Methemoglobinemia
Anesthetics, Local
Aminobenzoates
Batrachotoxins
Lidocaine
Pulpitis
Chloramines
Benzocaine
Pharmaceutical Vehicles
para-Aminobenzoates
Kv1.5 Potassium Channel
Dental Pulp Test
Procaine
Tosyl Compounds
Parabens
Dibucaine
Anesthesia, Local
Administration, Topical
Gels
Sodium Channels
Anti-Infective Agents, Local
Pain Measurement
Sodium
Placebos
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
Binding Sites
Ion Channel Gating
Double-Blind Method
Potassium Channels
Patch-Clamp Techniques
Potassium
Efficacy of mandibular topical anesthesia varies with the site of administration. (1/88)
This study compared the threshold of pain sensitivity in the anterior mandibular mucobuccal fold with the posterior. This was followed by a comparison of the reduction of needle insertion pain in the anterior mucobuccal fold and the pterygo-temporal depression by either topical anesthesia or nitrous oxide inhalation. The pain threshold was determined by an analgometer, a pain-measuring device that depends on pressure readings; additionally, pain caused by a needle inserted by a normal technique was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). The threshold of pain was significantly lower in the incisor and canine regions than in the premolar and the molar regions (P < 0.001). Compared to a placebo, topical anesthesia significantly reduced the pain from needle insertion in the mucobuccal fold adjacent to the mandibular canine (P < 0.001), but did not significantly reduce pain in the pterygotemporal depression. The addition of 30% nitrous oxide did not significantly alter pain reduction compared to a control of 100% oxygen. These results suggest that topical anesthesia application may be effective in reducing the pain of needle insertion in the anterior mandibular mucobuccal fold, but may not be as effective for a standard inferior alveolar nerve block. The addition of 30% nitrous oxide did not lead to a significant improvement. (+info)Local anesthetic anchoring to cardiac sodium channels. Implications into tissue-selective drug targeting. (2/88)
Local anesthetics inhibit Na+ channels in a variety of tissues, leading to potentially serious side effects when used clinically. We have created a series of novel local anesthetics by connecting benzocaine (BZ) to the sulfhydryl-reactive group methanethiosulfonate (MTS) via variable-length polyethylether linkers (L) (MTS-LX-BZ [X represents 0, 3, 6, or 9]). The application of MTS-LX-BZ agents modified native rat cardiac as well as heterologously expressed human heart (hH1) and rat skeletal muscle (rSkM1) Na+ channels in a manner resembling that of free BZ. Like BZ, the effects of MTS-LX-BZ on rSkM1 channels were completely reversible. In contrast, MTS-LX-BZ modification of heart and mutant rSkM1 channels, containing a pore cysteine at the equivalent location as cardiac Na+ channels (ie, Y401C), persisted after drug washout unless treated with DTT, which suggests anchoring to the pore via a disulfide bond. Anchored MTS-LX-BZ competitively reduced the affinity of cardiac Na+ channels for lidocaine but had minimal effects on mutant channels with disrupted local anesthetic modification properties. These results establish that anchored MTS-LX-BZ compounds interact with the local anesthetic binding site (LABS). Variation in the linker length altered the potency of channel modification by the anchored drugs, thus providing information on the spatial relationship between the anchoring site and the LABS. Our observations demonstrate that local anesthetics can be anchored to the extracellular pore cysteine in cardiac Na+ channels and dynamically interact with the intracellular LABS. These results suggest that nonselective agents, such as local anesthetics, might be made more selective by linking these agents to target-specific anchors. (+info)Benzocaine enhances and inhibits the K+ current through a human cardiac cloned channel (Kv1.5). (3/88)
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a neutral local anaesthetic, benzocaine, on a cardiac K+ channel cloned from human ventricle. METHODS: Experiments were performed on hKv1.5 channels stably expressed on mouse cells using the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. RESULTS: At 10 nM, benzocaine increased the current amplitude ("agonist effect") by shifting the activation curve 8.4 +/- 2.7 mV in the negative direction, and slowed the time course of tail current decline. In contrast, benzocaine (100-700 microM) inhibited hKv1.5 currents (KD = 901 +/- 81 microM), modified the voltage-dependence of channel activation, which became biphasic, and accelerated the channel deactivation. Extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) also affected the channel gating. At 140 mM [K+]o, the time course of tail currents deactivation was significantly accelerated, whereas at 0 mM [K+]o, it was slowed. At both [K+]o the activation curve became biphasic. Benzocaine accelerated the tail current decay at 0 mM but not at 140 mM [K+]o. The reduction in the permeation of K+ through the pore did not modify the blocking effects of micromolar concentrations of benzocaine, but suppressed the agonist effect observed at nanomolar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: All these results suggest that benzocaine blocks and modifies the voltage- and time-dependent properties of hKv1.5 channels, binding to an extracellular and to an intracellular site at the channel level. Moreover, both sites are related to each other and can also interact with K+. (+info)Selective block of late Na(+) current by local anaesthetics in rat large sensory neurones. (4/88)
