Beta defensins. Medical search

beta-Defensins: DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity.alpha-Defensins: DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides: Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction: Methods for using more than one primer set in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify more than one segment of the target DNA sequence in a single reaction.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.Blood-Nerve Barrier: The barrier between the perineurium of PERIPHERAL NERVES and the endothelium (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR) of endoneurial CAPILLARIES. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)beta 2-Glycoprotein I: A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase IMMUNOASSAY employing the purified phospholipid antigen CARDIOLIPIN.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption: A disseminated vesicular-pustular eruption caused by the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS), the VACCINIA VIRUS, or Varicella zoster (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It is usually superimposed on a preexisting, inactive or active, atopic dermatitis (DERMATITIS, ATOPIC).Dermatitis, Atopic: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.Streptavidin: A 60-kDa extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains.Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Malassezia: A mitosporic fungal genus that causes a variety of skin disorders. Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare) causes TINEA VERSICOLOR.Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.Tinea Versicolor: A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions, and is caused by Pityrosporon orbiculare. (Dorland, 27th ed)Dermatitis, Seborrheic: A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.Paneth Cells: Differentiated epithelial cells of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA, found in the basal part of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn. Paneth cells secrete GROWTH FACTORS, digestive enzymes such as LYSOZYME and antimicrobial peptides such as cryptdins (ALPHA-DEFENSINS) into the crypt lumen.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Reagent Kits, Diagnostic: Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.Blood Proteins: Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.Outsourced Services: Organizational activities previously performed internally that are provided by external agents.Crops, Agricultural: Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).Multiple Trauma: Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques: Techniques used to synthesize chemicals using molecular substrates that are bound to a solid surface. Typically a series of reactions are conducted on the bound substrate that results in either the covalent attachment of specific moieties or the modification of existing function groups. These techniques offer an advantage to those involving solution reactions in that the substrate compound does not have to be isolated and purified between the reaction steps.Traumatology: The medical specialty which deals with WOUNDS and INJURIES as well as resulting disability and disorders from physical traumas.Wounds and Injuries: Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.Germany

Production of beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides by the oral mucosa and salivary glands. (1/685)

beta-Defensins are cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that are produced by epithelia at mucosal surfaces. Two human beta-defensins, HBD-1 and HBD-2, were discovered in 1995 and 1997, respectively. However, little is known about the expression of HBD-1 or HBD-2 in tissues of the oral cavity and whether these proteins are secreted. In this study, we characterized the expression of HBD-1 and HBD-2 mRNAs within the major salivary glands, tongue, gingiva, and buccal mucosa and detected beta-defensin peptides in salivary secretions. Defensin mRNA expression was quantitated by RNase protection assays. HBD-1 mRNA expression was detected in the gingiva, parotid gland, buccal mucosa, and tongue. Expression of HBD-2 mRNA was detected only in the gingival mucosa and was most abundant in tissues with associated inflammation. To test whether beta-defensin expression was inducible, gingival keratinocyte cell cultures were treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. HBD-2 expression increased approximately 16-fold with IL-1beta treatment and approximately 5-fold in the presence of LPS. Western immunoblotting, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry were used to identify the HBD-1 and HBD-2 peptides in human saliva. Human beta-defensins are expressed in oral tissues, and the proteins are secreted in saliva; HBD-1 expression was constitutive, while HBD-2 expression was induced by IL-1beta and LPS. Human beta-defensins may play an important role in the innate defenses against oral microorganisms. (+info)

Efficient killing of inhaled bacteria in DeltaF508 mice: role of airway surface liquid composition. (2/685)

Cystic fibrosis mice have been generated by gene targeting but show little lung disease without repeated exposure to bacteria. We asked if murine mucosal defenses and airway surface liquid (ASL) Cl(-) were altered by the DeltaF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutation. Naive DeltaF508 -/- and +/- mice showed no pulmonary inflammation and after inhaled Pseudomonas aeruginosa had similar inflammatory responses and bacterial clearance rates. We therefore investigated components of the innate immune system. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice killed Escherichia coli, and the microbicidal activity was inhibited by NaCl. Because beta-defensins are salt-sensitive epithelial products, we looked for pulmonary beta-defensin expression. A mouse homolog of human beta-defensin-1 (termed "MBD-1") was identified; the mRNA was expressed in the lung. Using a radiotracer technique, ASL volume and Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)]) were measured in cultured tracheal epithelia from normal and DeltaF508 -/- mice. The estimated ASL volume was similar for both groups. There were no differences in ASL [Cl(-)] in DeltaF508 -/- and normal mice (13.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 17.8 +/- 5.6 meq/l). Because ASL [Cl(-)] is low in normal and mutant mice, salt-sensitive antimicrobial factors, including MBD-1, may be normally active. (+info)

