Benzene. Medical search

Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.

Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.

A widely used industrial solvent.

A family of isomeric, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, that contain the general formula C6H4(CH3)2. They are produced by the destructive distillation of coal or by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthenic fractions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.

A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.

Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.

The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)

Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons.

Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

A venomous New World spider with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the abdomen.

Accountability and responsibility to another, enforceable by civil or criminal sanctions.

Failure of a professional person, a physician or lawyer, to render proper services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The kind of action or activity proper to the judiciary, particularly its responsibility for decision making.

Persons whose profession is to give legal advice and assistance to clients and represent them in legal matters. (American Heritage Dictionary, 3d ed)

A snow sport which uses skis to glide over the snow. It does not include water-skiing.

An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.

An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.

A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to VETERANS. It was established March 15, 1989 as a Cabinet-level position.

Artificial device such as an externally-worn camera attached to a stimulator on the RETINA, OPTIC NERVE, or VISUAL CORTEX, intended to restore or amplify vision.

Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. (1/773)

Data from a pilot study on unmetabolized benzene and trans,trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) excretion in filling station attendants and unexposed controls were used to afford methodological issues in the biomonitoring of low benzene exposures (around 0.1 ppm). Urinary concentrations of benzene and t,t-MA were measured by dynamic head-space capillary GC/FID and HPLC, respectively. The accuracy of the HPLC determination of t,t-MA was assessed in terms of inter- and intra-method reliability. The adequacy of urinary t,t-MA and benzene as biological markers of low benzene exposure was evaluated by analysing the relationship between personal exposure to benzene and biomarker excretion. Filling station attendants excreted significantly higher amounts of benzene, but not of t,t-MA, than controls. Adjusting for occupational benzene exposure, smokers excreted significantly higher amounts of t,t-MA, but not of unmetabolized benzene, than nonsmokers. A comparative analysis of the present and previously published biomonitoring surveys showed a good inter-study agreement regarding the amount of t,t-MA and unmetabolized benzene excreted (about 0.1-0.2 mg/l and 1-2 micrograms/l, respectively) per unit of exposure (0.1 ppm). For each biomarker, based on the distribution of parameters observed in the pilot study, we calculated the minimum sample size required to estimate the population mean with given confidence and precision. (+info)

The alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2 is closely related to aromatic monooxygenases and catalyzes aromatic monohydroxylation of benzene, toluene, and phenol. (2/773)

The genes encoding the six polypeptide components of the alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2 (Xamo) have been located on a 4.9-kb fragment of chromosomal DNA previously cloned in cosmid pNY2. Sequencing and analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences indicate that the components of Xamo are homologous to those of the aromatic monooxygenases, toluene 2-, 3-, and 4-monooxygenase and benzene monooxygenase, and that the gene order is identical. The genes and predicted polypeptides are aamA, encoding the 497-residue oxygenase alpha-subunit (XamoA); aamB, encoding the 88-residue oxygenase gamma-subunit (XamoB); aamC, encoding the 122-residue ferredoxin (XamoC); aamD, encoding the 101-residue coupling or effector protein (XamoD); aamE, encoding the 341-residue oxygenase beta-subunit (XamoE); and aamF, encoding the 327-residue reductase (XamoF). A sequence with >60% concurrence with the consensus sequence of sigma54 (RpoN)-dependent promoters was identified upstream of the aamA gene. Detailed comparison of XamoA with the oxygenase alpha-subunits from aromatic monooxygenases, phenol hydroxylases, methane monooxygenase, and the alkene monooxygenase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous B276 showed that, despite the overall similarity to the aromatic monooxygenases, XamoA has some distinctive characteristics of the oxygenases which oxidize aliphatic, and particularly alkene, substrates. On the basis of the similarity between Xamo and the aromatic monooxygenases, Xanthobacter strain Py2 was tested and shown to oxidize benzene, toluene, and phenol, while the alkene monooxygenase-negative mutants NZ1 and NZ2 did not. Benzene was oxidized to phenol, which accumulated transiently before being further oxidized. Toluene was oxidized to a mixture of o-, m-, and p-cresols (39.8, 18, and 41.7%, respectively) and a small amount (0.5%) of benzyl alcohol, none of which were further oxidized. In growth studies Xanthobacter strain Py2 was found to grow on phenol and catechol but not on benzene or toluene; growth on phenol required a functional alkene monooxygenase. However, there is no evidence of genes encoding steps in the metabolism of catechol in the vicinity of the aam gene cluster. This suggests that the inducer specificity of the alkene monooxygenase may have evolved to benefit from the naturally broad substrate specificity of this class of monooxygenase and the ability of the host strain to grow on catechol. (+info)

Benzene-induced uncoupling of naphthalene dioxygenase activity and enzyme inactivation by production of hydrogen peroxide. (3/773)

Naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO) is a multicomponent enzyme system that oxidizes naphthalene to (+)-cis-(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene with consumption of O2 and two electrons from NAD(P)H. In the presence of benzene, NADH oxidation and O2 utilization were partially uncoupled from substrate oxidation. Approximately 40 to 50% of the consumed O2 was detected as hydrogen peroxide. The rate of benzene-dependent O2 consumption decreased with time, but it was partially increased by the addition of catalase in the course of the O2 consumption by NDO. Detailed experiments showed that the total amount of O2 consumed and the rate of benzene-induced O2 consumption increased in the presence of hydrogen peroxide-scavenging agents, and further addition of the terminal oxygenase component (ISPNAP) of NDO. Kinetic studies showed that ISPNAP was irreversibly inactivated in the reaction that contained benzene, but the inactivation was relieved to a high degree in the presence of catalase and partially relieved in the presence of 0.1 mM ferrous ion. Benzene- and naphthalene-reacted ISPNAP gave almost identical visible absorption spectra. In addition, hydrogen peroxide added at a range of 0.1 to 0.6 mM to the reaction mixtures inactivated the reduced ISPNAP containing mononuclear iron. These results show that hydrogen peroxide released during the uncoupling reaction acts both as an inhibitor of benzene-dependent O2 consumption and as an inactivator of ISPNAP. It is proposed that the irreversible inactivation of ISPNAP occurs by a Fenton-type reaction which forms a strong oxidizing agent, hydroxyl radicals (. OH), from the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with ferrous mononuclear iron at the active site. Furthermore, when [14C]benzene was used as the substrate, cis-benzene 1,2-dihydrodiol formed by NDO was detected. This result shows that NDO also couples a trace amount of benzene to both O2 consumption and NADH oxidation. (+info)

Adenosylcobalamin-mediated methyl transfer by toluate cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase of the TOL plasmid pWW0. (4/773)

We identified and characterized a methyl transfer activity of the toluate cis-dihydrodiol (4-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadiene-cis-1, 2-diol-1-carboxylic acid) dehydrogenase of the TOL plasmid pWW0 towards toluene cis-dihydrodiol (3-methyl-4,5-cyclohexadiene-cis-1, 2-diol). When the purified enzyme from the recombinant Escherichia coli containing the xylL gene was incubated with toluene cis-dihydrodiol in the presence of NAD+, the end products differed depending on the presence of adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12). The enzyme yielded catechol in the presence of adenosylcobalamin, while it gave 3-methylcatechol in the absence of the cofactor. Adenosylcobalamin was transformed to methylcobalamin as a result of the enzyme reaction, which indicates that the methyl group of the substrate was transferred to adenosylcobalamin. Other derivatives of the cobalamin such as aquo (hydroxy)- and cyanocobalamin did not mediate the methyl transfer reaction. The dehydrogenation and methyl transfer reactions were assumed to occur concomitantly, and the methyl transfer reaction seemed to depend on the dehydrogenation. To our knowledge, the enzyme is the first dehydrogenase that shows a methyl transfer activity as well. (+info)

Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (5/773)

To investigate how various levels of exposure affect the metabolic activation pathways of benzene in humans and to examine the relationship between urinary metabolites and other biological markers, we have developed a sensitive and specific liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric assay for simultaneous quantitation of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA). The assay involves spiking urine samples with [13C6]S-PMA and [13C6]t,t-MA as internal standards and clean up of samples by solid-phase extraction with subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (LC-ES-MS/MS-SRM) in the negative ionization mode. The efficacy of this assay was evaluated in human urine specimens from smokers and non-smokers as the benzene-exposed and non-exposed groups. The coefficient of variation of runs on different days (n = 8) for S-PMA was 7% for the sample containing 9.4 microg S-PMA/l urine, that for t,t-MA was 10% for samples containing 0.07 mg t,t-MA/l urine. The mean levels of urinary S-PMA and t,t-MA in smokers were 1.9-fold (P = 0.02) and 2.1-fold (P = 0.03) higher than those in non-smokers. The mean urinary concentration (+/-SE) was 9.1 +/- 1.7 microg S-PMA/g creatinine [median 5.8 microg/g, ranging from not detectable (1 out of 28) to 33.4 microg/g] among smokers. In non-smokers' urine the mean concentration was 4.8 +/- 1.1 microg S-PMA/g creatinine (median 3.6 microg/g, ranging from 1.0 to 19.6 microg/g). For t,t-MA in smokers' urine the mean (+/-SE) was 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg/g creatinine (median 0.11 mg/ g, ranging from 0.005 to 0.34 mg/g); the corresponding mean value for t,t-MA concentration in non-smokers' urine was 0.07 +/- 0.02 mg/g creatinine [median 0.03 mg/g, ranging from undetectable (1 out of 18) to 0.48 mg/g]. There was a correlation between S-PMA and t,t-MA after logarithmic transformation (r = 0.41, P = 0.005, n = 46). (+info)

Metabolism of [14C]phenol in the isolated perfused mouse liver. (6/773)

A previous report from this laboratory focused on the metabolism of [14C]benzene (BZ) in the isolated, perfused, mouse liver (C. C. Hedli, et al., 1997, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146, 60-68). Whereas administration of BZ to mice results in bone marrow depression (R. Snyder et al., 1993, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 20, 191-194), administration of phenol (P), the major metabolite of BZ, does not. It was, therefore, of interest to determine whether the metabolic fate of P produced during BZ metabolism differed from that of P metabolized in the absence of BZ. Mouse livers were perfused with a solution of [14C]P in both the orthograde (portal vein to central vein) and retrograde (central vein to portal vein) direction to investigate the metabolic zonation of enzymes involved in P hydroxylation and conjugation. Perfusate samples were collected, separated by HPLC, and tested for radioactivity. Unconjugated metabolites were identified by comparing their retention times with nonradiolabeled standards, which were detected by UV absorption. Conjugated metabolites were identified and collected on the basis of radiochromatogram results, hydrolyzed enzymatically, and identified by co-chromatography with unlabeled BZ metabolites. The objective was to compare and quantify the metabolites formed during the perfusion of P in the orthograde and retrograde directions and to compare the orthograde P-perfusion results with the orthograde BZ results reported previously. Regardless of the direction of P perfusion, the major compounds released from the liver were P. phenylgucuronide, phenylsulfate, hydroquinone (HQ), and HQ glucuronide. A comparison of the results of perfusing P in the orthograde versus the retrograde direction showed that more P was recovered unchanged and more HQ was formed during retrograde perfusion. The results suggest that enzymes involved in P hydroxylation are generally closer to the central vein than those involved in conjugation, and that during retrograde perfusion, P metabolism may be limited by the sub-optimal conditions of perfusion. Comparison of the orthograde perfusion studies of P and BZ revealed that a larger percentage of the radioactivity released from the liver was identified as unconjugated HQ after BZ perfusion than after P perfusion. In addition, the amount of radioactivity covalently bound to liver macromolecules was measured after each perfusion and determined to be proportional to the amount of HQ and HQG detected in the perfusate samples. (+info)

Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds among workers in Mexico City as assessed by personal monitors and blood concentrations. (7/773)

Benzene, an important component in gasoline, is a widely distributed environmental contaminant that has been linked to known health effects in animals and humans, including leukemia. In Mexico City, environmental benzene levels, which may be elevated because of the heavy traffic and the poor emission control devices of older vehicles, may pose a health risk to the population. To assess the potential risk, portable passive monitors and blood concentrations were used to survey three different occupational groups in Mexico City. Passive monitors measured the personal exposure of 45 workers to benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, o-xylene and m-/p-xylene during a work shift. Blood concentrations of the above volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methyl tert-butyl ether, and styrene were measured at the beginning and the end of a work shift. Passive monitors showed significantly higher (p > 0.0001) benzene exposure levels among service station attendants (median = 330 microg/m3; range 130-770) as compared to street vendors (median = 62 microg/m3; range 49-180) and office workers (median = 44 microg/m3, range 32-67). Baseline blood benzene levels (BBLs) for these groups were higher than those reported for similar populations from Western countries (median = 0.63 microg/L, n = 24 for service station attendants; median = 0.30 microg/L, n = 6 for street vendors; and median = 0.17 microgr;g/L, n = 7 for office workers). Nonsmoking office workers who were nonoccupationally exposed to VOCs had BBLs that were more than five times higher than those observed in a nonsmoking U.S. population. BBLs of participants did not increase during the work shift, suggesting that because the participants were chronically exposed to benzene, complex pharmacokinetic mechanisms were involved. Our results highlight the need for more complete studies to assess the potential benefits of setting environmental standards for benzene and other VOCs in Mexico. (+info)

Microbial communities associated with anaerobic benzene degradation in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. (8/773)

Microbial community composition associated with benzene oxidation under in situ Fe(III)-reducing conditions in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer located in Bemidji, Minn., was investigated. Community structure associated with benzene degradation was compared to sediment communities that did not anaerobically oxidize benzene which were obtained from two adjacent Fe(III)-reducing sites and from methanogenic and uncontaminated zones. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA sequences amplified with bacterial or Geobacteraceae-specific primers indicated significant differences in the composition of the microbial communities at the different sites. Most notable was a selective enrichment of microorganisms in the Geobacter cluster seen in the benzene-degrading sediments. This finding was in accordance with phospholipid fatty acid analysis and most-probable-number-PCR enumeration, which indicated that members of the family Geobacteraceae were more numerous in these sediments. A benzene-oxidizing Fe(III)-reducing enrichment culture was established from benzene-degrading sediments and contained an organism closely related to the uncultivated Geobacter spp. This genus contains the only known organisms that can oxidize aromatic compounds with the reduction of Fe(III). Sequences closely related to the Fe(III) reducer Geothrix fermentans and the aerobe Variovorax paradoxus were also amplified from the benzene-degrading enrichment and were present in the benzene-degrading sediments. However, neither G. fermentans nor V. paradoxus is known to oxidize aromatic compounds with the reduction of Fe(III), and there was no apparent enrichment of these organisms in the benzene-degrading sediments. These results suggest that Geobacter spp. play an important role in the anaerobic oxidation of benzene in the Bemidji aquifer and that molecular community analysis may be a powerful tool for predicting a site's capacity for anaerobic benzene degradation. (+info)

... benzene > naphthalene > fulvene > cyclopentadiene > anthracene > butadiene Dienophile: N2 > CO2 > naphthalene > benzene, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro-Diels–Alder_reaction

"Benzene". ToxTown. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 September 2017. "Chemical Profile: Benzene". Scorecard. ... Benzene is also a carcinogen, meaning it can cause cancer if one is exposed to it for a long period of time. It is ranked in ... Benzene is a clear liquid and can be described as being sweet smelling. It was once one of the top 20 used chemicals in the ... Chemicals dumped on the site are believed to be 1,2-Dichloroethane, arsenic, benzene, chloroform, lead, and vinyl chloride, all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Landfill

... includes ... acetaldehyde; antimony compounds; arsenic; benzene; beryllium compounds; bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust

In 1899 this led to the prediction of the resonance that existed in benzene, and he proposed a resonance structure, by using a ... Benzene.), pages 125-129. Shorter, Edward (2005). A historical dictionary of psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press. ... He also recognized that these deeply colored species were related to but isomeric with benzene derivatives. According to one of ... With his associate Otto Holzinger, he synthesised an iminodibenzyl nucleus: two benzene rings attached together by a nitrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Thiele_(chemist)

In 1866, Marcellin Berthelot reported the first example of cyclotrimerization, the conversion of acetylene to benzene. This ... "Benzene". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimer_(chemistry)

The molecular formula C6H6 (molar mass: 78.114) Benzene Benzvalene Bicyclopropenyl Dewar benzene Fulvene Prismane [3]Radialene ... "Benzene". ChemSpider. 2015. Retrieved 5/1/2019. Check date values in: ,access-date= (help). ... benzene This set index page lists chemical structure articles associated with the same molecular formula. If an internal link ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6H6

Benzene Derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 59 (1): 96-103. doi:10.1021/ja01280a022. ISSN 0002-7863. Ainley ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_equation

17 Benzene/water; 18 Benzene/ammonia; 19b Hydrogen cyanide; 19 Benzene/hydrogen cyanide; 20 Benzene dimer; 21 Indole/benzene; ... 10 Benzene/methane; 11a Benzene; 11 Benzene dimer; 12a Pyrazine; 12 Pyrazine dimer; 13 Uracil dimer; 14a Indole; 14 Indole/ ... benzene; 15 Adenine/thymine stack; 16b Ethyne; 16 Ethene/ethyne; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

This offers low benzene-to-ethylene ratios, reducing the size of the required equipment and lowering byproduct production. The ... Ethylbenzene is produced in on a large scale by combining benzene and ethylene in an acid-catalyzed chemical reaction: C 6H 6 ... "Ethyl benzene". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and ... Thus, manufacturers of ethylbenzene are the major buyers of benzene, claiming more than half of total output. Small amounts of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylbenzene

Cr(CO)6 reacts directly with benzene and other arenes to give the piano stool complexes Cr(C6R6)(CO)3. The carbonyls of Mo and ... The method was demonstrated in the 1950s with the synthesis of bis(benzene)chromium by Walter Hafner and his advisor E. O. ... doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)87093-X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Seyferth, D. (2002). "Bis(benzene)chromium. 2. Its ... For example, heating alcohol solutions of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexadiene and ruthenium trichloride gives (benzene)ruthenium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_arene_complex

Benzene, in particular, has multiple biomarkers that can be measured to determine exposure. Benzene itself can be measured in ... For example, benzene has been shown to have a relationship with leukemia, however studies examining benzene exposure and ... BTX stands for benzene, toluene, xylene. This is a group of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are found in the oil ... Wong, Otto; Raabe, Gerhard K. (May 2000). "Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Exposure to Benzene in a Multinational Cohort of More ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery

0.5% in benzene; 72% conversion in 8 hours; polydispersity index 1.16 Huczyński, A.; Binkowska, I.; Jarczewski, A.; Brzezinski ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazabicyclodecene

Sami A. Shama; Carl C. Wamser (1983). "Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene". Organic Syntheses. 61: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.061.0062. B. ... Dichlorophenylphosphine is prepared by reaction of benzene and phosphorus trichloride catalyzed by aluminium chloride. AlCl3 ... from benzene and phosgene. In the general Friedel-Crafts reaction, an acyl chloride or alkyl halide reacts with an aromatic ... benzene)chromium, from certain metal halides via the so-called Fischer-Hafner synthesis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_chloride

If an organic solution of permanganate is desired, "purple benzene" may be prepared, either by treating a two phase mixture of ... Arthur W. Herriott (1977). "Purple benzene: Solubilization of anions in organic solvents". J. Chem. Educ. 54 (4): 229. Bibcode: ... Ganem, Bruce (1980). "Purple benzene revisited". J. Chem. Educ. 57 (4): 308. Bibcode:1980JChEd..57..308D. doi:10.1021/ ... aqueous potassium permanganate and benzene with a quaternary ammonium salt, or by sequestering the potassium cation with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate

Coke-benzene chemistry; Organic Synthesis. Faculty graduates go to work in the factories, involve in the implementation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University_of_Fine_Chemical_Technologies

"Dienol-Benzene Rearrangement". Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ... Zincke-Suhl products can be used as starting reagents for the dienol benzene rearrangement. This is an important reaction for ... Hanson, James R. (2005-03-01). "The general dienol : benzene rearrangement of ring A of the steroids". Journal of Chemical ... Missing or empty ,title= (help) Vitullo, V.P.; Cashen, Michael J. (1973-01-01). "Mechanistic aspects of the dienol-benzene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincke–Suhl_reaction

Part 1. The benzene ring". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 59 (13): 3604-3608. doi:10.1021/jo00092a020. Atta-ur-Rahman, ... Part 1. The benzene ring". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 59 (13): 3604-3608. doi:10.1021/jo00092a020. PESCHKE, Jörg D.; ... indicated that the PBP benzene ring is derived from carbohydrate metabolism and have occurred through erythrose 4-phosphate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentabromopseudilin

Bis(benzene)chromium D. Seyferth (2002). "Bis(benzene)chromium. 1. Franz Hein at the University of Leipzig and Harold Zeiss and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Hein

Benzene ring contractions are the last two mechanisms that have been suggested, and they are currently the preferred mechanisms ... Automerization of benzene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 109 (18): 5456-5461. doi:10.1021/ja00252a024. Tsefrikas, ... Benzene ring contractions at high temperatures. Evidence from the thermal interconversions of aceanthrylene, acephenanthrylene ... Four mechanisms for thermal isomerizations have been proposed: a dyotropic mechanism, a diradical mechanism, and two benzene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_rearrangement_of_aromatic_hydrocarbons

Structure of benzene. Part VIII. Assignment of vibration frequencies of benzene and hexadeuterobenzene". Journal of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Redlich

2-disubstituted benzene to form an anthroquinone aromatic system: Benzyne, generated in situ from a benzene ring bearing ortho- ... Such a benzene derivative reacts with 1,7-octadiyne in the presence of a suitable catalyst to generate a naphthalene system. ... An alkyne trimerisation reaction is a [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction in which three alkyne units react to form a benzene ring. ... Trimerisation of acetylene to benzene is highly exergonic, proceeding with a free energy change of 142 kcal/mol at room ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne_trimerisation

