1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia ... biochemical analyses later showed that these structures contain decay products of the protein beta-keratin, and more ... only bird feathers completely lack alpha-keratin. These findings show that, though poorly preserved, Shuvuuia likely possessed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuvuuia

This is conferred by the presence of beta-keratin, which provides a much more rigid skin layer. In the human forearm, about ... Cells of the stratum corneum contain a dense network of keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing ... Their cytoplasm shows filamentous keratin. These corneocytes are embedded in a lipid matrix composed of ceramides, cholesterol ... which allows the cells to concentrate keratin and toughen them before they rise into a typically thicker, more cohesive SC. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum

... is composed of several layers of overlapping sheets of beta keratin . Each keratin sublayer is between 2 and 10 micrometers ... The keratin shell can therefore be considered transversely isotropic. The fracture modes of the keratin shell demonstrate a ... From testing the keratin-layer of the beak, it was found the mean value of the Yield Strength is 30 MPa. Further, the yield ... Keratin in the rhamphotheca of the toucan beak has a much lower abundance of sulfur, and therefore the amino acid, cystine, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toco_toucan_beak

Schweitzer, M. H.; Watt, J. A.; Avci, R.; Knapp, L.; Chiappe, L.; Norell, M.; Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-keratin specific ... and immunohistochemical studies and found that they consisted of beta-keratin, which is the primary protein in feathers. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarezsauridae

Schweitzer, M.H.; Watt, J.A.; Avci, R.; Knapp, L.; Chiappe, L.; Norell, M.; Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-keratin specific ... In particular, a fossil of the Alvarezsauridae Shuvuuia has a version of keratin consistent with that of avian feathers. Many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniraptoriformes

HTML abstract) Schweitzer, M.H.; Watt, J.A.; Avci, R.; Knapp, L.; Chiappe, L.; Norell, M.; Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-keratin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-avian_dinosaur_species_preserved_with_evidence_of_feathers

1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia ... Alibardi, Lorenzo; Knapp, Loren W.; Sawyer, Roger H. (2006). "Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and ... Research into the genetics of American alligators has also revealed that crocodylian scutes do possess feather-keratins during ... embryonic development, but these keratins are not expressed by the animals before hatching. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur

The naming convention for these keratins follows that for protein structures: alpha keratin is helical and beta keratin is ... Alpha keratin is found in mammalian hair, skin, nails, horn and quills, while beta keratin can be found in avian and reptilian ... Keratin is a structural protein located at the hard surfaces in many vertebrates. Keratin has two forms, α-keratin and β- ... This tensile strength is an order of magnitude higher than human nails (20MPa), because human hair's keratin filaments are more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_fiber

Crocodilians also possess beta keratin similar to those of birds, which suggests that they evolved from common ancestral genes ... Alibardi, L.; Knapp, L. W.; Sawyer, R. H. (1 June 2006). "Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers ... Diversification and expansion of archosaurian β-keratins and the origin of feather β-keratins". Journal of Experimental Zoology ... Feathers are largely made of the keratin protein complex, which has disulfide bonds between amino acids that give it stability ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur

... and subsequent demonstration that beta-keratin is made of beta sheets consigned the alpha sheet proposal to obscurity. However ... they suggested that it agreed well with fiber diffraction results from beta-keratin fibers. However, since the alpha sheet did ... For example, amyloid beta is a major component of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, and ... Most beta sheets in known proteins are "twisted" about 15° for optimal hydrogen bonding and steric packing; however, some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_sheet

... all made of tough beta-keratins. Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin ... The epidermis of birds and reptiles is closer to that of mammals, with a layer of dead keratin-filled cells at the surface, to ... The epidermis of fish and of most amphibians consists entirely of live cells, with only minimal quantities of keratin in the ... between each other and secreting keratin proteins and lipids which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin

They are made of alpha and beta-keratin and are formed from the epidermis (contrary to fish, in which the scales are formed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_scale

The beta activity was extremely high, with beta/gamma ratio reaching 10-30[clarification needed] and beta energy high enough to ... Due to the keratin in the epidermal layer of the skin, external alpha burns are limited to only mild reddening of the outermost ... Beta burns tend to be shallow as beta particles are not able to penetrate deeply into a body; these burns can be similar to ... Most energies of beta emissions are at about a third of the maximum energy. Beta emissions have much lower energies than what ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_burn

However, histological and evolutionary developmental work in this area revealed that these structures lack beta-keratin (a ... The scales of birds are composed of keratin, like beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and tarsi (lower ... hallmark of reptilian scales) and are entirely composed of alpha-keratin. This, along with their unique structure, has led to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy

The addition of beta-keratin, a strong protein, would indeed allow the plates to bear more weight, suggesting they may have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosauridae

While it is true that feather beta keratin is present in crocodilian scales in embryonic development, it fails to support the ... diversification and expansion of archosaurian β-keratins and the origin of feather β-keratins". Journal of Experimental Zoology ... Greenwold, Matthew J.; Sawyer, Roger H. (June 6, 2013). "Molecular evolution and expression of archosaurian β-keratins: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianyulong

Silk fibroin is considered a β-keratin related to proteins that form hair, skin, nails and connective tissues. The silk worm ... The heavy fibroin protein consists of layers of antiparallel beta sheets. Its primary structure mainly consists of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroin

... where he identified a change in keratin inside wool fibres from alpha to beta form on stretching. In 1939 Bell gave a talk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Bell_(scientist)

... true epidermal scales are composed of a mix of alpha and beta keratin). This, along with their unique structure, has led to the ... The scales of birds are composed of keratin like their beaks and claws, and are found mainly on the toes and metatarsus, though ... rhamphotheca The outer surface of the beak consisting of a thin horny sheath of keratin, which can be subdivided into the ... The outer surface is covered in a thin, horny sheath of keratin called rhamphotheca specially called rhinotheca in the upper ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms

DPT also has an important role in activating transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). TGF-β1 has an important role in wound ... The keratinocytes are epidermal cells that help with the production of keratin, which is a fibrous protein that can be found in ... Dermatopontin is postulated to modify the behavior of TGF beta through interaction with decorin. Cell adhesion is the effect of ... Okamoto O, Fujiwara S, Abe M, Sato Y (February 1999). "Dermatopontin interacts with transforming growth factor beta and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatopontin

... true epidermal scales are composed of a mix of alpha and beta keratin). These data have led some researchers to suggest that ... Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in ... The turtle's shell is covered by scutes formed mostly of keratin. They are built similarly to horn, beak, or nail in other ... Fish scutes Osteoderms Scale (zoology) Snake scales Keratin Skin Skeleton Sawyer, R.H., Knapp, L.W. 2003. Avian Skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute

... demonstrate melanocyte stem cells in feather follicles and how they form within-a-feather color patterns and how beta keratin ... Chuong's team demonstrated intra-dermal adipose tissue exhibits BMP cycling which is out of phase with epidermal beta-catenin ... "Folding Keratin Gene Clusters during Skin Regional Specification". Developmental Cell. 53 (5): 561-576.e9. doi:10.1016/j.devcel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-Ming_Chuong

In the region of high conservation, there are predicted alpha helices & beta sheets. Unstructured proteins like PRR30 are ... and Keratin Associated Protein 6-2 (KRTAP6-2). PRR30 is predicted to undergo post-translational modifications in the form of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline-rich_protein_30

Schweitzer, M.H.; Watt, J.A.; Avci, R.; Knapp, L.; Chiappe, L.; Norell, M.; Marshall, M. (১৯৯৯)। "Beta-keratin specific ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ডাইনোসর

... beta-2 microglobulin - beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta- ... keratin - kinase - kinesin - kinetic energy - kinetic exclusion assay - kinetics - knock-out mouse - Krebs cycle lactalbumin - ... transforming growth factor beta - transforming growth factor beta receptor - transient receptor potential - translation ( ... alpha-beta T-cell antigen receptor - alpha-fetoprotein - alpha-globulin - alpha-macroglobulin - alpha-MSH - Ames test - amide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Keratin pearls may also be seen. The cysts are usually filled with a yellow, viscous fluid rich in cholesterol crystals. Of a ... December 2002). "Craniopharyngiomas of adamantinomatous type harbor beta-catenin gene mutations". The American Journal of ... keratin, HPS stain Micrograph showing a papillary craniopharyngioma, HPS stain Craniopharyngiomas are usually successfully ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniopharyngioma

Mansbridge JN, Hanawalt PC (March 1988). "Role of transforming growth factor beta in the maturation of human epidermal ... Is co-expressed with and binds to Keratin 10, a Type I keratin, to form a coiled coil heterotypic keratin chain. Keratin 1 and ... This difference is likely due to Keratin 9, rather than Keratin 10, being the major binding partner of Keratin 1 in acral (palm ... In contrast, basal layer keratinocytes express little to no Keratin 1. Mutations in KRT1, the gene encoding Keratin 1, have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_1

... keratin cyst) Epidermal nevus syndrome (Feuerstein and Mims syndrome, Solomon's syndrome) Epidermolytic acanthoma Epithelioma ... broad beta disease, remnant removal disease) Familial hypertriglyceridemia Farber disease (fibrocytic dysmucopolysaccharidosis ... Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia Keratin implantation cyst Keratoacanthoma Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum Large cell ... for autoimmune bullous conditions List of inclusion bodies that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions List of keratins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

Elastases form a subfamily of serine proteases, characterized by a distinctive structure consisting of two beta barrel domains ... "Diffuse and focal palmoplantar keratoderma can be caused by a keratin 6c mutation". Br. J. Dermatol. 165 (6): 1290-2. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_elastase

Common examples include the SH3 domain, the beta-propeller domain, the immunoglobulin fold and B3 DNA binding domain. α+β ... There are many scleroprotein superfamilies including keratin, collagen, elastin, and fibroin. The roles of such proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_fold_class

... has been shown to interact with Keratin 18, Actinin alpha 4, Dystonin, Actinin, alpha 1, CTNND1 ... Aho S, Uitto J (1998). "Direct interaction between the intracellular domains of bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BP180) and beta 4 ... thereby mediating keratin cytoskeleton anchorage to the cell surface at the site of the hemidesmosome". Mol. Biol. Cell. 11 (1 ... and beta 4 integrin, hemidesmosomal components of basal keratinocytes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243 (3): 694-9. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XVII,_alpha_1

Alpha and beta proteins (α/β) are considered the oldest class of proteins. Mass spectrometry is one analytical method used to ... The keratin of textiles and animal skins worn by Ötzi, the Iceman, were also identified using peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF ... The examination of damaged artifacts through the sequencing of their keratin peptides has allowed researchers to discriminate ... Novel α-keratin peptide markers for species identification". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 27 (23): 2685-2698. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_protein

It may be used by men undergoing foreskin restoration to reduce excess keratin that forms a layer on the exterior of the human ... After penetration into the follicle, adapalene binds to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (namely retinoic acid receptor beta and ... Adapalene selectively targets retinoic acid receptor beta and retinoic acid receptor gamma when applied to epithelial cells ... Adapalene has the unique ability to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation and decrease keratin deposition. This property makes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapalene

CK15, Cytokeratin 15) Keratin 19 (aka. CK19, Cytokeratin 19, K19) Kit L-selectin (CD62L) Lamin A/C Lewis X antigen (Le(X)) LeX ... August 2004). "Beta-galactosidase of ROSA26 mice is a useful marker for detecting the definitive erythropoiesis after stem cell ... asialo GM1 Bcl-2 Beta-galactosidase (β-gal) of ROSA26 mice beta1-integrin bromodeoxyuridine c-kit (CD117) c-Met C1qR(p) END ( ... Her5 hMYADM HSA hsp25 Id2 IL-3Ralpha Integrins interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain Iron oxide nanoparticles KDR Keratin 15 (aka ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_marker

This imaging reveals sub-diffraction limit sized features of the intermediate filaments keratin and vimentin, critical in the ... Even with expansion microscopy, Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid-beta plaques cannot be resolved. Boyden devised "expansion- ... revealing occasional spirals of amyloid-beta protein around axons, which are the threadlike parts of nerve cells that carry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_microscopy

Hairstylist Danny Jelaca states that milk's keratin proteins may "add weight to the hair". Some commercial hair products ... proposes that nanoclusters of calcium phosphate and the phosphopeptide fraction of beta-casein are the centerpiece to micellar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk

1982." J Immunol 2005; 175: 3: 1363-72 Habtezion A, Toivola DM, Butcher EC, Omary MB "Keratin-8-deficient mice develop chronic ... Regulation by TGF-beta and TLR ligands." Exp Hematol 2006; 34: 8: 1106-14 Sato T, Thorlacius H, Johnston B, Staton TL, Xiang W ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_C._Butcher

... but not keratin, S100, calponin, or CD34 proteins. The finding that a tumor's cells have some of these patterns of protein ... "Ischemic Fasciitis of the Left Buttock in a 40-Year-Old Woman with Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (BPAN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_fasciitis

Predicted secondary structures of ZNF226 demonstrate a variable number of alpha helices, beta-stranded bridges, and random ... "HOXC13 is involved in the regulation of human hair keratin gene expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (5): 3718 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_226

Bøe R, Silvola J, Yang J, Moens U, McCray PB, Stenfors LE, Seljfelid R (September 1999). "Human beta-defensin-1 mRNA is ... The primary components of earwax are shed layers of skin, with, on average, 60% of the earwax consisting of keratin, 12-20% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earwax

... alpha-keratin can even change into beta-keratin, a stronger keratin formation that has a secondary structure of beta-pleated ... Alpha-keratin, or α-keratin, is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. This protein is the primary component in hairs, horns, ... a type I alpha-keratin, to form the alpha-keratin complex of the epidermis layer of cells in the skin. Hard alpha-keratins, ... Alpha-keratins proteins can be one of two types: type I or type II. There are 54 keratin genes in humans, 28 of which code for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-keratin

... who proposed rudimentary models of secondary structure elements such as the alpha helix and the beta sheet.[citation needed] ... physicist Frederick Frank suggested that the fibrous protein α-keratin might be stabilized by an alternative mechanism, namely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclol

A bird's beak is primarily made of bone as projections of the mandibles which are covered in keratin. Some bones, primarily ... These factors include insulin-like growth factors I and II, transforming growth factor-beta, fibroblast growth factor, platelet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone

Regardless of the group, keratins are either acidic or basic. Acidic and basic keratins bind each other to form acidic-basic ... then as the strain increases they transition into beta-sheets, and finally at increased strain the hydrogen bonds between beta- ... Analysis of a second keratin sequence revealed that the two types of keratins share only about 30% amino acid sequence homology ... keratin 5 or keratin 14 mutation Laminopathies are a family of diseases caused by mutations in nuclear lamins and include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filament

... followed by low transfer of vitamin A during lactation and infant/child diets low in vitamin A or beta-carotene. The prevalence ... which are clumps of keratin debris that build up inside the conjunctiva and night blindness, which precedes corneal ulceration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophthalmia

Crish J, Conti MA, Sakai T, Adelstein RS, Egelhoff TT (October 2013). "Keratin 5-Cre-driven excision of nonmuscle myosin IIA in ... Sajid M, Hu Z, Lele M, Stouffer GA (May 2000). "Protein complexes involving alpha v beta 3 integrins, nonmuscle myosin heavy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYH9

... alpha-keratin and beta-keratin. Alpha-keratin is seen in humans and other mammals, beta-keratin is present in birds and ... "beta-keratins" in recent works is replaced by "corneous beta-proteins" or "keratin-associated beta-proteins." β-keratins add ... Beta-keratin is harder than alpha-keratin. Structurally alpha-keratin have alpha-helical coiled coil structure while beta- ... Beta-keratin (β-keratin), is a member of a structural protein family found in the epidermis of reptiles and birds. Beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-keratin

Keratin stress proteins as novel beta-cell health protectors and insulin regulators. *Toivola, Diana (PI) ... Keratin 7 Is a Constituent of the Keratin Network in Mouse Pancreatic Islets and Is Upregulated in Experimental Diabetes. Alam ...

https://research.abo.fi/en/projects/keratin-stress-proteins-as-novel-beta-cell-health-protectors-and--2/publications/?ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false

Basal keratins are the primary elements of the amyloid deposits. [9] Amyloid deposits in macular amyloidosis and lichen ... SAP and the beta-pleated sheet configurations are thought to protect amyloid deposits from degradation and phagocytosis, ... These deposits contain sulfhydryl groups, pointing to altered keratin as a source for these deposits. Apaydin et al found no ... X-ray diffraction crystallography and infrared spectroscopy revealed that these fibrils have a meridional, antiparallel, beta- ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102672-overview