Molecular cloning and characterization of rat genes encoding homologues of human beta-defensins. (3/685)

beta-Defensins are cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that may play a role in mucosal defenses of several organs. They have been isolated in several species, and in humans, two beta-defensins have been identified. Here, we report the identification of two genes encoding beta-defensin homologues in the rat. Partial cDNAs were found by searching the expressed-sequence-tag database, and primers were designed to generate full-length mRNA coding sequences. One gene was highly similar to the human beta-defensin-1 (HBD-1) gene and mouse beta-defensin-1 gene at both the nucleic acid and amino acid levels and was termed rat beta-defensin-1 (RBD-1). The other gene, named RBD-2, was homologous to the HBD-2 and bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) genes. The predicted prepropeptides were strongly cationic, were 69 and 63 residues in length for RBD-1 and RBD-2, respectively, and contained the six-cysteine motif characteristic of beta-defensins. The beta-defensin genes mapped closely on rat chromosome 16 and were closely linked to the alpha-defensins genes, suggesting that they are part of a gene cluster, similar to the organization reported for humans. Northern blot analysis showed that both RBD-1 and RBD-2 mRNA transcripts were approximately 0.5 kb in length; RBD-1 mRNA was abundantly transcribed in the rat kidney, while RBD-2 was prevalent in the lung. Reverse transcription-PCR indicated that RBD-1 and RBD-2 mRNAs were distributed in a variety of other tissues. In the lung, RBD-1 mRNA expression localized to the tracheal epithelium while RBD-2 was expressed in alveolar type II cells. In conclusion, we characterized two novel beta-defensin homologues in the rat. The rat may be a useful model to investigate the function and contribution of beta-defensins to host defense in the lung, kidney, and other tissues. (+info)

Human beta-defensin-1 mRNA is transcribed in tympanic membrane and adjacent auditory canal epithelium. (4/685)

The external auditory canal is less susceptible to infections than the sensitive middle-ear cavity. Since recent research has provided insight to the production of potent antimicrobial peptides from various surface epithelia, we wanted to investigate whether protection of the external auditory canal in part could be explained by the production of human beta-defensin-1 (HBD-1). This particular peptide is known to be constitutively expressed in various surface epithelia, such as airway, skin, and urogenital tissues. By reverse transcriptase PCR we demonstrate HBD-1 mRNA in the pars tensa and pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane and in the meatal skin. In situ hybridization studies localized the HBD-1 mRNA to the epidermal layer of these tissues. The HBD-1 transcripts were also evident in the sebaceous glands and in hair follicles of the meatal skin. In contrast, HBD-1 mRNA was not detected in the tympanal epithelium of the eardrum. The widespread presence of mRNA encoding for this broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide in the meatal skin and tympanic membrane suggests that HBD-1 participates in the innate antimicrobial defense of the external auditory canal and middle-ear cavity. (+info)

Cloning and expression of bovine neutrophil beta-defensins. Biosynthetic profile during neutrophilic maturation and localization of mature peptide to novel cytoplasmic dense granules. (5/685)

beta-Defensins are microbicidal peptides implicated in host defense functions of phagocytic leukocytes and certain surface epithelial cells. Here we investigated the genetic structures and cellular expression of BNBD-4, -12, and -13, three prototypic bovine neutrophil beta-defensins. Characterization of the corresponding cDNAs indicated that BNBD-4 (41 residues) derives from a 63-amino acid prepropeptide and that BNBD-12 (38 residues) and BNBD-13 (42 residues) derive from a common 60-amino acid precursor (BNBD-12/13). The peptides were found to be encoded by two-exon genes that are closely related to bovine epithelial beta-defensin genes. BNBD-4 and BNBD-12/13 mRNAs were most abundant in bone marrow, but were expressed differentially in certain non-myeloid tissues. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that BNBD-4 synthesis is completed early in myelopoiesis. BNBD-12 was localized exclusively to the novel dense granules, organelles that also contain precursors of cathelicidins, antimicrobial peptides that undergo proteolytic processing during phagocytosis. In contrast to cathelicidins, Western blot analyses revealed that mature beta-defensins are the predominant organellar form in myeloid cells. Stimulation of neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate induced secretion of BNBD-12, indicating that it is co-secreted with pro-cathelicidins. The exocytosis of BNBD-12 by activated neutrophils reveals different mobilization pathways for myeloid alpha- and beta-defensins. (+info)

Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. (6/685)

Defensins contribute to host defense by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms. This report shows that human beta-defensins are also chemotactic for immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. Human beta-defensin was selectively chemotactic for cells stably transfected to express human CCR6, a chemokine receptor preferentially expressed by immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. The beta-defensin-induced chemotaxis was sensitive to pertussis toxin and inhibited by antibodies to CCR6. The binding of iodinated LARC, the chemokine ligand for CCR6, to CCR6-transfected cells was competitively displaced by beta-defensin. Thus, beta-defensins may promote adaptive immune responses by recruiting dendritic and T cells to the site of microbial invasion through interaction with CCR6. (+info)

Expression and regulation of the human beta-defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2 in intestinal epithelium. (7/685)

The intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier to limit access of enteric microbes to the host and contributes to innate host defense by producing effector molecules against luminal microbes. To further define the role of the intestinal epithelium in antimicrobial host defense, we analyzed the expression, regulation, and production of two antimicrobial peptides, human defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2, by human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The human colon epithelial cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2 constitutively express hBD-1 mRNA and protein but not hBD-2. However, hBD-2 expression is rapidly induced by IL-1alpha stimulation or infection of those cells with enteroinvasive bacteria. Moreover, hBD-2 functions as a NF-kappaB target gene in the intestinal epithelium as blocking NF-kappaB activation inhibits the up-regulated expression of hBD-2 in response to IL-1alpha stimulation or bacterial infection. Caco-2 cells produce two hBD-1 isoforms and a hBD-2 peptide larger in size than previously described hBD-2 isoforms. Paralleling the in vitro findings, human fetal intestinal xenografts constitutively express hBD-1, but not hBD-2, and hBD-2 expression, but not hBD-1, is up-regulated in xenografts infected intraluminally with Salmonella. hBD-1 is expressed by the epithelium of normal human colon and small intestine, with a similar pattern of expression in inflamed colon. In contrast, there is little hBD-2 expression by the epithelium of normal colon, but abundant hBD-2 expression by the epithelium of inflamed colon. hBD-1 and hBD-2 may be integral components of epithelial innate immunity in the intestine, with each occupying a distinct functional niche in intestinal mucosal defense. (+info)

Inducible expression of human beta-defensin 2 by Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral epithelial cells: multiple signaling pathways and role of commensal bacteria in innate immunity and the epithelial barrier. (8/685)

Human gingival epithelial cells (HGE) express two antimicrobial peptides of the beta-defensin family, human beta-defensin 1 (hBD-1) and hBD-2, as well as cytokines and chemokines that contribute to innate immunity. In the present study, the expression and transcriptional regulation of hBD-2 was examined. HBD-2 mRNA was induced by cell wall extract of Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral commensal microorganism, but not by that of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen. HBD-2 mRNA was also induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an epithelial cell activator. HBD-2 mRNA was also expressed in 14 of 15 noninflamed gingival tissue samples. HBD-2 peptide was detected by immunofluorescence in HGE stimulated with F. nucleatum cell wall, consistent with induction of the mRNA by this stimulant. Kinetic analysis indicates involvement of multiple distinct signaling pathways in the regulation of hBD-2 mRNA; TNF-alpha and F. nucleatum cell wall induced hBD-2 mRNA rapidly (2 to 4 h), while PMA stimulation was slower ( approximately 10 h). In contrast, each stimulant induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) within 1 h. The role of TNF-alpha as an intermediary in F. nucleatum signaling was ruled out by addition of anti-TNF-alpha that did not inhibit hBD-2 induction. However, inhibitor studies show that F. nucleatum stimulation of hBD-2 mRNA requires both new gene transcription and new protein synthesis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides isolated from Escherichia coli and F. nucleatum were poor stimulants of hBD-2, although they up-regulated IL-8 mRNA. Collectively, our findings show inducible expression of hBD-2 mRNA via multiple pathways in HGE in a pattern that is distinct from that of IL-8 expression. We suggest that different aspects of innate immune responses are differentially regulated and that commensal organisms have a role in stimulating mucosal epithelial cells in maintaining the barrier that contributes to homeostasis and host defense. (+info)

