Beta alanine pyruvate transaminase. Medical search

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-ALANINE to 3-oxopropanoate to generate PYRUVATE and BETA-ALANINE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.

A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10.

Catalyzes the decarboxylation of an alpha keto acid to an aldehyde and carbon dioxide. Thiamine pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor. In lower organisms, which ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, the enzyme irreversibly decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde. EC 4.1.1.1.

The E1 component of the multienzyme PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX. It is composed of 2 alpha subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit) and 2 beta subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit).

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-TYROSINE and 2-oxoglutarate to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE. It is a pyridoxal-phosphate protein. L-PHENYLALANINE is hydroxylated to L-tyrosine. The mitochondrial enzyme may be identical with ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.6.1.1.). Deficiency of this enzyme may cause type II Tyrosinemia (see TYROSINEMIAS). EC 2.6.1.5.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.

(Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. A mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate on a specific seryl hydroxyl group of pyruvate dehydrogenase, reactivating the enzyme complex. EC 3.1.3.43.

A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glutamate gamma-semialdehyde and an L-amino acid from L-ornithine and a 2-keto-acid. EC 2.6.1.13.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains two CHLORINE atoms attached to its methyl group.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

An aspartate aminotransferase found in the CYTOPLASM.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for KETONES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus GLUTAMINE from GLUTAMATE plus glucosamine-6-phosphate.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

An aspartate aminotransferase found in MITOCHONDRIA.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of GLYCINE onto 2-oxoglutarate to generate GLYOXYLATE and L-GLUTAMATE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The 4-aminomethyl form of VITAMIN B 6. During transamination of amino acids, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate.

Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.

Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from N-succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate to 2-oxoglutarate in order to generate N-succinyl-2-L-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate and L-GLUTAMATE, respectively.

The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of lipoamide by NADH to yield dihydrolipoamide and NAD+. The enzyme is a component of several MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

Hereditary disorders of pyruvate metabolism. They are difficult to diagnose and describe because pyruvate is a key intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Some inherited metabolic disorders may alter pyruvate metabolism indirectly. Disorders in pyruvate metabolism appear to lead to deficiencies in neurotransmitter synthesis and, consequently, to nervous system disorders.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

An examination of chemicals in the blood.

Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Amino derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the amino caproic acid structure.

A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-oxoglutarate.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.

A family of alicyclic hydrocarbons containing an amine group with the general formula R-C6H10NH2.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the deamination of THREONINE to 2-ketobutyrate and AMMONIA. The role of this enzyme can be biosynthetic or biodegradative. In the former role it supplies 2-ketobutyrate required for ISOLEUCINE biosynthesis, while in the latter it is only involved in the breakdown of threonine to supply energy. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.1.16.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Comparison of the omega-transaminases from different microorganisms and application to production of chiral amines. (1/4)

Microorganisms that are capable of (S)-enantioselective transamination of chiral amines were isolated from soil samples by selective enrichment using (S)-alpha-methyl-benzylamine ((S)-alpha-MBA) as a sole nitrogen source. Among them, Klebsiella pneumoniae JS2F, Bacillus thuringiensis JS64, and Vibrio fluvialis JS17 showed good omega-transaminase (omega-TA) activities and the properties of the omega-TAs were investigated. The induction level of the enzyme was strongly dependent on the nitrogen source for the strains, except for V. fluvialis JS17. All the omega-TAs showed high enantioselectivity (E>50) toward (S)-alpha-MBA and broad amino donor specificities for arylic and aliphatic chiral amines. Besides pyruvate, aldehydes such as propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde showed good amino acceptor reactivities. All the omega-TAs showed substrate inhibition by (S)-alpha-MBA above 200 mm. Moreover, substrate inhibition by pyruvate above 10 mm was observed for omega-TA from V. fluvialis JS17. In the case of product inhibition, acetophenone showed much greater inhibitions than L-alanine for all omega-TAs. Comparison of the enzyme properties indicates that omega-transaminase from V. fluvialis JS17 is the best one for both kinetic resolution and asymmetric synthesis to produce enantiomerically pure chiral amines. Kinetic resolution of sec-butylamine (20 mM) was done under reduced pressure (150 Torr) to selectively remove an inhibitory product (2-butanone) using the enzyme from V. fluvialis JS17. Enantiomeric excess of (R)-sec-butylamine reached 94.7% after 12 h of reaction. (+info)

omega-Amino acid:pyruvate transaminase from Alcaligenes denitrificans Y2k-2: a new catalyst for kinetic resolution of beta-amino acids and amines. (2/4)