The actions of lignocaine and benzocaine on transient and late Na(+) current generated by large diameter (> or =50 microm) adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurones, were studied using patch-clamp techniques. Both drugs blocked whole-cell late Na(+) current in a concentration-dependent manner. At 200 ms following the onset of a clamp step from -110 to -40 mV, the apparent K for block of late Na(+) current by lignocaine was 57.8+/-15 microM (mean+/-s.e.mean, n = 4). The value for benzocaine was 24.9+/-3.3 microM, (mean+/-s.e. mean, n = 3). The effect of lignocaine on transient current, in randomly selected neurones, appeared variable (n = 8, half-block from approximately 50 to 400 microM). Half-block by benzocaine was not attained, but both whole-cell (n = 11) and patch data suggested a high apparent K,>250 microM. Transient current always remained after late current was blocked. The voltage-dependence of residual late current steady-state inactivation was not shifted by 20 microM benzocaine (n = 3), whereas 200 microM benzocaine shifted the voltage-dependence of transient current steady-state inactivation by -18.7+/-5.9 mV (mean+/-s.e.mean, n = 4). In current-clamp, benzocaine (250 microM) could block subthreshold, voltage-dependent inward current, increasing the threshold for eliciting action potentials, without preventing their generation (n = 2). Block of late Na(+) current by systemic local anaesthetic may play a part in preventing ectopic impulse generation in sensory neurones. (+info)Local anesthetic inhibition of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine signaling. (5/88)
BACKGROUND: Local anesthetics inhibit lipid mediator signaling (lysophosphatidate, thromboxane) by acting on intracellular domains of the receptor or on the G protein. On receptors for polar agonists, the ligand-binding pocket could form an additional site of interaction, possibly resulting in superadditive inhibition. The authors therefore investigated the effects of local anesthetics on m1 muscarinic receptor functioning. METHODS: The authors expressed receptors in isolation using Xenopus oocytes. Using a two-electrode voltage clamp, the authors measured the effects of lidocaine, QX314 (permanently charged), and benzocaine (permanently uncharged) on Ca2+-activated Cl- currents elicited by methylcholine. The authors also characterized the interaction of lidocaine with [3H] quinuclydinyl benzylate ([3H]QNB) binding to m1 receptors. RESULTS: Lidocaine inhibited muscarinic signaling with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 18 nm) 140-fold less than that of extracellularly administered QX314 (IC50 2.4 microm). Intracellularly injected QX314 (IC50 0.96 mm) and extracellularly applied benzocaine (IC50 1.2 mm) inhibited at high concentrations only. Inhibition of muscarinic signaling by extracellularly applied QX314 and lidocaine was the result of noncompetitive antagonism. Intracellularly injected QX314 and benzocaine inhibited muscarinic and lysophosphatidate signaling at similar concentrations, suggesting an action on the common G-protein pathway. Combined administration of intracellularly injected (IC50 19 microm) and extracellularly applied QX314 (IC50 49 nm) exerted superadditive inhibition. Lidocaine did not displace specific [3H]QNB binding to m1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS: m1 Muscarinic signaling is inhibited by clinically relevant concentrations of lidocaine and by extracellularly administered QX314, suggesting that the major site of action is a extracellular domain of the muscarinic receptor. An additional less potent but superadditive inhibitory effect on the G-protein is suggested. (+info)Modulation of gastric distension-induced sensations by small intestinal receptors. (6/88)
