Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.
A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.
The basic subunit of beta-crystallins.
The acidic subunit of beta-crystallins.
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
A subclass of crystallins that found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of VERTEBRATES. Gamma-crystallins are similar in structure to BETA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both form into a Greek key-like structure. They are composed of monomeric subunits.
A class of crystallins that provides refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Beta-crystallins are similar in structure to GAMMA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both contain Greek key motifs. Beta-crystallins exist as oligomers formed from acidic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN) and basic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN) subunits.
A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.
One of the subunits of alpha-crystallins. Unlike ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN the expression of ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN is limited primarily to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE).
A subclass of crystallins that provides the majority of refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits.
One of the alpha crystallin subunits. In addition to being expressed in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE), alpha-crystallin B chain has been found in a variety of tissues such as HEART; BRAIN; MUSCLE; and KIDNEY. Accumulation of the protein in the brain is associated with NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES such as CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME and ALEXANDER DISEASE.
A subclass of crystallins found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in BIRDS and REPTILES. They are inactive forms of the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.
A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)
An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

Genetic heterogeneity of the Coppock-like cataract: a mutation in CRYBB2 on chromosome 22q11.2. (1/70)

PURPOSE: To identify the genetic defect for the Coppock-like cataract (CCL) affecting a Swiss family, which defect was unlinked to the chromosome 2q33-35 CCL locus. METHODS: A large family was characterized for linkage analysis by slit lamp examination or by the review of drawings made before cataract extraction. The affection status was attributed before genotyping, and the genotyping was masked to the affection status. Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed using the MLINK and the LINKMAP components of the LINKAGE program package (ver. 5.1), respectively. Mutational analysis of candidate genes was performed by a combination of direct cycle sequencing and an amplification refractory mutation system assay. RESULTS: Ten individuals were affected with the CCL phenotype. The disease was autosomal dominant and appeared to be fully penetrant. A new CCL locus was identified on chromosome 22q11.2 within a 11.67-cM interval (maximum lod score [Zmax] = 4.14; theta = 0). Mutational analysis of the CRYBB2 candidate gene identified a disease-causing mutation in exon 6. This sequence change was identical with that previously described to be associated with the cerulean cataract, a clinically distinct entity. CONCLUSIONS: The CCL phenotype is genetically heterogeneous with a second gene on chromosome 22q11.2, CRYBB2. The CCL and the cerulean cataract are two distinct clinical entities associated with the same genetic defect. This work provides evidence for a modifier factor that influences cataract formation and that remains to be identified.  (+info)

Expression of betaB(2)-crystallin mRNA and protein in retina, brain, and testis. (2/70)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the expression of betaB(2)-crystallin mRNA and protein in rat, bovine, and human nonlens and nonocular tissues. METHODS: betaB(2)-crystallin mRNA levels were detected by RT-PCR. betaB(2)-crystallin protein was purified from rat and bovine tissues by FPLC chromatography. FPLC fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting. The identity of betaB(2)-crystallin protein, isolated from the retina, was confirmed by protein microsequencing. RESULTS: betaB(2)-crystallin transcript was detected in rat brain, rat testis, and human retina by RT-PCR. betaB(2)-crystallin transcript was not found in rat lung, heart, ovary, spleen, thymus, kidney, and liver or in human brain and testis. betaB(2)-crystallin protein was partially purified from and its identity confirmed in rat brain, rat testis, and bovine retina. The bovine retinal protein was further confirmed to be authentic betaB(2)-crystallin by protein microsequencing. CONCLUSIONS: These results establish that betaB(2)-crystallin mRNA and protein are expressed in tissues outside of the lens and outside of the eye including retina, brain, and testis. Extralenticular and extraocular expression of betaB(2)-crystallin, coupled with its participation in phosphorylation pathways, suggests that it has nonrefractive functions in these tissues.  (+info)

Aey2, a new mutation in the betaB2-crystallin-encoding gene of the mouse. (3/70)

PURPOSE: During an ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen, mice were tested for the occurrence of dominant cataracts. One particular mutant was found that caused progressive opacity and was referred to as Aey2. The purpose of the study was to provide a morphologic description, to map the mutant gene, and to characterize the underlying molecular lesion. METHODS: Isolated lenses were photographed, and histologic sections of the eye were analyzed according to standard procedures. Linkage analysis was performed using a set of microsatellite markers covering all autosomal chromosomes. cDNA from candidate genes was amplified after reverse transcription of lens mRNA. RESULTS: The cortical opacification visible at eye opening progressed to an anterior suture cataract and reached its final phenotype as total opacity at 8 weeks of age. There was no obvious difference between heterozygous and homozygous mutants. The mutation was mapped to chromosome 5 proximal to the marker D5Mit138 (8.7 +/- 4.2 centimorgan [cM]) and distal to D5Mit15 (12.8 +/- 5.4 cM). No recombinations were observed to the markers D5Mit10 and D5Mit25. This position makes the genes within the betaA4/betaB-crystallin gene cluster excellent candidate genes. Sequence analysis revealed a mutation of T-->A at position 553 in the Crybb2 gene, leading to an exchange of Val for GLU: It affects the same region of the Crybb2 gene as in the Philly mouse. Correspondingly, the loss of the fourth Greek key motif is to be expected. CONCLUSIONS: The Aey2 mutant represents the second allele of Crybb2 in mice. Because an increasing number of beta- and gamma-crystallin mutations have been reported, a detailed phenotype-genotype correlation will allow a clearer functional understanding of beta- and gamma-crystallins.  (+info)