The last contaminant of concern (COC) on the site is Benzene. Benzene is a multipotential carcinogen and produces non- ... concentrations of less than 1 μg/L of benzene have been proven to cause low birth weights. In 1989, maximum benzene groundwater ... Additionally, benzene continues to be monitored because it is still present in the Site's groundwater. In the 1920s to 1970, ... By December 2017, only two wells did not meet the benzene maximum contaminant level (MCL). One well is currently being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_Park

Margaret Jevnik Gentles; Jane B. Moss; Hershel L. Herzog; E. B. Hershberg (1958). "The Dienol-Benzene Rearrangement. Some ... H. Plieninger; Gunda Keilich (1956). "Die Dienol-Benzol-Umlagerung" [The dienol-benzene rearrangement]. Angew. Chem. (in German ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration_reaction

Benzene oxide (C6H6O) exists as an equilibrium mixture with the seven-membered ring oxepin, which has three double bonds. They ... Two important families of arene oxides are benzene oxides and naphthalene oxides as these are intermediates in the oxidative ... Benzene oxide and naphthalene-1,2-oxide hydrate to give dihydroxydihydrobenzene and 1,2-dihydroxydihydronaphthalene, ... Snyder R, Witz G, Goldstein BD (April 1993). "The toxicology of benzene". Environ. Health Perspect. 100: 293-306. doi:10.1289/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_oxide

The addition of catalytic reformer enables a hydroskimming refinery to generate higher octane reformate; benzene, toluene, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroskimming

... benzene, has only one proton signal at 7.27 ppm. The larger chemical shifts of the α- and γ-protons in comparison to benzene ... In contrast to benzene, the electron density is not evenly distributed over the ring, reflecting the negative inductive effect ... The situation is rather similar for the 13C NMR spectra of pyridine and benzene: pyridine shows a triplet at δ(α-C) = 150 ppm, ... 150 kJ·mol−1 in benzene). The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine

It is isoelectronic to benzene. When the acidic proton is replaced by alkyl, the compounds are called N-alkylpyridinium. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinium

Alkylation of benzene and toluene". (1978) "Aromatic substitutions by [3 H 3]methyl decay ions. A comparative study of the gas ... Alkylation of benzene and toluene". Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 99, issue 16, pages 5477-5478. {{doi, ... A comparative study of the gas- and liquid-phase attack on benzene and toluene". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin ... A comparative study of the alkylation of benzene and toluene with C3H7+ ions from the protonation of cyclopropane and propene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvio_Cacace

Mander, Lewis N.; Williams, Craig M. (2003-02-17). "Oxidative degradation of benzene rings". Tetrahedron. 59 (8): 1105-1136. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide

1978). "Chapter 5: Benzene hexachloride". In Peacock, F.C. (ed.). Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928- ... Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), gammaxene, Gammallin and sometimes incorrectly called benzene ... α-hexachlorocyclohexane β-hexachlorocyclohexane Benzene hexachloride (disambiguation) "Listing of POPs in the Stockholm ... Lindane is prepared by treating chlorine with benzene in the presence of sunlight and in the absence of oxygen as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane

Claus benzene (C6H6) is a hypothetical hydrocarbon and an isomer of benzene. It was proposed by Adolf Karl Ludwig Claus in ... Although it is often referred to alongside Dewar benzene and Prismane, it is not possible to synthesise it, which Dewar benzene ... Warren, D. S.; Gimarc, B. M. (1992). "Valence isomers of benzene and their relationship to isomers of isoelectronic P6". ... 1867 as a possible structure for benzene at a time when the structure of benzene was still being debated. The molecule can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_benzene

Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene or related words may also refer to: Benzene (data page) The homophones benzene and ... is a song by Rammstein Benzene Convention, 1971 Benzyne, the hydrocarbon 1,2-didehydrobenzene Benzene were an Israeli band ... featuring Yehuda Poliker This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Benzene. If an internal link led you ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene_(disambiguation)

Benzene can cause blood cancers like leukemia. Workers may be harmed from exposure to benzene. The level of exposure depends ... Benzene (C6H6) is a highly flammable, colorless liquid that evaporates quickly into the air. It is harmful to the eyes, skin, ... Benzene can cause blood cancers like leukemia. Workers may be harmed from exposure to benzene. The level of exposure depends ... Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS): Benzeneexternal icon. *European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Benzene ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/benzene/default.html

Present in crude petroleum, benzene is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels. ... BENZENE Benzene is a ubiquitous component of the petrochemical era. ... BENZENE. Benzene is a ubiquitous component of the petrochemical era. Present in crude petroleum, benzene is produced from the ... The health effects of exposure to liquid benzene or benzene fumes depends on the amount of benzene taken into the body. The ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/benzene

Breathing benzene can cause drowsiness, dizziness, and unconsciousness; long-term benzene exposure causes effects on the bone ... Benzene has been found in at least 813 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection ... Benzene is a widely used chemical formed from both natural processes and human activities. ... How can benzene affect children?. Children can be affected by benzene exposure in the same ways as adults. It is not known if ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=38&toxid=14

... is a aromatic annulene (CHEBI:33842) benzene (CHEBI:16716) is a benzenes (CHEBI:22712) benzene (CHEBI: ... benzene (CHEBI:16716) has role environmental contaminant (CHEBI:78298) benzene (CHEBI:16716) has role non-polar solvent (CHEBI: ... 1,2-phenylenediamine (CHEBI:34043) has parent hydride benzene (CHEBI:16716). alkylbenzene (CHEBI:38976) has parent hydride ... 3-phenylpropanal (CHEBI:39940) has functional parent benzene (CHEBI:16716). nitrosobenzene (CHEBI:27986) has functional parent ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16716

Toxicological profile for Benzene. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=40&tid=14

... benzene (sco); Benzol (lb); benzen (nn); benzen (nb); Benzol (az); 苯 (lzh); بەنزین (ckb); benzene (en); بنزين (ar); 苯 (yue); ... Benzene (en-ca); பென்சீன் (ta); benzene (it); Benzen (sh); Benzenum (la); benzen (cs); Benseen (et); бэнзоль (be-tarask); ... Benzene on the basis of the three-electron bond, spin.jpg 1 536 × 1 152 ; 323 Kio. ... Benzene on the basis of the three-electron bond, vectors summation.jpg 930 × 698 ; 142 Kio. ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benzene?uselang=fr

Benzene and coal. Benzene and coal mining. Benzene in coal mining poses a potential health threat to coal miners and those who ... Benzene is an emission produced in the coking process of coal mining. Exposure to long term low levels of benzene in the work ... Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ph-H. Benzene is both an ... Benzene and fracking regulation. Due to the Halliburton loophole, the Safe Drinking Act regulates benzene containing diesel- ...

https://sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Benzene

Benzene is also present in cigarette smoke.. How People Are Exposed to Benzene. People are exposed to benzene by breathing it ... Benzene is considered to be a cancer-causing chemical.. Levels of Benzene in the U.S. Population. In the Fourth National Report ... Benzene also can be absorbed into the body by eating food or drinking water or other beverages contaminated with benzene. These ... How Benzene Affects Peoples Health. Breathing in unusually high doses of benzene can cause difficulty in thinking, changes in ...

https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Benzene_FactSheet.html

Benzene is a petroleum product, originally manufactured from coal tar that is used as a component in multiple industrial and ... Benzene is also a known carcinogen according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program. ... Benzene is a petroleum product, originally manufactured from coal tar that is used as a component in multiple industrial and ... Benzene is also a known human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, according to ...

http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/7/prweb9722987.htm

Benzene is a ubiquitous pollutant in the environment and in many workplaces. It is known to produce aplastic anemia, leukemia, ... A. Tunek, T. Olofsson, and M. Berlin, Toxic effects of benzene and benzene metabolites on granulopoietic stem cells and bone ... L.E. Bolcsak and D.E. Nerland, Inhibition of erythropoiesis by benzene and benzene metabolites, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 69: ... M. Wolf, V. Rowe, D. McCollister, R. Hollingsworth, F. Oyen Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene, A ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-7284-4_23

... benzene. It is highly flammable and presents a risk of fire/explosion. Benzene can also be absorbed into your body through the ... Benzene in motor vehicle repair. Benzene is a natural component of both crude oil and petrol. It can be absorbed into your body ... the risk of exposure to benzene from petrol is very small as its content in the EU is restricted to less than 1%. Sensible ... more than adequate to protect against benzene. ... Benzene and you - INDG329. *. Safe use of petrol in garages - ...

https://www.hse.gov.uk/mvr/topics/benzene.htm

Benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows, breathes in, or touches benzene. It is a member of a class of compounds known ... Benzene is a clear, liquid, petroleum-based chemical that has a sweet smell. ... Benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows, breathes in, or touches benzene. It is a member of a class of compounds known ... People may be exposed to benzene in factories, refineries, and other industrial settings. Benzene may be found in:. *Additives ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002720.htm

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on CMAJ.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

https://www.cmaj.ca/content/173/4/345.1/tab-article-info

Benzene is highly flammable. Most people can begin to smell benzene in air at approximately 60 parts of benzene per million ... Industrial processes are the main sources of benzene in the environment.. Benzene is commonly found in the environment. Benzene ... and storage or transport of benzene and petroleum products containing benzene. Other workers who may be exposed to benzene ... Measured levels of benzene in outdoor air have ranged from 0.02 to 34 parts of benzene per billion parts of air (ppb) (1 ppb is ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/toxzine/benzene_toxzine.html

Lin, C.-Y.; Dunbar, R.C., Radiative Association Kinetics and Binding Energies of Chromium Ions with Benzene and Benzene ... Davico, G.E.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Depuy, C.H.; Ellison, G.B.; Squires, R.R., The C-H bond energy of benzene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., ... Field, F.H.; Hamlet, P.; Libby, W.F., Effect of Temperature on the Mass Spectrum of Benzene at High Pressures, J. Am. Chem. Soc ... Guo, B.C.; Purnell, J.W.; Castleman, A.W., The Clustering Reactions of Benzene with Sodium and Lead Ions, Chem. Phys. Lett., ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C71432&Units=SI&Mask=8

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C71432&Units=CAL

Benzene definition, a colorless, volatile, flammable, toxic, slightly water-soluble, liquid, aromatic compound, C6H6, obtained ... benzene. in Science. benzene. [bĕn′zēn′]. *A colorless flammable liquid derived from petroleum. Benzene is used to make ... benzene. Contemporary Examples. of benzene. *. Benzene causes cancer, thins the blood to cause symptoms resembling hemophilia, ... benzene. *. Benzene, the first member of the benzene series, is a liquid boiling at 80°. ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/benzene

Information on Benzene. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ... A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke. How benzene works *Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly. ... What benzene is *Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature. It has a sweet odor and ... First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released. Moving to an ...

https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp

Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at 1910.1028 of this chapter. ...