Duodenal lipid exacerbates gastrointestinal sensations during gastric distension. Using luminal application of the local anesthetic benzocaine, we investigated the role of intestinal receptors in the induction of these sensations. Nine healthy subjects were studied on five occasions, during which isotonic saline or 20% lipid (2 kcal/min), combined with (duodenal or jejunal) 0.75% benzocaine or vehicle at 2.5 ml/min, was infused intraduodenally before and during gastric distension. Intragastric pressures and volumes, gastrointestinal sensations, and plasma CCK levels were determined. Duodenal lipid combined with vehicle increased gastric volume (in ml: saline, -10 +/- 18; lipid/vehicle, 237 +/- 30) and plasma CCK [mean levels (pmol/l): saline, 2.0 +/- 0. 2; lipid/vehicle, 8.0 +/- 1.6] and, during distensions, induced nausea (scores: saline, 3 +/- 2: lipid/vehicle, 58 +/- 19) and decreased pressures at which fullness and discomfort occurred. Duodenal but not jejunal benzocaine attenuated the effect of lipid on gastric volume, plasma CCK, and nausea during distension (135 +/- 38 and 216 +/- 40 ml, 4.6 +/- 0.6 pmol/l and not assessed, and 37 +/- 12 and 64 +/- 21 for lipid + duodenal benzocaine and lipid + jejunal benzocaine, respectively) and on pressures for sensations. In conclusion, intestinal receptors modulate gastrointestinal sensations associated with duodenal lipid and gastric distension. There is also the potential for local neural mechanisms to regulate CCK release and thereby reduce afferent activation indirectly. (+info)Inhibition of m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by local anaesthetics. (7/88)
1. Muscarinic m1 receptors are inhibited by local anaesthetics (LA) at nM concentrations. To elucidate in more detail the site(s) of LA interaction, we compared these findings with LA effects on m3 muscarinic receptors. 2. We expressed receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Using two-electrode voltage clamp, we measured the effects of lidocaine, QX314 (permanently charged) and benzocaine (permanently uncharged) on Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-)-currents (I(Cl(Ca))), elicited by acetyl-beta-methylcholine bromide (MCh). We also characterized the interaction of lidocaine with [(3)H]-quinuclydinyl benzylate ([(3)H]-QNB) binding to m3 receptors. Antisense-injection was used to determine the role of specific G-protein alpha subunits in mediating the inhibitory effects of LA. Using chimeric receptor constructs we investigated which domains of the muscarinic receptors contribute to the binding site for LA. 3. Lidocaine inhibited m3-signalling in a concentration-dependent, reversible, non-competitive manner with an IC(50) of 370 nM, approximately 21 fold higher than the IC(50) (18 nM) reported for m1 receptors. Intracellular inhibition of both signalling pathways by LA was similar, and dependent on the G(q)- protein alpha subunit. In contrast to results reported for the m1 receptor, the m3 receptor lacks the major extracellular binding site for charged LA. The N-terminus and third extracellular loop of the m1 muscarinic receptor molecule were identified as requirements to obtain extracellular inhibition by charged LA. (+info)Clinical effectiveness of lidocaine and benzocaine for topical anesthesia. (8/88)
The effectiveness of lidocaine and benzocaine in reducing pain produced by needle insertion into the palate was evaluated in a double-blind and placebo-controlled study using a more suitable method. Twenty subjects, 10 men and 10 women, submitted to 4 sessions in which they were randomly treated with 5% lidocaine, a placebo that tasted like lidocaine, 20% benzocaine, and a placebo that tasted like benzocaine. At each session, a 27-gauge needle was inserted into the palate twice, once before (baseline) and once after drug application for 1 minute. Immediately after each insertion, subjects indicated on a visual analog scale the pain intensity perceived. Lidocaine and benzocaine were equally efficient, and both were better than placebo in reducing pain caused by insertion of needles into the palate. (+info)Methemoglobinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the amount of methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that does not have the ability to bind to oxygen and transport it to the body's tissues. Methemoglobinemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to certain medications, chemicals, or toxins, genetic disorders, or certain medical conditions such as sickle cell disease. Symptoms of methemoglobinemia can include shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, headache, dizziness, and blue or purple discoloration of the skin, lips, and nails. In severe cases, methemoglobinemia can lead to organ damage and even death. Treatment for methemoglobinemia typically involves administering methylene blue, a medication that can help reduce the amount of methemoglobin in the blood and restore the ability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen. In some cases, supportive care such as oxygen therapy or intravenous fluids may also be necessary.
Toothache is a common dental problem characterized by pain or discomfort in the teeth or gums. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including tooth decay, gum disease, injury to the teeth or gums, or dental procedures such as fillings or extractions. Toothache can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that can radiate to the head, neck, or jaw. In the medical field, toothache is typically treated by a dentist or oral surgeon, who may prescribe pain medication, perform a dental procedure to address the underlying cause of the pain, or recommend further treatment such as root canal therapy or tooth extraction.
