Beijerinckiaceae
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Methylocella silvestris sp. nov., a novel methanotroph isolated from an acidic forest cambisol. (1/20)
Two strains of Gram-negative, aerobic, non-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped, methane-oxidizing bacteria were isolated from an acidic forest cambisol near Marburg, Germany, and were designated as strains BL2(T) and A1. These bacteria were morphologically and phenotypically similar to Methylocella palustris K(T). The cells possess a highly specific bipolar appearance. They lack the intracytoplasmic membranes common to all methane-oxidizing bacteria except Methylocella, but contain a vesicular membrane system connected to the cytoplasmic membrane. A soluble methane monooxygenase was present, but no particulate methane monooxygenase could be detected. These bacteria utilize the serine pathway for carbon assimilation. Strains BL2(T) and A1 are moderately acidophilic, mesophilic organisms capable of growth at pH values between 4.5 and 7 (with an optimum at pH 5.5) and at temperatures between 4 and 30 degrees C. Compared with Methylocella palustris K(T), these strains have greater tolerance of cold temperatures, dissolved salts and methanol. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, of species with validly published names, strain BL2(T) is most closely related to Methylocella palustris K(T) (97.3 % identity), Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica ATCC 9039(T) (97.1 %) and Methylocapsa acidiphila B2(T) (96.2 %). The DNA G+C content is 60 mol% and the major phospholipid fatty acid is 18 : 1omega7. Strain BL2(T) showed only 21-22 % DNA-DNA hybridization with Methylocella palustris K(T). The data therefore suggest that strains BL2(T) and A1 represent a novel species of Methylocella; the name Methylocella silvestris sp. nov. is proposed, with strain BL2(T) (=DSM 15510(T)=NCIMB 13906(T)) as the type strain. (+info)NifH and NifD phylogenies: an evolutionary basis for understanding nitrogen fixation capabilities of methanotrophic bacteria. (2/20)
The ability to utilize dinitrogen as a nitrogen source is an important phenotypic trait in most currently known methanotrophic bacteria (MB). This trait is especially important for acidophilic MB, which inhabit acidic oligotrophic environments, highly depleted in available nitrogen compounds. Phylogenetically, acidophilic MB are most closely related to heterotrophic dinitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus BEIJERINCKIA: To further explore the phylogenetic linkage between these metabolically different organisms, the sequences of nifH and nifD gene fragments from acidophilic MB of the genera Methylocella and Methylocapsa, and from representatives of Beijerinckia, were determined. For reference, nifH and nifD sequences were also obtained from some type II MB of the alphaproteobacterial Methylosinus/Methylocystis group and from gammaproteobacterial type I MB. The trees constructed for the inferred amino acid sequences of nifH and nifD were highly congruent. The phylogenetic relationships among MB in the NifH and NifD trees also agreed well with the corresponding 16S rRNA-based phylogeny, except for two distinctive features. First, different methods used for phylogenetic analysis grouped the NifH and NifD sequences of strains of the gammaproteobacterial MB Methylococcus capsulatus within a clade mainly characterized by Alphaproteobacteria, including acidophilic MB and type II MB of the Methylosinus/Methylocystis group. From this and other genomic data from Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, it is proposed that an ancient event of lateral gene transfer was responsible for this aberrant branching. Second, the identity values of NifH and NifD sequences between Methylocapsa acidiphila B2 and representatives of Beijerinckia were clearly higher (98.5 and 96.6 %, respectively) than would be expected from their 16S rRNA-based relationships. Possibly, these two bacteria originated from a common acidophilic dinitrogen-fixing ancestor, and were subject to similar evolutionary pressure with regard to nitrogen acquisition. This interpretation is corroborated by the observation that, in contrast to most other diazotrophs, M. acidiphila B2 and Beijerinckia spp. are capable of active growth on nitrogen-free media under fully aerobic conditions. (+info)Methylotrophic autotrophy in Beijerinckia mobilis. (3/20)
Representatives of the genus Beijerinckia are known as heterotrophic, dinitrogen-fixing bacteria which utilize a wide range of multicarbon compounds. Here we show that at least one of the currently known species of this genus, i.e., Beijerinckia mobilis, is also capable of methylotrophic metabolism coupled with the ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) pathway of C1 assimilation. A complete suite of dehydrogenases commonly involved in the sequential oxidation of methanol via formaldehyde and formate to CO2 was detected in cell extracts of B. mobilis grown on CH3OH. Carbon dioxide produced by oxidation of methanol was further assimilated via the RuBP pathway as evidenced by reasonably high activities of phosphoribulokinase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). Detection and partial sequence analysis of genes encoding the large subunits of methanol dehydrogenase (mxaF) and form I RubisCO (cbbL) provided genotypic evidence for methylotrophic autotrophy in B. mobilis. (+info)First genome data from uncultured upland soil cluster alpha methanotrophs provide further evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship to Methylocapsa acidiphila B2 and for high-affinity methanotrophy involving particulate methane monooxygenase. (4/20)