https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1915/1915.1028

Benzene (C6H6) (CAS Registry No. 71-43-2) means liquefied or gaseous benzene. It includes benzene contained in liquid mixtures ... Work operations where the only exposure to benzene is from liquid mixtures containing 0.5 percent or less of benzene by volume ... The storage, transportation, distribution or sale of benzene or liquid mixtures containing more than 0.1 percent benzene in ... The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of benzene in excess of one part of benzene ...

https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1028

This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of benzene in cyclohexane at different concentrations measured using Taylor ... Winkelmann J. (2018) Diffusion coefficient of benzene in cyclohexane. In: Lechner M.D. (eds) Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and ... This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of benzene in cyclohexane at different concentrations measured using Taylor ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-54089-3_488

Benzene is formed from both natural and man-made processes. Natural sources include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also ... The major effects of benzene are manifested via long-term exposure (exposure of one year or more) through the blood. Benzene ... Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and floats on top of it. Its molecular formula is C6H6 (sometimes abbreviated Ph-H). ... Benzene is an organic compound that is a colorless or light-yellow liquid that has a relatively high melting point. It is ...

https://www.mnn.com/eco-glossary/benzene

As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a four-step conversion of benzene to cyclohexene with varying degrees of deuterium ... isotopologues and stereoisotopomers with varying degrees of deuteration are formed by binding a tungsten complex to benzene, ... Leong, V. S. & Cooper, N. J. Electrophilic activation of benzene in [Cr(η 4-C6H6)(CO)3]2−. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 2644-2646 ( ... Harman, W. D. & Taube, H. The selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene on pentaammineosmium(II). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2268-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=124d9ffd-f08f-4804-91c8-8fbfbca4498f

Benzene, a clear liquid, is one of the most common industrial chemicals. It is a basic ingredient in the production of plastics ... Benzene is known to cause leukemia and other human blood disorders. But there is wide disagreement on how much exposure it ... The new findings of genetic damage from low-level benzene exposure in a study of 52 workers were reported to Dow medical ... But Dows acknowledgement was based on exposures to benzene which the company said were at times much higher than at the levels ...

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/06/11/danger-of-low-level-benzene-reported/db00101c-a789-4956-84ec-916bcd57413c/

Reuters Health) - Traffic pollution near the home - and specifically, benzene in the air - increases the risk of one type of ... Though benzene is carcinogenic for adults, it is not clear how benzene exposure would cause AML in children, Hemon said. ... Though benzene levels have sharply decreased in Europe in recent years, and the levels in the current study are largely well ... There seems to be a stronger link between benzene and leukemia in Europe than in the U.S., though it is unclear why, he said. ...

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-airpollution-kids-leukemia-idUSKCN0S02Q520151006

... - (1-ETHYLDODECYL)BENZENE 3-Phenyltetradecane 3-phenyltetradecane 4534-58-1 Benzene, (1-ethyldodecyl)-

https://scitoys.com/scichem/jqp024/20641.html

The bacteria then oxidized a supplied benzene source, needing only glucose as fuel. ... Researchers at Nagoya University used bacteria to convert benzene into phenol. They developed decoy molecules -- modified ... Now supply benzene (C6H6), and the bacteria get busy, oxidizing C6H6 to C6H6O (phenol). No need for the usual lab kit - living ... Tricking bacteria into hydroxylating benzene. Nagoya University. Journal. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Funder. ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/nu-bi061118.php

Workers may be harmed from exposure to benzene. (cdc.gov)
The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to benzene. (cdc.gov)
Criteria for a Recommended Standard (Revised): Exposure to Benzene. (cdc.gov)
Presents a revised standard to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to benzene over a working lifetime. (cdc.gov)
NIOSH Criteria Documents: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Benzene - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-137 (1974). (cdc.gov)
long-term benzene exposure causes effects on the bone marrow and can cause anemia and leukemia. (cdc.gov)
Vapors (or gases) from products that contain benzene, such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents, can also be a source of exposure. (cdc.gov)
The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood. (cdc.gov)
Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia, often referred to as AML. (cdc.gov)
Children can be affected by benzene exposure in the same ways as adults. (cdc.gov)
How can families reduce the risks of exposure to benzene? (cdc.gov)
Benzene exposure can be reduced by limiting contact with gasoline and cigarette smoke. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to long term low levels of benzene in the work environment or acute short term exposure can lead to a number of health problems ranging from nausea, insomnia, headache and dizziness to convulsions, coma, cancer, chromosomal aberrations, anemia and even death. (sourcewatch.org)
There are several types of leukemia that have been linked to benzene exposure, which hinders or disables an individual's bone marrow from properly producing red blood cells, white blood cells and/or platelet cells in the blood. (sourcewatch.org)
Exposure to benzene in coal mining at the beginning of the 1900s was as high as one thousand parts per million. (sourcewatch.org)
B192-652) alleging her husband developed chronic lymphocytic leukemia and died as a result of his regular exposure to benzene during work at the Port Arthur facilities of the defendants. (prweb.com)
In the Report on Carcinogens , Twelfth Edition (2011) it is mentioned that the strongest epidemiological evidence that benzene causes cancer is from several cohort studies in various industries and geographical locations, which found that occupational exposure to benzene increased the risk of mortality from leukemia (mainly acute myelogenous leukemia). (prweb.com)
D.E. Rickert, T.S. Baker, J.S. Bus, C.S. Barrow, and R.D. Irons, Benzene disposition in the rat after exposure by inhalation, Toxicol. (springer.com)
People who have regular exposure to low levels of benzene can also become sick. (medlineplus.gov)
Exposure of the general population to benzene mainly occurs through breathing air that contains benzene. (cdc.gov)
The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. (cdc.gov)
Auto exhaust and industrial emissions account for about 20% of the total national exposure to benzene. (cdc.gov)
About half of the exposure to benzene in the United States results from smoking tobacco or from exposure to tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)
For most people, the level of exposure to benzene through food, beverages, or drinking water is not as high as through air. (cdc.gov)
In addition, exposure can result from breathing in benzene while showering, bathing, or cooking with contaminated water. (cdc.gov)
A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)
The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person. (cdc.gov)
Direct exposure of the eyes, skin, or lungs to benzene can cause tissue injury and irritation. (cdc.gov)
It is not known whether benzene exposure affects the developing fetus in pregnant women or fertility in men. (cdc.gov)
Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, cancer of the blood-forming organs. (cdc.gov)
Moving to an area with fresh air is a good way to reduce the possibility of death from exposure to benzene in the air. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to benzene is a global health problem and has serious health hazards. (mnn.com)
Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to benzene - effects that can appear within minutes or several hours - include drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion and unconsciousness. (mnn.com)
The major effects of benzene are manifested via long-term exposure (exposure of one year or more) through the blood. (mnn.com)
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. (mnn.com)
The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. (mnn.com)
Study links benzene exposure to sperm abnormality. (mnn.com)
The new findings of genetic damage from low-level benzene exposure in a study of 52 workers were reported to Dow medical officials in June 1977 by a Dow geneticist, Dr. Dante Picciano, who resigned last March in protest against the corporation's refusal to disclose the information. (washingtonpost.com)
The petrochemical industry, in hearings, petitions and litigation, has persistently fought attempts by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to lower benzene exposure levels from 10 to 1 ppm averaged over an eight-hour workday, contending there is no evidence to support such a standard. (washingtonpost.com)
He also found a correlation between the degree of benzene exposure and chromosome damage. (washingtonpost.com)
Short-term benzene exposure may cause drowsiness, dizziness, and headaches, as well as eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, while long-term inhalation exposure in occupational settings has caused various disorders in the blood, including reduced numbers of red blood cells and aplastic anemia, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (reuters.com)
Though benzene is carcinogenic for adults, it is not clear how benzene exposure would cause AML in children, Hemon said. (reuters.com)
A plume of benzene has been detected in the air over Houston after four fossil fuel companies reported leaks of the highly toxic compound that can increase the risk of cancer - even from brief exposure. (ibtimes.com)
Short-term high benzene exposure can definitely result in harmful health effects," Smith said in an interview with IBT. (ibtimes.com)
As nasty as some chemical and industrial plants can be on the benzene front, cigarette smoke accounts for as much as half of benzene exposure in the United States, and 89 per cent of exposure among smokers. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Second-hand smoke represents 10 percent of benzene exposure among non-smokers in the U.S. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
When these combinations are present in the final product, benzene formulation can be triggered by exposure to heat or light in the shipping, or storage environment. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
With little evidence of exposure to any chemical other then benzene, the study determined an increase in leukemia, and multiple myeloma - a cancer of immune system cells in bone marrow. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
This limit may not fully protect against the risk of cancer due to benzene exposure. (ewg.org)
Genetic variation in isogenic strains of laboratory mice alters disposition after acute exposure to [14C]-benzene. (nih.gov)
Studies of genetic variation in isogenic mouse strains following exposure to [14C]-benzene. (nih.gov)
S-phenylcysteine formation in hemoglobin as a biological exposure index to benzene. (nih.gov)
Muconic acid determinations in urine as a biological exposure index for workers occupationally exposed to benzene. (nih.gov)
The site with the highest benzene level was a wellhead owned by Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corp. Benzene was one of 35 airborne chemicals leaking at the well in amounts above the environmental commission's level for short-term effects, signaling the potential for health problems with only brief exposure. (dallasnews.com)
The available data on dietary exposure to benzene is minimal from the viewpoint of public health. (hindawi.com)
Along with Wells, Scott Monroe has filed a lawsuit against Shell, alleging he developed acute myelogenous leukemia after exposure to benzene in Roxana. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
The study reveals that benzene is harmful to human blood cells even when inhaled at levels below the US exposure limits for the workplace of 1 part per million over eight hours. (chemweb.com)
Benzene Exposure: What Are the Long-Term Health Effects? (gsnmagazine.com)
This public health statement tells you about benzene and the effects of exposure to it. (gsnmagazine.com)
Health Details: Those working with Benzene products are classed as a high risk group, and this is because these people are at increased risk of dangerous exposure levels of Benzene, which can result in …Aplastic Anemia. (gsnmagazine.com)
By WhatGo - 6:21 AM. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the health consequences of benzene exposure in children following a flaring incident at … Do not handle the plastic bags yourself. (gsnmagazine.com)
Effects on Human Health Long-term (a year or more) exposure to benzene can produce changes in the blood. (gsnmagazine.com)
Benzene exposure can result in a number of neurological symptoms, and these include dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, and loss of consciousness. (gsnmagazine.com)
Headaches, sleep disturbances, irritability, confusion, memory loss and nerve damage in the extremities (arms and legs) may occur with persistent exposure to benzene vapors. (gsnmagazine.com)
The long-term effects of chronic exposure to benzene can be seriously damaging and cause life-altering health conditions such as: 8 Cancer: Because benzene is known to cause genetic damage, it's a well-established carcinogen. (gsnmagazine.com)
Ultimately, excessive exposure to benzene kills the plant. (gardenguides.com)
The exposure can be lethal solely through soil-, air- or water-borne means, or a combination thereof depending on duration and concentration of benzene. (gardenguides.com)
The American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) are using a recent study indicating that benzene can be harmful at levels lower than the OSHA-mandated permissible exposure limit (PEL) to call for a review of the PEL-setting process and to applaud occupational health and safety research efforts, while the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine wants to see more studies. (ehstoday.com)
The study, published in Science magazine, shows that even minimal exposure to benzene at levels below that of the PEL set by OSHA caused significant changes in the blood including a decrease in white blood cells of 240 workers who work at a shoe factory in China. (ehstoday.com)
The benzene exposure also negatively impacted progenitor cells (platelets), which are crucial to the formation of blood cells. (ehstoday.com)
To evaluate the possible association between occupational exposure to benzene and subsequent death from leukemia, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers who had been exposed to benzene in the manufacture of rubber hydrochloride at two locations in Ohio. (nih.gov)
Mean duration of exposure to benzene was brief, and 437 (58%) of the cohort were exposed for less than 1 year. (nih.gov)
Reconstruction of past exposures to benzene at the two locations indicates that in some areas of the plant airborne benzene concentrations rose occasionally to several hundred parts per million (ppm), but that for the most part, employee eight-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) fell within the limits considered permissible at the time of exposure. (nih.gov)
Benzene exposure monitoring of Tunisian workers. (biomedsearch.com)
To monitor benzene exposure and to check reliability of urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid (t,t-MA) as a bio-marker of benzene exposure in local conditions, a study was conducted on 30 Tunisian exposed workers (20 tanker fillers and 10 filling station attendants). (biomedsearch.com)
Analysis of urinary t,t-MA offers a relatively simple and suitable method for benzene exposure monitoring. (biomedsearch.com)
Benzene exposure at below 1 part per million (1 ppm) causes hematotoxicity in exposed workers. (greenmedinfo.com)
Benzene exposure in parts per billion has been shown to adversely effect DNA in a manner consisent with increased risk for lymphoma and leukemia. (greenmedinfo.com)
Benzene exposure is associated with hypertension, possibly due to disturbance of nitric oxide process. (greenmedinfo.com)
Benzene exposure is associated with leukemia-associated changes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers. (greenmedinfo.com)
Benzene exposure near the US permissible limit is associated wtih sperm aneuploidy (chromosomal abnormality). (greenmedinfo.com)
Crude oil exposure has been linked to acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma, in part due to benzene. (greenmedinfo.com)
We review the evidence implicating benzene in the etiology of hematopoietic disorders, clarify methodologic aspects of the NCI/CAPM study, and examine the study in the context of the broader literature on health effects associated with occupational benzene exposure. (nih.gov)
Quantitative relationships for cancer risk from China and the U.S. show a relatively smooth increase in risk for acute myeloid leukemia and related conditions over a broad dose range of benzene exposure (below 200 ppm-years mostly from the China study and above 200 ppm-years mostly from the U.S. study). (nih.gov)
Risks of acute myeloid leukemia and other malignant and nonmalignant hematopoietic disorders associated with benzene exposure in China are consistent with other information about benzene exposure, hematotoxicity, and cancer risk, extending evidence for hematopoietic cancer risks to levels substantially lower than had previously been established. (nih.gov)
In this article, the historical benzene content of various petroleum-derived products is reviewed and the airborne concentrations of benzene associated with the typical handling or use of these products in the United States are characterized, based on indoor exposure modeling and industrial hygiene air monitoring data collected since the late 1970s. (ilo.org)