Aminobenzoates are a class of organic compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and a benzoic acid (-COOH) group. They are commonly used in the medical field as preservatives, particularly in topical medications and cosmetics. One example of an aminobenzoate used in medicine is benzoyl peroxide, which is commonly used to treat acne. It works by killing bacteria and reducing inflammation, and is often combined with other acne medications such as retinoids or antibiotics. Another example is salicylic acid, which is also used in acne treatments. It is an aminobenzoate that is derived from aspirin and works by exfoliating the skin and reducing inflammation. Aminobenzoates can also be used as antiseptics and disinfectants, and are sometimes used in the treatment of fungal infections. However, they can also cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people, so they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Batrachotoxins are a group of neurotoxic peptides that are found in the skin secretions of certain species of frogs, particularly those in the genera Phyllobates and Dendrobates. These toxins are highly potent and can cause paralysis, respiratory failure, and even death in humans and other animals if ingested or inhaled. In the medical field, batrachotoxins have been studied for their potential use as a tool for understanding the mechanisms of action of neurotoxic compounds and for developing new treatments for neurological disorders. They have also been used in research on the development of new painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, it is important to note that batrachotoxins are highly toxic and should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting. Ingestion or exposure to these toxins can be extremely dangerous and can cause serious health problems or even death.
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic medication that is commonly used to numb a specific area of the body during medical procedures or surgeries. It works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the nerves to the brain. Lidocaine is available in various forms, including topical creams, gels, ointments, and injections. It is also used to treat certain types of abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation, and to relieve symptoms of neuropathy, a condition in which the nerves are damaged or diseased. Lidocaine is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects such as dizziness, nausea, and allergic reactions in some people.
Pulpitis is a medical term used to describe inflammation of the pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. Pulpitis can be acute or chronic, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including tooth decay, injury, or infection. Acute pulpitis is a sudden and severe form of pulpitis that is often accompanied by sharp, shooting pain that can be triggered by hot or cold temperatures, pressure, or sweet or sour foods. Chronic pulpitis is a less severe form of pulpitis that may cause dull, aching pain that is relieved by over-the-counter pain medication. If pulpitis is left untreated, it can lead to the formation of an abscess, which is a pocket of pus that can cause further pain and infection. Treatment for pulpitis typically involves root canal therapy, which involves removing the inflamed pulp and cleaning and sealing the inside of the tooth. In some cases, a tooth may need to be extracted if it is too damaged to save.
Chloramines are a group of compounds that are formed when chlorine is added to water. They are formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter or ammonia in the water. Chloramines are a common disinfectant used in water treatment plants to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. They are also used in swimming pools and spas to disinfect the water and prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. Chloramines can be harmful to human health if they are ingested in large amounts. They can cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and other health issues. In the medical field, chloramines are often used as a disinfectant in hospitals and other healthcare facilities to prevent the spread of infections.
Benzocaine is a local anesthetic medication that is commonly used to numb the skin and reduce pain. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. In the medical field, benzocaine is used to numb the skin before procedures such as injections, vaccinations, and minor surgeries. It is also used to relieve pain from minor cuts, burns, and insect bites. Benzocaine works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the nerves to the brain. It is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, and sprays. However, it should be used with caution, as it can cause side effects such as skin irritation, redness, and itching. In some cases, it can also cause more serious side effects such as allergic reactions, seizures, and even death. Therefore, it is important to use benzocaine only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Para-aminobenzoates are a group of organic compounds that contain a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) moiety. PABA is an aromatic compound that is found naturally in plants and is also synthesized in the human body. Para-aminobenzoates are used in the medical field as antifungal agents, particularly for the treatment of dermatophyte infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch. They work by inhibiting the growth of fungi by interfering with their ability to synthesize folic acid, which is essential for their growth and reproduction. Some examples of para-aminobenzoates used in medicine include miconazole, clotrimazole, and terbinafine.
The Kv1.5 potassium channel is a type of ion channel found in the cell membranes of various tissues in the human body. It is a voltage-gated potassium channel, meaning that its opening and closing is regulated by changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane. The Kv1.5 potassium channel plays an important role in regulating the flow of potassium ions out of cells, which helps to maintain the resting membrane potential of cells and control the frequency and duration of electrical signals in the nervous system. It is also involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction, heart rate, and the secretion of hormones. Abnormalities in the function of the Kv1.5 potassium channel have been linked to a number of medical conditions, including long QT syndrome, a disorder of the heart's electrical activity that can lead to fainting, seizures, and sudden death. It is also involved in the development of certain types of cancer and may play a role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Procaine is a local anesthetic medication that is commonly used to numb a specific area of the body during medical procedures. It works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from nerve endings to the brain. Procaine is usually administered as a solution that is injected into the skin or a mucous membrane, such as the mouth or throat. It is also sometimes used as a topical cream or ointment to numb the skin. Procaine is a type of amide local anesthetic, which means that it is derived from an amino acid and has a similar structure to other local anesthetics such as lidocaine and benzocaine. It is generally considered to be safe and effective when used as directed, but like all medications, it can cause side effects in some people.