Identification and properties of anti-chaperone-like peptides derived from oxidized bovine lens betaL-crystallins. (4/70)

Thermal aggregation of betaL-crystallin was higher in the presence of peptide fragments generated from oxidized and trypsin-digested betaL-crystallin compared with thermal aggregation of the control proteins without oxidized betaL-crystallin fragments. Increased aggregation of betaL-crystallin was also observed despite the presence of alpha-crystallin (which has anti-aggregating properties) in the system. Self-aggregation of the oxidized betaL-crystallin fragments per se was not observed under the experimental conditions. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis of the precipitate obtained after heating a mixture of betaL-crystallin and oxidized betaL-crystallin fragments revealed that more than one peptide co-precipitates with betaL-crystallin. Electrospray mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides revealed that the molecular weight(s) of the peptides ranged from 1400-1800. Tandem mass spectrometry and a data base search revealed that two of the peptides originated from betaA4-crystallin (LTIFEQENFLGR, residues 121-132) and betaB3-crystallin (AINGTWVGYEFPGYR, residues 153-167) respectively. Oxidized synthetic peptides representing the same sequence were also found to enhance the aggregation of betaL-crystallin in a manner similar to oxidized lens betaL-crystallin peptides. These data suggest that the polypeptides generated after oxidation and proteolysis of betaL-crystallins interact with denaturing proteins and facilitate their aggregation and light scattering, thus behaving like anti-chaperones.  (+info)

Decreased heat stability and increased chaperone requirement of modified human betaB1-crystallins. (5/70)

PURPOSE: To determine how deamidation and partial loss of the N- and C-terminal extensions alter the heat stability of betaB1-crystallin. METHODS: Human lens betaB1, a deamidated betaB1, Q204E, and alphaA-crystallins were expressed. Truncated betaB1 was generated by proteolytic removal of part of its terminal extensions. The aggregation and precipitation of these proteins due to heating was monitored by circular dichroism and light scattering. The effect of heat on the stability of both monomers and oligomers was investigated. The flexibility of the extensions in wild type and deamidated betaB1 was assessed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS: With heat, deamidated betaB1 precipitated more readily than wild type betaB1. Similar effects were obtained for either monomers or oligomers. Flexibility of the N-terminal extension in deamidated betaB1 was significantly reduced compared to the wild type protein. Truncation of the extensions further increased the rate of heat-induced precipitation of deamidated betaB1. The presence of the molecular chaperone, alphaA-crystallin, prevented precipitation of modified betaB1s. More alphaA was needed to chaperone the truncated and deamidated betaB1 than deamidated betaB1 or truncated betaB1. CONCLUSIONS: Deamidation and truncation of betaB1 led to destabilization of the protein and decreased stability to heat. Decreased stability of lens crystallins may contribute to their insolubilization and cataract formation.  (+info)

A nonsense mutation in CRYBB1 associated with autosomal dominant cataract linked to human chromosome 22q. (6/70)

Autosomal dominant cataract is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous lens disorder that usually presents as a sight-threatening trait in childhood. Here we have mapped dominant pulverulent cataract to the beta-crystallin gene cluster on chromosome 22q11.2. Suggestive evidence of linkage was detected at markers D22S1167 (LOD score [Z] 2.09 at recombination fraction [theta] 0) and D22S1154 (Z=1.39 at theta=0), which closely flank the genes for betaB1-crystallin (CRYBB1) and betaA4-crystallin (CRYBA4). Sequencing failed to detect any nucleotide changes in CRYBA4; however, a G-->T transversion in exon 6 of CRYBB1 was found to cosegregate with cataract in the family. This single-nucleotide change was predicted to introduce a translation stop codon at glycine 220 (G220X). Expression of recombinant human betaB1-crystallin in bacteria showed that the truncated G220X mutant was significantly less soluble than wild type. This study has identified the first CRYBB1 mutation associated with autosomal dominant cataract in humans.  (+info)

BetaB1-crystallin: identification of a candidate ciliary body uveitis antigen. (7/70)

PURPOSE: Perineuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA), a marker antibody present in 12% of patients with anterior uveitis, recognizes cytoplasmic antigens in the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium, a probable site of immunologic reactivity in this inflammatory disease. In this study, a recombinantly isolated pANCA monoclonal antibody was used to identify the corresponding antigenic target(s) in the ciliary body. METHODS: Proteins from microdissected eye bank ocular ciliary body tissue were used to identify the corresponding ANCA antigen. Parallel two-dimensional protein gels were used for simultaneous identification of candidate antigenic protein spots by Western blot analysis and as a source of material for proteomic analysis. Multiple independent methods including Western blot analysis, confocal microscopy, and RT-PCR were used to provide additional characterization of the candidate protein. RESULTS: Proteomic analysis suggested that beta B1 (betaB1)-crystallin is the primary ciliary body antigen. The presence of betaB1-crystallin in the human ciliary body was confirmed by Western blot with a betaB1 specific anti-peptide antibody. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of the antigenic reactivity of both anti-betaB1 antibody and monoclonal pANCA. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of betaB1-crystallin RNA in the ciliary body tissues. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified betaB1-crystallin as a new cytoplasmic ciliary body antigenic target of a marker autoantibody associated with uveitis. This characterization of betaB1-crystallin outside the lens raises questions about its extralenticular expression, intracellular role, and potential target of inflammation in uveitis.  (+info)

Improving the performance of DomainParser for structural domain partition using neural network. (8/70)