Air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations will contain higher levels of benzene. (cdc.gov)
Due to the Halliburton loophole, the Safe Drinking Act regulates benzene containing diesel-based fluids but no other petroleum products with much higher levels of benzene. (sourcewatch.org)
People living in cities or industrial areas are generally exposed to higher levels of benzene in air than those living in rural areas. (cdc.gov)
People may be exposed to higher levels of benzene in air by living near hazardous waste sites, petroleum refining operations, petrochemical manufacturing sites, or gas stations. (cdc.gov)
The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas. (cdc.gov)
It conducted a food-testing program called the Total Diet Study between 1995 to 2000 during which it found that out of the 24 samples of diet soda that were studied for the benzene presence, 19 samples (79%) had higher levels of benzene. (medindia.net)

For example, the substitution of a single methyl, hydroxyl, or amino group in benzene results in the formation, respectively, of toluene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 ), phenol (C 6 H 5 OH), or aniline (C 6 H 5 NH 2 ). (encyclopedia.com)
The discovery of BTEX - a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene - around eight coal seam gas wells near Miles, west of Brisbane, marks the first time a resources company has admitted to contaminating water at a fracking site. (sourcewatch.org)
Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol (C 6 H 5 OH, or PhOH), toluene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 , or PhMe), and aniline ((C 6 H 5 NH 2 , or PhNH 2 ). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The airmoVOC BTX is a gas chromatograph for the analysis and monitoring of trace amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene (m/p/o) xylene by FID detection. (environmental-expert.com)
The Syntech Spectras GC955 series 600 BTX analyser is built for the measurement of benzene, toluene and xylene isomers in ambient air. (environmental-expert.com)
The kit is suitable for soil sampling to determine presence of volatile components such as benzene, toluene, chlorine compounds and other hydrocarbons where oxidization of the soil samples is to be avoided. (environmental-expert.com)
Our proposed standards would reduce emissions of chemicals such as benzene, toluene, and xylene by 5,600 tons per year. (epa.gov)

The first batch contained four test results showing benzene levels over 500 parts per billion, one of which was as high as 918 parts per billion. (pressdemocrat.com)

The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. (wikipedia.org)
Useful search terms for benzene include "benzol" and "phenyl hydride. (cdc.gov)
Benzene (also known as benzol or [6]-annulene ) is a colorless, flammable, sweet-smelling liquid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Benzene , or Benzol (see also Benzine ) is an organic chemical compound with the formula C 6 H 6 . (bionity.com)

The halogens, nitric acid , sulfuric acid , and alkyl halides all react with benzene to form substituted derivatives. (encyclopedia.com)
A number of the substituted benzene derivatives are well known and commercially important compounds. (encyclopedia.com)
Growing consumption of Benzene derivatives in the automotive industry for manufacturing synthetic rubber has increased Benzene demand in the global market and demand is anticipated to increase further due to robust growth in the automotive market. (theautochannel.com)
A growing demand for rubber processing chemicals, nylon reins and synthetic fibers is also driving the downstream market for Benzene derivatives. (theautochannel.com)
Ethylbenzene which is one of the derivatives of Benzene, finds application in producing styrene and growing demand of styrene-based polymers such as polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile reins, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene rubber in the disposable medical devices and consumer electronics is also boosting the Benzene market globally. (theautochannel.com)
The flourishing paints and coatings industry (PCI) is another major growth-inducing factor as it incorporates benzene derivatives in the manufacturing of paints and lacquers. (thefreedictionary.com)
1. Any of three colorless flammable isomeric benzene derivatives, C 8 H 10 , obtained from wood and coal tar. (thefreedictionary.com)
Most up-to-date research on "Benzene and Its Derivatives Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, 2013 - 2019" to its huge collection of research reports. (pitchengine.com)
Benzene & its derivatives are widely used as a feedstock in manufacturing of various chemicals. (pitchengine.com)
Growing demand of styrene polymers from various industries such as automobiles, paints & coatings, foams and films is expected to drive the benzene & its derivatives market. (pitchengine.com)
Benzene & its derivatives are subjected to risk of volatility in supply and price of crude oil. (pitchengine.com)
Existing and upcoming regulations regarding use of benzene & its derivatives in end products is expected to hamper the market growth. (pitchengine.com)
Rising investments in downstream industries in Middle East are expected to provide immense opportunities for benzene & its derivatives market in the near future. (pitchengine.com)
Asia Pacific was the largest consumer of benzene & its derivatives and this trend is anticipated to remain same in the next few years. (pitchengine.com)
Rising demand from automobile, coatings, textiles and other industries is expected to drive the benzene & its derivatives market in Asia Pacific. (pitchengine.com)
Consumption for benzene & its derivatives in rest of the world was low but it is expected to grow at a moderate pace followed by Asia Pacific. (pitchengine.com)

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and other synthetic fibers. (cdc.gov)
In October 2010, farmers near a coal seam gas " fracking " site in Queensland announced that they will have their water supplies tested for toxic benzene and other chemicals after Origin Energy found contaminated water near drilling sites. (sourcewatch.org)
Because of its wide use, benzene ranks in the top 20 in production volume for chemicals produced in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Various industries use benzene to make other chemicals, such as styrene (for Styrofoam® and other plastics), cumene (for various resins), and cyclohexane (for nylon and synthetic fibers). (cdc.gov)
Once in the air, benzene reacts with other chemicals and breaks down within a few days. (cdc.gov)
Butane purchased at a hardware store often contains chemicals like benzene , which is known to cause cancer. (dictionary.com)
Benzene, a clear liquid, is one of the most common industrial chemicals. (washingtonpost.com)
In fact, benzene ranks among the top 20 chemicals produced, and is used as a solvent for a wide variety of industrial applications - notably the rubber industry, shoe manufacturing, oil refineries and other plants where chemicals are routinely used. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Many important chemicals are derived from benzene, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with other functional groups . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
To steer clear of chemicals in foods and drinks that can mix together to form benzene, consumers should avoid products that contain both ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and either sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate. (ewg.org)
In the state's latest tests, two of the 94 places checked for airborne toxic chemicals had extremely high benzene levels - in one case, as much as a person might breathe in at a gasoline nozzle during a fill-up. (dallasnews.com)
Yes, the plastics in automobiles can offgas many unsavory chemicals and this report lists them ALL but benzene is not singled out because it isn t a major constituent. (thenakedscientists.com)
North America's major merchant benzene suppliers are ExxonMobil Chemical Co., BP Chemicals, Shell Chemical Co. and Equistar Chemicals LP. (plasticsnews.com)
He added that the beverage industry should not add chemicals that produce the carcinogen benzene to sodas and juices. (medindia.net)
The Simmons firm of Alton filed the suit in 2012 against Shell Oil Co., ConocoPhillips and WRB Refining, among others, seeking to hold the former and current owners and operators of the refineries responsible for releasing benzene and other chemicals into the water. (thetelegraph.com)

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the EPA have determined that benzene is carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is recognized by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as carcinogenic to humans, and its presence in foods has been attributed to various potential sources: packaging, storage environment, contaminated drinking water, cooking processes, irradiation processes, and degradation of food preservatives such as benzoates. (hindawi.com)
Benzene is found in crude oil and is a hazardous and carcinogenic substance as well as a significant pollutant. (riken.jp)
Benzene, a chemical is carcinogenic in humans. (medindia.net)
The lawsuit alleges property damage stemming from benzene and other carcinogenic chemical releases that have allegedly contaminated the groundwater, land and air of Roxana, according to a Simmons firm news release. (thetelegraph.com)

The EPA has also set the level of benzene permissible in outdoor air levels at five parts per billion. (sourcewatch.org)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has set the maximum permissible level of benzene in drinking water at 0.005 milligrams per liter (0.005 mg/L). The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of benzene or more should be reported to the EPA. (mnn.com)
PepsiCo's Diet Wild Cherry Pepsi was found to contain four times the acceptable level of benzene. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Some and not all the lots had more than the recommended level of benzene, reveals FDA. (medindia.net)