Defenzin - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija

Philpott, M. (2003). "Defensins and acne". Mol. Immunol. 40 (7): 457-62. PMID 14568392. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(03)00154-8.. ... poleg tega pa naj bi inhibicija beta-defenzinov v epiteliju pljuč in sapnika zaradi povišane količine soli (NaCl) prispevala k ... Plant defensins. COPE: Horst Ibelgaufts' Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia. Pridobljeno 17.01.2010. ... Münk C., Wei G., Yang O.O., Waring A.J., Wang W., Hong T., Lehrer R.I., Landau N.R. in Cole A.M. (2003). "The theta-defensin, ...

Nta ya sikio, kamusi elezo huru

"Human beta-defensin-1 mRNA is transcribed in tympanic membrane and adjacent auditory canal epithelium". Infection and Immunity ...

CCL20

1999). "Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6.". Science 286 (5439): 525-8. ... 1997). "Cloning and characterization of exodus, a novel beta-chemokine.". Blood 89 (9): 3315-22. PMID 9129037. CS1 održavanje: ... immature dendritic cells generated from monocytes in the presence of TGF-beta 1 express functional C-C chemokine receptor 6.". ...

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

"Characterisation of UGP and its relationship with beta-core fragment". Br. J. Cancer. 67 (4): 686-92. doi:10.1038/bjc.1993.127 ... Defensins. *neutral serine proteases (Proteinase 3). *Lysozyme. *Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. *Collagenase ...

Transmembranski receptor

G protein-spregnuti receptor (Hedgehog, Wnt) • RTK (TGF beta, MAPK/ERK) • Notch • JAK-STAT • Akt/PKB • Fas apoptoza • Hippo • ... antimikrobni katjonski peptid (Catelicidin, Cecropin, Defensin, Dermcidin, Histatin, Magainin, Meliten, Polimiksin, Tionin) • ... Hedgehog signalni put • Wnt signalni put • TGF beta signalni put • MAPK/ERK put • Notch signalni put • JAK-STAT signalni put • ...

CCR5 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија

CCR5 protein pripada familiji beta hemokinskih receptora, integralnih membranskih proteina.[2][3] On je G protein spregnuti ... Cutler CW, Jotwani R (2006). „Oral mucosal expression of HIV-1 receptors, co-receptors, and alpha-defensins: tableau of ...

Vaginal epithelium

... beta-defensins and cathelicidins) and immunoglobulins.[13] Terminally differentiated, superficial keratinocytes extrude the ...

Lung

The lungs also have a sympathetic tone from norepinephrine acting on the beta 2 receptors in the respiratory tract, which ... which also contains several antimicrobial compounds such as defensins, antiproteases, and antioxidates.[55] A rare type of ...

Platelet

The other ADP-receptor P2Y1 couples to Gq that activates phospholipase C-beta 2 PLCB2, resulting in inositol 1,4,5- ... defensins, kinocidins and proteases, killing the bacteria directly.[40] Platelets also secrete proinflammatory and procoagulant ... Platelets release platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent chemotactic agent; and TGF beta, which stimulates the ...

Defensin

... , alpha 6, Paneth cell-specific Defensin-6 β-defensins DEFB1 Defensin, beta 1 Beta-defensin 1 Are the most widely ... Defensin, beta 136 Beta-defensin 136 θ-defensins DEFT1P Defensin, theta 1 pseudogene not expressed in humans Are rare, and thus ... α-defensins DEFA1 Defensin, alpha 1 Neutrophil defensin 1 Are expressed primarily in neutrophils as well as in NK cells and ... Theta defensins form a single beta hairpin structure and therefore also represent a distinct group. Only alpha and beta ...

Category:Blood proteins

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization ...

Peptide

... long peptides such as amyloid beta have been referred to as proteins, and smaller proteins like insulin have been considered ... Defensin family. Tachykinin peptides[edit]. Main article: Tachykinin peptides. *Substance P. *Kassinin ...

Cathelicidin

"Epithelial cell-derived antibacterial peptides human beta-defensins and cathelicidin: multifunctional activities on mast cells ... The AMP family also includes the defensins. Whilst the defensins share common structural features, cathelicidin-related ... Additionally cathelicidins may also be small-sized molecules (12-18 residues) with beta-hairpin structures, stabilized by one ... "The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte ...

