Alkaloids obtained from various plants, especially the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), variety acuminata; atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are classical, specific antimuscarinic agents with many pharmacologic actions; used mainly as antispasmodics.
A plant species of the genus ATROPA, family SOLANACEAE that contains ATROPINE; SCOPOLAMINE; BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS and other SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS. Some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for SOLANUM.
Alkaloids, mainly tropanes, elaborated by plants of the family Solanaceae, including Atropa, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora, Nicotiana, Solanum, etc. Some act as cholinergic antagonists; most are very toxic; many are used medicinally.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE which contain SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS including ATROPINE which is named after this genus.
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Materials or substances used in the composition of traditional medical remedies. The use of this term in MeSH was formerly restricted to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine, but it can also refer to homeopathic remedies. Nosodes are specific types of homeopathic remedies prepared from causal agents or disease products.
A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain ACONITINE and other diterpenoid alkaloids.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE which contains TROPANES.
An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists.
Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN)
A group of ALKALOIDS, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the BORAGINACEAE; COMPOSITAE; and LEGUMINOSAE plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic CYTOTOXINS.
A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.
Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of homoeopathic 'proving' for Belladonna C30. (1/5)

Homoeopathic drug pictures are developed by recording the symptomatic effects of homoeopathic remedies given to healthy volunteers (a 'proving'). In a double-blind randomized controlled trial we tested the hypothesis that individuals using an infinitesimal dilution of Belladonna (thirtieth potency, C30) would record more true symptoms, on a questionnaire that contained both true and false Belladonna proving symptoms, than those receiving placebo. 60 volunteers entered the study and 47 completed data collection. We were unable to distinguish between Belladonna C30 and placebo using our primary outcome measure. For the secondary outcome measure we analysed the number of individuals who proved to the remedy according to our predefined criteria: 4 out of 19 proved in the Belladonna C30 group and 1 out of 27 in the placebo group (difference not statistically significant). This pilot study does not demonstrate a clear proving reaction for Belladonna C30 versus placebo, but indicates how the question might be further investigated.  (+info)

Belladonna alkaloids-induced behavioral changes and amnesia on open-field and step-through in 18-, 28-, and 38-day-old mice. (2/5)

AIM: To study the age-related changes of atropine (Atr), scopolamine (Sco), anisodine (AT3), and anisodamine (Ani) on behaviors and memories. METHODS: The behaviors and memories were measured with open-field test and step-through task. M-cholinergic receptors were determined by [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H] QNB). RESULTS: During acquisition session (d 1) the 18-, 28-, and 38-d-old mice pretreated with Atr, Sco, and AT3 (0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg.kg-1, i.p.) in open-field test showed increase in walking counts by 26%-42%, but decrease in rearing, grooming, and defecating counts for 50%-92%, 67%-100%, and 75%-100%, respectively. On recall session (d 2) the walking and rearing behaviors in the 18- and 28-d-old mice receiving Atr, Sco, and AT3 on d 1 were higher than those in the mice receiving saline. But a lower grooming behavior on d 2 was found in the mice receiving the drugs on d 1. On d 1 Ani 20 mg.kg-1 reduced the rearing behavior by 50% in 18-d-old mice and defecation by 33%-36% in 18- and 28-d-old mice. All the 4 belladonna alkaloids increased the number of avoidance-response errors and decreased the retention latencies in step-through task. Bmax of [3H] QNB binding sites in frontal cortex and hippocampus regions in the 38-d-old mice increased 7% and 23% vs in the mice of 18 d of age, respectively. CONCLUSION: 1) The effects of the belladonna alkaloids on behaviors and memories in adult mice were weaker than those in young mice. 2) The belladonna alkaloids-induced amnesia on passive avoidance-response in step-through was more sensitive than behavioral changes and amnesia on open-field. 3) According to the lowest effective doses which insulted the behaviors or memories in young mice, Sco was about 10, 100, and 1000 times more potent than Atr, AT3, and Ani, respectively.  (+info)

Alkaloids in plants and root cultures of Atropa belladonna overexpressing putrescine N-methyltransferase. (3/5)

Putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) is the first alkaloid-specific enzyme for nicotine and tropane alkaloid formation. The pmt gene from Nicotiana tabacum was fused to the CaMV 35S promoter and integrated into the Atropa belladonna genome. Transgenic plants and derived root cultures were analysed for gene expression and for levels of alkaloids and their precursors. Scopolamine, hyoscyamine, tropine, pseudotropine, tropinone, and calystegines were found unaltered or somewhat decreased in pmt-overexpressing lines compared to controls. When root cultures were treated with 5% sucrose, calystegine levels were elevated in control roots, but were not affected in pmt-overexpressing roots. 1 microM auxin reduced calystegine levels in control roots, while in pmt-overexpressing roots all alkaloids remained unaltered. Expression level of pmt alone is apparently not limiting for tropane alkaloid formation in A. belladonna.  (+info)

Nitrous oxide and oral premedication. (4/5)

Patients frequently require conscious-sedation to achieve anxiety relief in the dental office. There are specific indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages to each sedation modality. Selection of the appropriate anesthetic technique should be individualized for each patient. This paper reviews two important conscious-sedation modalities: oral premedication and nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation.Pertinent drugs are reviewed and recommendations are made for their use; current researches are presented and new areas for investigation are suggested.  (+info)