Tosyl compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain a tosyl group (-SO2CH3), which is derived from toluene. These compounds are commonly used in the medical field as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and pharmaceuticals. One example of a tosyl compound used in medicine is tosyl chloride, which is used as a reagent in the synthesis of a variety of drugs, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anticancer drugs. Another example is tosylate esters, which are used as intermediates in the synthesis of certain antibiotics and other drugs. Tosyl compounds can also be used as protecting groups in organic synthesis, where they are used to protect certain functional groups in a molecule during the synthesis process. This allows chemists to selectively modify other parts of the molecule without affecting the protected functional group. Once the desired modifications have been made, the protecting group can be removed to restore the original functional group.
In the medical field, parabens are a class of preservatives that are commonly used in a variety of products, including personal care products such as shampoos, lotions, and cosmetics. Parabens are synthetic esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are effective at inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Parabens are used in medical products such as topical creams, ointments, and gels to prevent the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of the product. They are also used in some pharmaceutical products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi that can cause infections. However, there has been some concern in recent years about the potential health effects of parabens. Some studies have suggested that parabens may mimic the hormone estrogen in the body, which could potentially lead to reproductive problems, breast cancer, and other health issues. As a result, some medical professionals and consumers have chosen to avoid products containing parabens or to use alternative preservatives.
Tetracaine is a local anesthetic medication that is used to numb a specific area of the body during medical procedures or surgeries. It is a member of the amide class of local anesthetics and is commonly used in ophthalmology, dentistry, and dermatology to numb the skin, mucous membranes, and cornea. Tetracaine works by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to the affected area, which reduces pain and discomfort. It is usually administered topically as a cream, ointment, or gel, or as a solution for injection. Tetracaine is a potent local anesthetic, but it can also cause side effects such as skin irritation, redness, and swelling at the site of application. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as allergic reactions, seizures, and cardiac arrest. Therefore, it is important to use tetracaine under the supervision of a healthcare professional and to follow the instructions for use carefully.
Dibucaine is a local anesthetic medication that is used to numb a specific area of the body during medical procedures. It is a long-acting anesthetic, meaning that it provides pain relief for a longer period of time than other types of local anesthetics. Dibucaine is typically used to numb the skin and underlying tissues during procedures such as surgery, dental work, and childbirth. It is also sometimes used to numb the throat and mouth before procedures that involve the use of a breathing tube. Dibucaine is available in a variety of forms, including creams, ointments, and solutions, and is typically administered by a healthcare professional.
In the medical field, "gels" typically refer to a type of semi-solid or liquid substance that is used for various purposes, such as topical application, injection, or ingestion. Gels can be made from a variety of materials, including water, oils, and other substances, and can be used for a wide range of medical applications. For example, hydrogels are a type of gel that are made from water and polymers, and are often used in wound dressings and other medical devices. Injectable gels are used in various medical procedures, such as cosmetic procedures and orthopedic surgeries. Gels can also be used as drug delivery systems, allowing medications to be absorbed into the body more slowly and evenly over time. Overall, gels are a versatile and widely used tool in the medical field, with a wide range of applications and uses.
Sodium channels are a type of ion channel found in the cell membranes of neurons and other excitable cells. These channels are responsible for allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell, which is a key step in the generation of an action potential, or electrical signal, in the cell. Sodium channels are voltage-gated, meaning that they open and close in response to changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane. When the membrane potential becomes more positive, the channels open and allow sodium ions to flow into the cell. This influx of positive charge further depolarizes the membrane, leading to the generation of an action potential. There are several different types of sodium channels, each with its own unique properties and functions. Some sodium channels are found only in certain types of cells, while others are found in a wide variety of cells throughout the body. Sodium channels play a critical role in many physiological processes, including the transmission of nerve impulses, the contraction of muscles, and the regulation of blood pressure.
Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic medication that is commonly used in the medical field for spinal and epidural anesthesia. It is a type of amide local anesthetic that is derived from cocaine and is used to numb a specific area of the body, such as the lower back or limbs, during surgery or other medical procedures. Bupivacaine is available in various forms, including solutions, gels, and injections, and is typically administered by a healthcare professional. It is a powerful local anesthetic that can provide long-lasting pain relief, but it can also have side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions.