Workers are fearful of the effects of Benzene and afraid of losing their jobs. (great-lakes.net)
Wells alleges that BP and Shell were negligent in including benzene in their products and that they failed to properly test the effects of benzene on residents who lived near the plant. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
However breathing very high levels of benzene, or eating or drinking foods contaminated with high levels of benzene, can cause serious health effects or … What are the health effects of Benzene? (gsnmagazine.com)
however, in order to evaluate the chronic effects, consideration must be given to the myelotoxic and possible chromosome damaging and leukemogenic effects of benzene. (gsnmagazine.com)

1984. Depression in B- and T-lymphocyte mitogen- induced blastogenesis in mice exposed to low concentrations of benzene. (cdc.gov)
Clifton Water District officials want customers to know they started testing the water about a month ago and haven't detected any concentrations of benzene. (nbc11news.com)
Overall findings indicate that the vast majority of products manufactured in the United States after 1978 contained less than 0.1% benzene by volume, and 8-hr TWA airborne concentrations of benzene in the workplace during the use of these products would not have been expected to exceed 0.5ppm under most product use scenarios. (ilo.org)
The graph is based on the annual mean concentrations of benzene (in μg/m3) for the various types of stations. (europa.eu)

In 1990, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) learned that certain soft drinks marketed to children contain two ingredients that can mix in the soda to form the toxic carcinogen benzene. (ewg.org)
Hi Chris, Is it true that the carcinogen Benzene is given off by the material of which the dashboard, seats etc. of cars are made? (thenakedscientists.com)

Benzene can cause blood cancers like leukemia. (cdc.gov)
Implications for benzene induced leukemia and the relationship to chromosome damage will be examined. (springer.com)
Benzene causes leukemia, particularly Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukaemia (AML & ANLL) and is associated with other blood cancers. (mnn.com)
Benzene is known to cause leukemia and other human blood disorders. (washingtonpost.com)
Reuters Health) - Traffic pollution near the home - and specifically, benzene in the air - increases the risk of one type of childhood leukemia, according to a nationwide study in France. (reuters.com)
There seems to be a stronger link between benzene and leukemia in Europe than in the U.S., though it is unclear why, he said. (reuters.com)
Though benzene levels have sharply decreased in Europe in recent years, and the levels in the current study are largely well below European regulations, childhood leukemia cases have not decreased, Vinceti said. (reuters.com)
Initially, studies of industrial employees exposed to high levels of benzene in the workplace linked the chemical to an increased risk of leukemia amongst workers in the chemical, shoemaking and oil refinery sectors. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
The plaintiff alleges he developed benzene leukemia, and that Shell knew about the link between benzene and cancer for years but minimized those risks. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Wells, who grew up in Wood River, near a Shell oil plant, alleges benzene from the Shell plant contaminated the air, water and homes in the area, exposing residents to an increased risk of leukemia and other diseases linked to benzene. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Benzene can cause leukemia and can also pass through the placenta and affect the fetus. (medindia.net)
Leukemia in benzene workers. (nih.gov)

Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. (wikipedia.org)
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6H6. (sourcewatch.org)
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon and the second [ n ]-annulene ([6]-annulene), a cyclic hydrocarbon with a continuous pi bond. (bionity.com)
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon extracted from crude oil. (pitchengine.com)

Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma around petrol (gasoline) stations. (wikipedia.org)
Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is a highly flammable, colorless liquid that evaporates quickly into the air. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable liquid with a pronounced characteristic odor. (encyclopedia.com)
Benzene is highly flammable. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid characterized by a distinctive smell mainly emitted by vehicles and other combusting processes. (environmental-expert.com)
It is sometimes abbreviated Ph-H. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point. (bionity.com)

The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. (wikipedia.org)
He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or Endless knot). (wikipedia.org)
The structure of the benzene molecule proved to be a challenge for chemists for more than 40 years after the compound ' s discovery by Faraday. (encyclopedia.com)
He awoke to the realization that the benzene molecule might be a ring consisting of six carbon atoms, with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. (encyclopedia.com)
Two, three, or more substitutions can occur on the same benzene molecule, although the ease and location on the benzene ring of these substitutions varies depending on the earlier substitutions. (encyclopedia.com)
The removal of one hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule results in a radical known as the phenyl group. (encyclopedia.com)
General catalytic cycle of P450BM3 (black) and a plausible catalytic cycle (blue) for benzene hydroxylation catalyzed by P450BM3 with assistance of the decoy molecule. (eurekalert.org)
They knew that each molecule of benzene contained six carbon atoms, but the substance did not behave as though each molecule was an open-ended chain. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In 1865 chemists knew that a benzene molecule consisted of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. (thefreedictionary.com)

Three different xylene molecules are possible depending on whether the methyl groups are adjacent to each other on the benzene ring (ortho-xylene), separated by one carbon atom (meta-xylene), or opposite each other on the ring (para-xylene). (encyclopedia.com)

Now, scientists have used E.coli bacteria to oxidize the C-H bonds in benzene to generate phenol, with a genetically inserted enzyme (cytochrome P450BM3), that originally evolved to target other molecules, long-chain fatty acids. (eurekalert.org)
Now supply benzene (C6H6), and the bacteria get busy, oxidizing C 6 H 6 to C 6 H 6 O (phenol). (eurekalert.org)
The article, "Whole-Cell Biotransformation of Benzene to Phenol Catalysed by Intracellular Cytochrome P450BM3 Activated by External Additives," was published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition at DOI:10.1002/anie.201804924. (eurekalert.org)
If an employee is exposed to benzene in an emergency situation, the employer shall have the employee provide a urine sample at the end of the employee's shift and have a urinary phenol test performed on the sample within 72 hours. (labcorp.com)
this is the root of the word phenol , which is hydroxylated benzene, and phenyl, which is the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from benzene. (bionity.com)
y)benzene is a protected phenol. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Phenol demand is growing at a higher rate, which in turn is expected to boost consumption of cumene and subsequently of benzene. (pitchengine.com)
Finally, ab initio calculations and master equation/RRKM modeling were used to reproduce the experimental branching ratios, yielding pressure-dependent rate expressions for the reaction channels, including phenoxy + H, phenol, cyclopentadiene + CO, which are proposed for kinetic modeling of benzene oxidation. (unt.edu)

Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. (wikipedia.org)
Claus' benzene (C6H6) is a hypothetical hydrocarbon and an isomer of benzene. (wikipedia.org)

In a discovery that promises to make this carbon-carbon bond manipulation much easier and more efficient, Zhaomin Hou, Shaowei Hu and Takanori Shima from the Advanced Catalysis Research Group at the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science have developed a technique that allows carbon-carbon bonds in benzene to be broken at low temperature in a highly selective manner 1 . (riken.jp)
Hou's discovery of an easy and selective way to break carbon-carbon bonds in benzene arose out of a long-standing interest in catalysts consisting of complexes of rare-earth metals combined with hydrogen atoms and other chemical groups. (riken.jp)

Ingestion of large amounts of benzene may result in vomiting, dizziness, and convulsions in humans. (gsnmagazine.com)
Trace amounts of benzene included in the watering of plants results in increased root formation. (gardenguides.com)
I received a copy of an article claiming that, when we get into our car, especially if it is a hot car, we will breathe in copious amounts of Benzene, and should therefore open the windows and not put on the air conditioner until the interior has been aired. (thenakedscientists.com)

Natural sources of benzene, which include gas emissions from volcanoes and forest fires, also contribute to the presence of benzene in the environment. (cdc.gov)
The presence of benzene has been reported in various food/beverage substances with soft drinks often reported in the literature. (hindawi.com)
Tests conducted on 100 soft drinks and beverages by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), US indicated that five of these showed the presence of benzene, a carcinogen in much higher amount than the recommended 5 parts per billion for drinking water. (medindia.net)
Presence of benzene in the soft drinks is a sensitive subject these days. (medindia.net)
An NGO Environmental Working Group criticized FDA for not giving a serious thought to the presence of benzene. (medindia.net)
Further more, its senior vice president Richard Wiles added that the presence of benzene in soda/juices was serious as reported by FDA. (medindia.net)
It was only in the 1990s that FDA highlighted the presence of benzene in soft drinks. (medindia.net)
Letting the consumer know the presence of benzene will naturally force manufacturers to reformulate the soft drinks/juices as some have done already and this is what FDA wanted in 1990. (medindia.net)
The reactions were initiated by pulsed-laser photolysis of NO2 in the presence of benzene and helium buffer in a slow-flow reactor, and reaction products were identified by using the multiplexed chemical kinetics photoionization mass spectrometer operating at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (unt.edu)

Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. (cdc.gov)

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is also present in crude oil and gasoline and cigarette smoke. (cdc.gov)
Benzene levels in the air can be elevated by emissions from burning coal and oil, benzene waste and storage operations, motor vehicle exhaust, and evaporation from gasoline service stations. (cdc.gov)
Industrial discharge, disposal of products containing benzene, and gasoline leaks from underground storage tanks release benzene into water and soil. (cdc.gov)
Leakage from underground gasoline storage tanks or from landfills and hazardous waste sites that contain benzene can result in benzene contamination of well water. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is also a natural constituent of crude oil and gasoline. (mnn.com)
The vast majority were found within the boundaries of a 184-acre advisory zone where the city first discovered elevated levels of benzene, a chemical commonly found in plastics and gasoline that can cause cancer. (pressdemocrat.com)
PCL Industrial Construction provided construction services for the installation of a Gasoline Benzene Reduction (GBR) unit in the Commerce City, CO, refinery. (pcl.com)
People who are exposed to benzene e.g. workers from chemical industry, gas stations, gasoline distribution jobs, rubber industry, printing industry and leather industry have an increased risk. (medindia.net)
California has similar restrictions on gasoline benzene content. (aiche.org)
85% of the benzene is contributed by reformate from catalytic reforming and 10-25% by FCC gasoline. (aiche.org)
Removal of benzene from FCC gasoline is less straight forward. (aiche.org)

This data, they say, indicates that benzene exposures to the Dow workers studied were consistently below 10 ppm. (washingtonpost.com)
Effect of repeated benzene inhalation exposures on benzene metabolism, binding to hemoglobin, and induction of micronuclei. (nih.gov)
These data corroborate an initial analysis of the same cohort by Infante et al, and indicate that benzene is a human carcinogen at a range of exposures not greatly above the current legal standard. (nih.gov)
Benzene and Aspergillus exposures are associated with sick building syndrome. (greenmedinfo.com)
An epidemiologic investigation in China (NCI/CAPM study) extended quantitative evaluations of cancer risk to a broader range of benzene exposures, particularly at lower levels. (nih.gov)

If you work in an industry that uses benzene, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheet for hazard information. (cdc.gov)