Anticholinergic poisoning associated with an herbal tea--New York City, 1994. (5/5)

Inadvertent anticholinergic poisoning can result from consumption of foods contaminated with plants that contain belladonna alkaloids. During March 1994, the New York City Department of Health (NYCDOH) investigated seven cases of anticholinergic poisoning in members of three families; three of the seven ill persons required emergency treatment for characteristic manifestations. For all cases, manifestations occurred within 2 hours after drinking tea made from leaves purchased commercially and labeled as Paraguay tea--an herbal tea derived from the plant llex paraguariensis, which is native to South America. This report summarizes the investigation of these cases.  (+info)

Belladonna alkaloids are a group of toxic substances found in the deadly nightshade plant (Atropa belladonna) and other related plants such as Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) and Daturawort (Datura metel). These alkaloids include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. They have anticholinergic properties, which means they block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system.

These alkaloids are used in medical treatments for conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders, Parkinson's disease, and lung conditions, but they can also have serious side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. In high doses, belladonna alkaloids can cause delirium, hallucinations, and even death. Therefore, they must be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

'Atropa belladonna' is a plant species that is commonly known as deadly nightshade. It belongs to the family Solanaceae and is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The plant contains powerful toxic alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which can have various pharmacological effects on the human body.

Atropa belladonna has been used in medicine for its anticholinergic properties, which include blocking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. This effect can be useful in treating conditions such as Parkinson's disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and respiratory problems. However, due to its high toxicity, the use of Atropa belladonna and its alkaloids is closely regulated and requires medical supervision.

It is important to note that all parts of the plant, including the berries and leaves, are highly toxic and can cause serious harm or death if ingested or otherwise introduced to the body. Therefore, it is essential to exercise caution when handling this plant and to seek immediate medical attention if exposure occurs.

Solanaceous alkaloids are a type of natural toxin found in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, also known as the nightshade family. These alkaloids contain nitrogen and are produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against herbivores and other threats. Some common solanaceous alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, scopolamine, and solanine.

Nicotine is found in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and is highly addictive. Atropine and scopolamine are found in belladonna (Atropa belladonna), also known as deadly nightshade, and are used in medical settings for their anticholinergic effects, but can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities. Solanine is found in potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.

It's worth noting that the levels of solanaceous alkaloids in commonly consumed plants like potatoes and tomatoes are generally low and not considered harmful to most people. However, some individuals may be more sensitive to these compounds and may experience adverse effects even at low levels.

"Atropa" is a genus of plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), and it includes some well-known toxic species such as Atropa belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade. The name "Atropa" comes from Greek mythology, where Atropos was one of the three Fates who decided the length of a person's life thread and ultimately cut it when their time had come.

The plants in this genus contain powerful alkaloids such as atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which have anticholinergic properties. These compounds can affect the nervous system by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various functions including muscle contraction, heart rate, and digestion.

Medical definitions of "Atropa" typically refer to the genus of plants or its individual species, rather than having a specific medical meaning on their own. However, the alkaloids found in these plants have important medical applications, particularly in ophthalmology, where they are used to dilate the pupils during eye examinations, and in emergency medicine, where they can be used to treat certain types of nerve agent or pesticide poisoning.

Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.

"Materia Medica" is a term that comes from the Latin language, where "materia" means "substance" or "material," and "medica" refers to "medical." In a medical context, Materia Medica historically refers to a collection of detailed descriptions of substances that are used for medicinal purposes.

It is essentially a comprehensive reference book that describes the properties, actions, uses, dosages, potential side effects, and contraindications of various drugs or medicinal agents. The information in a Materia Medica is typically based on historical use, experimental pharmacological data, clinical trials, and other scientific research.

Modern Materia Medica has evolved to become more specialized, with separate references for different types of medicinal substances, such as botanical (herbal) medicine, homeopathic remedies, or conventional pharmaceuticals. These resources are often used by healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, to guide their prescribing decisions and ensure the safe and effective use of medications for their patients.

Delphinium is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, also known as larkspur. It includes over 300 species that are native to the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity found in the mountainous regions of western North America and southern Europe.

Delphiniums are herbaceous plants that can grow up to several feet tall, depending on the species. They have palmately compound leaves that are divided into several lobes. The flowers are borne in dense spikes or racemes and have five distinct sepals, four of which are often brightly colored and petal-like, while the fifth is small and leaflike. The flowers also have numerous stamens and a single pistil.

Delphiniums are popular ornamental plants due to their showy flowers, which come in a variety of colors including blue, purple, pink, white, and yellow. However, some species contain toxic alkaloids that can be harmful or fatal if ingested by humans or animals. It is important to handle delphiniums with care and keep them out of reach of children and pets.

Hyoscyamus is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as Henbane. These plants belong to the Solanaceae family, which also includes nightshade, tobacco, and potato. Hyoscyamus niger, or black henbane, is the species most commonly referred to in a medical context.

The plants contain various alkaloids, including scopolamine, hyoscine (also known as atropine), and hyoscyamine. These substances can have medicinal applications but are also highly toxic in large amounts. They can affect the nervous system, causing delirium, hallucinations, and other symptoms.

In a medical context, 'Hyoscyamus' may also refer to medications that contain alkaloids derived from these plants. These are used primarily to treat gastrointestinal disorders, as they can reduce gastric secretions and have antispasmodic effects. However, due to their potential for serious side effects, including hallucinations and cardiac problems, these medications are typically used only when other treatments have not been effective.