Sodium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. In the medical field, sodium is often measured in the blood and urine to assess its levels and monitor its balance in the body. Sodium is primarily responsible for regulating the body's fluid balance, which is essential for maintaining blood pressure and proper functioning of the heart, kidneys, and other organs. Sodium is also involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and the production of stomach acid. Abnormal levels of sodium in the body can lead to various medical conditions, including hyponatremia (low sodium levels), hypernatremia (high sodium levels), and dehydration. Sodium levels can be affected by various factors, including diet, medications, and underlying medical conditions. In the medical field, sodium levels are typically measured using a blood test called a serum sodium test or a urine test called a urine sodium test. These tests can help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions related to sodium levels, such as kidney disease, heart failure, and electrolyte imbalances.
Potassium channels, voltage-gated are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels are responsible for regulating the flow of potassium ions (K+) across the cell membrane in response to changes in the membrane potential. The voltage-gated potassium channels are activated by changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane. When the membrane potential becomes more positive (i.e., when the inside of the cell becomes more negative relative to the outside), the channels open and allow potassium ions to flow out of the cell. This flow of potassium ions helps to restore the resting membrane potential of the cell. Voltage-gated potassium channels play a critical role in many physiological processes, including the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons, the regulation of muscle contraction, and the maintenance of the resting membrane potential in many types of cells. Mutations in voltage-gated potassium channels can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, and certain types of neurological disorders.
Potassium channels are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels are responsible for regulating the flow of potassium ions (K+) in and out of the cell, which is important for maintaining the cell's resting membrane potential and controlling the generation and propagation of electrical signals in the cell. Potassium channels are classified into several different types based on their biophysical properties, such as their voltage sensitivity, pharmacology, and gating mechanisms. Some of the most well-known types of potassium channels include voltage-gated potassium channels, inwardly rectifying potassium channels, and leak potassium channels. In the medical field, potassium channels play a critical role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and regulation of blood pressure. Abnormalities in potassium channel function can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders, such as epilepsy, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of potassium channels is important for developing new treatments for these conditions.
Potassium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of many bodily processes. It is the most abundant positively charged ion in the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, regulating muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, and supporting the proper functioning of the heart. In the medical field, potassium is often measured in blood tests to assess its levels and determine if they are within the normal range. Abnormal potassium levels can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications, kidney disease, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions such as Addison's disease or hyperaldosteronism. Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) can cause muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias, while high levels (hyperkalemia) can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and even cardiac arrest. Treatment for potassium imbalances typically involves adjusting the patient's diet or administering medications to correct the imbalance.
Benzocaine
Antipyrine and benzocaine ear drops
Eberbach (Baden)
Ear drop
Benzyl benzoate
Denatonium
Chloraseptic
Methemoglobinemia
Sunburn
Nerve block
Nickel allergy
Teething
Wet wipe
Throat lozenge
Otitis media
Cetacaine
Procaine
Lidocaine
Personal lubricant
Feminine hygiene
Fire ant
Lindsay Laird
Cēpacol
GI cocktail
Topical anesthetic
Muscle-type nicotinic receptor
Herpes simplex
Dental braces
Hypoxia (medical)
Bee sting
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Topical20
- Many may not know that there are two main different types of topical local anesthetics: benzocaine and lidocaine. (thelist.com)
- However, just because lidocaine is the stronger topical local anesthetic of the two, doesn't mean benzocaine doesn't have its uses as well. (thelist.com)
- What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzocaine Topical Stick? (drugs.com)
- If you have an allergy to benzocaine or any other part of benzocaine topical stick. (drugs.com)
- If there is an infection where benzocaine topical stick will be used. (drugs.com)
- This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with benzocaine topical stick. (drugs.com)
- You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take benzocaine topical stick with all of your drugs and health problems. (drugs.com)
- What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzocaine Topical Stick? (drugs.com)