Chromosome 20

DEFB118, DEFB119, DEFB126, DEFB127, DEFB129: Beta-defensin genes. *DLGAP4: Disks large-associated protein 4 ...

Porenbildendes Toxin

... new insight into the Staphylococcal beta-barrel pore-forming toxins. In: The Journal of biological chemistry. Band 279, Nummer ... Defensin und Sarcotoxin. Andere dienen in giftigen Eukaryoten als Toxin, z. B. Melittin im Bienengift. Eukaryotische MACPF- ...

Genetically modified organism

In 2017 researchers genetically modified a virus to express spinach defensin proteins. The virus was injected into orange trees ... beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants". The EMBO Journal. 6 (13): 3901-07. ISSN ...

List of antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract

Defensins alpha-Defensins beta-Defensins theta-defensins Cathelicidins LL-37 Whey acid proteins SLPI Elafin HE-4 Lysozyme S100 ... Defensins from insects and plants and scorpion toxins Defensins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ... Vertebrate defensins and related sea anemone sodium channel toxins UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/ ... Defensins Database, Singapore Innate ( Nonspecific ) Immunity at Western Kentucky University UMich Orientation of Proteins in ...

Burkholderia mallei

Leaving the cell early also keeps the bacteria from being destroyed by lysosomal defensins and other pathogen-killing agents. ... B. mallei, like B. pseudomallei, is also resistant to a number of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, polymyxins, and beta- ...

Transforming growth factor beta

NF-κB is a transcription factor that regulates the production of cytokines like IL-1, TNF-a, and defensins, although its ... The primary four types are: TGF beta 1 - TGFB1 TGF beta 2 - TGFB2 TGF beta 3 - TGFB3 TGF beta 4 - TGRB4 (synonyms: endometrial ... Rifkin DB (March 2005). "Latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding proteins: orchestrators of TGF-beta ... Description of the TGF beta producing genes at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Diagram of the TGF beta signaling pathway at genome.ad.jp The ...

Index of immunology articles

... beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon gamma Interferon type I Interferon type II Interferon type III Interferon-alpha/beta ... DAMPs Danger model Defensin Degranulation Dendritic cell Dextran 1 Dispanin Dog leukocyte antigen Drug resistance Duffy antigen ... beta subunit Interleukin 12 Interleukin 12 subunit beta Interleukin 13 Interleukin 16 Interleukin 2 Interleukin 20 receptor, ... antigen 1 Lymphokine Lymphoproliferative response Lymphotoxin Lymphotoxin alpha Lymphotoxin beta Lymphotoxin beta receptor ...

DEFB119

"Entrez Gene: DEFB119 defensin, beta 119". Lehrer RI, Ganz T (2002). "Defensins of vertebrate animals". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14 ... Beta-defensin 119 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DEFB119 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000180483 - ... "Discovery of five conserved beta -defensin gene clusters using a computational search strategy". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 ( ... Raj PA, Dentino AR (2002). "Current status of defensins and their role in innate and adaptive immunity". FEMS Microbiol. Lett. ...

Theta defensin

θ-defensins are extremely divergent members of the defensin protein superfamily which includes alpha-, beta- and big-defensins ... Defensin α-defensin β-defensin Cyclic peptide Conibear AC, Craik DJ (26 September 2014). "The chemistry and biology of theta ... The θ-defensins appear to have evolved from α-defensin genes around 40 million years ago in Old World monkeys. The genes were ... Theta-defensins (θ-defensins or retrocyclins) are a family of mammalian antimicrobial peptides. They are found in non-human ' ...

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... alpha-defensins, beta-defensins and theta-defensins. All beta-defensin genes are densely clustered in four to five syntenic ... Beta-defensin 105 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DEFB105A gene. Defensins form a family of microbicidal and ... beta 105A". Patil AA, Cai Y, Sang Y, et al. (2006). "Cross-species analysis of the mammalian beta-defensin gene family: ... Semple CA, Rolfe M, Dorin JR (May 2003). "Duplication and selection in the evolution of primate beta-defensin genes". Genome ...

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Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as human beta-defensin. Microfold cells (commonly referred to as M cells) ...

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The protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. Beta defensin genes are found ... Beta-defensin 129 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DEFB129 gene. Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides ... "Entrez Gene: DEFB129 defensin, beta 129". Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion ... Kao CY, Chen Y, Zhao YH, Wu R (2003). "ORFeome-based search of airway epithelial cell-specific novel human [beta]-defensin ...