Scopolamine hydrobromide is a synthetic anticholinergic drug, which means it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is primarily used for its anti-motion sickness and anti-nausea effects. It can also be used to help with symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as muscle stiffness and tremors.

In medical settings, scopolamine hydrobromide may be administered as a transdermal patch, which is placed behind the ear to allow for slow release into the body over several days. It can also be given as an injection or taken orally in the form of tablets or liquid solutions.

It's important to note that scopolamine hydrobromide can have various side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and drowsiness. It may also cause confusion, especially in older adults, and should be used with caution in patients with glaucoma, enlarged prostate, or certain heart conditions.

Ergot alkaloids are a type of chemical compound that is produced naturally by certain fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps. These alkaloids are most famously known for being produced by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), which infects cereal grains such as rye and causes a condition known as ergotism in humans and animals that consume the contaminated grain.

Ergot alkaloids have a complex chemical structure and can have various effects on the human body. They are known to act as powerful vasoconstrictors, which means that they cause blood vessels to narrow and can increase blood pressure. Some ergot alkaloids also have psychoactive effects and have been used in the past for their hallucinogenic properties.

In modern medicine, certain ergot alkaloids are used in the treatment of various conditions, including migraines and Parkinson's disease. However, these compounds can be highly toxic if not used properly, and their use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.

Indole alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compound that contain an indole structural unit, which is a heterocyclic aromatic ring system consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. These compounds are produced by various plants and animals as secondary metabolites, and they have diverse biological activities. Some indole alkaloids have important pharmacological properties and are used in medicine as drugs or lead compounds for drug discovery. Examples of medically relevant indole alkaloids include reserpine, which is used to treat hypertension, and vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat various types of cancer.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, particularly in the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. These compounds have a pyrrolizidine ring structure and can be toxic or carcinogenic to humans and animals. They can contaminate food and feed sources, leading to poisoning and health issues. Chronic exposure to PAs has been linked to liver damage, veno-occlusive disease, and cancer. It is important to avoid consumption of plants containing high levels of PAs and to monitor food and feed sources for PA contamination.

Vinca alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemicals derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus. They are known for their antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) properties and are used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer. Some examples of vinca alkaloids include vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. These agents work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules, which are important components of the cell's structure and play a critical role in cell division. By binding to tubulin, a protein that makes up microtubules, vinca alkaloids prevent the formation of mitotic spindles, which are necessary for cell division. This leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. However, vinca alkaloids can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as neurotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is derived from the belladonna alkaloids, which are found in plants such as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), and Duboisia spp.

In clinical medicine, atropine is used to reduce secretions, increase heart rate, and dilate the pupils. It is often used before surgery to dry up secretions in the mouth, throat, and lungs, and to reduce salivation during the procedure. Atropine is also used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisoning, as well as to manage bradycardia (slow heart rate) and hypotension (low blood pressure) caused by beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers.

Atropine can have several side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, confusion, and difficulty urinating. In high doses, it can cause delirium, hallucinations, and seizures. Atropine should be used with caution in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, or other conditions that may be exacerbated by its anticholinergic effects.

Cinchona alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in the bark of Cinchona trees, which are native to South America. These alkaloids have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, most notably malaria. The main cinchona alkaloids include quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.

Quinine is the most well-known of these alkaloids and has been used for centuries as an effective antimalarial agent. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, such as leg cramps and restless legs syndrome.

Quinidine is another important cinchona alkaloid that is used primarily as an antiarrhythmic agent to treat irregular heart rhythms. It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart and stabilizing its rhythm.

Cinchonine and cinchonidine have more limited medical uses, mainly as bitter-tasting ingredients in tonics and other beverages. However, they also have some medicinal properties, such as being used as antimalarial agents and antiarrhythmic drugs in some countries.