Alcaligenes denitrificans Y2k-2 was obtained by selective enrichment followed by screening from soil samples, which showed omega-amino acid:pyruvate transaminase activity, to kinetically resolve aliphatic beta-amino acid, and the corresponding structural gene (aptA) was cloned. The gene was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by using an isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible pET expression system (9.6 U/mg), and the recombinant AptA was purified to show a specific activity of 77.2 U/mg for L-beta-amino-n-butyric acid (L-beta-ABA). The enzyme converts various beta-amino acids and amines to the corresponding beta-keto acids and ketones by using pyruvate as an amine acceptor. The apparent K(m) and V(max) for L-beta-ABA were 56 mM and 500 U/mg, respectively, in the presence of 10 mM pyruvate. In the presence of 10 mM L-beta-ABA, the apparent K(m) and V(max) for pyruvate were 11 mM and 370 U/mg, respectively. The enzyme exhibits high stereoselectivity (E > 80) in the kinetic resolution of 50 mM D,L-beta-ABA, producing optically pure D-beta-ABA (99% enantiomeric excess) with 53% conversion. (+info)

The primary structure of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase. (3/4)

The complete amino acid sequence of bacterial omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase (omega-APT) was determined from its primary structure. The enzyme protein was fragmented by CNBr cleavage, trypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 digestions. The peptides were purified and sequenced by Edman degradation. omega-ATP is composed of four identical subunits of 449 amino acids each. The calculated molecular weight of the enzyme subunit is 48,738 and that of the enzyme tetramer is 194,952. No disulfide bonds or bound sugar molecules were found in the enzyme structure, although 6 cysteine residues were determined per enzyme subunit. Sequence homologies were found between an omega-aminotransferase, i.e. mammalian and yeast ornithine delta-aminotransferases, fungal gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and 7,8-diaminoperalgonate aminotransferase, and 2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase. The enzyme structure is not homologous to those of aspartate aminotransferases (AspATs) including the enzymes of Escherichia coli and Sufolobus salfactaricus, though significant homology in the three-dimensional structures around the cofactor binding site has been found between omega-APT and AspATs (Watanabe, N., Sakabe, K., Sakabe, N., Higashi, T., Sasaki, K., Aibara, S., Morita, Y., Yonaha, K., Toyama, S., and Fukutani, H. (1989) J. Biochem. 105, 1-3). (+info)

Crystal structure analysis of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase with a newly developed Weissenberg camera and an imaging plate using synchrotron radiation. (4/4)

The three-dimensional structure of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas sp. F-126, an isologous alpha 4 tetramer containing pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor, has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The diffraction data were collected with a newly developed Weissenberg camera with a Fuji Imaging Plate, using synchrotron radiation. The mean figure-of-merit was 0.57. The subunit is rich in secondary structure and comprises two domains. PLP is located in the large domain. The high homology in the secondary structure between this enzyme and aspartate aminotransferase strongly indicates that these two types of enzymes have evolved from a common ancestor. (+info)

Other names in common use include beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase, and beta-alanine-alpha-alanine transaminase. This ... In enzymology, a beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine ... beta-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 3-oxopropanoate, whereas its two products are pyruvate ... and beta-alanine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

... beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.347 - d-alanine transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.470 - ... transaminases MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.100 - alanine transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.120 - 2-aminoadipate transaminase ... glycine transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.535 - leucine transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.550 - l-lysine 6-transaminase ... pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) MeSH D08.811.682.657.350.937 - pyruvate oxidase MeSH D08.811.682.657.350.968 - pyruvate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase, (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase, and D-beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate ... L-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate and pyruvate, whereas its two products are ... Other names in common use include D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase, beta-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase, ... Also other names of enzymes similar to this contains, L-3-aminoisobutyrate transaminase, beta-aminobutyric transaminase, L-3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate_transaminase

... often from muscle-derived pyruvate/glutamate transamination (see alanine transaminase reaction). Acetylcholine Cholecystokinin ... As the beta cells cease to function, insulin and pancreatic GABA are no longer present to suppress the freerunning output of ... Feliú JE, Hue L, Hers HG (August 1976). "Hormonal control of pyruvate kinase activity and of gluconeogenesis in isolated ... Secretion of glucagon is stimulated by: Hypoglycemia Epinephrine (via β2, α2, and α1 adrenergic receptors) Arginine Alanine ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon

Aurich H (October 1961). "[On the beta-alanine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase from Neurospora crassa]" [On the beta-alanine- ... catalyzed by the enzyme 4-aminobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase: (1) 4-aminobutanoate (GABA) + pyruvate ⇌ succinate semialdehyde ... This enzyme participates in 5 metabolic pathways: alanine and aspartate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, beta-alanine ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to 4-aminobutyrate transaminase. 4-Aminobutyrate+Transaminase at the US National Library of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-aminobutyrate_transaminase

... with pyruvate and producing CO2. 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione goes through a transaminase reaction to replace a ketone with an ... After this, the molecule can either go through a beta-oxidative pathway or a non-beta-oxidative pathway. The beta-oxidative ... This synthetic route starts out with the N-acetylation of the optically active amino acid, S-alanine. Then, phosphorus ... Aside from the beta- and non-beta-oxidative pathways, the biosynthesis of cathinone can proceed through a CoA-dependent pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathinone

... encoding protein Beta-centractin AGXT: alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (oxalosis I; hyperoxaluria I; glycolicaciduria; ... serine-pyruvate aminotransferase) ALS2: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 (juvenile) ALS2CR8: encoding protein Amyotrophic ... glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 GKN1: gastrokine 1 GPATCH11: G-patch domain containing protein 11 GTF2A1L: ... beta subunit HSPC159: Galectin-related protein ID2-AS1: encoding protein Id2 antisense rna 1 (head to head) LEPQTL1: Leptin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2

Aspartate and alanine are formed from oxaloacetate and pyruvate, respectively, by transamination from glutamate. Asparagine is ... After that, oxaloacetate will be recycled to aspartate, as transaminases prefer these keto acids over the others. This ... Beta-keto acids). ... A pyruvate molecule is carboxylated by a pyruvate carboxylase ... Now this pyruvate can easily enter the mitochondria, where it is carboxylated again to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid

A rare exception to the dominance of α-amino acids in biology is the β-amino acid beta alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), which ... This process involves transaminases, often the same as those used in amination during synthesis. In many vertebrates, the amino ... For example, serine dehydratase converts serine to pyruvate and ammonia. After removal of one or more amino groups, the ... The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase; the amino group is then fed into the urea ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

D-alanine aminotransferase family and the alanine racemase family. An example of the evolutionary similarity in the Beta family ... liver cysteine desulfhydrase activity disappears and serine and threonine dehydrase and alanine glutamate transaminase ... and pyruvate. The condensation product of 3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate and deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate is pyridoxine 5'- ... AlaP (alanine phosphonate) inhibits alanine racemases, but its lack of specificity has prompted further designs of ALR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate

EC 2.6.1 Alanine transaminase EC 2.6.1.2 Aspartate transaminase EC 2.6.1.1 Category:EC 2.7.2 Butyrate kinase (EC 2.7.2.7) EC ... Beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6) Category:EC 3.5.3 (In linear amidines) Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) Category:EC 3.5.4 (In cyclic amidines ... Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) DNA ligase (EC 6.5.1.1) (Articles with short description ... Beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) Hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.35) Function: Amylase is an enzyme that is responsible for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes

... serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase - serum tumor marker test - sesquiterpene ... beta alethine - beta carotene - beta hemolytic streptococcus group B - beta-endorphin - beta-glucan - beta-human chorionic ... alanine aminopeptidase - alanine transferase - alanosine - aldesleukin - alemtuzumab - alendronate sodium - alkalinization - ... epoetin beta - epothilone - epothilone B - epothilone D - epratuzumab - Epstein-Barr virus - EPT - ER - ER+ - ER- - ERA-923 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles

... "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" by people in this website by year, and whether "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" was a ... beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase*beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase. *Transaminase, beta-Alanine-Pyruvate ... "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ... Below are the most recent publications written about "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.ucdenver.edu/display/198519

beta alanine-pyruvate transaminase. 137. SEQF2168,AP012280.1. BAK87029.1 jb [NA] [AA] 918/305. 155200-156117. LysR family ... tryptophan synthase subunit beta. 37. SEQF2168,AP012280.1. BAK86929.1 jb [NA] [AA] 888/295. 39281-40168. transcriptional ... glycyl-tRNA synthetase subunit beta. 9. SEQF2168,AP012280.1. BAK86901.1 jb [NA] [AA] 948/315. 13492-12545. glycyl-tRNA ... protocatechuate 3%2C4-dioxygenase%2C beta subunit. 161. SEQF2168,AP012280.1. BAK87053.1 jb [NA] [AA] 606/201. 180669-181274. ...