The form benzene dates from 1872 in English. (dictionary.com)
On February 24 and February 27, 2006, EWG staff found many juices and sodas at major national retail outlets containing the ingredients that can form benzene. (ewg.org)
The beverage industry appears to have flagrantly ignored the 1990 agreement to eliminate chemical combinations that can form benzene in their products and the FDA, by all accounts, has done nothing about it. (ewg.org)
We urge the FDA to immediately issue a statement telling consumers which ingredients in foods and drinks can combine to form benzene,' Wiles added. (ewg.org)
The form benzene (with hydrocarbon suffix -ene ) was proposed in 1835 and began to be used from 1838 in English, but in mid-19c. (etymonline.com)
Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid reacts with sodium/potassium benzoate from the soft drinks or beverages to form benzene. (medindia.net)
The benzene content in reformate can be changed by either removing compounds in the reformer feed that form benzene in the reforming reaction or by removing benzene from reformate by hydrotreating or solvent extraction. (aiche.org)

In 2006, a computer investigation by Environmental Working Group (EWG) uncovered results from a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) testing program that contradicted safety assurances about benzene contamination in soft drinks made by a top agency official on March 21, 2006. (sourcewatch.org)
New tests have recently detected benzene just outside an area north and south of Fountain Grove Parkway around Fir Ridge Drive, where residents were instructed in November to stop drinking and boiling water while the city investigated the source of the contamination. (pressdemocrat.com)
According to the ACS, cigarettes are known to release between 50 and 150 micrograms of benzene per cigarette, and therefore remains a sustained source for benzene contamination of the air - and your lungs. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
The manufacturer has since re-formulated the soft drink to mitigate benzene contamination. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
For a pocket of residents in Fayetteville, North Carolina benzene contamination represents a stinky odor to their water. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Their (plaintiffs') expert, a hydrologist, intends to measure contamination by the benzene levels in the groundwater beneath the class members' property, event though their water supply does not come from groundwater, but from Roxana's uncontaminated aquifer," the order stated. (thetelegraph.com)
Some houses along the western fence line of the ConocoPhillips refinery have been evacuated and demolished because of the risk harm from benzene contamination. (thetelegraph.com)
The defendants have denied allegations of harm attributed to benzene contamination. (thetelegraph.com)
Among investigators' questions: why a federal agency charged with understanding the health impacts of the contamination didn't realize until recently that benzene - a fuel solvent known to cause cancer in humans - was among the substances found in drinking water at Camp Lejeune. (sej.org)
For years, the Marines apparently didn't provide documents about the benzene to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, which has worked for nearly two decades to understand the contamination and its health impacts, said Rep. Brad Miller, D-N.C., the chairman of the oversight panel on the House Science and Technology Committee. (sej.org)

Benzene is also a known human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program. (prweb.com)
Benzene is a known human carcinogen. (ewg.org)

Natural sources of benzene include emissions from volcanoes and forest fires. (cdc.gov)

For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/concentration-status-for-the-benzene or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)

The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekulé's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. (wikipedia.org)
In the section Aromatischen Verbindungen (aromatic compounds), p. 315-347, Claus presents Kekulé's hypothetical structure for benzene (p. 317), presents objections to it, presents an alternative geometry (p. 320), and concludes that his alternative is correct (p. 326). (wikipedia.org)
By far the most important use of benzene, however, is in the production of other aromatic compounds. (encyclopedia.com)
The largest volume of compounds made from benzene goes toward the production of commercially valuable polymers, such as polystyrene, nylon, and synthetic rubber. (encyclopedia.com)
However studies have found dangerous compounds like benzene and formaldehyde in inhaled or secondhand vapor. (dictionary.com)
Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, but it is usually synthesized from other compounds present in petroleum. (bionity.com)
These difficulties are particularly pronounced for benzene, an organic compound consisting of six hydrogen and six carbon atoms (C 6 H 6 ) that is the best-known example of the vast range of ring-like 'aromatic' compounds. (riken.jp)
Selective cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds of some aromatic compounds has been shown to be possible under particular conditions using transition metals, but whether this more efficient cleavage process is possible for benzene under mild conditions was unknown. (riken.jp)
Aromatic compounds were initially given that name due to the distinctive aroma of those first discovered, including benzene, but many are actually odorless. (riken.jp)
The relationship of feed properties and reaction process conditions to the production of various compounds in a FCC unit is complex and thus does not present a straight forward solution for benzene control. (aiche.org)
Any hydroprocessing route focused on benzene reduction would also saturate a significant portion of these compounds. (aiche.org)

That general structure is still accepted today, although the concept of resonance has replaced that of simple single and double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in the benzene ring. (encyclopedia.com)
The six carbon atoms of benzene are arranged in a ring, called a benzene ring , having alternating single and double bonds, with a hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. (thefreedictionary.com)
Awakened by the image, Kekulé realized that the six carbon atoms in benzene formed a ring. (thefreedictionary.com)
After a few days, they found that dark green crystals had formed, which x-ray diffraction analysis revealed to be a new complex containing a cyclopentenyl ring of five linked carbon atoms-a complex formed by breaking a carbon-carbon bond of the benzene ring and forming a new, single carbon-carbon bond to attach a methyl (CH 3 ) group to a five-membered carbon ring (Fig. 2). (riken.jp)

Current interest in interactions among benzene metabolites leading to toxic effects observed with benzene will be analyzed. (springer.com)
Benzene toxic, shock! (chemweb.com)

The benzene derivative produced in largest quantity is ethylbenzene (C 6 H 5 C 2 H 5 ). (encyclopedia.com)

Benzene is not to be confused with benzine, which is not a pure chemical compound but a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons used as a solvent and a fuel. (encyclopedia.com)
Benzene is used as a solvent in many commercial, industrial, and research operations. (encyclopedia.com)
However, because of benzenes health effects and many restrictions, it is not used as a solvent in the same extent as it was before. (gsnmagazine.com)
Remove benzene from reformate with solvent extraction. (aiche.org)

The town commissioned its own monitoring last year that found extremely high benzene levels. (dallasnews.com)
None of the companies that had been emitting high benzene levels has been fined, Sadlier said, since the state is relying on a "find-and-fix" program that encourages voluntary compliance. (dallasnews.com)

Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. (cdc.gov)
Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for many months had irregular menstrual periods and a decrease in the size of their ovaries, but we do not know for certain that benzene caused the effects. (cdc.gov)
The standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) require that levels of benzene in coal mining and other workplace environments cannot exceed one part per million for an eight hour day and five parts per million in a fifteen minute period. (sourcewatch.org)
Employers are required to monitor benzene in coal mining and other industries when levels reach 0.5 parts per million. (sourcewatch.org)
FDA data showed that 79 percent of diet soda samples tested over a six-year period from 1995 through 2001 were contaminated with benzene at levels above the federal limit for benzene in tap water. (sourcewatch.org)
Measured levels of benzene in outdoor air have ranged from 0.02 to 34 parts of benzene per billion parts of air (ppb) (1 ppb is 1,000 times less than 1 ppm). (cdc.gov)
Benzene levels in the home are usually higher than outdoor levels. (cdc.gov)
Individuals employed in industries that make or use benzene may be exposed to the highest levels of benzene. (cdc.gov)
Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions. (cdc.gov)
Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air. (cdc.gov)
A former Dow Chemical researcher has reported significant levels of chromosome damage among Dow workers exposed to less benzene than the current federal standard allows. (washingtonpost.com)
The chemical industry has long contended to federal regulatory agencies that benzene has not been shown to be dangerous at any but high levels - above 100 parts per million (ppm). (washingtonpost.com)
There were similar results specifically in the Paris metro area when benzene levels were included in the analysis, as reported in the American Journal of Epidemiology. (reuters.com)
According to the Air Quality in Europe Report 2014 by the European Environmental Agency, the limit to environmental levels of benzene should be 5 micrograms per cubic meter, although the World Health Organization has not set an air quality guideline for benzene. (reuters.com)
The city has now detected elevated levels of benzene in 145 samples taken from the water system in Fountaingrove. (pressdemocrat.com)
While levels of benzene found in air are generally low, they can spike much higher in a big city with higher vehicular use. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Most contained benzene levels well below the standard. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
Back in July a number of beverage manufacturers including PepsiCo, Sunny Delight Beverages Inc, Rockstar Inc., Polar Beverages Inc. and Shasta Beverages Inc. were named as defendants in a lawsuit over the levels of benzene found in their products. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
However, two recent studies have focussed on workers exposed to lower levels of benzene. (lawyersandsettlements.com)
So far in 2006, two news outlets have reported that the Agency is again testing soft drinks, finding benzene sometimes at levels above the safe limit for drinking water, and asking companies to change their formulas. (ewg.org)
The effect of dose, dose rate, route of administration, and species on tissue and blood levels of benzene metabolites. (nih.gov)
Nearly one-fourth of the sites monitored in North Texas' Barnett Shale natural-gas region had levels of cancer-causing benzene in the air that could raise health concerns, state regulators said Wednesday. (dallasnews.com)
They emphasized, however, that gas companies have fixed the worst emission problems and are working on less-serious sites where the state still wants benzene levels to come down. (dallasnews.com)
At 19 other Barnett Shale sites - in Tarrant, Johnson, Hood, Parker, Wise and Denton counties - tests found benzene levels that were lower but still high enough to require reductions. (dallasnews.com)
The other 73 sites in the commission's investigation had benzene levels that were below the commission's long-term effects screening level. (dallasnews.com)
This paper presents a literature review on benzene in foods, including toxicological aspects, occurrence, formation mechanisms, and mitigation measures and analyzes data reporting benzene levels in foods. (hindawi.com)
Since there are no specific limits for benzene levels in beverages and food in general studies have adopted references for drinking water in a range from 1-10 ppb. (hindawi.com)
Although the analyses reported low levels of benzene in most of the samples studied, some exceeded permissible limits. (hindawi.com)
Often benzene levels were low as to be considered negligible and not a consumer health risk, but there is still a need of more studies for a better understanding of their effects on human health through the ingestion of contaminated food. (hindawi.com)
Benzene is dangerous even at low levels according to a study from China and the US. (chemweb.com)
A toxicologist testified today that the eight victims of a fun house fire last year had levels of benzene in their blood that were ''exceptionally high and unusual for fire victims. (nytimes.com)
The witness, Steven C. Packham, told a Superior Court jury here that burning the materials in the structure of the Haunted Castle at the Six Flags Great Adventure amusement park in Jackson Township could not have produced nearly enough benzene to account for the high blood levels. (nytimes.com)
This study considerably expanded the health effects associated with benzene beyond AML and suggested benzene produced effects at levels lower than previously thought. (gsnmagazine.com)
People who inhale benzene for long periods of time (months or years) at high enough levels may experience harmful effects in the tissues that form blood cells, especially the bone marrow. (gsnmagazine.com)
Air testing over one of the nation's biggest natural gas fields revealed two sites with extremely high levels of cancer-causing benzene and 19 more with elevated levels of the chemical, Texas environmental regulators said. (journalrecord.com)
Nova said it can supply about 20 percent of its benzene needs internally, while industry estimates of the benzene integration levels of other PS makers range from 10-60 percent. (plasticsnews.com)
the increased benzene levels were only in one of the production samples and hence not necessarily in all the products from that lot or in all the lots of a given product. (medindia.net)
Low levels of benzene were detected in most of the drinks studied by FDA, says Laura Tarantino, MD, Director of Food Additive Safety, FDA. (medindia.net)
She further added that most of the products they studied had low or negligible amount of benzene and very few had higher levels. (medindia.net)
Benzene can be harmful at very low levels. (medindia.net)