It is important to note that cinchona alkaloids can have serious side effects if not used properly, so they should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Several office-belladonna alkaloids ed case series also presented positive outcomes for almost 1,000 patients on the effect of ... Only the phenobarbital group demonstrated a significant change in pain type compared to belladonna alkaloids at the end of the ... A small assessment of sustained release of 0.4 mg belladonna alkaloids and ~60 mg phenobarbital (1 grain) was performed in ... Patients on Donnatal® tablets, belladonna alkaloids, and placebo all had non-significant (p > 0.149) shifts to dull pain, 39.5 ...
Several compounds have been found in A. belladonna bulbs, including, 1,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy powellan, which is an alkaloid. It ... The specific epithet belladonna is derived from the Italian bella donna, which means beautiful lady. Amaryllis belladonna is ... Amaryllis belladonna, the Jersey lily, belladonna-lily, naked-lady-lily, or March lily, is a plant species native to Cape ... RHS (2015). "Amaryllis belladonna: belladonna lily". Retrieved 1 April 2015. Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). " ...
Naturally occurring antimuscarinics were found in alkaloids from Belladonna (Solanaceae) plants. They were used as deadly ... Naturally occurring antimuscarinics were found in alkaloids from Belladonna (Solanaceae) plants. They were used as deadly ... The name Belladonna, meaning beautiful ladies, was derived from women using berry juice from the plant cosmetically to dilate ...
Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine. Anthraquinone ... The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine. The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco ... "Chemical and Biological Aspects of Narcissus Alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Vol. 63 ... The alkaloids are bitter-tasting and toxic, and concentrated in the parts of the plant such as the stem most likely to be eaten ...
... is also sold in combination with belladonna alkaloids under the brand name Butibel. The belladonna is added for ... This product contains a low dose of butabarbital combined with a standardised mix of belladonna alkaloids and is used as an ... Another similar product is Donnatal, which contains belladonna alkaloids combined with phenobarbital. Barbiturates were first ...
Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine. N,N- ... The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine. The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco ... Alkaloids are bitter-tasting chemicals, widespread in nature, and often toxic. There are several classes with different modes ... "Atropa Belladonna" (PDF). The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 1998. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ...
The belladonna plant, which has numerous alkaloids with anticholinergic properties, yields the belladonna alkaloids. A fungus ... The belladonna alkaloids which is an anticholinergic drug acting on the autonomic nervous system. It could inhibit the ... Belladonna alkaloids, ergotamine tartrate, and phenobarbital are the three main components of Bellergal. ... One of the active ingredients is changed to bellafoline (levorotatory alkaloids of belladonna). "Bellergal-S". PubChem. U.S. ...
Belladonna alkaloids are used for testing the error of refraction and examination of eye. Cycloplegic drugs are generally ...
Atropine is an alkaloid first found in Atropa belladonna, a member of the nightshade family. While atropine was first isolated ... and taxol Heterocyclic or typical alkaloids, for example quinine, caffeine, and nicotine Examples of alkaloids produced by ... Codeine, also an alkaloid derived from the opium poppy, is considered the most widely used drug in the world according to World ... Alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing basic compounds. They are typically derived from plant sources and contain ...
The tropane alkaloids of A. belladonna were used as poisons, and early humans made poisonous arrows from the plant. In Ancient ... Belladonna nectar is transformed by bees into honey that also contains tropane alkaloids. The berries pose the greatest danger ... In the United States, there is only one approved prescription drug containing belladonna alkaloids such as atropine, and the ... The common name belladonna originates from its historic use by women, as bella donna is Italian for "beautiful woman". Drops ...
The tropane alkaloids of Atropa belladonna were used as poisons, and early humans made poisonous arrows from the plant. In ... Michael (1998). Alkaloids : biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications. New York: Plenum Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-306- ... Webb, L. J. (Leonard James) (1950), An Australian phytochemical survey : Alkaloids in Queensland flowering plants, Brisbane, ...
... is the brand name for a prescription medication containing powdered opium and belladonna alkaloids in a ... of belladonna and 30 mg (1/2 grain) of opium. Each B&O Supprettes suppository #16 A contains 16.2 mg of belladonna and 60 mg (1 ... "Baltimore Washington Medical Centre Medical Library: Belladonna and Opium". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. ... belladonna/opium suppository') is an "unapproved" drug according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - that is, the drug ...
... are belladonna alkaloids, and are naturally extracted from plants such as Atropa belladonna, the deadly nightshade. The name " ... "belladonna", Italian for "beautiful lady", is thought to derive from one of the antimuscarinic effects of these alkaloids: they ... "Belladonna: MedlinePlus Supplements". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-13. Ritter, James (2020). Rang and Dale's pharmacology ...
Twilight sleep was a mixture of scopolamine, a belladonna alkaloid, and morphine, a Papaver alkaloid, that was injected and ... For instance, King's American Dispensatory states in the entry on belladonna: "Belladonna and opium appear to exert ... The synergy between belladonna and poppy alkaloids was made use of in the so-called "twilight sleep" that was provided for ... Belladonna or deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna (virulent poison) Henbane flower Jimsonweed flower Jimsonweed seed capsule ...