Use a gentle cleanser with an alpha- or beta-hydroxy acid to soften and dissolve the keratin plugs at the end of the ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/569134

Types of Keratins. Keratins are divided into two groups. These are; alpha keratins and beta keratins based on their external ... Alpha keratins are fiber-like and helical. On the other hand, Beta keratins are found in reptiles and birds majorly. ... Side Effects of Keratin Hair Treatment: Is Keratin Safe? Some Keratin solutions contain Formaldehyde, a carcinogen capable of ... Pros of Keratin Hair Treatment. Keratin is an essential solution that our body needs. The Keratin treatment is often adopted ...

https://www.hairfinity.com/blogs/news/is-keratin-treatment-good-for-thin-hair

Seven days of dermal exposure to triclosan decreased filaggrin 2 and keratin 10 expression, but increased filaggrin and keratin ... alpha and beta diversity of the skin and gut microbiome. Specifically, dermal triclosan exposure increased the relative ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v13issue35.html

Fibrinogen beta chain; Alpha- 1-acidic glycoprotein 1; Isoform gamma-A of Fibrinogen gamma chain; Hemopexin; Keratin type I CK ... Fibrinogen beta chain; Alpha-1-acidic glycoprotein 1; Isoform gamma-A of Fibrinogen gamma chain; Hemopexin; Keratin type I CK ... 14; Alpha-2-Macroglobulin; Thioredoxin; Complement C3; Vitamin D; Keratin type I CK16; Lactoperoxidase; Cystatin B e Neutrophil ... 14; Alpha-2-Macroglobulin; Thioredoxin; Complement C3; Vitamin D; Keratin type I CK16; Lactoperoxidase; Cystatin B e Neutrophil ...

https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-11092017-131500/en.php

The transcription factors, NF kappa B and NF-IL-6 (C/EBP beta), which coordinately help regulate IL-6 expression, were ... Furthermore, addition of IL-6 to NHEK cultures decreased the expression of keratins 1 and 10, differentiation markers of ... Addition of IL-1 alpha to NHEK cultures increased IL-6 production and activated NF kappa B and C/EBP beta. Addition of the IL-1 ... the response involves NF kappa B and C/EBP beta transcription factors, and IL-6 may be associated with modulation of ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=skin&t3=1&f1=%2A&s5=percutaneous&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=dermal&t4=1&terms=7&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=%2A&t2=1&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&s3=dermatitis&f3=%2A&s4=cutaneous&EndYear=&f4=%2A&f5=%2A&whichdate=DP&D1=10&PageNo=218&RecNo=2179&View=f&

Beta-keratin in poultry feathers is a structural protein that is resistant to degradation due to disulfide and hydrogen bonds. ... beta-keratin, keratinolytic protease, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite, Atlantic salmon. Subjects:. Animal husbandry , Feeding ...

https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33408/

... harder beta keratin on the outer exposed surface. Keratin is the structural protein found in human nails and in bird feathers. ... Only the reptiles produce the beta form. Reptile skin greatly reduces the loss of water by evaporation compared to mammal or ... All reptiles possess a thick, scaly skin composed of pliable alpha keratin on the inner surface and stiffer, ...

https://www.desertusa.com/reptiles/reptiles_ab1.html

We examined mice overexpressing IKK{beta}, an essential component of the NF-κB pathway, under keratin 5 promoter (K5-Ikkβ). K5- ...

https://www.mdc-berlin.de/research/publications/excess-nf-kb-induces-ectopic-odontogenesis-embryonic-incisor-epithelium

Beta keratin. Beta keratin is used to make smoothing treatments with a softer effect since it hardly has a cysteine ... What is keratin for hair?. Keratin, popularly known as keratin, is a type of natural protein found in hair, skin, and nails. ... Alpha keratin. This type of keratin is the main base of all keratin treatments. One of its main components is cysteine, which ... What is keratin for hair and types of keratin. Roman Cyrus February 15, 2021 4 min read ...

https://iddaalihaber.com/what-is-keratin-for-hair-and-types-of-keratin/

Beta-carotene is very helpful in preventing the excess production of keratin. Consume 2 to 3 carrots on a daily basis. ... Beta-glucan - This is a kind of fiber, is sometimes used to help fight Morgellons disease. Beta-glucan is thought to stimulate ... The keratin forms a scaly plug that blocks the opening of the hair follicle. Usually many plugs form, causing patches of rough ... This results in accumulation of the keratin in the topmost layer of the skin. Due to the presence of the scales in ichthyosis ...

https://coem.com/blog/category/search-by-category/skin-hair-nails/

CRE BAG2 cells produce a beta-galactosidase-transducing vector (BAG) and are similar in many ways to the psi 2 BAG alpha line. ... The epithelial cells stain positive for keratin and are negative for reverse transcriptase. Though utilized in a wide array of ... The MDCK line is a popular tool for studies focusing on the processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein and its proteolytic ... The cells are positive for both PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff) and for keratin by immunoperoxidase staining. GPC-16 cells are ...

https://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/fluorescence/cells

As such, these cloned and expressed enzymes have promising potential for industrial uses and feather keratin. ... beta]-mercaptoethanol) and protease (Proteinase K), apply a synergistic effect in feather keratinolysis. ...

https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/34291

NEKTON-R-Beta contains all essential vitamins, amino acids, minerals, the colorant beta-carotene and trace elements in balanced ... Achieves splendid red coloring through the natural carotenoid Beta-carotene. Especially effective on red parts of colored ... Storage of colored pigments in the feathers horn (keratin) can only occur naturally during the keratinization process as a ... NEKTON-R-BETA contains a high amount of the highly effective colorant beta carotene, which is found in nature. NEKTON-R-Beta is ...

https://jedds.com/products/nekton-r-beta

Keratin filaments. Keratins 5 and 14 combine to form intermediate filaments in basal keratinocytes. Keratins contain a central ... The beta-4 integrin subunit performs a central role in hemidesmosome formation and contains an especially large cytoplasmic ... The regions of highest conservation between the keratins are located on the ends of the keratin rod in the helix boundary ... Most epidermolysis bullosa simplex keratin gene mutations are inherited dominantly and interfere with keratin filament assembly ...

https://reference.medscape.com/article/1062939-overview

It is a blend of beauty nutrients like beta keratin, lecithin, Vitamin D and E, Linoleic and Oleic Acids. It helps to increase ... I also use in this formula Sea Buckthorn Oil which nourishes the skin with beta certain (pre-cursor of Vitamin A), and other ... It is a blend of beauty nutrients like beta keratin, lecithin, Vitamin D and E, Linoleic and Oleic Acids. It helps to increase ... I also use in this formula Sea Buckthorn Oil which nourishes the skin with beta certain (pre-cursor of Vitamin A), and other ...

https://elinaorganics.com/blog/the-best-face-oils-for-every-skin-type/

... including at least 48 genes that encode proteins referred to as beta-keratins or corneous beta-proteins. Several EDC proteins ... showed that EDC genes are differentially expressed in the skin of the various body sites and that a subset of beta-keratin ...

https://uncommondescent.com/evolution/similar-skin-proteins-in-humans-and-turtles/

Forty hard keratin-associated beta-proteins (beta-keratins) allow the formation of all types of scales, adhesive pads and claws ... Phylogenetic analysis and a test of the current infrageneric classification of Norops (beta Anolis). Herpetological Monographs ...

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Anolis&species=carolinensis&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Anolis%27%29%28location%3D%27Japan%27%29%29

Specifically, bird feathers contain beta-keratin: a particular protein arrangement that can form into long, stiff fibers, much ... Once there, they do what they do best and, thinking that theyve struck gold, begin to gorge themselves on as much keratin as ... Many bacteria that come into regular contact with keratin have evolved to produce this enzyme when in its presence (Williams et ... 1990). A good number of soil-dwelling bacteria are capable of breaking down keratin even though they only rarely come in ...

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Feather-Decomposing_Bacteria&diff=prev&oldid=103032

beta-Keratin Current Synonym true false 3737070018 Beta-keratin Current Synonym true false ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=102667006

Apparently youve never seen the fossils of feathered dinosaurs, nor observed their development in embryos nor the beta keratin ...