The current PEL for benzene was adopted by OSHA in 1987. (ehstoday.com)

Benzene, also called phenyl hydride, is a volatile organic compound (VOC) that occurs naturally from volcanic eruptions and forest fires, but also is a man-made chemical used to make plastics, resins, dyes, detergents and petroleum-based fabric fibers. (gardenguides.com)

M. Wolf, V. Rowe, D. McCollister, R. Hollingsworth, F. Oyen Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene, A. M. A. Arch. (springer.com)

In 2014, the Obama administration's EPA proposed a new rule designed to strengthen the requirement for refineries to take corrective action when benzene emissions are detected. (ibtimes.com)
The rule was aimed at curbing emissions from companies such as Valero , ExxonMobil , Shell and Chevron - all of which reported benzene emissions in Texas after Hurricane Harvey, according to state records reviewed by IBT. (ibtimes.com)
The American Petroleum Institute - a lobbying group that counts ExxonMobil, Shell, Chevron and other major oil and gas companies as members - also sent a letter to the EPA criticizing the benzene rules, saying the agency "has overstated the risk associated with refinery emissions" and challenging the EPA's estimates of benzene's cancer risks. (ibtimes.com)
However, after lobbying by Valero, ExxonMobil and API, the EPA rejected calls for a stricter overall benzene emissions limit . (ibtimes.com)
Emissions from petroleum processing, hazardous waste landfills and underground storage tanks contaminate drinking water with benzene. (ewg.org)
Any benzene in the automobile compartment is from outside the car due to the emissions from petroleum products (leaks, tank venting, exhausts, etc.) and it is worse in the wintertime, not the summer. (thenakedscientists.com)

Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia. (cdc.gov)
Benzene can be harmful if it is swallowed, inhaled, or touched. (medlineplus.gov)

Although a major industrial chemical, benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
We are investigating the role of an enzyme (NQO1) in protection against the bone marrow toxicity of the occupational and environmental toxicant benzene. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Benzene 2009--Health effects and mechanisms of bone marrow toxicity: implications for t-AML and the mode of action framework. (gsnmagazine.com)

Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system. (ebi.ac.uk)
This discussion will consider mechanisms by which benzene produces decrements in bone marrow function, alters the production of cytokines, and impairs the hematopoietic system. (springer.com)

Shell has assumed responsibility for cleaning up a plume of benzene on the surface of the groundwater beneath part of Roxana. (thetelegraph.com)

The legal limit for benzene, established in 1987, was based on analytical detection limits at the time that the standard was set. (ewg.org)

Decreased WBC counts followed by neutropenia correspond to the main hematologic effect of benzene secondary to hypoplasia and, less frequently, only thrombocytopenia or associated with neutropenia [5, 23]. (thefreedictionary.com)

Industrial processes are the main source of benzene in the environment. (cdc.gov)
Tobacco smoke is another source of benzene in air, particularly indoors. (cdc.gov)

If you are near a release of benzene, emergency coordinators may tell you to either evacuate the area or to "shelter in place" inside a building to avoid being exposed to the chemical. (cdc.gov)
Shell has reportedly been cited for environmental violations related to the release of benzene into groundwater in the Wood River area. (lawyersandsettlements.com)

It was proposed by Adolf Karl Ludwig Claus in 1867 as a possible structure for benzene at a time when the structure of benzene was still being debated. (wikipedia.org)
This image inspired him to think of a ring structure for benzene. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
It now appears that a lesser known scientist, Josef Loschmidt (1821-1895), had posited a cyclic structure for benzene in a booklet published in 1861. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

It is not known whether benzene will affect fertility in men. (cdc.gov)

Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. (wikipedia.org)
Benzene is a natural component of both crude oil and petrol. (hse.gov.uk)

People may be exposed to benzene in factories, refineries, and other industrial settings. (medlineplus.gov)
Valero said the detection of benzene in the air near refineries - a situation faced by the Houston area now -should not automatically trigger corrective action. (ibtimes.com)
Benzene is a relatively small part of the product stream coming out of oil refineries, and no new refining capacity has been added in North America for at least 10 years. (plasticsnews.com)
Purchase benzene credits from other refineries. (aiche.org)

According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), products containing 5% or more by weight of benzene are considered hazardous and require special labeling. (prweb.com)
Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can contaminate well water. (cdc.gov)

Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. (wikipedia.org)
Both N atoms in (I) are clearly in pyramidal coordination geometries, implying that the lone pairs on the N atoms are not conjugated with their adjacent benzene sulfonyl groups. (iucr.org)

Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. (wikipedia.org)
Gradually the sense developed among chemists that substances related to benzene formed a natural chemical family. (bionity.com)

The word aromatic was originally applied to benzene because of its distinctive odor, but it later took on a broader meaning, referring to any compound whose molecular structure includes one or more benzene rings. (encyclopedia.com)

The zero point is calibrated with pure benzene and a standard point with a benzene solution of 200 mmol. (environmental-expert.com)
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Our goal in the immediate future is to secure enough benzene so our needs are met. (plasticsnews.com)

Interestingly, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) found that many house plants effectively absorb and remove benzene that occurs in typical interior home or office spaces. (gardenguides.com)
Install a reformate splitter to produce a benzene rich stream followed by hydroprocessing to remove benzene. (aiche.org)

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Named Groups1

Health Care6

Geographicals1

Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. (1/773)

The alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2 is closely related to aromatic monooxygenases and catalyzes aromatic monohydroxylation of benzene, toluene, and phenol. (2/773)

Benzene-induced uncoupling of naphthalene dioxygenase activity and enzyme inactivation by production of hydrogen peroxide. (3/773)

Adenosylcobalamin-mediated methyl transfer by toluate cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase of the TOL plasmid pWW0. (4/773)

Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (5/773)

Metabolism of [14C]phenol in the isolated perfused mouse liver. (6/773)

Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds among workers in Mexico City as assessed by personal monitors and blood concentrations. (7/773)

Microbial communities associated with anaerobic benzene degradation in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. (8/773)

Benzene

Benzene Derivatives

Sorbic Acid

Toluene

Hydroquinones

Xylenes

Phenol

Occupational Exposure

Petroleum

Catechols

Air Pollutants, Occupational

Maximum Allowable Concentration

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Biodegradation, Environmental

Environmental Monitoring

Hydrocarbons

Chemical Industry

Cyclohexanes

Chlorobenzenes

Phenols

Black Widow Spider

Liability, Legal

Malpractice

Judicial Role

California

Lawyers

Skiing

United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)

United States Department of Veterans Affairs

Visual Prosthesis

Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. (1/773)

The alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2 is closely related to aromatic monooxygenases and catalyzes aromatic monohydroxylation of benzene, toluene, and phenol. (2/773)

Benzene-induced uncoupling of naphthalene dioxygenase activity and enzyme inactivation by production of hydrogen peroxide. (3/773)

Adenosylcobalamin-mediated methyl transfer by toluate cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase of the TOL plasmid pWW0. (4/773)

Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (5/773)

Metabolism of [14C]phenol in the isolated perfused mouse liver. (6/773)

Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds among workers in Mexico City as assessed by personal monitors and blood concentrations. (7/773)

Microbial communities associated with anaerobic benzene degradation in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. (8/773)

Important Meta-Analysis Shows Benzene Exposure Causes Lymphoid Cancers - Toxictorts.com

Modulation of Benzene Metabolism by Exposure to Environment - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

dict.md | Effects of low concentrations of benzene on mouse hematopoietic cells in vivo: a preliminary report.

Meta-analysis of benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: biases could mask an important association | Occupational &...

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A Case-Cohort Study of Hematopoietic Malignancies and Related Disorders and Lung Cancer in Benzene-Exposed Workers in China -...

Reaction Mechanism of Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzene on TiO 2--《Chinese Journal of Catalysis》2004年01期

Total Petrochemicals Sued After Benzene-Related Death - Benzene Exposure Attorneys

Quantitative relation of urinary phenol levels to breathzone benzene concentrations: a factory survey. | Occupational &...

Benzene - Formula, Structure & Properties | Uses of Benzene

HKU Scholars Hub: Enhanced degradation of gaseous benzene under vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation over TiO2 modified by...

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Alterations in leukocyte telomere length in workers occupationally exposed to Benzene

Evaluation of urinary biomarkers of exposure to benzene: Correlation with blood benzene and influence of confounding factors<...

Chevron and Texaco Sued After Benzene-Related Death - Benzene Exposure Attorneys

MODIFICATION OF BENZENE AND CARBON MONOXIDE ADSORPTION ON Pt(111) BY THE COADSORPTION OF POTASSIUM OR SULFUR.<...

Probing the interaction between solid benzene and water using vacuum ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy - Open Research...

Heavy Aklyl Benzenes (HAB) Market : Rising Trends with Top Countries Data, Technology and Business Outlook 2020 to 2026 | TERA...

Peroxidase-dependent metabolism of benzenes phenolic metabolites and its potential role in benzene toxicity and carcinogenicity.

Benzene - Wikipedia

synthesis of benzene

Benzene & Other Industries | Benzene Exposure Lawsuit

Benzene - New World Encyclopedia

1910.1028 - Benzene. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Probing the dynamics and structure of confined benzene in MCM-41 based catalysts<...

Global Benzene and Its Derivatives Market 2019 - BASF, Sinopec, Royal Dutch Shell Plc., China National Petroleum Corporation -...

Sampling of benzene in tar matrices from biomass gasification using two different solid-phase sorbents | BioEnergy Lists:...

Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene (HMDB0034121)

structure of benzene

Peer Evaluation : Isotopic Abundance Analysis of Biofield Treated Benzene, Toluene and p -Xylene Using Gas Chromatography-Mass...

Synthesis, Properties and Application in Optical Memory of a Photochromic Diarylethene Based on Benzene Ring

Effects of phenobarbital and 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene on differentiated functions in mouse liver<...

Benzene & Asphault Industries | Benzene Exposure Lawsuit

Uniphos PID Pre-filter Tube for Benzene Specific Measurements

BENZENE (BTX) - Petroleum

Benzene and its effects on cell signaling pathways related to hematopoiesis and leukemia. | Physicians Weekly

Benzene Water Filter

Benzene Awareness Program - Safety2Go

Benzene 71-43-2;174973-66-1;54682-86-9, China Benzene 71-43-2;174973-66-1;54682-86-9 Manufacturers, China Benzene 71-43-2...

Benzene Lawsuit | Benzene Attorney | Benzene Lawyer | Benzene Law Firm

The effect of Ce ion substituted OMS-2 nanostructure in catalytic activity for benzene oxidation - Aalborg Universitys...