... belladonna alkaloids MeSH D03.132.889.180.297 - atropine MeSH D03.132.889.180.297.297 - atropine derivatives MeSH D03.132. ... belladonna alkaloids MeSH D03.132.760.180.297 - atropine MeSH D03.132.760.180.848 - scopolamine MeSH D03.132.760.200 - ... indole alkaloids MeSH D03.438.473.402.255 - curare MeSH D03.438.473.402.255.712 - toxiferine MeSH D03.438.473.402.255.712.050 ... salsoline alkaloids MeSH D03.438.612.500 - nalidixic acid MeSH D03.438.733.315 - flavins MeSH D03.438.733.315.650 - riboflavin ...
... belladonna alkaloids (trade name: Cafergot-PB) There are specific treatments which are appropriate for targeting migraines and ...
A06AB09 Bisoxatin A06AB20 Contact laxatives in combination A06AB30 Contact laxatives in combination with belladonna alkaloids ...
A03BA01 Atropine A03BA03 Hyoscyamine A03BA04 Belladonna total alkaloids A03BB01 Butylscopolamine A03BB02 Methylatropine A03BB03 ... A03CA34 Propantheline and psycholeptics A03CB01 Methylscopolamine and psycholeptics A03CB02 Belladonna total alkaloids and ...
... is a tropane alkaloid found in a variety of plants including Datura and Atropa belladonna. It is closely related in ... Tropane alkaloids, Tropane alkaloids found in Solanaceae, Carboxylate esters). ... Catuabine Scopine Evans, W. C.; Ghani, A.; Woolley, V. A. (1972). "Distribution of littorine and other alkaloids in the roots ... "Isolation and identification of littorine from hairy roots of Atropa belladonna". Plant Cell Reports. 18 (3-4): 249-251. doi: ...
The positive albeit modest effects of anticholinergic alkaloids obtained from the plant of the belladonna were described during ...
For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna; strychnine is obtained from the seed of the Strychnine tree ... of those contain alkaloids. Therefore, in the past the term "alkaloid" was associated with plants. The alkaloids content in ... attributed to isoquinoline alkaloids. Main classes of monomeric alkaloids are listed in the table below: Most alkaloids contain ... Most alkaloids are present in the raw plants in the form of salts of organic acids. The extracted alkaloids may remain salts or ...
The positive albeit modest effects on tremor of anticholinergic alkaloids obtained from the plant of the belladonna were ...
... medicine gleaned some of the aboriginal understandings of the power of plant alkaloids like heroin for pain and belladonna for ... an order of plants that often contains many alkaloids that make plants distasteful to toxic. Early use by Native Americans ...
Decoctions of deliriant nightshades (such as henbane, belladonna, mandrake, or datura) were used in European witchcraft. All of ... containing hallucinogenic alkaloids. Johannes Hartlieb (1410-1468) wrote a compendium on herbs in ca. 1440, and in 1456 the ... Taylor and pharmacologists like Louis Lewin have argued for the presence of plants like belladonna and mandrake in witchcraft ... these plants contain hallucinogenic alkaloids of the tropane family, including hyoscyamine, atropine and scopolamine -the last ...
... a plant rich in medicinally valuable tropane alkaloids of the type found also in belladonna. The cave in Gümüşhane most visited ...
... and sources of psychoactive alkaloids, Datura, Mandragora (mandrake), and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Certain ... To humans, these alkaloids can be desirable, toxic, or both. The tropanes are the most well-known of the alkaloids found in the ... They are found in plants such as henbane (Hyoscyamus albus), belladonna (Atropa belladonna), jimson weed (Datura stramonium), ... belladonna (Atropa belladonna), jimson weed or devil's snare (Datura stramonium) and Brugmansia , as well as many others in the ...
Anticholinergic drugs and deliriants: Atropine, racemic hyoscyamine, from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) Hyoscyamine ... Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic [3.2.1] alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their ... Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae. Certain tropane alkaloids such as cocaine and ... They are not considered to be alkaloids per definition. The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloids have attracted intense ...
It can be prepared by hydrolysis of atropine or other solanaceous alkaloids. Pseudotropine Atropine Tropinone Tropane alkaloid ... Tropine is a natural product found in the plants of deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and devil's trumpet (Datura ... Tropine is a central building block of many chemicals active in the nervous system, including tropane alkaloids. Some of these ...
... is not abundant in nature, except for the leaves and roots of belladonna (Atropa belladonna) and in marshmallow ( ... Althaea officinalis). Pyridine derivatives, however, are often part of biomolecules such as alkaloids. In daily life, trace ...
... including Atropa belladonna. The biosynthesis of these compounds is thought to take place via the tropane alkaloid pathway, the ... analyses having revealed the presence of the tropane alkaloid tropinone and the pyrrolidine alkaloid hygrine (0.1%, in the root ... It is not yet known whether this mild psychoactivity is referable to the alkaloid content or the withanolide content (or ... Also present in Nicandra are calystegines, a new group of polyhydroxy alkaloids with a nortropane skeleton and named for the ...
Belladonna Alkaloid Combinations and Phenobarbital: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on ... Take belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more ... Belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital come as a regular tablet, a slow-acting tablet, capsule, and liquid to take ... Before taking belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to ...
Belladonna alkaloids. * Nicotine. * Sympathomimetics (eg, amphetamines, phenylpropanolamine [recalled from US market]). * ...
Belladonna. *Belladonna Alkaloids. *Betel Nut. *Bethanidine. *Carbamazepine. *Cimetidine. *Desogestrel. *Diazepam. *Dicumarol. ...
Several office-belladonna alkaloids ed case series also presented positive outcomes for almost 1,000 patients on the effect of ... Only the phenobarbital group demonstrated a significant change in pain type compared to belladonna alkaloids at the end of the ... A small assessment of sustained release of 0.4 mg belladonna alkaloids and ~60 mg phenobarbital (1 grain) was performed in ... Patients on Donnatal® tablets, belladonna alkaloids, and placebo all had non-significant (p > 0.149) shifts to dull pain, 39.5 ...