Members of upland soil cluster alpha (USC alpha) are assumed to be methanotrophic bacteria (MB) adapted to the trace level of atmospheric methane. So far, these MB have eluded all cultivation attempts. While the 16S rRNA phylogeny of USC alpha members is still not known, phylogenies constructed for the active-site polypeptide (encoded by pmoA) of particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) placed USC alpha next to the alphaproteobacterial Methylocapsa acidiphila B2. To assess whether the pmoA tree reflects the evolutionary identity of USC alpha, a 42-kb genomic contig of a USC alpha representative was obtained from acidic forest soil by screening a metagenomic fosmid library of 250,000 clones using pmoA-targeted PCR. For comparison, a 101-kb genomic contig from M. acidiphila was analyzed, including the pmo operon. The following three lines of evidence confirmed a close phylogenetic relationship between USC alpha and M. acidiphila: (i) tetranucleotide frequency patterns of 5-kb genomic subfragments, (ii) annotation and comparative analysis of the genomic fragments against all completely sequenced genomes available in public domain databases, and (iii) three single gene phylogenies constructed using the deduced amino acid sequences of a putative prephenate dehydratase, a staphylococcal-like nuclease, and a putative zinc metalloprotease. A comparative analysis of the pmo operons of USC alpha and M. acidiphila corroborated previous reports that both the pmo operon structure and the predicted secondary structure of deduced pMMO are highly conserved among all MB. (+info)Chelatococcus daeguensis sp. nov., isolated from wastewater of a textile dye works, and emended description of the genus Chelatococcus. (5/20)
(+info)Identification of Beijerinckia fluminensis strains CIP 106281T and UQM 1685T as Rhizobium radiobacter strains, and proposal of Beijerinckia doebereinerae sp. nov. to accommodate Beijerinckia fluminensis LMG 2819. (6/20)
(+info)Methylovirgula ligni gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately acidophilic, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium with a highly divergent mxaF gene. (7/20)
(+info)Chelatococcus sambhunathii sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic alphaproteobacterium isolated from hot spring sediment. (8/20)
(+info)Beijerinckiaceae is a family of bacteria within the order Rhizobiales. These bacteria are gram-negative, motile, and chemoorganotrophic, meaning they obtain energy by oxidizing organic compounds. They are commonly found in soil, water, and plant root nodules. Some members of this family have the ability to fix nitrogen, making them important for agriculture and the global nitrogen cycle. The family is named after the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Willem Beijerinck, who made significant contributions to the study of bacteria and their role in nitrogen fixation.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Rhodospirillales is an order of predominantly gram-negative, aerobic or anaerobic, motile bacteria that are found in various environments such as freshwater, marine habitats, and soil. Many species in this order are capable of photosynthesis, particularly those belonging to the family Rhodospirillaceae. These photosynthetic bacteria, called purple bacteria, use bacteriochlorophyll and can grow under anaerobic conditions using light as an energy source. The order Rhodospirillales belongs to the class Alphaproteobacteria within the phylum Proteobacteria.
It is important to note that medical definitions typically focus on bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms of clinical relevance. While Rhodospirillales does include some species that can be pathogenic in certain circumstances, it is not primarily a medical term and is more commonly used in the context of environmental or general microbiology.
Alphaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes a diverse range of bacterial species that can be found in various environments, such as soil, water, and the surfaces of plants and animals. Some notable members of Alphaproteobacteria include the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, which form symbiotic relationships with the roots of leguminous plants, as well as the pathogenic bacteria Rickettsia, which are responsible for causing diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
The Alphaproteobacteria class is further divided into several orders, including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, and Caulobacterales. These orders contain a variety of bacterial species that have different characteristics and ecological roles. For example, members of the order Rhizobiales are known for their ability to fix nitrogen, while members of the order Rhodobacterales include photosynthetic bacteria that can use light as an energy source.
Overall, Alphaproteobacteria is a diverse and important group of bacteria that play various roles in the environment and in the health of plants and animals.
"Roseobacter" is not a medical term, but a genus of bacteria that are widely distributed in various environments such as seawater, marine sediments, and associated with marine organisms. These bacteria play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in the ocean. They are often studied in the context of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology, rather than medical research.
Quercetin is a type of flavonoid antioxidant that is found in plant foods, including leafy greens, tomatoes, berries, and broccoli. It has been studied for its potential health benefits, such as reducing inflammation, protecting against damage to cells, and helping to reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer. Quercetin is also known for its ability to stabilize mast cells and prevent the release of histamine, making it a popular natural remedy for allergies. It is available in supplement form, but it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.
MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.
Microsporidia is a group of single-celled, spore-forming parasites that are widely distributed in nature and can infect various animals, including humans. They are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only replicate inside the cells of their hosts. The term "Microspora" is an older name for this group, but it has been replaced by "Microsporidia" in modern taxonomy.
Microsporidian spores are small (typically less than 2 micrometers in diameter) and contain a unique infection structure called the polar tube, which is used to inject the parasite's genetic material into the host cell during infection. Once inside the host cell, the microsporidian replicates and eventually forms new spores that can be released to infect other cells or hosts.
Microsporidiosis, the infection caused by Microsporidia, can cause a range of symptoms depending on the species involved and the immune status of the host. In immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, microsporidiosis can cause severe and potentially life-threatening systemic infections. In immunocompetent hosts, microsporidiosis is often asymptomatic or causes mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
Beijerinckiaceae
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