https://homd.org/genome/explorer?gid=SEQF2168&anno=ncbi

... beta-Alanine Transaminase, beta-Alanine-Pyruvate beta Alanine Pyruvate Aminotransferase beta Alanine Pyruvate Transaminase beta ... beta Alanine Pyruvate Aminotransferase. beta Alanine Pyruvate Transaminase. beta-Alanine - Pyruvate Transaminase. beta-Alanine ... Aminotransferase, beta-Alanine Pyruvate. Pyruvate Aminotransferase, beta-Alanine. Transaminase, beta-Alanine-Pyruvate. ... beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase Entry term(s). Aminotransferase, beta-Alanine Pyruvate Pyruvate Aminotransferase, ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=50690

... pyruvate 2.6.1 2.6.1.18 beta-alanine---pyruvate transaminase - - K ... L-alanine + L-2-methyl-3-oxopropionate 2.6.1.40 (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate---pyruvate transaminase - ... cis,cis-2,4-Dihydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoate + H2O <=> L-2-methyl-3-oxopropionate + pyruvate 3.7.1 - K ... L-2-methyl-3-oxopropionate + L-alanine <=> (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + ...

https://metano.tu-bs.de/search/L-2-methyl-3-oxopropionate%20=

LysW]-aminoadipate semialdehyde transaminase; EC 2.6.1.- (uncharacterized). 31%. 94%. 193.7. beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase ... LysW]-aminoadipate semialdehyde transaminase; EC 2.6.1.- (uncharacterized). 31%. 94%. 193.7. beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase ... LysW]-aminoadipate semialdehyde transaminase; EC 2.6.1.- (uncharacterized). 31%. 94%. 193.7. beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase ... beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18). 65%. 568.5. L-proline biosynthesis. argD. lo. Acetylornithine ...

https://papers.genomics.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/gapView.cgi?orgs=orgsFit&set=aa&orgId=FitnessBrowser__Dino&locusId=3607958

Beta alanine structure.svg ImageSize = 150px IUPACName = 3 Aminopropanoic acid OtherNames = β Alanine 3 Aminopropionic acid ... Beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase - In enzymology, a beta alanine pyruvate transaminase (EC number,2.6.1.18) is an enzyme that ... name for beta-alanine would be 3-aminopropanoic acid. Unlike its normal counterpart, L-α-alanine, beta-alanine has no chiral ... beta alanopine + NAD+ + H2O ightleftharpoons beta alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+The 3 substrates of this enzyme are beta… … ...

https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/372185

beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase activity GO:0016223 * aminolevulinate transaminase activity GO:0047665 ... 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol transaminase activity ...

https://bio2vec.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/bio2vec/details/1?iri=GO:0036136

2.6.1.18 beta-alanine---pyruvate transaminase - BRENDA: BS422438 benzaldehyde + 2-oxoglutarate <=> (5R)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-5- ... pyruvate + benzylamine <=> L-alanine + benzaldehyde 2.6.1.116 6-aminohexanoate aminotransferase 2.6.1.B16 - - ... alpha-methyl-beta-phenylserine <=> D-alanine + benzaldehyde 4.1.2.42 D-threonine aldolase - ... D-beta-phenylserine <=> glycine + benzaldehyde 4.1.2.42 D-threonine aldolase 4.1.2.5 L-threonine aldolase - - ...

https://mmtb.tu-bs.de/search/benzaldehyde%20=

beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase. *D-Alanine Transaminase. *Glutamate Synthase. *Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase ... "Tryptophan Transaminase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Tryptophan Transaminase" by people in this website by year, ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Tryptophan Transaminase" by people in Profiles. ...

https://researchers.childrensmercy.org/display/26048

Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =, 135 U/L. - Note: For the purpose of this study ... No prior gamma-secretase, Notch or beta-catenin inhibitor. - Investigational drugs: must not have received investigational drug ...

https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/find-a-clinical-trial/clinical-trial/4/cirb201842