Structural domains are considered as the basic units of protein folding, evolution, function and design. Automatic decomposition of protein structures into structural domains, though after many years of investigation, remains a challenging and unsolved problem. Manual inspection still plays a key role in domain decomposition of a protein structure. We have previously developed a computer program, DomainParser, using network flow algorithms. The algorithm partitions a protein structure into domains accurately when the number of domains to be partitioned is known. However the performance drops when this number is unclear (the overall performance is 74.5% over a set of 1317 protein chains). Through utilization of various types of structural information including hydrophobic moment profile, we have developed an effective method for assessing the most probable number of domains a structure may have. The core of this method is a neural network, which is trained to discriminate correctly partitioned domains from incorrectly partitioned domains. When compared with the manual decomposition results given in the SCOP database, our new algorithm achieves higher decomposition accuracy (81.9%) on the same data set.  (+info)

Progesterone congeners are synthetic derivatives of the hormone progesterone that are used in various medical applications. These compounds are similar in structure to progesterone and have similar biological effects, but they may have different pharmacological properties and side effects. Progesterone congeners are used in a variety of medical settings, including: 1. Hormonal contraception: Some progesterone congeners are used in combination with estrogen to prevent pregnancy. These contraceptives are taken orally, as a patch, or as an injection. 2. Menopause treatment: Progesterone congeners are sometimes used to treat symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. 3. Endometriosis treatment: Progesterone congeners may be used to treat endometriosis, a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. 4. Infertility treatment: Some progesterone congeners are used to support pregnancy in women who are having difficulty conceiving. 5. Gynecological disorders: Progesterone congeners may be used to treat gynecological disorders such as uterine fibroids and abnormal uterine bleeding. It is important to note that the use of progesterone congeners may have side effects, and they may not be suitable for everyone. It is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of these medications with a healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Crystallins are a group of proteins that are found in the lens of the eye. They are responsible for maintaining the transparency and shape of the lens, which is essential for focusing light onto the retina and allowing us to see clearly. There are several different types of crystallins, including alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins, each with its own unique structure and function. In the medical field, crystallins are often studied in the context of age-related eye diseases such as cataracts, which are caused by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the lens.

Beta-crystallin B chain is a protein that is a component of the eye lens. It is one of the five major types of beta-crystallins, which are small, heat-stable proteins that help to maintain the shape and transparency of the lens. Beta-crystallin B chain is encoded by the CRYBB4 gene and is synthesized in the lens epithelial cells. It is thought to play a role in the formation and maintenance of the lens fibers, which are responsible for the focusing of light in the eye. Mutations in the CRYBB4 gene can lead to lens abnormalities and cataracts, a clouding of the lens that can cause vision loss.

Beta-crystallin A chain is a protein that is a component of the eye lens. It is one of the major structural proteins in the lens and plays a role in maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens. Beta-crystallin A chain is encoded by the CRYBA1 gene. Mutations in this gene can lead to cataracts, a clouding of the lens that can cause vision loss.

Gamma-crystallins are a group of proteins that are found in the lens of the eye. They are the most abundant proteins in the lens and play a crucial role in maintaining the transparency and shape of the lens. Gamma-crystallins are also involved in regulating the concentration of ions and other molecules in the lens, which helps to maintain the proper osmotic balance and prevent the lens from swelling or shrinking. Mutations in the genes that encode gamma-crystallins can lead to a variety of eye disorders, including cataracts and other lens abnormalities.

Beta-crystallins are a family of proteins that are primarily found in the lens of the eye. They are responsible for maintaining the transparency and shape of the lens, which is essential for clear vision. There are several different types of beta-crystallins, each with its own unique function and location within the lens. Beta-crystallins are also found in other tissues, including the retina, cornea, and skin. In these tissues, they may play a role in maintaining tissue structure and function. Mutations in the genes that encode beta-crystallins can lead to a variety of eye disorders, including cataracts, a condition in which the lens becomes cloudy and impairs vision. Other disorders associated with beta-crystallin mutations include congenital cataracts, juvenile cataracts, and some forms of retinal dystrophy.

Ricin is a highly toxic protein produced by the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis). It is classified as a plant toxin and is considered one of the most potent toxins known to man. In the medical field, ricin is primarily studied as a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of production and high toxicity. It is also used in research to study the mechanisms of protein toxicity and as a tool for developing new treatments for various diseases. However, ricin is not currently used in any licensed medical treatments or vaccines. Ingestion or inhalation of ricin can cause severe respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and exposure to high levels of ricin can be fatal. Therefore, it is important to handle ricin with extreme caution and to follow proper safety protocols when working with this substance.

Alpha-crystallin A chain is a protein that is encoded by theCRYAA gene in humans. It is a member of the alpha-crystallin family of proteins, which are found in the lens of the eye and play a role in maintaining the transparency and shape of the lens. Alpha-crystallin A chain is a small, heat-stable protein that is composed of two alpha-crystallin A subunits and two alpha-crystallin B subunits. It is thought to play a role in protecting the lens from damage caused by oxidative stress and other environmental factors. Mutations in the CRYAA gene can lead to a group of eye disorders known as cataracts, which are characterized by the clouding of the lens and can cause vision loss.

Alpha-crystallins are a group of small, heat-stable proteins that are found in the lens of the eye. They are also present in other tissues, such as the retina and the cornea. Alpha-crystallins are important for maintaining the transparency and structure of the lens, and they play a role in protecting the lens from damage caused by oxidative stress and other factors. In addition, alpha-crystallins have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, and they may play a role in the development of age-related eye diseases, such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.