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Gene network and pathway analysis of bovine mammary tissue challenged with Streptococcus uberis reveals induction of cell...

Swanson K, Gorodetsky S, Good L, Davis S, Musgrave D, Stelwagen K, Farr V, Molenaar A: Expression of a beta-defensin mRNA, ... 35], who found increased expression of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), a member of the beta-defensin family, during IMI ... the most abundantly-expressed member of the beta-defensin family of bactericidal peptides in MEC (4.19-fold change; Table S1; ... Mastitis increases mammary mRNA abundance of beta-defensin 5, toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 but not TLR9 in cattle. ...

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defensin beta 4. 0.172. Cyp7a1. cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1. 0.170. ... membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 2 (Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; beta polypeptide). 0.011 ... hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1. 0.048. ... hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 5. 0.020. ...

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Some of these antimicrobial proteins are upregulated at sites of infection and inflammation such as the human beta-defensins ?2 ... Nevertheless despite treatment with GCSF these sufferers remain lacking in LL-37 and ?-defensin HNP-1 and develop serious ... defensins histatins as well as the cathelicidin LL-37 (11-13). Periodontitis the root cause of tooth reduction after the age ...

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The amino-acid sequence showed high similarity to those of the defensins of other ticks and arthropods. I. persulcatus defensin ... Low level expressions of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-10 and no expression of IL-2 and IL-4 were observed compared ... The similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha from llama (camel) to ... Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleic acid sequences showed that llama IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were more ...

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Direct evidence that defensins have central roles in host defense has only recently become available. Such microvascular ... We have employed UV-visible, EPR, and NMR spectroscopy to study Co(II) binding to the metallo-beta-lactamase BcII from Bacillus ... Changes in the electroencephalogram of rabbits under the influence of a constant magnetic field Here, we analyzed beta-cell ... human Jurkat T cell line induced by arsenic trioxide in vitro Cloning and sequence analysis of pituitary cDNA encoding the beta ...

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To create cell line with regulated expression of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) and evaluate the influence of expressed peptide ...

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We analyzed the molecular links between infection and the expression of three antimicrobial peptides of the beta-defensin ... human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in the human epidermis. ...

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US Patent Application for COMPOUNDS AND METHOD FOR TREATING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES Patent Application (Application #20200087293...

... β-defensin-1, ubiquitination factor E4A (UBE4A), CXCL16 (a chemokine), resistin, apolipoprotein A-IV; genetic biomarkers such ... Fused imidazole derivatives as TGF-beta inhibitors * 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds and their uses ...

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Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of dog beta LH: comparison to rat, cow and human beta LH. ... Defensin interactions with either alpha 1-PI or alpha 1-ACT were not affected by iodoacetamide or high salt concentration. The ... The ability to form heterodimers was verified when human topoisomerases II alpha and II beta were coexpressed in yeast and ... and the influence exerted by different percentages of beta-cyclodextrin upon the cross-linkage percentage. Depression, conduct ...

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Browsing by Author "Bergboer, J.G.M."

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The helix and the beta-structure are connected by two of the three disulphide bridges present in defensin A, forming a so- ... The helix and the beta-structure are connected by two of the three disulphide bridges present in defensin A, forming a so- ... CONCLUSIONS: The CS alpha beta motif, which forms the core of the defensin A structure, appears to be a common organization for ... CONCLUSIONS: The CS alpha beta motif, which forms the core of the defensin A structure, appears to be a common organization for ...

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Concentrations of alpha- and beta-defensins in plasma of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ...

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4) Defensins. - Antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane - Found on mucous membranes and phagocytes ...

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Persistent nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is associated with deficient induction of human beta-defensin 3 after ... Human β-Defensin-3 (hBD-3) and RNase7 are highly active against S. aureus in vitro and are constitutively expressed in healthy ... Nurjadi D, Herrmann E, Hinderberger I, Zanger P (2013) Impaired β-defensin expression in human skin links DEFB1 promoter ... to Th17 Cytokines in Whole Blood Is Associated With Human β-Defensin 3 Expression in Skin and Persistent Staphylococcus aureus ...