The enzyme alanine transaminase, or ALT, removes an amino group from alanine, and turns it into pyruvate. The amino group ... In the hepatocyte mitochondria, free fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA and ATP by a metabolic process called beta ... Amino acids (not leucine, lysine); e.g. alanine (via alanine transaminase) → pyruvate ... In gluconeogenesis, the two main sources of pyruvate are lactate and amino acids like alanine. Lactate is produced as a ...

https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Gluconeogenesis?from=/md/foundational-sciences/biochemistry-and-nutrition/biochemistry/metabolic-disorders/carbohydrate-metabolism-disorders

beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase. *D-Alanine Transaminase. *Glutamate Synthase. *Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/101132/

... "bifunctional succinylornithine transaminase/acetylornithine transaminase [Ensembl].","protein_coding" "AGT24904","N559_3244"," ... ","alanine racemase 2 [Ensembl]. Alanine racemase [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "AAL20718","STM1803","Salmonella enterica ... ","Arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit beta [Ensembl]. Arginine N-succinyltransferase beta subunit [Interproscan].","protein ... ","phosphoenolpyruvate synthase [Ensembl]. PEP/pyruvate binding domain, mobile domain, TIM barrel domain [InterProScan]."," ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/sequences/table/10511

glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2. 0.026. vcp. valosin containing protein. 0.026. ... coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 2. 0.032. ddx19. DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 19 (DBP5 homolog, yeast). ...

http://imp.princeton.edu/predictions/process/zebrafish-context-global/9143/?gene=28789

... cell culture media or cell/tissue extracts with Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit ab105134. Sensitivity , 10 mU/well. ... Assay Alanine Transaminase Activity in 1 hr 20 min in biofluids, ... It uses ALT to convert alanine to pyruvate which is then ... Take a look at our BETA site and see what weve done so far. ... Alanine transaminase is also called alanine aminotransferase or ... Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric/Fluorometric). See all Alanine Transaminase kits. ...

https://www.abcam.com/alanine-transaminase-activity-assay-kit-colorimetricfluorometric-ab105134.html

alanine Alanine A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate ... transaminase Transaminase A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a ... Hemoglobin a1c is hemoglobin a with glucose covalently bound to the terminal valine of the beta chain. Glycated hemoglobin a is ... ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function ...

https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/hereditary-hemochromatosis/?ui=appview

A gene duplication led to specialized gamma-aminobutyrate and beta-alanine aminotransferase in yeast. ... and not pyruvate, as the amino group acceptor. SkPyd4p preferentially uses BAL as the amino group donor (V(max)/K(m)=0.78 U x ... transaminase enzyme with broader substrate specificity.. ... In humans, beta-alanine (BAL) and the neurotransmitter gamma- ...

http://bioinformatics.unipr.it/cgi-bin/bioinformatics/B6db/bib.pl/Show?17355287

The high beta-alanine could be causing the high wasting of taurine in the urine, since they compete for the same reabsorption ... 3. Pyruvate is not flowing into the Krebs cycle as rapidly as it should. This suggests a partial block in the pyruvate ... B6 is needed by the transaminase enzymes, which convert one amino acid to another, and thus facililitate feeding them into the ... The high beta-alanine could be causing the high wasting of taurine in the urine, since they compete for the same reabsorption ...

https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/husbands-nutreval-test-results.6289/

... and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the central hub involving pyruvate/phosphoenolpyruvate/oxaloacetate, the products ... and beta-alanine metabolism.. Results from the present study found that nitrogen deprivation induced a significant ... 3b and 5c). Pyruvate kinase 1 (PYK1) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDA1), which catalyze the conversion of ... ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase, mTOR, serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR, Atg, autophagy-relate gene, CDC48, transitional ...

https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-020-01757-1

... alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =, 3 x institutional upper limit of normal (=, 5 ... Receiving anti-arrhythmic therapy (beta blockers or digoxin are permitted). * History of allergic reactions attributed to ... Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/ ...

https://clinicaltrials.icts.uci.edu/trial/NCT03939897

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) a-Ketoglutarate reacts with L-alanine in the presence of ALT to form L-glutamate plus pyruvate. ... The indicator reaction utilizes the pyruvate for a kinetic determination of NADH consumption. As a group the transaminases ... The beta subunit of FSH is unique and confers its immunological and functional specificity. ... 1. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Alanine aminotransferase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/limited_access/L18_2_00.htm

","glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase; glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT); alanine transaminase [Ensembl]. Aminotransferase ... RNA polymerase beta subunit external 1 domain, RNA polymerase beta subunit [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "CCL20707","mutS ... Pyruvate/ketoisovalerate oxidoreductase, Pyruvate-flavodoxin oxidoreductase, Thiamine pyrophosphate enzyme, Pyruvate flavodoxin ... ","Probable D-alanine--D-alanine ligase DdlA (D-alanylalanine synthetase) (D-ala-D-ala ligase) [Ensembl]. D-ala D-ala ligase C- ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/sequences/table/4847

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. SGPT:. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase. SOD:. Superoxide dismutase. ... suggesting that honey might have a direct stimulatory effect on the healthy beta cells of the pancreas [73]. ... such as reduced levels of hepatic transaminases, triglycerides, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and increased HDL ... Alanine aminotransferase. AST:. Aspartate aminotransferase. BW:. Body weight. CAT:. Catalase. CHD:. Coronary heart disease. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2018/4757893/

64. Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (Alanine Aminotransferase) 2 Gene [This gene plays a role in amino acid metabolism, liver ... An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and ... 67. Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase (Alanine Aminotransferase) Gene [This gene is involved in amino acid metabolism and liver ... It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has ...

http://www.medindex.am/glossary/index.php/list/UMLS.+CSP-HL7-ICD9CM-NCI-NDFRT-RXNORM/,G,L,U.xhtml

... and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =, 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN) ... Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02334865

... "alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 alpha),pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide), " YOR265W 0.71321 INESSENTIAL RBL2 "beta ... beta-alanine ligase YLR191W 1.351426 INESSENTIAL PEX13 "Peroxisomal membrane protein that contains Src homology 3 (SH3) domain ... "phosphoserine transaminase,phosphoserine aminotransferase," YHR025W 143.39381 INESSENTIAL THR1 "homoserine kinase,homoserine ... "pyruvate decarboxylase,alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, " YLR284C 0.389485 INESSENTIAL ...

https://genomics.lbl.gov/YeastFitnessData/websitefiles/ratioresults/thrRatio_07.txt

... and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =, 2.5 x upper limit normal (ULN) or , 5 x ULN ... 1-Beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. *1.beta.-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine. *2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-Amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl- ... Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) ...

https://www.clincosm.com/trial/chronic-myelomonocytic-leukemia-myelodysplastic-syndrome-with

... alanine aminotransferase family and the alanine racemase family. An example of the evolutionary similarity in the Beta family ... liver cysteine desulfhydrase activity disappears and serine and threonine dehydrase and alanine glutamate transaminase ... and pyruvate. The condensation product of 3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate and deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate is pyridoxine 5- ... AlaP (alanine phosphonate) inhibits alanine racemases, but its lack of specificity has prompted further designs of ALR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate

Missense mutation of beta chain * Degradation of beta chain * Deletion of beta chain ... Parahydroxy phenyl pyruvate Hydroxylase * Tyrosine transaminase * Homogentisate oxidase * Tyrosine oxidase Correct Incorrect ...

https://mcqsworld.com/2016/04/28/mcqs-of-biochemistry-protein-metabolism/

SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]). =, 3 x institutional ULN. - Creatinine ... beta-hCG] (or human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]) test with a minimum sensitivity of 25 IU/L or equivalent units of beta-hCG [ ... Patient has adequate hepatic function as evidenced by aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase values ≤ 3 × the upper ... or alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) ≤ 3.0 x upper limit of normal (ULN) * Except in ...

https://healthstudiesmn.org/studies?page=98

This product is manufactured by BioVision, an Abcam company and was previously called K752 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) Activity Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit. (abcam.com)
Alanine transaminase is also called alanine aminotransferase or serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT, ALAT, SGPT). (abcam.com)
In humans, beta-alanine (BAL) and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) are transaminated by a single aminotransferase enzyme. (unipr.it)
Alanine aminotransferase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis and cirrhosis) and heart diseases. (cdc.gov)
The key regulatory enzymes directly associated with citrate production in the prostate cells are mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial aconitase. (pathbank.org)
Persistently increased levels of beta-aminoisobutyric acid have been observed in individuals with a deficiency of R (-)-beta-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase. (hmdb.ca)

producing pyruvate and glutamate. (abcam.com)
Combining with the up-regulation of glutamate decarboxylase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in GABA shunt, and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the central hub involving pyruvate/phosphoenolpyruvate/oxaloacetate, the products from nitrogen-containing compounds degradation were recycled to be intermediates of TCA cycle and be shunted toward de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)

An enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase removes a hydrogen from lactate, turning it into pyruvate. (osmosis.org)
This suggests a partial block in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which could be due to deficiniencies in B vitamins, lipoic acid and/or magnesium. (phoenixrising.me)
Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD + . (wikidoc.org)
It has been suggested that altered homeostasis of beta-alanine underlies some of the clinical abnormalities encountered in patients with a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency. (hmdb.ca)

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-ALANINE to 3-oxopropanoate to generate PYRUVATE and BETA-ALANINE. (ucdenver.edu)
Beta-alanine is not used in the biosynthesis of any major protein s or enzyme s. (en-academic.com)
However, the other 3 are irreversible, meaning that the enzyme mediating the reaction can only go in the direction of glucose to pyruvate, but not the opposite. (osmosis.org)
The enzyme alanine transaminase, or ALT, removes an amino group from alanine, and turns it into pyruvate. (osmosis.org)
It is likely that upon duplication approximately 200 million years ago, a specialized Uga1p evolved into a 'novel' transaminase enzyme with broader substrate specificity. (unipr.it)
At high concentrations of lactate, the enzyme exhibits feedback inhibition, and the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate is decreased. (wikidoc.org)
Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate using a transaminase enzyme. (smpdb.ca)

It was found that the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is needed for enzymatic activity and alpha-ketoglutarate, and not pyruvate, as the amino group acceptor. (unipr.it)

In gluconeogenesis , the two main sources of pyruvate are lactate and amino acids like alanine. (osmosis.org)
LDH catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and back, as it converts NAD + to NADH and back. (wikidoc.org)
It converts pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis , to lactate when oxygen is absent or in short supply, and it performs the reverse reaction during the Cori cycle in the liver . (wikidoc.org)

And in general, transaminase enzymes require pyridoxine, or vitamin B6 as a cofactor. (osmosis.org)

beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)

[5] In addition, PLP is used by aminotransferases (or transaminases) that act upon unusual sugars such as perosamine and desosamine . (wikipedia.org)
The concentration of beta-aminoisobutyric acid is normally low in urine as beta-aminoisobutyric acid is further catabolized by beta-aminoisobutyrate aminotransferases to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. (hmdb.ca)

Supplementation with beta-alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in athletes and increase total muscular work done. (en-academic.com)
The effect of Gymnema sylvestre supplementation on beta cell and hepatic activity was explored in an alloxan-induced hyperglycemic adult rat. (bvsalud.org)

In glycolysis , you're using 10 enzymatic reactions to convert glucose to pyruvate in order to make ATP. (osmosis.org)

The pyruvate is detected in a reaction that converts a nearly colorless probe to a form that is colored (ODmax = 570 nm) and fluorescent (Ex/Em = 535/587 nm). (abcam.com)

Elevated levels of the transaminases can indicate myocardial infarction, hepatic disease, muscular dystrophy, or organ damage. (cdc.gov)

In the asparagine synthetase reaction, ATP is used to activate aspartate, forming beta-aspartyl-AMP. (smpdb.ca)
Glutamine donates an ammonium group which reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to form asparagine and free AMP. (smpdb.ca)
Since the asparagine side chain can make efficient hydrogen bond interactions with the peptide backbone, asparagines are often found near the beginning and end of alpha-helices, and in turn motifs in beta sheets. (smpdb.ca)

Initially, the glucose in your pasta is broken down by a series of enzymatic reactions to make pyruvate, producing ATP in the process. (osmosis.org)
And in gluconeogenesis , you're working backwards and using ATP to convert pyruvate to glucose. (osmosis.org)
So if you think of the path between glucose and pyruvate as a two-way road within the cell. (osmosis.org)
When driving from glucose to pyruvate, it's a smooth straightforward ride. (osmosis.org)
On the other hand, when driving from pyruvate to glucose, most of the ride is straightforward, but there are 3 roadblocks which represent irreversible reactions. (osmosis.org)
Alright, so the ingredients we need to cook up some glucose from scratch in our liver are a source of pyruvate and ATP. (osmosis.org)