... belladonna alkaloids (made up of the drugs hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine) and phenobarbital. Belladonna alkaloids help ... Belladonna alkaloids belong to a class of drugs known as anticholinergics/antispasmodics. Phenobarbital helps to reduce anxiety ... You should not become pregnant while using belladonna alkaloids/phenobarbital. This medication may harm an unborn baby. Ask ...
Belladonna alkaloids should have been so minute in the product that. FDA or any testing agency would never have found them. ... belladonna shouldnt be used. Belladonna, also called nightshade, is a. poisonous herb that nonetheless has been used at low ... "FDA believes that belladonna. represents a serious health hazard to children and that the effects of. belladonna are ... belladonna-containing homeopathic products, but Hylands did not. It. is startling to me that Hyland had complaints and human ...
View Alkaloid PPTs online, safely and virus-free! Many are downloadable. Learn new and interesting things. Get ideas for your ... Belladonna Alkaloids. Atropine, scopolamine. Isolated from plants ... Belladonna Alkaloids. Clinical Use. Mydriasis for ocular ... Cholinergic Receptor Drugs - Belladonna Alkaloids. Atropine, scopolamine. Isolated from plants ... Belladonna Alkaloids. ... Antitumor antibiotics and PLANT ALKALOIDS - Antitumor antibiotics and PLANT ALKALOIDS Plant Alkaloids Vinca alkaloids : ...
Atropine and other belladonna alkaloids are not affected by the drug. Hydroxyzine is not known to interfere with the action of ...
Atropine and other belladonna alkaloids are not affected by the drug. Hydroxyzine is not known to interfere with the action of ...
A03B BELLADONNA AND DERIVATIVES, PLAIN. A03BA Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines. A03BB Belladonna alkaloids, semisynthetic ...
belladonna alkaloids. Monitor Closely (1)belladonna alkaloids and tiotropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. ... belladonna alkaloids. belladonna alkaloids and tiotropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor. ... belladonna and opium. Monitor Closely (1)belladonna and opium and tiotropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. ... belladonna and opium. belladonna and opium and tiotropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor. ...
belladonna alkaloids. Monitor Closely (1)belladonna alkaloids and ipratropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. ... belladonna alkaloids. belladonna alkaloids and ipratropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor ... belladonna and opium. Monitor Closely (1)ipratropium and belladonna and opium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. ... belladonna and opium. ipratropium and belladonna and opium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor. ...
BELLADONNA (Atropa belladonna); entire plant; nervous system affected by the alkaloids jasciamine, atropine, and belladonnin.. ... Atropa belladonna (BELLADONNA, DEADLY NIGHTSHADE); entire plant; nervous system affected by the alkaloids jasciamine, atropine ... DEADLY NIGHTSHADE (Atropa belladonna); entire plant; nervous system affected by the alkaloids jasciamine, atropine, and ... seeds; nervous system affected by belladonna alkaloids; plant contains hallucinogens.. Bryonia dioica (DEVILS TURNIP, WHITE ...
belladonna alkaloids. Monitor Closely (1)belladonna alkaloids, incobotulinumtoxinA. Either increases effects of the other by ... belladonna alkaloids. belladonna alkaloids, incobotulinumtoxinA. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic ...
Se-Donna PB Hyos - Se-Donna PB Hyos, also known asBelladonna Alkaloids And Phenobarbital (Oral Route) ...
Pseudoephedrine HCl, Chlorpheniramine maleate and Belladonna alkaloids oral. decongestant/antihistamine/anticholinergic - oral ... Phenylephrine HCl, Phenylpropanolamine HCl, Chlorpheniramine and Belladonna alkaloids oral. decongestant/antihistamine/ ... Phenylephrine HCl, Pyrilamine maleate, Chlorpheniramine and Belladonna alkaloids oral. decongestant/antihistamine/ ... Phenylpropanolamine HCl, Chlorpheniramine maleate and Belladonna alkaloids oral. decongestant/antihistamine/anticholinergic - ...
... belladonna alkaloids (made up of the drugs hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine) and phenobarbital. Belladonna alkaloids help ... Belladonna alkaloids belong to a class of drugs known as anticholinergics/antispasmodics. Phenobarbital helps to reduce anxiety ... You should not become pregnant while using belladonna alkaloids/phenobarbital. This medication may harm an unborn baby. Ask ...
They prescribed me nexium (omeprazole) and belladonna alkaloids (never took it cause of the serious side effects). Started ...
... and correct dosages for various psychotropic plant substances including the belladonna alkaloids, d-lysergic acid amide, ...
BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS W/PHENOBARBITAL 03845 BELLERGAL 03850 BELLERGAL-S 03870 BELLOPHEN 03885 BEMINAL 03900 BEN GAY 03905 ... 1481 Antimetabolites 1482 Antibiotics,Alkaloids,Enzymes 1483 DNA Damaging Drugs 1500 OPHTHALMICS 1566 Glaucoma 1567 ... BELLADONNA 50497 BEMEGRIDE 50498 BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE 50499 BENACTYZINE 50500 BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE 50502 BENOXAPROFEN 50505 ...
I cant give you the therapeutic dose of belladonna. Belladonna, common name Deadly Nightshade, contains alkaloids that are ... Dose of Belladonna? Answered by: Susan Eagles. Question from: Name not given. Posted on: May 21, 2006 What is the therapeutic ... Belladonna is recommended for use by knowledgeable practitioners only. Side effects are dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing, ... Any belladonna available over-the-counter would be homeopathic. Homeopathic remedies are extremely diluted, and are generally ...
... such as belladonna alkaloids), central-acting drugs to treat high blood pressure (such as clonidine, guanabenz). Taking MAO ...
Hyoscyamine belongs to a group of drugs called Belladonna alkaloids. Hyoscyamine help by decreasing the motion of the stomach ... Medications containing belladonna (Donnatal),. *Monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine ( ...
... in the belladonna family) containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids - which caused negative side-effects in one consumer. True yerba ... The primary active chemical constituency of yerba mate comprises xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline), ...