Alpha-crystallin B chain is a protein that is encoded by theCRYAB gene in humans. It is a component of the alpha-crystallin family of proteins, which are found in the lens of the eye and play a role in maintaining the transparency and shape of the lens. The alpha-crystallin B chain is a small, heat-stable protein that is thought to help stabilize the alpha-crystallin complex and protect it from denaturation. Mutations in the CRYAB gene have been associated with several eye disorders, including cataracts and glaucoma.

Delta-crystallins are a group of proteins that are found in the lens of the eye. They are one of the major types of crystallins, which are the proteins that make up the transparent lens of the eye. Delta-crystallins are responsible for maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens, and they are also involved in regulating the flow of water and ions into and out of the lens. Delta-crystallins are synthesized by the cells of the lens, called lens epithelial cells, and they are secreted into the lens by these cells. They are small, globular proteins that are composed of about 200 amino acids, and they have a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 daltons. There are several different types of delta-crystallins, which are classified based on their amino acid sequence and their location within the lens. These include alpha-delta crystallins, beta-delta crystallins, and gamma-delta crystallins. Each type of delta-crystallin has a slightly different function within the lens, and they work together to help maintain the structure and function of the lens. Abnormalities in the production or function of delta-crystallins can lead to a variety of eye problems, including cataracts, which are a clouding of the lens that can cause vision loss. Cataracts are a common age-related eye condition, but they can also be caused by other factors, such as injury, disease, or exposure to certain medications or environmental toxins.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. The lens is responsible for focusing light onto the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. When the lens becomes cloudy, it can interfere with the ability of light to pass through and be focused properly, leading to vision problems. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or certain medications. Symptoms of cataracts may include blurry vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light, double vision, and the appearance of halos around lights. Treatment for cataracts typically involves surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens. This procedure, called cataract surgery, is generally safe and effective, and can significantly improve vision in people with cataracts.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

Abrin is a potent toxin found in the seeds of the Abrus precatorius plant, also known as the rosary pea. It is a type of lectin, which is a type of protein that binds to specific carbohydrates on the surface of cells. In the medical field, abrin is primarily used as a research tool to study the effects of toxins on cells and organisms. It has also been used in the development of antitumor drugs and as a potential treatment for certain types of cancer. However, abrin is also a dangerous poison that can cause serious harm if ingested or inhaled. Symptoms of abrin poisoning can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and even death. Treatment for abrin poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and oxygen therapy, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In the medical field, "Bungarus" refers to a genus of venomous snakes found in Asia, including the common Indian krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and the Chinese krait (Bungarus multicinctus). These snakes are known for their potent neurotoxic venom, which can cause paralysis and respiratory failure if left untreated. Envenomation by Bungarus snakes is a medical emergency and requires prompt medical attention, including antivenom therapy.

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is produced by various types of immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, in response to infection, injury, or inflammation. IL-1β is involved in the regulation of immune responses, including the activation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. It also promotes the production of other cytokines and chemokines, which help to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury. In addition to its role in the immune system, IL-1β has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Overall, IL-1β is a key mediator of inflammation and immune responses, and its dysregulation has been linked to a range of diseases and conditions.

In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.

Beta 2-Microglobulin (β2M) is a small protein that is produced by most cells in the body, including immune cells such as T cells and B cells. It is a component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which are found on the surface of most cells and are responsible for presenting antigens (foreign substances) to the immune system. In the medical field, β2M is often used as a marker of kidney function. High levels of β2M in the blood can indicate kidney damage or failure, as the kidneys are responsible for removing β2M from the bloodstream. In addition, high levels of β2M have been associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including multiple myeloma and prostate cancer. β2M is also used as a diagnostic tool in the laboratory to help identify and monitor certain diseases and conditions, such as multiple myeloma, autoimmune disorders, and viral infections. It is also used as a component of some types of cancer treatments, such as immunotherapy.

Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as ... Alpha-crystallin A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYAA gene. Crystallins are separated into two classes: ... Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four ... de Jong WW, Terwindt EC, Bloemendal H (1976). "The amino acid sequence of the A chain of human alpha-crystallin". FEBS Lett. 58 ...
"Autosomal dominant cerulean cataract is associated with a chain termination mutation in the human beta-crystallin gene CRYBB2 ... This gene, a beta basic group member, is part of a gene cluster with beta-A4, beta-B1, and beta-B3. A chain-terminating ... "Linkage between the beta B2 and beta B3 crystallin genes in man and rat: a remnant of an ancient beta-crystallin gene cluster ... Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as ...
... alpha-crystallin b chain MeSH D12.776.306.366.300.100 - beta-crystallin a chain MeSH D12.776.306.366.300.200 - beta-crystallin ... myosin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.200 - myosin light chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.300 - myosin subfragments MeSH ... myosin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.220.525.475.200 - myosin light chains MeSH D12.776.220.525.475.300 - myosin subfragments MeSH ... alpha-crystallin a chain MeSH D12.776.306.366.100.300 - ... beta-2 microglobulin MeSH D12.776.377.715.182.160 - beta- ...
Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as ... Alpha-crystallin B chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYAB gene. It is part of the small heat shock protein ... Alpha B chain crystallins (αBC) can be induced by heat shock, ischemia, and oxidation, and are members of the small heat shock ... Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four ...
Crystallin zeta CSDE1: Cold shock domain containing E1 CYP4B1 (1p33) CYR61 (1p22) DBT: dihydrolipoamide branched chain ... beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase) (gene for Gaucher disease) GBAP1: glucosylceramidase beta pseudogene 1 GLC1A: gene for ... beta 3, 31kDa (connexin 31) GLMN (1p22) GNL2: G protein nucleolar 2 GSTM1 (1p13) GUCA2B: encoding protein Guanylate cyclase ... heavy chain 14 DUSP10 (1q41) DUSP27: encoding protein Dual specificity phosphatase 27 (putative) ECM1 (1q21) EDEM3: ER ...
... encoding alpha-1 chain of collagen XVIII CRYAA: encoding alpha-crystallin A chain CRYZL1: encoing protein crystallin zeta-like ... encoding interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 IFNAR2: encoding interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 IFNGR2: encoding interferon gamma ... encoding enzyme beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 BACE2: encoding enzyme beta-secretase 2 BACH1: encoding transcription factor ... encoding alpha-1 chain of collagen VI COL6A2: encoding alpha-2 chain of collagen VI COL18A1: ...
... rho crystallin, and many others. All possess a similar structure, with a beta-alpha-beta fold characteristic of nucleotide ... Some proteins of this family contain a potassium channel beta chain regulatory domain; these are reported to have ... The binding site is located in a large, deep, elliptical pocket in the C-terminal end of the beta sheet, the substrate being ... Gulbis JM, Zhou M, Mann S, MacKinnon R (July 2000). "Structure of the cytoplasmic beta subunit-T1 assembly of voltage-dependent ...
... alpha 1 Crystallin, beta A1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1 Cyclin A1 Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1 Defensin, ... a portion of the cholera toxin chain alleles A1, an allele in the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism that could be involved in alcoholism ( ... DQ alpha 1 Myosin light chain A1, an actin-binding protein NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), alpha 1 Nucleolar protein, member ...
The yeast killer toxin structure was thought to be a precursor of the two-domain beta gamma-crystallin proteins, because of its ... is a double-chain inhibitor consisting of an 11-residue and a 41-residue chain. The Carboxypeptidase inhibitor I68 family ... with two alpha-helices and four beta-strands with a (beta/alpha/beta)x2 topology. The peptidase inhibitor I9 family contains ... SMPI is composed of two beta-sheets, each consisting of four antiparallel beta-strands. The structure can be considered as two ...
4-beta-glucosidase MeSH D08.811.277.450.420.200.600 - glucan endo-1,3-beta-d-glucosidase MeSH D08.811.277.450.420.375 - glucan ... cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme MeSH D08.811.600.250 - electron transport chain complex proteins MeSH D08.811.600.250. ... delta-crystallins MeSH D08.811.520.232.400 - ammonia-lyases MeSH D08.811.520.232.400.200 - aspartate ammonia-lyase MeSH D08.811 ... 4-beta-cellobiosidase MeSH D08.811.277.450.420.200.450 - endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase MeSH D08.811.277.450.420.200.500 - glucan 1 ...
"Myxococcus xanthus spore coat protein S may have a similar structure to vertebrate lens beta gamma-crystallins". Nature. 315 ( ... However, these binding sites were based on a cluster analysis of side-chain oxygen atoms and on results from site-directed ... "Structural similarity of a developmentally regulated bacterial spore coat protein to beta gamma-crystallins of the vertebrate ... The domains share high similarity with other crystallin proteins. Protein S binds two 2 mol of calcium per mol of protein with ...
The translation of reticulocyte 9S RNA in frog oocytes gives rise to alpha and beta globin chains. Communication to FEBS ... Berns, A. J. M.; Kraaikamp, M. Van; Bloemendal, H.; Lane, C. D. (1972). "Calf Crystallin Synthesis in Frog Cells: The ...
"Induction of tau pathology by intracerebral infusion of amyloid-beta -containing brain extract and by amyloid-beta deposition ... Ecroyd H, Carver JA (January 2009). "Crystallin proteins and amyloid fibrils". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 66 (1): 62 ... Badar T, D'Souza A, Hari P (2018). "Recent advances in understanding and treating immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis". ... Wisniewski HM, Sadowski M, Jakubowska-Sadowska K, Tarnawski M, Wegiel J (July 1998). "Diffuse, lake-like amyloid-beta deposits ...
δ-crystallins are the major structural eye lens water-soluble proteins of most birds, reptiles, and some other vertebrates. ... Domain 2 contains one small beta sheet, nine alpha helices, and the carboxyl terminus. Three of the nine alpha helices on one ... ASL is composed of four identical monomers; each monomer consisting of a single polypeptide chain between 49 and 52 kDa, ... ASL, δ-crystallin, class II fumarase, aspartase, adenylosuccinase lyase, and 3-carboxy-cis and cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme ...