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/02/06/study-finds-snowball-earth-event-gave-rise-to-oxygen-based-life/

Keratins 37% * Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II Receptors 25% * Lapatinib 25% ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/persons/julie-schwarz/publications/?page=1

Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin ... Synonyms: (R)-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;3-mercapto-l-alanin;alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionicacid;alpha-Amino-beta- ... L-cysteine is present in keratin, which is the major protein that makes up nails, toenails, skin and hair. L-cysteine can help ... Again the cysteine is used for breaking up the disulfide bonds in the hairs keratin. Cysteine is a very popular target for ...

https://www.lookchem.com/casno52-90-4.html

Temperature and serum factors, such as beta globulins and ferritin, appear to have a growth-inhibitory effect on dermatophytes ... Using enzymes called keratinases, dermatophyte fungi invade the superficial keratin of the skin, and the infection remains ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091684-overview

Keratin Amino Acids, Hydrolyzed Keratin, Butylene Glycol, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract, Dimethiconol, Prunus ... Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Beta-Glucan, Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed ... Featuring keratin as the key active ingredient this 5 to 10 minute mask is a powerful restructuring treatment that will smooth ... Fortified with Hydrolysed Keratin, your hair fibres will appear stronger and more resilient when it comes to brushing and ...

https://tastestl.com/best-conditioner-for-coarse-hair/

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract. *Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Bark/ Leaf/ Twig Extract ... COCOCHOCO Gold brazilian keratin hair treatment for extra shine / glossy hair - The unique formula is infused with 24k liquid ... COCOCHOCO 24K Gold Keratin Hair Treatment 250ml - For extra shine / glossy hair. Regular price €54.00 ...

https://www.cocochoco.eu/collections/keratin-behandlung/products/cocochoco-24k-gold-brasilianisches-keratin-250ml-fur-haare-bis-100cm

Tretma za Obrvi The Cosmetic Republic Keratin Kit Temni kostanj je prava stvar za popestritev vašega videza! Preizkusite ... Domov / Parfumi , Kozmetika / Tretma za Obrvi The Cosmetic Republic Keratin Kit Temni kostanj. ...

https://www.beauti.si/izdelek/tretma-za-obrvi-the-cosmetic-republic-keratin-kit-temni-kostanj/

There are many incomprehensible points about the newly developed nano keratin ... The nano keratin treatment allows you to repair and smoothen your hair. ... Naturally, there are two forms of keratin; alpha(α)-keratin and beta(β)-keratin. The alpha(α)-keratin is a fibrous structural ... Nano keratin vs keratin treatment. Before going to discuss about nano keratin it is important to understand what is keratin. ...

https://theemergingsciences.com/nano-keratin-treatment-nano-keratin/

Certain nutrients aid in the production of keratin. (its-a-living.com)
Azelaic Acid works by killing acne bacteria that infect pores, reducing skin inflammation, and decreasing the production of keratin, a natural substance that promotes the growth of bacteria which cause acne. (brensskincare.com)
Biotin is a vitamin that is essential for the production of keratin, a protein that is important for hair growth. (healthcarebloggers.com)
Biotin can help improve the strength of your hair shafts by enhancing the production of keratin proteins that are needed to make these substances stronger. (healthcarebloggers.com)
Methylsulfonylmethane aids in the production of keratin (a protein in the hair) while doing double-duty to strengthen hair follicles. (mariaelenamyhairstylist.com)

Hemidesmosomes also contain the intracellular portions of the transmembrane proteins collagen XVII (BP180) and alpha-6-beta-4 integrin. (medscape.com)
These structures contain the extracellular portions of collagen XVII (BP180) and alpha-6-beta-4 integrin. (medscape.com)
Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin elasticity and texture. (lookchem.com)
As mentioned earlier, keratin is you'll collagen show. (tnmode.com)
AHA (alpha-hydroxyl), PHA, LHA acids are water soluble acids that promote the exfoliation of the surface keratin layer and stimulate the basal membrane and increase the production of collagen and glycosaminoglycans. (kosmosbeauty.com)
Nutraceuticals we use are lycopene and pomegranate extract for men's health, high quality curcumin for your well-being, beta-glucan from yeast extract in our immune product, omega-3 fatty acids from krill for heart and liver health, keratin from sheep's wool for your hair, hyaluonic acid and collagen for your skin and saffron, ashwagandha and melissa extracts for your psyche. (beneganic.com)
Examples of structural proteins can be keratin, collagen, and elastin. (webrepost.top)
ReVITALIZE's Ceramide cocktail boosts collagen, elastin and keratin production to help protect and replenish the skin's delicate lipid barrier. (goodlifepure.com)
Not only does this combination stimulate the production of new collagen but it also enhances the antimicrobial activity of keratinocytes - the main cells of the epidermis which produce keratin - reinforcing the natural skin defence system. (nourishlondon.ae)

What makes gelatine the optimal anti aging ingredient is its natural keratin segment. (tnmode.com)
What makes gelatine a really wonderful anti aging ingredient is its natural keratin area. (parrovphins.com)
Its gentle formula works to restore and strengthen hair's natural keratin structure. (thecosmeticrepublic.com)
All COCOCHOCO Keratin treatments and styling products are specially formulated to contain natural keratin protein, which rebuilds, restores and rejuvenates all types of hair. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
This oil also contains sulfur, which helps to form natural keratin in the skin, giving it a youthful glow. (aosproduct.com)

Milia Face Scrubbies, Helps Dissolve and Reduce Milia, With Salicylic Acid, Niacin, Retinol, Pumice and More, 12 Count, Diva Stuff Features : Salicylic Acid is a Beta Hydroxy Acid, which means it has an exfoliating effect. (misterspencer.de)
Another key ingredient in Nip and Fab skincare products is salicylic acid, a type of beta hydroxy acid (BHA). (thedermreview.com)
Salicylic acid works as a keratolytic, which means that it breaks down keratin found in the outer layers of the skin. (theskiny.com)

Giovanni, conditioner 2chic ultra-sleek conditioner with brazilian keratin & argan oil is a product you can count on. (theisens.com)
The rich power of keratin and argan oil will banish frizz and smooth every strand. (theisens.com)
The Instant Repairing Hair Mask with Keratin & Argan Oil has helped to strengthen my hair. (berinacosmetics.com)
So luxe-2 chic Brazillian Keratin and Moroccan Argan Oil Ultra-Sleek Conditioner. (cherryblossomsubscription.com)
Massage into hair after washing with 2 chic Brazilian Keratin Moroccan Argan Oil Ultra-Sleep Shampoo. (cherryblossomsubscription.com)

De shampoo is rijk aan hyaluronzuur en edelweissbloem extract om koperachtige en gele ondertonen te verwijderen, die jouw haarkleur weer een prachtige koele toon geeft en daarnaast ook je haar heerlijk laat ruiken. (jemith.com)
Packed full of goodies such as keratin to help strengthen your hair, the antioxidant power of green tea extract and scalp rebalancing beta-glucan, you can be sure that its rich lather performs as good as it smells. (beautygroup.eu)
Amino Acids, Beta-Glucan, Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Extract, Ascorbic It does its job and it's reasonably priced. (customerlabs.co)
When it comes to solving chronic skin dryness and cracked hands, beta glucan from purified yeast extract combined with hyaluronic acid is a superb combination for the rapid repair and the key ingredients in our Kale Anti-Ageing Hand Cream . (nourishlondon.ae)
Hair growth improved in men taking 400 mg of a standardized extract of saw palmetto and 100 mg of beta-sitosterol (from saw palmetto) daily. (mariaelenamyhairstylist.com)

The scales, beaks, claws and feathers of birds contain β-keratin of the avian family. (wikipedia.org)
A recent study using molecular dating methods to link the evolution of avian β-keratin genes in general to that of feathers specifically reveals that the avian β-keratin family began diverging from the crocodile family about 216 million years ago. (wikipedia.org)
β-keratins found in modern feathers have increased elasticity, a factor that may have contributed to their role in flight. (wikipedia.org)
Beta-keratin in poultry feathers is a structural protein that is resistant to degradation due to disulfide and hydrogen bonds. (orgprints.org)
Keratin is the structural protein found in human nails and in bird feathers. (desertusa.com)
Storage of colored pigments in the feathers' horn (keratin) can only occur naturally during the keratinization process as a part of feather development. (jedds.com)
The alpha(α)-keratin is a fibrous structural protein, mostly found in the hair, epidermis, horns, and feathers of mammals. (theemergingsciences.com)
They have evolved structural colour, created by the way light waves interact with the feathers and their arrangement of protein molecules, called keratin. (willowwildedges.com)
Light scattering is similar to the effects of a prism and when light hits these pockets of keratin, all of the colours of the wavelength except blue are absorbed and scattered whilst the blue wavelength is refracted, which is what allows us to see the feathers as blue. (willowwildedges.com)