- Tell all of your health care providers that you take benzocaine topical stick. (drugs.com)
- Different brands of benzocaine topical stick may be for use in different ages of children. (drugs.com)
- Talk with the doctor before giving benzocaine topical stick to a child. (drugs.com)
- If benzocaine topical stick is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away. (drugs.com)
- How is this medicine (Benzocaine Topical Stick) best taken? (drugs.com)
- Use benzocaine topical stick as ordered by your doctor. (drugs.com)
- Do not take benzocaine topical stick by mouth. (drugs.com)
- If you use benzocaine topical stick on a regular basis, use a missed dose as soon as you think about it. (drugs.com)
- Many times benzocaine topical stick is used on an as needed basis. (drugs.com)
- What are some other side effects of Benzocaine Topical Stick? (drugs.com)
- Topical benzocaine/lidocaine gels can be used for temporary relief. (cdc.gov)
- Topical anesthetics (eg, benzocaine , lidocaine ) and warm (not hot) sitz baths for 10 or 15 minutes after each bowel movement and as needed give temporary relief. (merckmanuals.com)
Lidocaine8
- Benzocaine Vs. Lidocaine: What's The Difference? (thelist.com)
- However, despite these similarities, benzocaine and lidocaine are actually quite different when it comes to their properties and functions. (thelist.com)
- Keep scrolling to find out the main differences between benzocaine and lidocaine. (thelist.com)
- One main difference between benzocaine and lidocaine is that benzocaine can be acquired without a doctor's prescription, while lidocaine cannot, according to The Mayo Clinic . (thelist.com)
- Lidocaine must be prescribed by a doctor because it tends to be a stronger product overall, while benzocaine is more mild. (thelist.com)
- In fact, according to a study by The Indian Endodontic Society , lidocaine is 10 times more effective against pain when inserted by a needle than benzocaine. (thelist.com)
- Overall, even though lidocaine has been proven to be stronger against pain, there are certain scenarios and areas where you're better off using benzocaine, meaning that one isn't inherently superior over the other. (thelist.com)
- Most pharmacists keep numbing creams like lidocaine or benzocaine which could be useful in reducing pain when used before puncturing a region by following instructions on package carefully. (dane101.com)
Ester-type local anesthetic2
- Benzocaine is an ester-type local anesthetic, able to induce pain relief. (whmulei.com)
- Benzocaine is a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) derivative, ester-type local anesthetic that is minimally absorbed. (medscape.com)
Antipyrine14
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic is used to relieve ear pain and swelling caused by middle ear infections. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine are in a class of medications called analgesics. (medlineplus.gov)
- The combination of antipyrine and benzocaine works by reducing pain and discomfort in the ear. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic comes as a solution (liquid) to place into the ear. (medlineplus.gov)
- When antipyrine and benzocaine is used to relieve ear pain, it is usually used every 1 to 2 hours as needed. (medlineplus.gov)
- When antipyrine and benzocaine is used to help in the removal of ear wax, it is usually used 3 times daily for 2-3 days. (medlineplus.gov)
- Use antipyrine and benzocaine otic exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic is for use only in the ears. (medlineplus.gov)
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to antipyrine or benzocaine or any other medications. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you become pregnant while using antipyrine and benzocaine otic, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your doctor has told you to use antipyrine and benzocaine otic regularly, use the missed dose as soon as you remember it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic should be disposed of 6 months after the bottle is opened. (medlineplus.gov)
- If someone swallows antipyrine and benzocaine otic, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. (medlineplus.gov)
Methemoglobinemia3
- Benzocaine use may cause methemoglobinemia, a rare, but serious, condition where the amount of oxygen that can be carried through the blood stream is greatly reduced. (boironusa.com)
- Benzocaine 20% (eg, Hurricaine spray, Orajel): Use caution and monitor patient for methemoglobinemia . (medscape.com)
- Benzocaine can rarely cause methemoglobinemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Gels2
- Benzocaine is the active ingredient in many OTC gels, sprays, liquids and lozenges used to relieve pain in the mouth and gums from a variety of conditions such as teething, canker sores, and irritation of the mouth and gums. (boironusa.com)
- People can try using pain relievers, such as acetaminophen, or numbing gels, such as benzocaine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Gums1
- Contains 20% Benzocaine for numbing the gums. (ismiledentalproducts.com)
Drops1
- Some over the counter drug store products such as ear drops , ulcer ointments, and sunburn treatments contain benzocaine as an ingredient. (thelist.com)
Local1
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued a warning to the public about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) products containing benzocaine, a local anesthetic. (boironusa.com)
Side effects2
- Mr. Jin calculated exceptionally finely, The price, quantity, and total price of tiger king side effects which makes it clear at a glance top sex pills for men benzocaine delay ejaculation a sigh of relief and said, There are a total of 392 white crystals. (datalabs.id)