The N-terminal domain I (aa ~1-195) contains attachment sites for HS chains. Although HS chains are not required for correct ... This role for perlecan in beta-amyloid plaque generation is supported by an earlier study showing that perlecan and beta- ... To this end, a transgenic mouse line was created expressing porcine TGF-β1 under the lens-specific αA-crystallin promoter and ... Domain V also has attachment sites for HS/CS chains. Thus, perlecan core protein and HS chains could modulate matrix assembly, ...
One of the main structural differences with beta-lactoglobulin is that it does not have any free thiol group that can serve as ... These bacteria produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) which improve the gut biome. In a controlled study, the group that ate a ... Lindner RA, Kapur A, Carver JA (October 1997). "The interaction of the molecular chaperone, alpha-crystallin, with molten ... The apo-state occurs in acidic conditions and is associated with the release of calcium ions and beta-sheet unfolding. ...
Also in the 1970s, physicists Tanaka & Benedek at MIT identified phase-separation behaviour of gamma-crystallin proteins from ... Examples of experimental data used to validate the models are radii of gyration of isolated chains and saturation ... Schaefer KN, Peifer M (February 2019). "Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling Regulation and a Role for Biomolecular Condensates". ... including cross-beta polymerisation), and/or protein domains that induce head-to-tail oligomeric or polymeric clustering, might ...
Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts individual molecules into a chain consisting of a finite number of ... "Monitoring the prevention of amyloid fibril formation by alpha-crystallin. Temperature dependence and the nature of the ... Amyloid beta can be measured semiquantitatively with immunostaining, which also allows one to determine location. Amyloid beta ... The peptides derive from the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), which is cleaved by beta secretase and gamma secretase to ...
... a proline occurs at position 67 in the chain of amino acids that make up the A2 beta-casein, while in A1 beta-casein a ... Milk Casein and Lens Crystallin Proteins", Protein Nanotechnology, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, vol. 996, pp. 103-117, doi:10.1007 ... beta-casomorphin-7, (BCM-7) can be released by digestion of A1-beta-casein. The A1 beta-casein type is the most common type ... A1 and A2 beta-casein are genetic variants of the beta-casein milk protein that differ by one amino acid; ...
free light chains (FLC). Several authors have reported that they are comparable or even better than oligoclonal bands. Multiple ... Bsibsi M, Holtman IR, Gerritsen WH, Eggen BJ, Boddeke E, van der Valk P, van Noort JM, Amor S (2013). "Alpha-B-Crystallin ... in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 108 (2): 124-8. ...
alpha B-Crystallin, 1 of the 2 alpha-crystallin isoforms, is also associated with myopathies and neuropathological diseases. ... composed of two heavy and two light chains for IgG. Unassembled heavy chains are actively retained in the endoplasmic reticulum ... beta-Lactam Probes As Selective Chemical-Proteomic Tools for the Identification and Functional Characterization of Resistance ... In this study we present a new ketolide K-1325 that carries an alkyl-aryl side chain at C-13 of the lactone ring. According to ...
B-chain-streptokinase complex B-CHOP-M protocol B-CMF B-Crystallin, beta B-DA B-DNA B-domain-deleted factor VIII B-ED-Pt(II) ... B-Cell Antigen Receptor Complex Associated Protein Beta-Chain B-Cell Antigen Receptors B-cell associated protein 37, human B- ...
Take a look at our BETA site and see what weve done so far. ... Fibrinogen Alpha Chain (17). * Fibroblast activation protein, ... Alpha B Crystallin (18). * alpha Internexin (7). * alpha Lactalbumin (7). * Alpha Skeletal Muscle Actin (9). ...
A Subunit beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme use Hydroxymethylglutaryl ... A Chain, beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A Chain, Ricin use Ricin ...
A Chain, beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A Chain, Ricin use Ricin ... A Subunit beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A T Protein use Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ...
A Chain, beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A Chain, Ricin use Ricin ... A Subunit beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A T Protein use Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ...
A Chain, beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A Chain, Ricin use Ricin ... A Subunit beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A T Protein use Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ...
A Chain, beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A Chain, Ricin use Ricin ... A Subunit beta-Crystallin use beta-Crystallin A Chain A T Protein use Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ...
In the center is a red area showing the footprint of the space between the beta chains in the oxygenated state. The beta chains ... Crystallins A concentrated solution of crystallins refracts light in our eye lens ... Beta-secretase Beta-secretase trims proteins in the cell and plays an important role in Alzheimers disease ... 83 and 87 of one beta subunit and a mutant beta 6 valine from an adjacent molecule. The axial contacts are made by interactions ...
CRYZ: Crystallin zeta. *CYP4B1 (1p33). *CYR61 (1p22). *DBT: dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 ... GBA: glucosidase, beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase) (gene for Gaucher disease). *GBAP1: glucosylceramidase beta ... ACADM: acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain ... GJB3: gap junction protein, beta 3, 31kDa (connexin 31). *GLMN ...
Beta2 microglobulin is an 11.8-kD protein (see first image below), which forms one of the chains of the major ... and a-crystallin. J Biol Chem. 2013 Oct 25. 288(43):30917-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ... These antigens have a heavy chain and an associated light chain. This light-protein chain, which can be shed into serum, is ... Increased urine beta2 microglobulin levels reflect tubular disorders of the kidney. In such cases, serum beta2 microglobulin ...