Sweet potatoes - The beta carotene in orange-colored veggies and fruit can protect against dull, dry hair and stimulate sebum production leading to healthier hair. (rachelfirasek.com)
An omphalolith or umbolith or omphalith or navel stone or umbilical concretion is a periumbilical mass that may form due to the accumulation of sebum and keratin. (churbuck.com)
BHA acids are capable of dissolving glued sebum keratin scales and, through this, to penetrate deeply into the pores of the skin. (kosmosbeauty.com)
SA softens the keratin found in dead cells that accumulated with sebum to clog pores. (theskiny.com)
Acne results from a buildup of oil (sebum) and dead skin cells (keratin) inside the hair follicle or pores," says board-certified dermatologist and co-founder of Skintap.com, Dr. Mamina Turegano, MD, FAAD . (wellandgood.com)

Because the accurate use of the term keratin is limited to the alpha-keratins, the term "beta-keratins" in recent works is replaced by "corneous beta-proteins" or "keratin-associated beta-proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The EDC of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) comprises more than 100 genes, including at least 48 genes that encode proteins referred to as beta-keratins or corneous beta-proteins. (uncommondescent.com)

Onions are known for boosting keratin levels as they contain N-acetylcysteine, a plant-based antioxidant. (its-a-living.com)

However, for this post, the Keratin we will discuss is the artificial chemical formula that is popularly referred to as Brazilian blowout, used to treat hair loss and frizziness. (hairfinity.com)
The Keratin hair treatment, also known as the Brazilian blowout or the Brazilian keratin treatment, is a chemical measure adopted to smoothen, straighten, and make the hair less frizzy. (hairfinity.com)
Except for Brazilian keratin, keratin treatments do not straighten the hair, but they achieve an anti-frizz effect on the hair for the reasons mentioned above. (iddaalihaber.com)
COCOCHOCO Gold brazilian keratin hair treatment for extra shine / glossy hair - The unique formula is infused with 24k liquid gold which minimizes static electricity and water absorption in the hair, protecting it from humidity, salt water, and rain. (cocochoco.eu)
Brazilian keratin treatments are dangerous to your health and your hair. (well-beingsecrets.com)
In the US, the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration, known as OSHA, has issued a warning regarding Brazilian keratin treatments, and they even added an informational site just for this important health topic. (well-beingsecrets.com)
COCOCHOCO PROFESSIONAL Complex Brazilian straightening keratin hair treatment. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
COCOCHOCO Original Brazilian Keratin Hair Treatment 1000ml (2 items). (braziliankeratinhair.com)
COCOCHOCO Brazilian Keratin Hair Treatment is an advanced process that transforms your hair to a straight, smooth shiny and glossy look. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
COCOCHOCO Brazilian Keratin Hair Treatment Keratin is a natural substance that gives your hair the ability to return to its original healthy, shiny, smooth and conditioned state. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
COCOCHOCO Original - Brazilian Keratin Hair Treatment straightens the hair without changing its texture. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
Brush the Brazilian Keratin Treatment onto sections of hair (avoiding the scalp) and comb out the excess. (braziliankeratinhair.com)

Furthermore, addition of IL-6 to NHEK cultures decreased the expression of keratins 1 and 10, differentiation markers of keratinocytes, while proliferation was not affected. (cdc.gov)
Keratins 5 and 14 combine to form intermediate filaments in basal keratinocytes. (medscape.com)
Most cases are due to missense mutations of keratin 14 and 5 which is important for the structural integrity of epidermal keratinocytes. (mhmedical.com)

Achieves splendid red coloring through the natural carotenoid Beta-carotene. (jedds.com)
NEKTON-R-Beta contains all essential vitamins, amino acids, minerals, the colorant beta-carotene and trace elements in balanced proportions. (jedds.com)
NEKTON-R-BETA contains a high amount of the highly effective colorant beta carotene, which is found in nature. (jedds.com)
Beta carotene is one of the best known antioxidants which helps to protect the skin against the damaging effects of 'free radicals' created by the action of ultra-violet rays on the skin. (health4youonline.com)
What is beta-carotene good for? (health4youonline.com)
This product provides a guaranteed level of 15mg of natural beta carotene per capsule plus mixed carotenoids. (health4youonline.com)
The body is able to convert beta carotene into Vitamin A according to its needs, and remaining beta carotene is stored in the skin where it can be seen as a light gold colour and is known to give some protection against sun damage. (health4youonline.com)
High strength beta carotene 15mg, with mixed carotenoids. (health4youonline.com)
In addition to preventing night blindness, eating adequate amounts of beta-carotene may help slow the decline in eyesight that some people experience as get older. (health4youonline.com)
In some studies, eating higher amounts of vitamin A in the form of beta-carotene has been linked to a decreased risk of certain types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as cervical, lung and bladder cancer. (health4youonline.com)
Papaya contains a hefty associated with beta carotene. (tnmode.com)
A powerhouse of health and taste, sweet potatoes contain provitamin A named carotenoids-beta carotene. (its-a-living.com)
One of Solgar's premium-quality carotenoid complexes providing Beta-carotene plus Alpha Carotene, Cryptoxanthin, Zeaxanthin and Lutein. (2pharmacy.gr)
Beta-carotene is the precursor to vitamin A and is found in carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, bananas, mangoes and all yellow vegetables. (griffinandrow.com)
Beta carotene and iron, both of which pumpkin contains in high quantities, are both key nutrients for hair growth. (dayspaassociation.com)
Beta-carotene is a type of carotenoid found in many foods. (judiklee.com)
There are over 600 different types of carotenoids, with beta-carotene being one of the more common examples. (judiklee.com)
About fifty carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A. The major carotenoids in humans are beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin. (judiklee.com)
Beta-carotene is yellow to orange to red in color and gives many fruits and vegetables their characteristic bright colors ranging from green to orange, red, and purple. (judiklee.com)
The color of beta-carotene in dark green vegetables is masked by the chlorophyll in the plants. (judiklee.com)
Beta-carotene serves as a provitamin (or precursor) to Vitamin A in the body. (judiklee.com)
This means that the body uses beta-carotene to make Vitamin A. Vitamin A is an important fat-soluble vitamin with a variety of functions in the body. (judiklee.com)
Provitamin A (in the form of carotenoids, with beta-carotene being one of them) is only found in plants, whereas preformed Vitamin A (a group of retinoids) is found in animal foods such as dairy products, fish oils, eggs, and meat (especially liver). (judiklee.com)
The Vitamin A your body makes from beta-carotene does not accumulate in the body to toxic levels, whereas preformed Vitamin A from animal sources can. (judiklee.com)
All carotenoids, including beta-carotene, serve as antioxidants in the body. (judiklee.com)
As mentioned above, Vitamin A (that we can make from beta-carotene) has a number of important functions in the body. (judiklee.com)
Simply ensuring adequate intake of Vitamin A or beta-carotene-rich foods prevents these serious eye problems and possible death, especially among children. (judiklee.com)
Furthermore, research shows that those who eat a diet rich in beta-carotene (or Vitamin A) are less likely to develop age-related macular degeneration, and have a lower risk of developing cataracts. (judiklee.com)
Moringa oil is also rich in anti-inflammatory and antiseptic compounds such as ascorbic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, beta-carotene, and sulfur, which are key elements in maintaining skin health and fighting acne. (aosproduct.com)
It has a high beta-carotene content, which helps to warm your complexion. (goodguysblog.com)

The type of Keratin relevant to this post is the alpha keratin because it is found in human hair. (hairfinity.com)
The amount of time taken to perform a keratin treatment on your hair depends on hair density, the type of keratin formula used, and the stylist's expertise, among others. (hairfinity.com)
It is a type of keratin used in treatments that restructure the hair since it acts as a conditioner. (iddaalihaber.com)
This type of keratin is the main base of all keratin treatments. (iddaalihaber.com)