All are belladonna alkaloids.... * What Do You Know About Jimsonweed?. Question: What will this beautiful plant yield when used ...
... active alkaloids, whilst the root contains around 0.6%[240]. The alkaloid content also varies according to the development of ... Atropa bella-donna. Deadly Nightshade, Belladonna. Perennial. 0.9. 6-9 LM. FSN. M. 0. 3. 2. ... Indian belladonna has very similar uses to the related deadly nightshade (A. bella-donna). The roots and leaves are used in ... the highest levels of the medically active alkaloids are obtained from plants growing on a light, permeable chalky soil, ...
These sensations, however, are much less troublesome with ARTANE (trihexyphenidyl) than with belladonna alkaloids and are ...
  • belladonna alkaloids (made up of the drugs hyoscyamine , atropine, and scopolamine) and phenobarbital . (webmd.com)
  • Atropine and other belladonna alkaloids are not affected by the drug. (nih.gov)
  • nervous system affected by the alkaloids jasciamine, atropine, and belladonnin. (poultryhelp.com)
  • Atropa belladonna is a highly poisonous plant which contains variety of active alkaloids such as atropine, scopolamine and many others. (ijpsonline.com)
  • in the factory isolation of the alkaloid from plants, it is traditionally obtained its inactive racemate - atropine in the form of a salt - Atropini sulfas. (medprep.info)
  • Drugstore Laxatives contain various chemicals and compounds such as belladonna alkaloids - atropine, scopolamine. (infosource.fyi)
  • Ang aksiyon o epekto ng belladonna ( deadly nightshade ) ay dahil sa atropine . (wikipedia.org)
  • This alkaloid is called scopolamine or hyoscine. (medprep.info)
  • Hyoscyamine belongs to a group of drugs called Belladonna alkaloids. (rxwiki.com)
  • The leaves of belladonna contain 0.3-0.75% of the amount of alkaloids (mainly hyoscyamine), in the roots - a little more. (medprep.info)
  • In leaves within 0.45% of the amount of alkaloids with a predominance of hyoscyamine, but many volatile bases. (medprep.info)
  • Tropine in nightshades is esterified with tropic acid to form the alkaloid hyoscyamine. (medprep.info)
  • Belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital are used to relieve cramping pains in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and spastic colon. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital come as a regular tablet, a slow-acting tablet, capsule, and liquid to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Take belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have any of these symptoms, stop taking belladonna alkaloids and phenobarbital and call your doctor immediately. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take while taking belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you become pregnant while taking belladonna alkaloids and phenobarbital, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Older adults should receive low doses of belladonna and phenobarbital because higher doses do not function better and can cause serious side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Donnatal is a combination medication that provides natural belladonna alkaloids in a specific fixed ratio combined with phenobarbital to provide peripheral anticholinergic/antispasmodic action and mild sedation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical studies have been performed on different combinations of belladonna alkaloids and phenobarbital over the last 70 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • evaluated a combination of 0.25 mg belladonna alkaloids and 50 mg phenobarbital on gastrointestinal symptoms in 93 patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • A small assessment of sustained release of 0.4 mg belladonna alkaloids and ~60 mg phenobarbital (1 grain) was performed in patients with functional GI disorders (i.e., gastric hyperacidity, dyspepsia, pyrosis, gas pains and epigastric distress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hock also examined the effect of 0.25 mg belladonna alkaloids and 50 mg phenobarbital sustained release formulation in 82 clinical practice patients with various gastrointestinal disturbances including "functional distress" over 27 months. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the earliest randomized double-blind clinical trials of belladonna alkaloids + phenobarbital was in 1959 by Lichstein et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of these patients, 20 were treated with placebo, 43 were treated with 50 mg phenobarbital in combination with 0.25 mg Belladonna alkaloids, and 12 received both therapies (patients who lacked a response were switched therapy). (wikipedia.org)
  • Of those receiving the belladonna alkaloids / phenobarbital only, 75.6% reported a mean improvement (2+ or better) in all categories. (wikipedia.org)
  • When improvement was clinically assessed, 69% of belladonna alkaloids/phenobarbital patients were reported to improve compared to 24% of placebo patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several office-belladonna alkaloids ed case series also presented positive outcomes for almost 1,000 patients on the effect of belladonna alkaloids and phenobarbital formulations in irritable colon, other functional disorders, and gastric/duodenal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Steigmann and Kaminski examined the antisecretory effect of 0.1296 mg belladonna alkaloids + 16.2 mg phenobarbital (Donnatal®) in peptic ulcer patients, motility in a subgroup of patients and clinical effects in all patients (N =176). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is prepared from plant Atropa belladonna, commonly known as 'deadly nightshade' known to be most poisonous plant in world[ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The plant's Latin name Atropa belladonna is reminiscent of the Greek goddess of fate, Atropos, who cuts people's "life thread", which is very fitting for such a poisonous plant. (post.at)
  • Belladonna, Belladonna - species of Atropa L. (medprep.info)
  • All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids[254]. (pfaf.org)
  • Other tropane derivatives, found in the same plants in small quantities, as well as liquid and volatile pyridine derivatives, often associated with tropane alkaloids, are of no practical importance. (medprep.info)
  • The plant contains alkaloids with fused pyrrolidine and piperidine rings (derivatives of tropine, scopine and ecgonine). (medprep.info)
  • The latter two ingredients are found in plants of the family Solanaceae, such as belladonna. (wikipedia.org)