... and beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin, but not for alpha- or gamma-tocopherolin an antioxidant-depleted study sample.10 ... The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005 Jan;24 ... Effect of curcumin on the modulation of A- and B-crystallin and heat shock protein 70 in selenium-induced cataractogenesis in ... and beta carotene, 15 mg) or no antioxidants. Researchers concluded the intervention had no apparent effect on the seven-year ...
Consequently, tissues with slow protein turnover rates, such as collagen in the skin and cartilage, tendons, and crystallin in ... It begins when glucose molecules attach themselves to proteins, initiating a chain of chemical reactions that result in protein ... Carnosine, a dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and 1-histidine, has shown remarkable potential in combating glycation and its ...
Abundance and location of the small heat shock proteins HSP25 and alphaB-crystallin in rat and human heart.. Lutsch, G. and ... Signaling from beta-adrenoceptor to L-type calcium channel: identification of a novel cardiac protein kinase A target ... Expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain B in cardiac vessels of normotensive and hypertensive rats.. Wetzel, U. and ... Defined sequence segments of the small heat shock proteins HSP25 and alphaB-crystallin inhibit actin polymerization.. Wieske, M ...
... with the greatest numbers of peptide spectrum matches observed for beta-crystallin, alpha-crystallin, phakinin, and gamma- ... reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cataract surgery outcomes of Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone. EBioMedicine ... crystallin proteins. We observed no EBOV-specific peptide sequences. By 1 month after cataract surgery, visual acuity in the ...
Identification of beta-type phospholipase A(2) inhibitor in a nonvenomous snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata. abstract::A novel serum ... Raman spectroscopic evidence for a disulfide bridge in calf gamma II crystallin. abstract::Laser Raman spectroscopy has been ... abstract::Three forms of 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC), unphosphorylated, monophosphorylated, and diphosphorylated MLC ( ... Expression of P4501A1 in a primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes exposed to beta-naphthoflavone or 2,3,7,8- ...
Oxidative stress increases production of beta-amyloid precursor protein and beta-amyloid (Abeta) in mammalian lenses, and Abeta ... β-secretase cleavage leads to the formation of a 99-chain amino acid at the C terminus (C99). It undergoes further cleavage via ... Primarily composed of crystallin proteins, the high protein concentration and clear optics presents an opportunity for ... 2013). Absence of beta-amyloid in cortical cataracts of donors with and without Alzheimers disease. Exp. Eye Res. 106, 5-13. ...
Mutations in the beta-tropomyosin (TPM2) gene--a rare cause of nemaline myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2002 Feb. 12(2):151-8. [ ... Tein I, Elpeleg O, Ben-Zeev B, Korman SH, Lossos A, Lev D. Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene mutation (c.319C,T) presents ... A missense mutation in the alphaB-crystallin chaperone gene causes a desmin-related myopathy. Nat Genet. 1998 Sep. 20(1):92-5. ... Absence of beta-tropomyosin is a new cause of Escobar syndrome associated with nemaline myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2009 Feb ...
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylgl.... C1QA. 712. C1QA. complement C1q A chain [Source:HGNC Sy.... ... crystallin zeta [Source:HGNC Symbol;Ac.... CSK. 1445. CSK. C-terminal Src kinase [Source:HGNC Sym.... ... UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylgl.... B3GNT5. 84002. B3GNT5. ...
This definition does not exclude haemoglobin that is additionally glycated at other sites on alpha or beta chains.1. HbA1c has ... A study of two eye lens crystallins. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 18119-27.. 11.Jandeleit-Dahm K, Cooper ME. The role of AGEs in ... The IFCC then defined HbA1c as haemoglobin that is irreversibly glycated at one or both N-terminal valines of the beta- chains. ... haemoglobin is defined as haemoglobin that is irreversibly glycated at one or both N-terminal valines of the beta chains. ...
A novel single-chain antibody fragment for detection of mannose 6-phosphate-containing proteins: application in mucolipidosis ... Mutation in the βA3/A1-crystallin gene impairs phagosome degradation in the retinal pigmented epithelium of the rat.. Zigler JS ... LIMP-2 is a receptor for lysosomal mannose-6-phosphate-independent targeting of beta-glucocerebrosidase.. Reczek D, Schwake M, ... Functions of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase.. Qian ...
Thermo RP75636 PIERCE INHIBIN BETA A CHAIN (HUMAN) RECOMBINANT PROTEIN, ¥7,033.00 (HUMAN) RECOMBINANT PROTEIN, ... Thermo PA120795 PIERCE ANTI-ALPHA B CRYSTALLIN RABBIT POLYCLONAL ¥6,975.00 CRYSTALLIN RABBIT POLYCLONAL ... Thermo PA120673 IL-8 BETA EA ¥6,713.00 EA. Thermo PA120714 PIERCE ANTI-BETA-3 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR RABBIT ¥6,713.00 ADRENERGIC ... Thermo PA138733 TGF BETA-1 EA ¥6,944.00 EA. Thermo 16197 PIERCE FIREFLY LUC ONE-STEP GLOW ASSAY KIT, 1000RXN ¥6,964.00 GLOW ...
classification of proteins,role of folic acid,nucleoproteins, beta carotene, ALT & AST,nucleosomes,plasmids. ... name branched chain amino acids n which is essential,diff btwn creatine n creatinine,importance of glycine,what is saccharin, ... 9.what is crystallin? 10.follate trap ... beta cholesterol k achy kaam bhi bta do folic acid coenzyme, ... Why are they called essential? Semi essential? Difference btw alanine and beta alanine? Difference btw polar and non polar ...
The enzyme hydrolyzed the p-nitrophenyl (pNP) esters of short or medium chain fatty acids (≤C10), and the maximal activity was ... The observed protective effects of compound 7 towards crystallins from insults of UVC and free radicals may be due to its iron- ... NAC also inhibited both adipogenic transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP β) and peroxisomal ... Higher pH and temperature conditions promoted hydrolytic activity toward the pNP esters with longer chain fatty acids. ...
Within these, crystallin beta B3 (CRYBB3) has the smallest number of reported variants. Clinical ophthalmological and genetic- ... Performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of the Amniotic Fluid of Pregnant Women for Diagnosis of Congenital ... Up to 25% of pediatric cataract cases are inherited, with half of the known mutant genes belonging to the crystallin family. ... Catarata/genética , Microftalmia/genética , Cadeia B de beta-Cristalina/genética , Pré-Escolar , Cristalinas/genética , Éxons/ ...