In the following article, we want to shed light on keratin treatments, tell you what they consist of, and what types of keratin you can find most frequently in hairdressers. (iddaalihaber.com)
There are many types of keratin, which are not proper treatments, but components used for them. (iddaalihaber.com)
There are two main types of keratin. (well-beingsecrets.com)

Chia seeds contain omega-3 fats, which improve the integrity of elastin and keratin, creating thick, voluminous tresses. (danajames.com)

Exocrine acinar cells and endocrine islet cells are well-differentiated cells which express the keratin combination 8 and 18, whereas the less-differentiated cells of the ductal tree are characterized by the additional expression of keratin 7, keratin 19, and, in the rat, keratin 20. (humpath.com)
Procyanidin B2 has a positive effect on alopecia because it can promote the expression of keratin in hair cells. (nutrami.it)

Beta keratin is used to make smoothing treatments with a softer effect since it hardly has a cysteine composition. (iddaalihaber.com)
It gets converted into L-cysteine, a component of keratin made up of amino acids. (its-a-living.com)
When consumed, it gets transformed into L-cysteine, an amino acid that is found in keratin. (its-a-living.com)
All keratin cells are comprised of large amounts of cysteine, an amino acid containing sulfur. (well-beingsecrets.com)
Cysteine is an amino acid and a component found in beta-keratin and is believed to preserve skin elasticity and to protect the lining of the digestive system. (nuacell.com)
In the hair cortex, hair keratin intermediate filaments are embedded in an interfilamentous matrix, consisting of hair keratin-associated proteins (KRTAP), which are essential for the formation of a rigid and resistant hair shaft through their extensive disulfide bond cross-linking with abundant cysteine residues of hair keratins. (nih.gov)

La'dor Keratin LPP Shampoo este un șampon universal, fără sulfati, pentru părul deteriorat, slab și fragil. (herb.md)
Dit is een hydraterende shampoo voor blond haar waarmee de haarvezel zorgvuldig wordt gereinigd, verhelderd en luchtig gemaakt wordt. (jemith.com)
In deze Blond Absolu lijn zit ook de Ultra Violet shampoo , dit is een zilvershampoo die warme en ongewenste gele tonen in ontkleurd haar zal neutraliseren. (jemith.com)
Een shampoo speciaal tegen haaruitval is de Kérastase Genesis Hydra-Fortifiant Shampoo , dit is een verzorgende en versterkende shampoo die haaruitval tegengaat en het haar versterkt waardoor je lokken weer sterk en veerkrachtig worden. (jemith.com)
De shampoo is ideaal te gebruiken bij fijn en vet haar, de formule zorgt voor een delicate reiniging waardoor het geschikt is voor dagelijks gebruik. (jemith.com)
De Kérastase Résistance Force Architecte Shampoo is er speciaal om beschadigd en breekbaar haar te herstellen. (jemith.com)
De shampoo helpt bij het herstellen van de haarvezel en gaat splijten van de haarpunten tegen. (jemith.com)
Een conditioner versterkt de werking van de shampoo door het haar te verzorgen, en zorgt ervoor dat het handelbaarder wordt. (jemith.com)
This paraben and sulphate free surfactants Multivitamin shampoo with A, B, C, E & F vitamins and keratin microspheres has been specially designed for weak, thin hair and hair loss cases. (thecosmeticrepublic.com)
We recommend after a Keratin treatment that you maintain your hair and ensure the long-lasting effect of our treatment by using: Our COCOCHOCO Sulphate free Shampoo Our COCOCHOCO Sodium Chloride free, Formaldehyde Free Conditioner. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
Inform the Customer that to assist in extending the life of the treatment: Use COCOCHOCO Sulphate Free Shampoo with every wash Use COCOCHOCO Conditioner & Keratin Mask twice a week. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
We recommend our COCOCHOCO Free sulphate shampoo and Sodium Chloride Free Conditioner as they also have Keratin and UV protection. (braziliankeratinhair.com)
USAGE:- It's highly recommended to use BOTANICA ORGANIC Purifying Shampoo prior to Reform System Keratin Treatment. (berinacosmetics.com)
With their key ingredient, Virtue Labs Alpha Keratin 60ku, using this shampoo will repair your hair at the root. (honestbrandreviews.com)
All together with the keratin, this shampoo will bring your limp locks back to life. (honestbrandreviews.com)

Your body needs biotin to help produce keratin, which is responsible for keeping your nails strong and healthy. (healthcarebloggers.com)
Biotin has been shown to benefit hair growth and strength by helping the body produce keratin-a protein found in hair follicles-and helps maintain healthy skin cells. (healthcarebloggers.com)

This is made up of functional keratin. (tnmode.com)

Moreover, one cooked egg is equipped with 10 mcg of biotin, an important nutrient involved in keratin synthesis. (its-a-living.com)
Enriched with proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, and biotin, salmon is a wonderful source of keratin. (its-a-living.com)
Which Include 5000 Mcg Biotin, Beta-sitosterol, Saw Palmetto and Pygeum. (worldshop.pk)
Eggs - Full of keratin and the B vitamin biotin, eggs can strengthen new hair growth. (rachelfirasek.com)
When you take biotin, it strengthens the keratin in your skin, nails, and hair by helping to build new tissue. (healthcarebloggers.com)

At the superior aspect of the BMZ, keratin-containing intermediate filaments of the basal cell cytoskeleton insert on basal cell plasma membrane condensations termed hemidesmosomes. (medscape.com)
Keratin intermediate filaments insert upon electron-dense structures termed hemidesmosomes. (medscape.com)
Actin filaments are shown in red, and microtubules composed of beta tubulin are in green. (cloudfront.net)
Desmosomes (macula adherens) connect keratin intermediate filaments from cell to cell to create a structural construction of great tensile power [4, 7]. (stemedics.com)

Vitamin C May Also Stimulate the Production of IGF-1, Which Strengthens the Hair Follicle and Produces Cells That Makes Keratin. (worldshop.pk)

1999) showed that these featherlike structures consisted of beta-keratin. (wikipedia.org)
alpha keratins and beta keratins based on their external structures. (hairfinity.com)
6. A Type I Turn: In addition to the alpha helix and beta sheet secondary structures (see Bio 13 tutorials), another distinct structural motif has been recognized in which the the polypeptide chain reverses direction over the span of only a few amino acids. (facfil.eu)
Main Difference - Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheet Alpha helix and beta plates are two different secondary structures of protein. (facfil.eu)
The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. (facfil.eu)
The only difference is a few minor changes in protein structure that cause plate-like structures to form rather the more extended alpha keratin structures. (coinfxpro.net)
Depending on their exact composition (keratin, muscle, elastic structures, etc.), they may have been stiffening or strengthening agents in the outer part of the wing. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
The structures generally contain 'cross-links' involving chains, for example cys-cys disulphide bonds among keratin chains. (webrepost.top)
This doubly-wound parallel beta sheet is the most frequent folding pattern discovered in known protein structures. (webrepost.top)

Keratin is a fiber-like protein found in the hair, nails, hoofs, horns, wools, and outer layer of the skin or the epithelial cells. (hairfinity.com)
Keratin is a protein that aids in the structural maintenance of hair, nails, skin, and the lining of internal organs. (its-a-living.com)
A specific type of non-living protein, keratin makes up our skin, hair and nails. (its-a-living.com)
The kind found in human skin, hair, and nails is called alpha-keratin. (well-beingsecrets.com)
NAC is important for skin, nails and hair by stimulating the protein beta-keratin. (provita-nutrition.eu)
The treatment is Keratin based (the primary protein of skin, hair, and nails). (braziliankeratinhair.com)
Keratin, a protein, is the primary structural component of our hair and nails. (goodguysblog.com)
That's because these organs are made of keratin-a protein also found in hair and nails. (healthcarebloggers.com)

Formaldehyde-free keratin is a natural product that does not contain formaldehyde, so it guarantees results while maintaining hair health. (iddaalihaber.com)
Before undergoing any keratin treatment, make sure it is a product that does not contain formaldehyde. (iddaalihaber.com)