  • Usually, the sum of alkaloids in all Solanaceae species includes both main alkaloids, but in all possible proportions, one of them prevails. (medprep.info)
  • Isoquinoline alkaloids - Isoquinoline alkaloids 1-Benzyl isoquinoline type: Papaverine: An opiate alkaloid isolated from the plant Papaver somniferum and produced synthetically. (powershow.com)
  • isoquinoline alkaloid causes "epidemic dropsy" in humans. (poultryhelp.com)
  • However, due to its toxic nature and adverse teratogenic effect, it is important to investigate the possible toxicity and safety level of belladonna mother tincture. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Its shiny black berries as well as the other parts of the plant contain highly toxic alkaloids. (post.at)
  • Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. (bvsalud.org)
  • Belladonna alkaloids belong to a class of drugs known as anticholinergics/antispasmodics. (webmd.com)
  • Belladonna, common name Deadly Nightshade, contains alkaloids that are dangerous in an overdose, which is very close to the therapeutic dose. (richters.com)
  • Indian belladonna has very similar uses to the related deadly nightshade (A. bella-donna). (pfaf.org)
  • and belladonna, commonly known as deadly nightshade , which helps ease the redness, inflammation and discomfort from teething. (cbs58.com)
  • Alkaloids are called natural nitrogen-containing compounds of the main character, formed in plants. (medprep.info)
  • Groups of proteinogenic amines (for example, tyramine) and betaines (stakhidrin, trigonelline, etc.) adjoin the alkaloids, which are considered as transitional compounds from the simplest nitrogen-containing compounds (methylamine, trimethylamines, etc.) to the alkaloids proper. (medprep.info)
  • Further developmental toxicity studies on animals need to be carried out to validate use of belladonna mother tincture clinically in low concentration or high dilution.s. (ijpsonline.com)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to belladonna, any barbiturate medicine, tartrazine (a yellow dye in some processed foods and drugs), or any drug. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Belladonna is one of the most popular homoeopathic drugs used in baby teething, sudden severe pain and pain with inflammation or infection[ 2 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Of natural pharmacologically active substances, alkaloids are the main group from which modern medicine draws the largest number of highly effective drugs. (medprep.info)
  • The agency also had reports of adverse events related to using the products that were consistent with belladonna toxicity. (cbs58.com)
  • In this study, zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate fetal embryo toxicity of the belladonna mother tincture. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Belladonna alkaloids help to reduce the symptoms of stomach and intestinal cramping. (webmd.com)
  • Briefly, eggs were exposed to different concentration (1, 5 and 10 %) of belladonna mother tincture and ethyl alcohol for 1 h. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Results showed that exposure to belladonna mother tincture at higher concentration (5, 10 %) cause embryonic malformation including pericardial edema, increase in body length, eye width and heart rate, while decrease hatching rate with no effect on mortality. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The behavioural parameters revealed that belladonna mother tincture increases the locomotor activity of larvae at its 1 % concentration rather than 5 and 10 % in comparison to control. (ijpsonline.com)
  • From the leaves and herbs of belladonna (Folium et Herba Belladonnae), prepare tincture, thick and dry extracts, which are part of numerous medicines. (medprep.info)
  • Kayariang kimikal ng ephedrine , isang phenethylamine alkaloid. (wikipedia.org)
  • We propose that ERF1A, CYP90G1-1 and CYP76AH1 are specifically involved in the key steps of steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis in V. maackii roots. (bvsalud.org)
  • The alkaloid content also varies according to the development of the plant, being low when the plant is flowering and very high when bearing green berries[240]. (pfaf.org)
  • In the same species, the amount of alkaloids is different in different organs of the plant and, moreover, varies depending on the phase of vegetation and environmental conditions. (medprep.info)
  • What is the therapeutic dose for belladonna? (richters.com)
  • I can't give you the therapeutic dose of belladonna. (richters.com)
  • The company's director of scientific affairs, Dr. Iris Bell, writes on the website that the amount of belladonna alkaloids is "THOUSANDS OF TIMES below" the therapeutic amounts of the ingredient used in some conventional medicines. (cbs58.com)
  • Belladonna was the subject of the first homeopathy publication in the Journal Lancet in 1829* on its prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy for scarlet fever[ 4 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Liliales) is a genus of perennial herbs known for the production of unique bioactive steroidal alkaloids. (bvsalud.org)
  • The diversity of these alkaloids depends on which amino alcohol was formed in the process of biosynthesis from tropane (tropine, scopine or ecgonine) and with what organic acids these amino alcohols subsequently formed esters. (medprep.info)
  • We test our products for their belladonna content as well as other tests including microbial contamination. (cbs58.com)
  • Ang mga alkaloid ay ginagawa ng isang malakaing kasamu't sarian ng mga organismo, katulad ng mga bakterya , mga halamang singaw , mga halaman , at mga hayop at kabahagi ng pangkat ng mga produktong natural (tinatawag din na mga metabolite na sekundaryo ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Some common indole alkaloids (tryptamines) include dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin. (medscape.com)
  • According to world literature, by the end of the past decade, the number of alkaloids isolated from the higher plants of the Earth's flora exceeded 5000. (medprep.info)
  • According to modern concepts, alkaloid-bearing plants make up 10% of the entire world flora. (medprep.info)
  • cardiovascular system affected by alkaloid toxins. (poultryhelp.com)
  • These alkaloids inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system which controls involuntary body activities. (pfaf.org)