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 40048. scaffold_206:68203-70567 DappuDraft_116900 Nuclear receptor coregulator SMRT/SMRTER ... Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase. N-Glycan degradation,... 40273. scaffold_21:641603-642501 DappuDraft_317581 BAG family molecular ... Alpha crystallins 40370. scaffold_21:1146862-1147989 DappuDraft_303433 Alpha crystallins 40371. scaffold_21:1148024-1149505 ... Cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain 40376. scaffold_21:1173756-1181873 DappuDraft_317673 Endocytosis protein RME-8. contains ...
The hCG consists of 237 amino acids, a chain-92 amino acids and b chain-145 amino acids. The hCG is purified by proprietary ... Beta-Nerve Growth Factor *Ciliary-Neurotrophic Factor *Glia Maturation Factor *Pigment Epithelium-Derived ... Crystallin. *Cystatin. *Cytokeratin. *DNA-Damage Protein. *Dynein Light Chain. *Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein ...
A role for γs-crystallin in the organization of actin and fiber cell maturation in the mouse lens. FEBS Journal. 2012. ISSN ... NC1-Peptide from collagen α3 (IV) chains in the basement membrane of testes regulates spermatogenesis via p-FAK-Y407. ... Anti-alpha/beta tubulin: sheep polyclonal F-actin Visualization Biochem Kit (fluorescence format) ...
  • Serum and plasma beta 2 microglobulin values have emerged as markers for the activation of the cellular immune system, as well as a tumor marker in certain hematologic malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • Low serum levels of beta 2 microglobulin essentially indicate decreased disease activity in conditions for which beta 2 microglobulin is used as a prognostic marker ( multiple myeloma , lymphoma, leukemia ) or the absence of such a disease process. (medscape.com)
  • Increased serum beta 2 microglobulin levels reflect increased activity of the disease process in question and can be an exquisitely sensitive marker for this purpose in many hematologic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • In such cases, serum beta 2 microglobulin levels are usually normal, since the dysfunction is in tubular reabsorption. (medscape.com)
  • Beta 2 microglobulin can be determined in urine, serum, or plasma samples. (medscape.com)
  • This light-protein chain, which can be shed into serum, is called beta 2 microglobulin. (medscape.com)
  • Serum beta 2 microglobulin has now been identified as an important prognostic marker in a large number of hematologic and nonhematologic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Beta 2 microglobulin is an 11.8-kD protein (see first image below), which forms one of the chains of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule normally present on the surface of every nucleated cell in the human body. (medscape.com)
  • It begins when glucose molecules attach themselves to proteins, initiating a chain of chemical reactions that result in protein crosslinking. (thinmdmedspa.com)
  • Glycation, is a spontaneous non-enzymatic reaction in which glucose binds covalently with haemoglobin at amino terminus of the b-globin chain. (org.pk)
  • The hCG consists of 237 amino acids, a chain-92 amino acids and b chain-145 amino acids. (neobiolab.com)
  • complement C8 alpha chain [Source:HGNC. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • This definition does not exclude haemoglobin that is additionally glycated at other sites on alpha or beta chains. (org.pk)
  • In vitro, the synthesis and release of beta 2 microglobulin can be induced by acidosis, endotoxin, or inflammatory cytokines. (medscape.com)
  • Up to 25% of pediatric cataract cases are inherited, with half of the known mutant genes belonging to the crystallin family. (bvsalud.org)
  • These antigens have a heavy chain and an associated light chain. (medscape.com)
  • Expression of the Escherichia coli tryptophanase operon depends on ribosome stalling during translation of the upstream TnaC leader peptide, a process for which interactions between the TnaC nascent chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel are critical. (cipsm.de)
  • Carnosine, a dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and 1-histidine, has shown remarkable potential in combating glycation and its detrimental effects on the aging process. (thinmdmedspa.com)
  • A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are globular, 6.5 kDa in size and contain compact beta-sheet structures. (lookformedical.com)
  • From NCBI Gene: Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families. (nih.gov)
  • Previous attempts to crystallize mammalian γS-crystallin were unsuccessful. (nih.gov)
  • Alpha crystallins can be induced by heat shock and are members of the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family. (nih.gov)
  • This light-protein chain, which can be shed into serum, is called beta2 microglobulin. (medscape.com)
  • Beta2 microglobulin is an 11.8-kD protein (see first image below), which forms one of the chains of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule normally present on the surface of every nucleated cell in the human body. (medscape.com)
  • Protein S from Myxococcus xanthus is a member of the beta gamma-crystallin superfamily. (protabank.org)
  • Vicky then went to Berlin to join the group of Prof Hartmut Oschkinat during which time she switched from some initial solution NMR work to solid-state protein NMR, working predominantly on the large beta-barrel porin, OmpG. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Most of the molecular machines built by cells are composed of protein and nucleic acid chains. (rcsb.org)
  • The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. (lookformedical.com)
  • Alpha crystallins are composed of two gene products: alpha-A and alpha-B, for acidic and basic, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • PARP1 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated,polypeptide chain containing 354 amino acids (662-1014a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 39.6 kDa. (kendallscientific.com)
  • PARP2 Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 376 amino acids (233-583a.a) and having a molecular mass of 42.5kDa. (kendallscientific.com)
  • POLL Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 320 amino acids (1-300) and having a molecular mass of 36.0 kDa.POLL is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. (kendallscientific.com)
  • Description: NAP1L4 Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 398 amino acids (1-375) and having a molecular mass of 45.2 kDa. (hiv-pharmacogenomics.org)
  • The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. (lookformedical.com)
  • Atomic structures have revealed how these chains are built and how they fold into functional molecular machines. (rcsb.org)