β-keratins add much more rigidity to reptilian skin than alpha-keratins alone do to mammalian skin. (wikipedia.org)
β-keratins are impregnated into the stratum corneum of the reptilian skin, providing waterproofing and the prevention of desiccation. (wikipedia.org)
All reptiles possess a thick, scaly skin composed of pliable alpha keratin on the inner surface and stiffer, harder beta keratin on the outer exposed surface. (desertusa.com)
I also use in this formula Sea Buckthorn Oil which nourishes the skin with beta certain (pre-cursor of Vitamin A), and other skin-restoring phytonutrients. (elinaorganics.com)
Gene expression analysis in the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) showed that EDC genes are differentially expressed in the skin of the various body sites and that a subset of beta-keratin genes within the EDC as well as those located outside of the EDC are expressed predominantly in the shell. (uncommondescent.com)
Using enzymes called keratinases, dermatophyte fungi invade the superficial keratin of the skin, and the infection remains limited to this layer. (medscape.com)
Recently we demonstrated a strong induction of activin expression after skin injury, suggesting a function of this transforming growth factor-beta family member in wound repair. (uni.lu)
Keratin is produced from living skin cells in the body and is found in our glands and the lining of our organs as well. (its-a-living.com)
Keratin protein is not only important for healthy hair, but it is also responsible for the repair and growth of ligaments, certain tissues, bones, muscles, skin, and beyond. (its-a-living.com)
Keratin deficiency can lead to sagging skin, hair loss and nail breakage. (its-a-living.com)
Keratin is the natural element that comprises your hair, skin, and fingernails. (well-beingsecrets.com)
Milia is when keratin (a substance produced by the skin) becomes entrapped beneath the outer layer of the skin, forming a tiny cyst. (misterspencer.de)
It also has the ability to dissolve keratin, the protein that acts as a "glue" to keep dead skin cells together in the stratum corneum. (thedermreview.com)
These cells have moved up through the skin layers losing moisture as they go, becoming harder, flatter and more concentrated with a protein called keratin. (griffinandrow.com)
It prevents dry, rough skin by controlling keratin levels. (griffinandrow.com)
Of these, alpha hydroxy action and beta keratin antioxidants nourish the skin. (popdiaries.com)
Hair and gecko toe pads are actually made from the same material - keratin - which is a structural protein used in a range of animal features, from rhino horns to antlers, claws, skin, and more. (coinfxpro.net)
The alpha and beta hydroxy acids chemically work to remove the excess keratin and skin cells. (skinworthy.ca)
Glycolic Acid, Alpha-Hydroxy Acids, Beta-Hydroxy Acids, Poly-Hydroxy Acids - are excellent to exfoliate, purify and regenerate the skin. (brensskincare.com)
Not only is the natural beta-hydroxy acid used to exfoliate, but at Bella Reina, a secret 30% Lactic acid is added for more vibrant skin and super soft feet. (bellareinaspa.com)
And chemical exfoliants, which use alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs) to break down dead skin cells. (wellandgood.com)

Use a gentle cleanser with an alpha- or beta-hydroxy acid to soften and dissolve the keratin plugs at the end of the pilosebaceous units. (medscape.com)
These dissolve the glue in between the dead cells, or help dissolve the keratin altogether. (skinvigo.com)

Beta-keratin (β-keratin), is a member of a structural protein family found in the epidermis of reptiles and birds. (wikipedia.org)
Taken together, these data indicate that constitutive keratinocyte-derived IL-1 alpha is a stimulus for IL-6 production in wounded epidermis, the response involves NF kappa B and C/EBP beta transcription factors, and IL-6 may be associated with modulation of keratinocyte differentiation rather than proliferation. (cdc.gov)
To test this possibility, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress the activin betaA chain in the epidermis under the control of a keratin 14 promoter. (uni.lu)
The hair shaft keratins were broadly expressed in the epidermis but there was no expression of the terminal differentiation markers K1 and loricrin. (mdc-berlin.de)

Compatible with hats or helmets, Keratin does not block your scalp pores. (thecosmeticrepublic.com)
Propionyl-L-Carnitine , a cationic molecule that improves the liposomes' adhesion to the scalp and facilitates the beta-oxidation of the lipid chains, which boosts tissue metabolism. (trinovanticaduta.com)

Keratin is a natural type of major protein found in our hair. (theemergingsciences.com)

Beta pleated sheets are made of beta strands connected laterally by two or more hydrogen bonds forming a backbone. (facfil.eu)
View the structure of a protein, with a perfect representation where you can clearly differentiate the secondary structure of protein and report the number of helices and the beta strands, also report whether structure contains loops or not. (amrita.edu)
It aids the body's ability to manufacture keratin within hair strands to reduce breakage. (mariaelenamyhairstylist.com)

F urther, the ingredients consist of amino acids and enzymes, which reconstruct the hair and thus it is far better than normal keratin hair treatment. (theemergingsciences.com)
Ingredients include gluten-free oats, organic spirulina, nature's multivitamin protein that is loaded with omega 3's, beta keratin, and B Vitamins, and millet, a high-protein seed that has soluble fibers our bodies need. (puriumcorp.com)

The nano keratin treatment of hair is a semi-permanent hair restoration and smoothing method, which works by transforming damaged and dry hair into repaired, stronger hair with less elasticity. (theemergingsciences.com)
Keratin plays an important role in maintaining hair health by preventing hair loss , It also boosts the resilience and elasticity of hair. (its-a-living.com)

On the other hand, Beta keratins are found in reptiles and birds majorly. (hairfinity.com)

What has been noted is that procyanidin B2 has been shown to counteract TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2 growth factors (responsible for epithelial cell apoptosis). (nutrami.it)

Keratin does not straighten hair but deeply hydrates it to eliminate frizz, relax curls, and add shine without causing damage to the hair's internal structure. (iddaalihaber.com)

Duplication and divergence events then led to claw β-keratin genes, and further recombination resulted in new feather and feather-like avian β-keratin genes. (wikipedia.org)
Other genes implicated in EBS include plectin, plakophilin1, desmoplakin, and alpha-6 beta-4 (α6β4) integrin, see Table 110-1 . (mhmedical.com)
Rapid evolution of Beta-keratin genes contribute to phenotypic differences that distinguish turtles and birds from other reptiles. (ox.ac.uk)

Below is the procedure for applying keratin treatment formulas. (hairfinity.com)
Unfortunately, keratin is not the only ingredient used in these formulas, and the additional elements, which include formaldehyde, pose serious health risks both to those getting the treatments and to hair stylists and other salon patrons. (well-beingsecrets.com)
Formaldehyde is the most common preservative used in keratin treatments, and even those formulas that are labeled formaldehyde-free can still produce formaldehyde when exposed to the high heat of the styling iron. (well-beingsecrets.com)
The formulas that make you look orange are beta keratin based solution. (jessisdolls.com)

Beta-keratins were named so because they are components of epidermal stratum corneum rich in stacked beta sheets, in contrast to alpha-keratins, intermediate-filament proteins also found in stratum corneum and rich in alpha helices. (wikipedia.org)
It also found that the feather β-keratin family did not begin diverging until 125 million years ago, a date consistent with the adaptive radiation of birds during the Cretaceous. (wikipedia.org)
[ 2 ] Many classic eponymic diseases were later found to be related to a diverse array of misfolded polypeptides (amyloid) that contain the common beta-pleated sheet architecture. (medscape.com)
Keratin is found in many vegetables naturally. (its-a-living.com)
It also found in beta-keratin. (pipingrock.com)
Beta-keratin is found in animal hide and external body parts, like beaks and claws. (well-beingsecrets.com)
Thus, the SNVs in the Surface category have a higher likelihood of being found in Loop regions when compared to the Buried category, wherein SNVs related changes are more likely to be found in Alpha_helix and Beta_strand. (facfil.eu)
Contains MSM which helps binding together chondroitin and keratin which are found in connective tissues. (allcarepharmacy.ie)
I think most of us are aware that peppers are full of antioxidants, but Rick explained that the yellow and orange ones have beta keratin in them and are rich in vitamin C. Interestingly I found out that green chillis are excellent fat burners. (helpfulmum.com)

Dr's Notes: This is a medical-grade beta-hydroxy acid (BHA) formula that treats and acne spots instantly. (dermstetiqclinic.com)
This is definitely one of our favourite beta hydroxy acids (BHAs). (theskiny.com)

How to Increase Keratin in Hair Naturally? (its-a-living.com)
Including these foods in your meal is a great way to increase keratin in your hair naturally. (its-a-living.com)
It is a treatment based on keratin that naturally straightens your hair. (braziliankeratinhair.com)