In biochemistry , beta-alanine (or β-alanine ) is the only naturally occurring beta amino acid , which are amino acids in which the amino group is at the β-position from the carboxylate group (i.e., two atoms away, see Figure 1). (en-academic.com)
The IUPAC name for beta-alanine would be 3-aminopropanoic acid . (en-academic.com)
It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B 5 ) which itself is a component of coenzyme A . Under normal conditions, beta-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid . (en-academic.com)
The body breaks down protein in skeletal muscle cells into individual amino acids, with the main amino acid being alanine. (osmosis.org)
beta-Aminoisobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid originating from the catabolism of thymine and valine. (hmdb.ca)
beta-Aminoisobutyric acid occurs in two isomeric forms and both enantiomers of beta-aminoisobutyric acid can be detected in human urine and plasma. (hmdb.ca)
In contrast, urine almost exclusively contains the R-enantiomer of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, which is eliminated both by filtration and tubular secretion. (hmdb.ca)
In addition, transient high levels of beta-aminoisobutyric acid have been observed under a variety of pathological conditions such as lead poisoning, starvation, in total body irradiation, and in a number of malignancies. (hmdb.ca)
The S-enantiomer of beta-aminoisobutyric acid is predominantly derived from the catabolism of valine. (hmdb.ca)
DPD constitutes the first step of the pyrimidine degradation pathway, in which the pyrimidine bases uracil and thymine are catabolized to beta-alanine and the R-enantiomer of beta-aminoisobutyric acid respectively. (hmdb.ca)

The second source of pyruvate is amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. (osmosis.org)

Penicillin-binding protein 5, D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Alpha/beta hydrolase family [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Resolvase, Recombinase zinc beta ribbon domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric/Fluorometric) ab105134 is a rapid and simple assay used to quantify alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in mammalian samples. (abcam.com)
Determination of ALT activity using ab105134 Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit Waller-Evans H et al. (abcam.com)

The noticeable difference between the two subunits that make up LDH's tertiary structure is the replacement of alanine (in the M chain) with a glutamine (in the H chain). (wikidoc.org)

PLP is also involved in various beta-elimination reactions such as the reactions carried out by serine dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3-dehydratase (ColD) . (wikipedia.org)

This graph shows the total number of publications written about "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" by people in this website by year, and whether "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)

carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, constituting 10-20% of the total buffering capacity in type I and II muscle fibres. (en-academic.com)

Beta-alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine , which is to say carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available beta-alanine. (en-academic.com)

Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, Boobis L, Coakley J, Kim HJ, Fallowfield JL, Hill CA, Sale C, and Wise JA (2006) The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. (en-academic.com)

Furthermore, because of the position of the beta amino group, beta-alanine dipeptides are not incorporated proteins and thus can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar). (en-academic.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms9

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs164

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Comparison of the omega-transaminases from different microorganisms and application to production of chiral amines. (1/4)

omega-Amino acid:pyruvate transaminase from Alcaligenes denitrificans Y2k-2: a new catalyst for kinetic resolution of beta-amino acids and amines. (2/4)

The primary structure of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase. (3/4)

Crystal structure analysis of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase with a newly developed Weissenberg camera and an imaging plate using synchrotron radiation. (4/4)

beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase

Alanine Transaminase

Transaminases

Aspartate Aminotransferases

Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Alanine

Liver

Pyruvate Kinase

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Pyruvic Acid

Pyruvates

D-Alanine Transaminase

Pyruvate Decarboxylase

Pyruvate Oxidase

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)

Alanine Racemase

Interleukin-1beta

Tyrosine Transaminase

Kinetics

Alanine Dehydrogenase

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase

Aminooxyacetic Acid

Lactates

beta 2-Microglobulin

Molecular Sequence Data

Ketoglutaric Acids

Oxaloacetic Acid

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

Liver Function Tests

Amino Acids

Lactic Acid

Glucose

Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase

Amino Acid Sequence

Citric Acid Cycle

Gluconeogenesis

Liver Diseases

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Oxaloacetates

Vigabatrin

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Malates

Integrin beta3

Keto Acids

Escherichia coli

Pyridoxal Phosphate

Binding Sites

Glycolysis

Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Base Sequence

Mutation

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Carbon Isotopes

Recombinant Proteins

Isoleucine

Dichloroacetic Acid

Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase

Glutamine

Aspartate Aminotransferase, Cytoplasmic

Glutamates

Aspartic Acid

Bilirubin

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Substrate Specificity

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Aminobutyrates

Glyoxylates

Oxidation-Reduction

Time Factors

Carbon Tetrachloride

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

NAD

Clinical Enzyme Tests

Acetates

Cells, Cultured

Ketone Oxidoreductases

Cell Line

gamma-Glutamyltransferase