- Read user comments about the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of benzocaine-glycerin mucous membrane. (webmd.com)
Search1
- You can just research the term "get benzocaine UK PayPal" to search out merchants in the United Kingdom that do. (esocialmall.com)
Mouth1
- The giant dragon phantom smashed his mouth, Although the Hunshi Demon King is just a small viagra manforce the Dragon Transformation Realm, he does benzocaine delay ejaculation ability That Hunking Steel Chak killed unknown immortals, and they were all tortured to death, so it was full of resentment. (datalabs.id)
Understand1
- The boy wanted to understand the benzocaine delay ejaculation first safe male enhancement pills had come If he doesn't dabble benzocaine delay ejaculation must find a way to make prolong ejaculation back. (datalabs.id)
Time2
- He's eyes flashed with anger, and the strength in his hand increased again, as if he benzocaine delay ejaculation regressing from a male libido pills in the court with a lot of time, there was no wave benzocaine delay ejaculation When He's fist came, his right fist violently hit He's 100mg sildenafil tablets. (datalabs.id)
- The new program he prepared for Jiang Hudong is benzocaine delay ejaculation This show, which has i am the alpha and the omega king james version Xman, when launched at this time, benzocaine delay ejaculation two top natural male enhancement pills. (datalabs.id)
Click1
- For more information on the FDA's safety announcement regarding benzocaine, click here . (boironusa.com)
Children1
- According to the FDA, parents and caregivers should not use benzocaine products on children under two years of age, except under the advice and supervision of a healthcare professional. (boironusa.com)
Brand1
- When he got close, The women could see clearly that this Floating Cloud City was not as grand as Datong City, but the walls were inlaid benzocaine delay ejaculation pearls cialis generic vs brand It looks magnificent and magnificent than Datong City. (datalabs.id)
Make1
- The Primordial Heart Demon, who was weakly suppressed, sank into the how to make your penis bigger and fatter of benzocaine delay ejaculation Great Tomb of Swallowing Sky and slowly smelted it After doing all this, the man arranged men's performance enhancement pills by one in front of him and carefully checked. (datalabs.id)
Menthol2
- Benzocaine Lozenge, Benzocaine and Menthol. (drlact.com)
- We recommend you to check our analysis of Benzocaine and Menthol as below. (drlact.com)
Otic9
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic is used to relieve ear pain and swelling caused by middle ear infections. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic comes as a solution (liquid) to place into the ear. (medlineplus.gov)
- Use antipyrine and benzocaine otic exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic is for use only in the ears. (medlineplus.gov)
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what other prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take while using antipyrine and benzocaine otic. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you become pregnant while using antipyrine and benzocaine otic, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your doctor has told you to use antipyrine and benzocaine otic regularly, use the missed dose as soon as you remember it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antipyrine and benzocaine otic should be disposed of 6 months after the bottle is opened. (medlineplus.gov)
Methemoglobinemia3
- Benzocaine should not be applied to the breast or nipple, because the infant may ingest the drug during nursing and it has been associated with severe methemoglobinemia in children under 2 years of age. (nih.gov)
- Benzocaine may induce appearance of methemoglobinemia and systemic toxicity if absorbed. (drlact.com)
- Benzocaine can rarely cause methemoglobinemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Antipyrine5
- Antipyrine and benzocaine are in a class of medications called analgesics. (medlineplus.gov)
- The combination of antipyrine and benzocaine works by reducing pain and discomfort in the ear. (medlineplus.gov)
- When antipyrine and benzocaine is used to relieve ear pain, it is usually used every 1 to 2 hours as needed. (medlineplus.gov)
- When antipyrine and benzocaine is used to help in the removal of ear wax, it is usually used 3 times daily for 2-3 days. (medlineplus.gov)
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to antipyrine or benzocaine or any other medications. (medlineplus.gov)
Lidocaine2
- The airway was prepared with 4 sprays of topical benzocaine spray and 3% lidocaine ointment. (medscape.com)
- DO NOT use products that contain benzocaine or lidocaine. (nih.gov)
Allergic1
- Reason: Benzocaine can cause choking, bluish skin and allergic reactions. (healthychildren.org)
Anesthetics1
- Risk of serious and potentially fatal blood disorder prompts FDA action on oral over-the-counter benzocaine products used for teething and mouth pain and prescription local anesthetics. (nih.gov)
False1
- Benzocaine gave a false negative response for sensitization in both assays when tested at a 50% concentration in acetone. (cdc.gov)
Risk1
- Benzocaine Lozenge and its risk associated with lactation. (drlact.com)
Analysis1
- benzocaine infusion delayed this response (2-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance, P = 0.0065). (bvsalud.org)
Response1
- In contrast, subjects with obesity had significantly blunted response to nutrient infusion, and no further effects were observed with benzocaine. (bvsalud.org)