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... antimicrobial peptides beta-defensin 2, Psoriasin, and cathelicidin are highly up-regulated in lesions of psoriasis and in ...

medscape.com

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Lactoferrin Proteins Innate Peptides CRISPR Cationic Molecules Gene Molecule Guide Increase

In addition, CFTR-mediated transport of bicarbonate is co-stimulated by mucus release into the airways [ 6 , 7 ], regulates ASL pH necessary for normal lactoferrin function and other defensins [ 8 ], and aids in mucin post-translational unpacking to impart normal rheologic properties, including viscosity and transportability. (ersjournals.com)
Antimicrobials secreted by FRT cells include well-characterized anti-HIV molecules, alpha/beta defensins, lactoferrin, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), as well as factors such as trappin-2/elafin and MIP3 α , which have recently been shown to have anti-HIV activity - . (cdc.gov)

Eleven articles found a consistent association between salivary protein polymorphisms and risk of dental caries , for proteins related to antimicrobial activity (beta defensin 1 and lysozyme -like protein), pH control ( carbonic anhydrase VI), and bacterial colonization/adhesion ( lactotransferrin , mucin , and proline -rich protein Db). (bvsalud.org)
The β-defensin proteins are expressed as the C-terminal portion of precursors, and are released by proteolytic cleavage of a signal sequence and, in some cases, a propeptide sequence. (peprotech.com)
This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
Title: Danger-recognizing proteins, β-defensin-128 and histatin-3, as potential biomarkers of recurrent coronary events. (nih.gov)

Additionally, high baseline expression levels of innate antimicrobials, alpha defensin 5 (HD5) and regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3A), were detected exclusively within the small bowel crypt, most notably in the ileum in comparison to other sites along the gastrointestinal tract. (biomedcentral.com)
Defensins (alpha and beta) are cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity that comprise an important arm of the innate immune system. (peprotech.com)

We analyzed the molecular links between infection and the expression of three antimicrobial peptides of the beta-defensin family, human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in the human epidermis. (termsreign.gq)
antimicrobial peptides beta-defensin 2, Psoriasin, and cathelicidin are highly up-regulated in lesions of psoriasis and in hidradenitis suppurativa, which may at least in part, explain the clinical finding that hidradenitis suppurativa patients only rarely have skin infections. (medscape.com)
These findings support and extend accumulating evidence that the native three-dimensional structure of both alpha- and beta-defensins protects the mature peptides against proteolytic processing by MMP-7. (saladgaffe.ml)
The interaction between defensins and lipid II suggests the inhibition of cell wall synthesis as a novel antibacterial mechanism of this important class of host defense peptides. (storysteel.ml)

β-defensin 10 CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout (KO) Plasmid (m) 는 3개의 plasmids를 포함하며 매개의 plasmid는 Cas9 nuclease 와 하나의 β-defensin 10-특정된 20 nt guide RNA (gRNA) 를 인코딩하며 gRNA는 knockout 효율을 최대한 낮추도록 디자인 되였습니다. (scbt.com)
β-defensin 10 HDR Plasmid (m) 는 β-defensin 10 CRISPR/Cas9 KO Plasmid (m)와의 co-transfection을 권장합니다. (scbt.com)
β-defensin 10 HDR Plasmid (m) 는 2-3 plasmids를 포함하며, 매개의 plasmid는 homology-directed DNA repair (HDR) template 는 β-defensin 10 CRISPR/Cas9 KO Plasmid (m)로 인한 cut site와 대응됩니다. (scbt.com)

and wherein the second amino acid sequence is an antimicrobial peptide, amphipathic peptide, cationic peptide, hydrophobic peptide, sushi peptide or defensin. (rpxcorp.com)

This pro-inflammatory state can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), likely mediated by a dysregulated immune response involving interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and other inflammatory signaling molecules [ 4 ]. (mdpi.com)

Relationship between ß-defensin-1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (cdc.gov)

murine -defensin 2 (mBD2), one Ig interleukin-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR), and ST2. (stopvivisection.info)
Together these observations indicate that when released from neutrophils, CAP11 likely functions as an antimicrobial molecule in the extracellular milieu, whereas defensins may participate in the modulation of neutrophil function and mast cell histamine release. (pianolarge.gq)

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inorganic increase is linked and characterized by the SCF-beta TrCP distance triacylglycerol balance and phosphorylates not coupled by the reverse( searched in Kimelman and Xu, 2006). (evakoch.com)
Samples of lung lymph from hypertensive sheep showed a transient and early two- to threefold increase in concentrations of latent TGF-beta. (pianolarge.cf)

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