Beetroot is one of the many cultivated varieties of beets (Beta vulgaris). (allcarepharmacy.ie)

Along with the keratin, the hair is also composed of proteins called keratin-associated proteins . (theemergingsciences.com)
The proteins that make up the amyloids are abnormal versions of proteins called keratins. (medlineplus.gov)

A. Oller 1 , G. Oberdorster 2 teins like beta-actin (ACTB) and keratin (KRT8, KRT2). (cdc.gov)
Three fusion candidates, integrin subunit beta 7 (ITGB7)-ROS1, lamin A/C (LMNA)-NTRK1 and Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif containing (GOPC)-keratin 8 (KRT8), showed relatively high junction-spanning reads by the FusionMap algorithm, but did not pass validation. (who.int)

No other vitamin compound should be administered whilst using NEKTON-R-Beta. (jedds.com)
It is a blend of beauty nutrients like beta keratin, lecithin, Vitamin D and E, Linoleic and Oleic Acids. (elinaorganics.com)
It has been suggested that vitamin A deficiency may increase your risk of developing acne, as it causes an overproduction of the protein keratin in your hair follicles. (health4youonline.com)
When consumed, it transforms into vitamin A in the body and produces keratin, leading to healthy hair. (its-a-living.com)
A highly nutritious green veggie, kale contains provitamin A, which gets transformed into vitamin A which is essential for the synthesis of keratin. (its-a-living.com)
Enriched with vitamin C, mango supports keratin synthesis. (its-a-living.com)

Considered a protective protein, keratin provides resilience and strength to cells from mild trauma that includes rubbing or scratching. (its-a-living.com)
Keratin-rich foods help maintain eye health , In addition, keratin regulates cell size and allows cells to grow and heal wounds. (its-a-living.com)
The tumor cells labeled for CD10 with aberrant nuclear labeling for beta-catenin. (jhu.edu)

They contain about 85 percent beta-keratin, the same protein in bird beaks and claws. (gardenbetty.com)

Keratin-rich foods help strengthen muscles, tissues and bones by reducing damage from friction. (its-a-living.com)

It's crucial to know what kind of keratin treatment you're using, and it's best to avoid the ones that include a lot of formaldehyde. (hairfinity.com)
When the boom in keratin treatments began, a large majority contained formaldehyde among its components. (iddaalihaber.com)
OSHA investigations have determined that salons that perform keratin straightening treatments often have dangerously high levels of formaldehyde in the air. (well-beingsecrets.com)

Many believe that keratin supplements, treatments and products help hair look healthier and can strengthen the hair's structural building block. (its-a-living.com)

Alpha keratins are fiber-like and helical. (hairfinity.com)
Addition of IL-1 alpha to NHEK cultures increased IL-6 production and activated NF kappa B and C/EBP beta. (cdc.gov)
Alpha keratin eliminates curl and gives hair a smooth appearance, offering a straightening effect that lasts for approximately 4 months. (iddaalihaber.com)
Keratins contain a central alpha-helical rod with several nonhelical interruptions, as well as nonhelical carboxyterminal and aminoterminal regions. (medscape.com)
Similar to all members of the family of laminin proteins, laminin-332 is a large heterotrimeric molecule containing alpha-3, beta-3, and gamma-2 chains. (medscape.com)
alpha(α)-keratin and beta(β)-keratin. (theemergingsciences.com)
As described in the accepted answer to the related question about alpha-subunits vs alpha-helices the alpha- and beta- are arbitrary names. (facfil.eu)
Summary Alpha helix & beta sheets form in very dierent ways, that give them dierent properties! (facfil.eu)
The key difference between the alpha and beta helix is the type of hydrogen bonding they show. (facfil.eu)
Alpha helix and beta sheets difference. (facfil.eu)
The beta helix is larger and it involves more residues per turn when compared with the alpha helix. (facfil.eu)
A helix can be left-handed (beta) or right-handed where the alpha helix is always right-handed. (facfil.eu)
The Path from PoC to MVP to Alpha to Beta to Release 'Ideas are shit, execution is the game. (facfil.eu)
Mit dem Alpha Beta Daily Face Peel aus der Dr Dennis Gross Skincare Alpha Beta Pflege-Serie verfeinern Sie Ihre Poren, verringern Hautunreinheiten und sorgen für ein ebenmäßigeres Hautbild. (parfumdreams.de)
Das Alpha Beta Daily Face Peel aus der Dr Dennis Gross Skincare Alpha Beta Pflege-Serie zählt zu den meistverkauften Peelingprodukten der USA und zeigt schon nach der ersten Anwendung sichtbare Resultate. (parfumdreams.de)
Das Alpha Beta Daily Face Peel aus der Dr Dennis Gross Skincare Alpha Beta Pflege-Serie zeigt schon nach wenigen Minuten deutlich sichtbare Resultate. (parfumdreams.de)
The mutated version consists more of beta sheets whereas normal version has alpha helices. (sanfoundry.com)
Neovaginas (median Shannon's H index = 1.33) had higher alpha diversity compared to cis vaginas (Shannon's H = 0.35) ( p = 7.2E−3, Mann-Whitney U test) and were more similar to the non- Lactobacillus dominant/polymicrobial cis vaginas based on beta diversity (perMANOVA, p = 0.001, r 2 = 0.342). (biomedcentral.com)

NEKTON-R-Beta strengthens and supports the bird's body during the whole molting/rearing process. (jedds.com)

Thus, feathered relatives of birds such as Anchiornis and Archaeopteryx, whose flight capabilities have been questioned, would have had avian, but not feather, β-keratins. (wikipedia.org)
ED13, [[Development of colour-producing beta-keratin nanostructures in avian feather barbs]] R.O. Prum, E. R. Dufresne, T. Quinn, K. Waters, J. R. Soc. (harvard.edu)

Anatomy17

Organisms4

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Characterization of the structure and composition of gecko adhesive setae. (1/17)

Effective elastic modulus of isolated gecko setal arrays. (2/17)

Frictional adhesion: A new angle on gecko attachment. (3/17)

Cloning and characterization of scale beta-keratins in the differentiating epidermis of geckoes show they are glycine-proline-serine-rich proteins with a central motif homologous to avian beta-keratins. (4/17)

Ancestrally high elastic modulus of gecko setal beta-keratin. (5/17)

Expression of beta-keratin mRNAs and proline uptake in epidermal cells of growing scales and pad lamellae of gecko lizards. (6/17)

Beta-keratins of differentiating epidermis of snake comprise glycine-proline-serine-rich proteins with an avian-like gene organization. (7/17)

Beta-keratins of turtle shell are glycine-proline-tyrosine rich proteins similar to those of crocodilians and birds. (8/17)

Keratins

Keratins, Type II

Keratins, Hair-Specific

Keratins, Type I

Keratin-8

Intermediate Filaments

Keratin-14

Keratin-10

Interleukin-1beta

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

Keratin-1

Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic

Keratin-5

beta 2-Microglobulin

Epidermis

Keratin-18

Keratinocytes

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Integrin beta3

Hair

Keratin-16

Intermediate Filament Proteins

Keratoderma, Palmoplantar

Keratin-17

Skin

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Keratin-2

Epithelium

Cells, Cultured

Integrin beta4

Keratin-13

Base Sequence

Hair Follicle

Molecular Sequence Data

RNA, Messenger

Hoof and Claw

Keratin-15

Integrin alpha5beta1

Desmosomes

Cell Line

Hair Diseases

Integrin alpha6beta4

Keratin-6

Feathers

Integrin beta Chains

beta 2-Glycoprotein I

Integrin alpha4beta1

Vimentin

Integrin alpha2beta1

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Epithelial Cells

Antigens, CD29

Cytoskeleton

Gene Expression Regulation

Cell Differentiation

Amino Acid Sequence

Pachyonychia Congenita

Mice, Transgenic

Integrins

Immunohistochemistry

Interleukin-1

Integrin alpha6beta1

Keratin-12

Mutation

Keratin-9

Transfection

Dipodomys

Gene Expression

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1

Desmoplakins

Signal Transduction

Integrin alpha1beta1

Cell Adhesion

Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Epidermolytic

Phosphorylation

Molecular Weight

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

Cloning, Molecular

Estrogen Receptor beta